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Hu L, Yang D, Wang H, Du X, Zhang Y, Niu L, Wan B, Xia M, Qi H, Mou T, You A, Li J. Transcriptome analysis revealed differentially expressed genes in rice functionally associated with brown planthopper defense in near isogenic lines pyramiding BPH14 and BPH15. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1250590. [PMID: 37615020 PMCID: PMC10442831 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1250590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Although rice has many pests, brown planthopper (BPH) in particular is known to cause substantial damage. The pyramiding application of BPH-resistance genes BPH14 and BPH15 has proven effective in enhancing rice defense against BPH. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BPH14/BPH15-conferred resistance remain unexplained. In this investigation, we analyzed the transcriptomes of near isogenic lines (NILs) containing either BPH14 (B14), BPH15 (B15), or BPH14/BPH15 (B1415), as well as their recurrent parent (RP) 'Wushansimiao'. In total, we detected 14,492 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across 12 mRNA profiles of resistant NILs and RP at different feeding stages. In the transcriptomic analysis, 531 DEGs appeared to be common among the resistant NILs compared to RP before and after BPH feeding. These common DEGs were enriched in defense response, phosphorylation, and salt stress response. In addition, 258 DEGs shared only in resistant NILs were obtained among the different feeding stages, which were enriched in oxidative stress response, karrikin response, and chloroplast organization. Considering the expression patterns and relevant research reports associated with these DEGs, 21 were chosen as BPH resistance candidates. In rice protoplasts, the candidate DEG OsPOX8.1 was confirmed to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation by chemiluminescence measurement. Our results provide valuable information to further explore the defense mechanism of insect-resistant gene pyramiding lines and develop robust strategies for insect control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dabing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueshu Du
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingliang Wan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyuan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaxiong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Tongmin Mou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aiqing You
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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Yan L, Luo T, Huang D, Wei M, Ma Z, Liu C, Qin Y, Zhou X, Lu Y, Li R, Qin G, Zhang Y. Recent Advances in Molecular Mechanism and Breeding Utilization of Brown Planthopper Resistance Genes in Rice: An Integrated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12061. [PMID: 37569437 PMCID: PMC10419156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Over half of the world's population relies on rice as their staple food. The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål, BPH) is a significant insect pest that leads to global reductions in rice yields. Breeding rice varieties that are resistant to BPH has been acknowledged as the most cost-effective and efficient strategy to mitigate BPH infestation. Consequently, the exploration of BPH-resistant genes in rice and the development of resistant rice varieties have become focal points of interest and research for breeders. In this review, we summarized the latest advancements in the localization, cloning, molecular mechanisms, and breeding of BPH-resistant rice. Currently, a total of 70 BPH-resistant gene loci have been identified in rice, 64 out of 70 genes/QTLs were mapped on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, and 12, respectively, with 17 of them successfully cloned. These genes primarily encode five types of proteins: lectin receptor kinase (LecRK), coiled-coil-nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR), B3-DNA binding domain, leucine-rich repeat domain (LRD), and short consensus repeat (SCR). Through mediating plant hormone signaling, calcium ion signaling, protein kinase cascade activation of cell proliferation, transcription factors, and miRNA signaling pathways, these genes induce the deposition of callose and cell wall thickening in rice tissues, ultimately leading to the inhibition of BPH feeding and the formation of resistance mechanisms against BPH damage. Furthermore, we discussed the applications of these resistance genes in the genetic improvement and breeding of rice. Functional studies of these insect-resistant genes and the elucidation of their network mechanisms establish a strong theoretical foundation for investigating the interaction between rice and BPH. Furthermore, they provide ample genetic resources and technical support for achieving sustainable BPH control and developing innovative insect resistance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhui Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (L.Y.); (T.L.); (D.H.); (M.W.); (Z.M.); (C.L.); (X.Z.)
- Liuzhou Branch, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Liuzhou Research Center of Agricultural Sciences, Liuzhou 545000, China;
| | - Tongping Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (L.Y.); (T.L.); (D.H.); (M.W.); (Z.M.); (C.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Dahui Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (L.Y.); (T.L.); (D.H.); (M.W.); (Z.M.); (C.L.); (X.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Minyi Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (L.Y.); (T.L.); (D.H.); (M.W.); (Z.M.); (C.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zengfeng Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (L.Y.); (T.L.); (D.H.); (M.W.); (Z.M.); (C.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Chi Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (L.Y.); (T.L.); (D.H.); (M.W.); (Z.M.); (C.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- Agricultural Science and Technology Information Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Xiaolong Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (L.Y.); (T.L.); (D.H.); (M.W.); (Z.M.); (C.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yingping Lu
- Liuzhou Branch, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Liuzhou Research Center of Agricultural Sciences, Liuzhou 545000, China;
| | - Rongbai Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Gang Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (L.Y.); (T.L.); (D.H.); (M.W.); (Z.M.); (C.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yuexiong Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (L.Y.); (T.L.); (D.H.); (M.W.); (Z.M.); (C.L.); (X.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
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Yang X, Liu S, Lu W, Du M, Qiao Z, Liang Z, An Y, Gao J, Li X. Delta and jagged are candidate target genes of RNAi biopesticides for the control of Nilaparvata lugens. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1023729. [PMID: 36466326 PMCID: PMC9715739 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1023729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH; Nilaparvata lugens) is an important pest in rice cultivation, and chemical pesticide over-use and ineffectiveness of existing Bt transgenic rice against piercing-sucking insects make novel control methods necessary. RNA interference (RNAi) biopesticide is a new type of product with high efficiency and specificity and are simple to use. The Notch signaling pathway has extensive and important physiological functions and plays a key role in the development of insects. In this study, two key ligand genes of the Notch signaling pathway, delta (dl) and jagged (jag), were selected and their lethal effects and functional analysis were systematically evaluated using a stable short-winged population (Brachypterous strain) and a long-winged population (Macropterous strain) of BPHs. The full-length coding sequences of Nldl and Nljag comprised 1,863 and 3,837 base pairs, encoding 620 and 1,278 amino acids, respectively. The nucleic acid sequences of Nldl and Nljag were identical between the two strains. The expression levels of Nldl and Nljag were relatively high in the head of the nymphs, followed by those in the abdomen. Through RNAi treatment, we found that injection of BPH nymphs of both strains with dsNldl (10-50 ng/nymph) or dsNljag (100 ng/nymph) produced lethal or teratogenic effects. dsRNA treatment showed excellent inhibitory effects on the expression of target genes on days 1 and 5, suggesting that RNAi rapidly exhibits effects which persist for long periods of time in BPHs. Taken together, our results confirm the potential of Nldl and Nljag as target genes of RNAi biopesticides, and we propose optimized dosages for the control of BPHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifa Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaokai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengfang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiting An
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Li C, Xiong Z, Fang C, Liu K. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal the responses of brown planthoppers to RH resistant rice cultivar. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1018470. [PMID: 36187783 PMCID: PMC9523508 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1018470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is one of the most destructive rice pests in Asia. The application of insect-resistant rice cultivars is currently one of the principal means of controlling BPH. Understanding the physiological response mechanisms of BPH feeding on insect-resistant rice is the key for maintaining rice yield. Here, we measured the ecological fitness and analyzed the whole-body transcriptome and metabolome of BPH reared on susceptible cultivar Taichung Native 1 (TN1) and resistant cultivar Rathu Heenati (RH). Our results showed that RH significantly decreased the survival rate, female adult weight, honeydew secretion, the number of eggs laid per female and fat content of BPH. We identified 333 upregulated and 486 downregulated genes in BPH feeding on RH. These genes were mainly involved in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, hormone synthesis and vitamin metabolism pathways. We also detected 145 differentially accumulated metabolites in BPH reared on RH plants compared to BPH reared on TN1 plants, including multiple carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, and some nucleosides. Combined analyses of transcriptome and metabolome showed that five pathways, including starch, sucrose, and galactose metabolism, were altered. The network for these pathways was subsequently visualized. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms of metabolite accumulation in BPH feeding on the RH rice variety. The results could help us better understand how insect-resistant rice cultivars combat BPH infestation, which is important for the comprehensive management of BPH.
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Ding Z, Hu R, Styles D, Wang X, Tian Y, Cao Y, Hou J. Optimized ratoon rice system to sustain cleaner food production in Jianghan Plain, China: a comprehensive emergy assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24639-24650. [PMID: 34825331 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ratoon rice (RR) is regarded as a labor-saving and efficient approach to rice cultivation; however, sub-optimal production techniques (fertilization, irrigation, harvesting) may lead to serious environmental problems and unsustainable agriculture. In this study, emergy analysis was combined with indicators of soil fertility, global warming potential (GWP), and profitability to comprehensively assess the sustainability performance of three cultivation modes: (i) traditional farm practice (TRA), (ii) optimized mode (OPT), and (iii) OPT plus green manure planting (OPTM). Over 2 years, compared with the TRA mode, OPT and OPTM modes increased total rice yield by 10% and 19% on average and improved profit by 233.7 and 456.5 Yuan ha-1, respectively. Single emergy analysis results showed that, compared with the TRA mode, OPT and OPTM (2-year average value) modes increased production efficiency by 10% and 8%, reduced renewable fraction and emergy sustainability index by 14-19% and 18-23%, respectively, and increased environmental loading ratio by 31% and 22%. Multiple EMA analysis results showed that, compared with the TRA mode, OPT and OPTM (2-year average value) modes reduced UEVNmin by 23% and 21% and increased UEVGWP 32% and 51%, respectively. The UEVTotal revenue and UEVBenefit of OPT and OPTM increased by 8-29% and 4-37%, respectively, compared with TRA mode. The comprehensive assessment indicated that, despite OPT and OPTM modes have a range of improvements and dis-improvements versus the TRA mode, OPTM was the more sustainable mode of RR production overall. However, some sustainability indicators remained poor, and there remains scope for further optimization via, e.g., precision application of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers, application of a straw-decomposing inoculant to improve soil fertility, and use of new improved rice varieties with high regenerative ability to improve the yield of ratoon crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Ding
- College of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wet Land, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, No.88-2 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou District, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Ren Hu
- College of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wet Land, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, No.88-2 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou District, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - David Styles
- School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Wales, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yingbing Tian
- College of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wet Land, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, No.88-2 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou District, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxian Cao
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Jun Hou
- College of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wet Land, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, No.88-2 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou District, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
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Detection of Yeast-like Symbionts in Brown Planthopper Reared on Different Resistant Rice Varieties Combining DGGE and Absolute Quantitative Real-Time PCR. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13010085. [PMID: 35055928 PMCID: PMC8779971 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The brown planthopper (BPH) is an important pest that causes huge losses in rice production. The promotion and use of insect-resistant rice varieties is an important way to control BPH. However, in practice, BPH can adapt to resistant rice within several generations. Endosymbionts may be one of the reasons for the rapid adaptation of BPH to resistant rice. The BPH harbor yeast-like symbionts (YLS) in their abdomen, and YLS are essential for the nutrition, development, and reproduction of BPH. Our previous report showed that among the YLS communities detected in BPH, Ascomycetes symbionts, Pichia-like symbionts, and Candida-like symbionts were the three dominant populations of YLS. In this study, PCR-DGGE and absolute quantitative real-time PCR were used to detect the variations of three dominant YLS in BPH across different nymph ages and on different resistant rice varieties. The results showed that the total number of YLS gradually increased from the first instar to adulthood, but decreased in the fifth instar nymph, when BPH were reared on the susceptible rice variety TN1. The rice-resistant varieties, Mudgo, ASD7, and RH have more significant inhibitory effects on the three dominant YLS in the first and second generations of BPH. However, the numbers of the three dominant YLS were all recovered from the third generation of BPH. Ascomycetes symbionts were the most dominant strain among the three YLS. Abstract The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is a serious pest of rice throughout Asia. Yeast-like symbionts (YLS) are endosymbionts closely linked with the development of BPH and the adapted mechanism of BPH virulence to resistant plants. In this study, we used semi-quantitative DGGE and absolute quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to quantify the number of the three YLS strains (Ascomycetes symbionts, Pichia-like symbionts, and Candida-like symbionts) that typically infect BPH in the nymphal stages and in newly emerged female adults. The quantities of each of the three YLS assessed increased in tandem with the developing nymphal instar stages, peaking at the fourth instar stage, and then declined significantly at the fifth instar stage. However, the amount of YLS present recovered sharply within the emerging adult females. Additionally, we estimated the quantities of YLS for up to eight generations after their inoculation onto resistant cultivars (Mudgo, ASD7, and RH) to reassociate the dynamics of YLS with the fitness of BPH. The minimum number of each YLS was detected in the second generation and gradually increased from the third generation with regard to resistant rice varieties. In addition, the Ascomycetes symbionts of YLS were found to be the most abundant of the three YLS strains tested for all of the development stages of BPH.
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Nguyen CD, Zheng SH, Sanada-Morimura S, Matsumura M, Yasui H, Fujita D. Substitution mapping and characterization of brown planthopper resistance genes from indica rice variety, 'PTB33' ( Oryza sativa L.). BREEDING SCIENCE 2021; 71:497-509. [PMID: 35087314 PMCID: PMC8784355 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.21034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield is severely reduced by the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål, in Asian countries. Increasing resistance in rice against BPH can mitigate yield loss. Previous reports indicated the presence of three BPH resistance genes, BPH2, BPH17-ptb, and BPH32, in durable resistant indica rice cultivar 'PTB33'. However, several important questions remain unclear; the genetic locations of BPH resistance genes on rice chromosomes and how these genes confer resistance, especially with relationship to three major categories of resistance mechanisms; antibiosis, antixenosis or tolerance. In this study, locations of BPH2, BPH17-ptb, and BPH32 were delimited using chromosome segment substitution lines derived from crosses between 'Taichung 65' and near-isogenic lines for BPH2 (BPH2-NIL), BPH17-ptb (BPH17-ptb-NIL), and BPH32 (BPH32-NIL). BPH2 was delimited as approximately 247.5 kbp between RM28449 and ID-161-2 on chromosome 12. BPH17-ptb and BPH32 were located between RM1305 and RM6156 on chromosome 4 and RM508 and RM19341 on chromosome 6, respectively. The antibiosis, antixenosis, and tolerance were estimated by several tests using BPH2-NIL, BPH17-ptb-NIL, and BPH32-NIL. BPH2 and BPH17-ptb showed resistance to antibiosis and antixenosis, while BPH17-ptb and BPH32 showed tolerance. These results contribute to the development of durable BPH resistance lines using three resistance genes from 'PTB33'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Dinh Nguyen
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Biotechnology Department, College of Food Industry, 101B Le Huu Trac Street, Son Tra District, Da Nang City 550000, Vietnam
| | - Shao-Hui Zheng
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Sanada-Morimura
- Agro-Enviroment Research Division, Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 2421 Suya, Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan
| | - Masaya Matsumura
- Division of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Hideshi Yasui
- Plant Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
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Zha W, You A. Comparative iTRAQ proteomic profiling of proteins associated with the adaptation of brown planthopper to moderately resistant vs. susceptible rice varieties. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238549. [PMID: 32903256 PMCID: PMC7480849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is a destructive pest that poses a significant threat to rice plants worldwide. To explore how BPHs adapt to the resistant rice variety, we analyzed proteomics profiles of two virulent N. lugens populations. We focused on Biotype Y, which can survive on the moderately resistant rice variety YHY15, and Biotype I, which can survive on the susceptible rice variety TN1. We performed protein quantitation using the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) and then compared the expression patterns between two virulent N. lugens populations and found 258 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). We found that 151 of the DEPs were up-regulated, while 107 were down-regulated. We evaluated transcript levels of 8 expressed genes from the iTRAQ results by qRT-PCR, which revealed transcriptional changes that were consistent with the changes at the protein level. The determination of the protein changes in two virulent N. lugens populations would help to better understanding BPH adaptation to resistant rice varieties and facilitate the better design of new control strategies for host defense against BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zha
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Aiqing You
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Gou JY, Suo SZ, Shao KZ, Zhao Q, Yao D, Li HP, Zhang JL, Rensing C. Biofertilizers with beneficial rhizobacteria improved plant growth and yield in chili (Capsicum annuum L.). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:86. [PMID: 32488618 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical fertilizers can supply essential nutrients to crops increasing their yield, however, they can also cause serious environmental problems. Biofertilizer has received more and more attention because of its environmentally friendly and pollution-free characteristics. Haloxylon ammodendron, a desert succulent shrub, has become an important plant species for vegetation restoration in several deserts in China because of its strong drought tolerance. Its extensive root systems and unique rhizosphere bacterial community aid H. ammodendron adapt to this extreme environment. In this study, Bacillus sp. WM13-24 and Pseudomonas sp. M30-35 isolated from the rhizosphere of H. ammodendron in our previous study and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GB03 and Sinorhizobium meliloti ACCC17578 as well-studied beneficial strains were used to prepare two types of biofertilizer, WM13-24 biofertilizer containing Bacillus sp. WM13-24 and integrated biofertilizer containing all the four strains. Results presented here showed that WM13-24 biofertilizer and the integrated biofertilizer improved chili plant growth, fruit yield and quality and the rhizosphere soil nitrogen content, enzyme activities, and the quantity and biodiversity of viable bacteria. Compared to the control, WM13-24 biofertilizer and a commercial biofertilizer, the integrated biofertilizer performed best in significantly increasing plant height, stem diameter, leaf length and width, chlorophyll content, fruit yield, soluble sugar content, ascorbic acid content, organic acid content, soil urease activity, catalase activity and the quantity and biodiversity of viable bacteria. This study provided a theoretical and practical basis for large scale development of integrated biofertilizers using beneficial rhizobacterial strains from the desert plant rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center of Grassland Microbiome, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Zhou Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center of Grassland Microbiome, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun-Zhong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center of Grassland Microbiome, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center of Grassland Microbiome, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center of Grassland Microbiome, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center of Grassland Microbiome, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center of Grassland Microbiome, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Christopher Rensing
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center of Grassland Microbiome, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Environmental Microbiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Zhou H, Wang X, Mo Y, Li Y, Yan L, Li Z, Shu W, Cheng L, Huang F, Qiu Y. Genetic analysis and fine mapping of the gall midge resistance gene Gm5 in rice (Oryza sativa L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:2021-2033. [PMID: 32166371 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rice gall midge resistance gene, Gm5, confers remarkable antibiosis and is located in the same region on chromosome 12 in three different rice varieties. Fine mapping narrowed this region to a 49-kb segment and identified two candidate genes showing remarkable response to GM infestation. The Asian rice gall midge (GM; Orseolia oryzae; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) invades rice shoots and forms galls, adversely affecting plant growth and yield production. Thus, the development of resistant varieties through the identification, mapping, and application of GM resistance genes is considered the most efficient strategy for managing this insect. Here, a GM resistance survey of F2 populations derived from intercrosses between resistant rice varieties 'ARC5984,' '570011,' and 'ARC5833' indicated that the resistance gene Gm5 was located on the same chromosomal region in the three varieties. For the initial mapping, three independent F2 mapping populations were developed for the three resistant varieties, and the Gm5 gene was consistently mapped to the same chromosomal region near marker 12M22.6. Fine mapping, which was conducted using the BC1F2 and BC2F2 populations derived from the 9311/ARC5984 cross, narrowed the Gm5 gene region to a 49-kb segment flanked by the markers Z57 and Z64. In the final mapped region, we detected 10 candidate genes, of which six were analyzed for their relative expression. Consequently, two of these genes, Os12g36830 and Os12g36880, showed significantly higher expression in GM-resistant plants than in GM-susceptible plants at 24 and 72 h after GM infestation. Finally, the PCR amplification of markers 12M22.5 and 12M22.6 yielded clear single bands, and these markers were effectively applied for the marker-assisted selection (MAS) of the Gm5 gene. With the developed MAS markers, the fine mapping of this resistance gene will facilitate its map-based cloning and incorporation into insect-resistant rice varieties through breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailian Zhou
- Agricultural College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Agricultural College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yi Mo
- Agricultural College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yang Li
- Agricultural College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Liuhui Yan
- Agricultural College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Agricultural College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Wan Shu
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Ling Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Fengkuan Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Yongfu Qiu
- Agricultural College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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11
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Wang H, Gao Y, Mao F, Xiong L, Mou T. Directional upgrading of brown planthopper resistance in an elite rice cultivar by precise introgression of two resistance genes using genomics-based breeding. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 288:110211. [PMID: 31521227 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Brown planthopper (BPH) is a devastating pest that threatens the food security of rice-producing countries. At present, most cultivars planted in farmers' paddies lack effective BPH resistance, which constitutes a potential threat to rice yield. Moreover, developing BPH-resistant rice varieties using traditional breeding approaches is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and unpredictable. In this study, we successfully enhanced BPH resistance of the elite rice cultivar Wushansimiao by introgressing the resistance genes BPH14 and BPH15 through positive selection, negative selection, and whole genome background selection. Through backcrossing, the introgression fragments were reduced to 428.3 kb for BPH14 and 413.1 kb for BPH15. Except for these two fragments, the residual genetic background of the selected near-isogenic lines (NILs) was nearly identical to that of the recurrent parent, with a genetic background recovery rate of 99.78%. As a result, the selected NILs exhibited much stronger BPH resistance at the seedling and adult stages compared to the recurrent parent. Moreover, field tests showed that grain yield, major agronomic traits, and grain quality of the five selected NILs were statistically indistinguishable from those of the recurrent parent. Our results provide an effective approach for directionally upgrading the target traits and will inform and facilitate rice breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yi Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fangming Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lizhong Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tongmin Mou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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12
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Yang M, Cheng L, Yan L, Shu W, Wang X, Qiu Y. Mapping and characterization of a quantitative trait locus resistance to the brown planthopper in the rice variety IR64. Hereditas 2019; 156:22. [PMID: 31297040 PMCID: PMC6595561 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-019-0098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rice planthoppers (main brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål; BPH) was one of substantial threats to Asia rice production as its serious destruction and difficulties in control under field conditions. Notably, host-plant resistance was proved to be one of the effective ways to manage the pest. And stronger virulence will probably emergence when continuous use of insecticides. Therefore, more resistance genes with different resistance mechanisms were needed to be detected and then applied in the rice breeding practice. Results Resistance genes in the rice variety IR64 were evaluated considering the seedling bulk test and seedling survival rate. As a result, a locus with a large LOD score of 7.23 was found between markers RM302 and YM35 on chromosome 1. The locus explained 36.9% of phenotypic variation and was tentatively denominated Bph37. Moreover, Bph1 was detected to be harbored by the markers RM28366 and RM463, and had the largest LOD score of 2.08, explaining 7.7% of phenotypic variance in the same mapping population. Finally, the preliminary-near-isogenic-lines (pre-NILs) carrying Bph37 exhibited significant tolerance to the insects. But no antibiotic or antixenotic effects were observed in the resistant plants when infested with the insects. Conclusions We mapped one major BPH resistance gene Bph37 in consideration of seedling survival rate and the resistance lines showed tolerance to BPH. The detected gene should be beneficial for understanding the resistance mechanism of rice to BPH and for insect-resistance rice breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- 1State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005 China.,2Maize Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 China
| | - Ling Cheng
- 3College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 China
| | - Liuhui Yan
- 1State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005 China
| | - Wan Shu
- 2Maize Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007 China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005 China
| | - Yongfu Qiu
- 1State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005 China
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Horgan FG, Almazan MLP, Vu Q, Ramal AF, Bernal CC, Yasui H, Fujita D. Unanticipated benefits and potential ecological costs associated with pyramiding leafhopper resistance loci in rice. CROP PROTECTION (GUILDFORD, SURREY) 2019; 115:47-58. [PMID: 30739972 PMCID: PMC6358143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypotheses that increasing the number of anti-herbivore resistance loci in crop plants will increase resistance strength, increase the spectrum of resistance (the number of species affected), and increase resistance stability. We further examined the potential ecological costs of pyramiding resistance under benign environments. In our experiments, we used 14 near-isogenic rice lines with zero (T65: recurrent parent), one, two or three resistance loci introgressed through marker-assisted selection. Lines with two or more loci that were originally bred for resistance to the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps, significantly reduced egg-laying by the green leafhopper, N. virescens. Declines in egg-number and in nymph weight were correlated with the numbers of resistance loci in the rice lines. To test the spectrum of resistance, we challenged the lines with a range of phloem feeders including the zig-zag leafhopper, Recilia dorsalis, brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, and whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera. There was an increase in the number of tested species showing significant declines in egg-laying and nymph survival on lines with increasing numbers of loci. In a screen house trial that varied rates of nitrogenous fertilizer, a line with three loci had stable resistance against the green leafhopper and the grain yields of infested plants were maintained or increased (overcompensation). Under benign conditions, plant growth and grain yields declined with increasing numbers of resistance loci. However, under field conditions with natural exposure to herbivores, there were no significant differences in final yields. Our results clearly indicate the benefits, including unanticipated benefits such as providing resistance against multiple herbivore species, of pyramiding anti-herbivore resistance genes/loci in crop plants. We discuss our results as part of a review of existing research on pyramided resistance against leafhoppers and planthoppers in rice. We suggest that potential ecological costs may be overcome by the careful selection of gene combinations for pyramiding, avoidance of high (potentially redundant) loci numbers, and introgression of loci into robust plant types such as hybrid rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finbarr G. Horgan
- University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Tropical Ecosystems Research Network, 30C Nirondha, Temple Road, Piliyandala, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Quynh Vu
- Cuulong Delta Rice Research Institute, Tan Thanh, Thoi Lai District, Can Tho, Viet Nam
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Leiser-Strasse, 06210, Halle, Germany
| | - Angelee Fame Ramal
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, 4030 Laguna, Philippines
| | | | - Hideshi Yasui
- Plant Breeding Laboratory, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujita
- Saga University, Faculty of Agriculture, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
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14
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Horgan FG, Bernal CC, Vu Q, Almazan MLP, Ramal AF, Yasui H, Fujita D. Virulence adaptation in a rice leafhopper: Exposure to ineffective genes compromises pyramided resistance. CROP PROTECTION (GUILDFORD, SURREY) 2018; 113:40-47. [PMID: 30393420 PMCID: PMC6106693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pyramiding resistance genes is predicted to increase the durability of resistant rice varieties against phloem-feeding herbivores. We examined responses by the green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), to near-isogenic rice lines with zero, one and two resistance genes. The recurrent parent (T65) and monogenic lines (GRH2-NIL and GRH4-NIL) with genes for resistance to the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), were susceptible to the green leafhopper, but the pyramided line (GRH2/GRH4-PYL) was highly resistant to the green leafhopper. We selected green leafhoppers, N. virescens, from five sites in the Philippines for over 20 generations on each of the four lines. Populations selected on GRH2/GRH4-PYL gained partial virulence (feeding and development equal to that on T65) to the pyramided line within 10 generations and complete virulence (egg-laying equal to that on T65) within 20 generations. After 20 generations of rearing on the susceptible monogenic lines, green leafhoppers were also capable of developing and laying eggs on GRH2/GRH4-PYL. Furthermore, green leafhoppers reared on the susceptible GRH4-NIL for 20 generations showed equal preferences for T65 and GRH2/GRH4-PYL in choice bioassays. Our results indicate that previous long-term exposure to ineffective genes (including unperceived resistance genes) could dramatically reduce the durability of pyramided resistance. We suggest that informed crop management and deployment strategies should be developed to accompany rice lines with pyramided resistance and avoid the build-up of virulent herbivore populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finbarr G. Horgan
- University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Tropical Ecosystems Research Network, 30C Nirondha, Temple Road, Piliyandala, Sri Lanka
| | - Carmencita C. Bernal
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box, 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Quynh Vu
- Cuulong Delta Rice Research Institute, Tan Thanh, Thoi Lai District, Can Tho, Viet Nam
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Angelee Fame Ramal
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, 4030, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Hideshi Yasui
- Plant Breeding Laboratory, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujita
- Saga University, Faculty of Agriculture, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
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Resistance to Nilaparvata lugens in rice lines introgressed with the resistance genes Bph14 and Bph15 and related resistance types. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198630. [PMID: 29856853 PMCID: PMC5983517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop resistance is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly strategy for pest management. The brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) is a devastating rice insect pest due to its ability to rapidly overcome plant resistance and the lack of sufficient resistance resources. BR4831 (a rice breeding line derived from the pyramiding of two BPH resistance genes, Bph14 and Bph15, into the elite rice variety Huang-Hua-Zhan, HHZ) and two single-gene introgression lines (HF106, carrying Bph14, and C602, carrying Bph15, in the elite rice cultivar 9311) were evaluated for their resistance to BPH using a standard seed box screening test coupled with field tests. The related resistance types were determined using laboratory assays. The seed box test and laboratory biological assays showed that BR4831 exhibited strong antibiotic resistance, and the behavioral assay showed that this line also exhibited strong antixenotic resistance, while both HF106 and C602 exhibited only weak antibiosis and no antixenotic resistance. Field tests showed significantly improved resistance in BR4831 compared to that of its recipient parent HHZ and slightly increased resistance in HF106 and C602 in comparison with their recipient parent 9311. These results demonstrate that the rice line BR4831, with pyramided resistance genes, exhibits higher resistance than the monogenic lines HF106 and C602 and highlight the benefits of combining the seed box seedling test, field tests and laboratory assays to thoroughly analyze plant resistance types.
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Peng L, Zhao Y, Wang H, Song C, Shangguan X, Ma Y, Zhu L, He G. Functional Study of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes from the Brown Planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens Stål) to Analyze Its Adaptation to BPH-Resistant Rice. Front Physiol 2017; 8:972. [PMID: 29249980 PMCID: PMC5714877 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-insect interactions constitute a complex of system, whereby plants synthesize toxic compounds as the main defense strategy to combat herbivore assault, and insects deploy detoxification systems to cope with toxic plant compounds. Cytochrom P450s are among the main detoxification enzymes employed by insects to combat the chemical defenses of host plants. In this study, we used Nilaparvata lugens (BPH) to constitute an ideal system for studying plant-insect interactions. By feeding BPHs with artificial diets containing ethanol extracts, we show that biotype Y BPHs have a greater ability to metabolize exogenous substrates than biotype 1 BPHs. NlCPR knockdown inhibited the ability of BPHs to feed on YHY15. qRT-PCR was used to screen genes in the P450 family, and upregulation of CYP4C61, CYP6AX1, and CYP6AY1 induced by YHY15 was investigated. When the three P450 genes were knocked down, only CYP4C61 dsRNA treatment was inhibited the ability of BPHs to feed on YHY15. These results indicate that BPH P450 enzymes are a key factor in the physiological functions of BPH when feeding on BPH-resistant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengpan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinxin Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinhua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Wang H, Ye S, Mou T. Molecular Breeding of Rice Restorer Lines and Hybrids for Brown Planthopper (BPH) Resistance Using the Bph14 and Bph15 Genes. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 9:53. [PMID: 27704482 PMCID: PMC5050184 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-016-0126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of hybrid rice is a practical approach for increasing rice production. However, the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål, causes severe yield loss of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and can threaten food security. Therefore, breeding hybrid rice resistant to BPH is the most effective and economical strategy to maintain high and stable production. Fortunately, numerous BPH resistance genes have been identified, and abundant linkage markers are available for molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding programs. Hence, we pyramided two BPH resistance genes, Bph14 and Bph15, into a susceptive CMS restorer line Huahui938 and its derived hybrids using MAS to improve the BPH resistance of hybrid rice. RESULTS Three near-isogenic lines (NILs) with pyramided Bph14 and Bph15 were obtained by molecular marker-assisted backcross (MAB) and phenotypic selection. The genomic components of these NILs were detected using the whole-genome SNP (Single nucleotide polymorphism) array, RICE6K, suggesting that the recurrent parent genome (RPG) recovery of the NILs was 87.88, 87.70 and 86.62 %, respectively. BPH bioassays showed that the improved NILs and their derived hybrids carrying homozygous Bph14 and Bph15 were resistant to BPH. However, the hybrids with heterozygous Bph14 and Bph15 remained susceptible to BPH. The developed NILs showed no significant differences in major agronomic traits and rice qualities compared with the recurrent parent. Moreover, the improved hybrids derived from the NILs exhibited better agronomic performance and rice quality compared with the controls under natural field conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that it is essential to stack Bph14 and Bph15 into both the maternal and paternal parents for developing BPH-resistant hybrid rice varieties. The SNP array with abundant DNA markers is an efficient tool for analyzing the RPG recovery of progenies and can be used to monitor the donor segments in NILs, thus being extremely important for rice molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Shengtuo Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Tongmin Mou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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Huang HJ, Liu CW, Huang XH, Zhou X, Zhuo JC, Zhang CX, Bao YY. Screening and Functional Analyses of Nilaparvata lugens Salivary Proteome. J Proteome Res 2016; 98:223-230. [PMID: 27142481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Most phloem-feeding insects secrete gelling and watery saliva during the feeding process. However, the functions of salivary proteins are poorly understood. In this study, our purpose was to reveal the components and functions of saliva in a rice sap-sucking insect pest, Nilaparvata lugens. The accomplishment of the whole genome and transcriptome sequencing in N. lugens would be helpful for elucidating the gene information and expression specificity of the salivary proteins. In this study, we have, for the first time, identified the abundant protein components from gelling and watery saliva in a monophagous sap-sucking insect species through shotgun proteomic detection combined with the genomic and transcriptomic analysis. Eight unknown secreted proteins were limited to N. lugens, indicating species-specific saliva components. A group of annexin-like proteins first identified in the secreted saliva displayed different domain structure and expression specificity with typical insect annexins. Nineteen genes encoding five annexin-like proteins, six salivaps (salivary glands-specific proteins with unknown function), seven putative enzymes, and a mucin-like protein showed salivary gland-specific expression pattern, suggesting their importance in the physiological mechanisms of salivary gland and saliva in this insect species. RNA interference revealed that salivap-3 is a key protein factor in forming the salivary sheath, while annexin-like5 and carbonic anhydrase are indispensable for N. lugens survival. These novel findings will greatly help to clarify the detailed functions of salivary proteins in the physiological process of N. lugens and elucidate the interaction mechanisms between N. lugens and the rice plant, which could provide important targets for the future management of rice pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cheng-Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ji-Chong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan-Yuan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
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Li J, Shang K, Liu J, Jiang T, Hu D, Hua H. Multi-generational effects of rice harboring Bph15 on brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:310-317. [PMID: 23589438 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is one of the most devastating rice pests in Asia. Resistant cultivars are an effective way of managing BPH. Bph15 is a BPH resistance gene and has been introgressed into rice variety Minghui 63 (MH63). The multi-generational effects of rice line MH63::15 (harboring Bph15) on BPH were investigated and compared with its parental line MH63. RESULTS U-test analysis indicated that, over seven generations, the developmental duration of BPH nymphs was significantly prolonged by MH63::15. The results of a two-way analysis indicated that, over seven generations, MH63::15 had significant negative effects on the hatchability, emergence rate, copulation rate, weight of adults and fecundity of BPH, but no significant effects on the survival rate of nymphs or female ratio of BPH. In addition, the development of ovary was significantly retarded by MH63::15, and the expression of oogenesis genes were either down-regulated (three genes) or up-regulated (one genes) by MH63::15 compared with MH63. CONCLUSIONS After being reared continuously on MH63::15 for seven generations, most of the life parameters of BPH were negatively affected by MH63::15, especially fecundity and ovary development. These results indicate that MH63::15 rice has potential for use in the control of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Hu DB, Luo BQ, Li J, Han Y, Jiang TR, Liu J, Wu G, Hua HX, Xiong YF, Li JS. Genome-wide analysis of Nilaparvata lugens nymphal responses to high-density and low-quality rice hosts. INSECT SCIENCE 2013; 20:703-716. [PMID: 23956011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens is an economically important pest on rice plants. In this study, the higher population density and yellow-ripe stage of rice plants were used to construct adverse survival conditions (ASC) against BPH nymphs. Simultaneously, the low population density and tillering stage of rice plants were used to establish a suitable survival condition (SSC) as a control. Solexa/Illumina sequencing was used to identify genes of BPH nymphs responding to ASC. Significantly longer duration development of BPH nymphs and significantly lower brachypterous ratio of BPH adults were observed by ASC compared with SSC. A total of 2 544 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained and analyzed by BLASTx, Gene Ontology and KEGG Orthology. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly involved in categories of cell, cell part, cellular process, binding, catalytic, organelle and metabolic processes. 1 138 DEGs having enzyme commission numbers were assigned to different metabolic pathways. The largest clusters were neurodegenerative diseases (137, 12.0%), followed by carbohydrate metabolism (113, 9.9%), amino acid metabolism (94, 8.3%), nucleotide metabolism (76, 6.7%), energy metabolism (64, 5.6%), translation (60, 5.3%), lipid metabolism (58, 5.1%), and folding, sorting and degradation (52, 4.6%). Expressing profile of 11 DEGs during eight nymphal developmental stages of BPH were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The 11 genes exhibited differential expression between ASC and SSC during at least one developmental stage. The DEGs identified in this study provide molecular proof of how BPH reconfigures its gene expression profile to adapt to overcrowding and low-quality hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Bang Hu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070
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Mannakkara A, Niu L, Ma W, Lei C. Zero effect of Bt rice on expression of genes coding for digestion, detoxification and immune responses and developmental performances of brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:985-993. [PMID: 23920284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic Cry1Ac, Cry2Aa and Cry1Ca (Bt toxins) rice lines are well developed to manage lepidopteron pests in China. The impact of transgenic Bt rice on the non-target Brown Planthopper (BPH) has become an essential part of environmental risk assessment, however, scanty evidence is found addressing on developmental and molecular responses of BPH to the ingestion of Bt protein from transgenic rice. The focus of the current study is to examine the developmental characteristics and the expression profiles of gene in relation to digestion, detoxification and immune responses were examined. Our study strongly revealed that the tested Bt rice strains have no unfavorable effect on fecundity, survival and growth of BPH. Furthermore, each of the tested genes did not exhibit distinct expression pattern responding to non Bt parental cultivar, thus, it could be concluded that Bt rice have no detrimental effects on the physiological processes of digestion, detoxification and immune responses of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Mannakkara
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei, China; Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya 81100, Sri Lanka
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Hu J, Cheng M, Gao G, Zhang Q, Xiao J, He Y. Pyramiding and evaluation of three dominant brown planthopper resistance genes in the elite indica rice 9311 and its hybrids. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2013; 69:802-8. [PMID: 23175467 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål, is the most devastating insect pest in rice-producing areas. Three dominant BPH resistance genes (Bph14, Bph15, Bph18) were pyramided into elite indica rice 9311 and its hybrids using marker-assisted selection. Gene effectiveness was evaluated on the basis of seedling and adult rice resistance, honeydew weight and survival rate of BPH. RESULTS All three genes affected BPH growth and development and antibiotic factors, resulting in both seedling and adult resistance. Bph15 had the greatest effect on conferring resistance to BPH. The results showed an additive effect of pyramiding genes, the order of the gene effect being 14/15/18 ≥ 14/15 > 15/18 ≥ 15 > 14/18 ≥ 14 ≥ 18 > none. The pyramided or single-gene introgression hybrids showed greater resistance than conventional hybrids, although the heterozygous genotypes had weaker effects than the corresponding homozygous genotypes. Furthermore, field trial data demonstrated that yields of improved 9311 lines were higher than or similar to that of the control under natural field conditions. These improved versions can be immediately used in hybrid improvement and production. CONCLUSION Compared with controls, pyramided lines and hybrids with three genes showed the strongest resistance to BPH, without a yield decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Crop Molecular Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Zeng Y, Huang W, Su L, Wu G, Zhuang J, Zhao W, Hua H, Li J, Xiao N, Xiong Y. Effects of elevated CO2 on the nutrient compositions and enzymes activities of Nilaparvata lugens nymphs fed on rice plants. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:920-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Elevated CO2 may reduce the tolerance of Nilaparvata lugen (N. lugens) to adverse environmental factors through the biological and physiological degeneration of N. lugens. In an artificial climate box, under 375 and 750 μL L−1 CO2 levels, the rice stems nutrient content, the nutrient content and enzyme activities of N. lugens nymph fed on rice seedlings exposed to ambient and elevated CO2 were studied. The results showed that rice stems had significantly higher protein and total amino acid levels under ambient than elevated CO2 levels. Nymphs had significantly higher protein levels in the ambient CO2 treatment, while their glucose levels were significantly lower under ambient CO2 conditions. Significantly higher trypsin activity was observed in nymphs grown in elevated CO2. Significantly lower activities of the protective enzymes total superoxide dismutase and catalase were observed in the nymphs under ambient CO2. Meanwhile, the activity of the detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase was significantly higher in the ambient CO2 treatment. Measuring how energy and resources were allocated to enzymes in N. lugens nymphs under elevated CO2 conditions can provide a more meaningful evaluation of their metabolic tolerances to adverse climatic conditions.
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Heat stress impedes development and lowers fecundity of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). PLoS One 2012; 7:e47413. [PMID: 23071803 PMCID: PMC3469487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of sub-lethal high temperatures on the development and reproduction of the brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). When first instar nymphs were exposed at their ULT(50) (41.8°C) mean development time to adult was increased in both males and females, from 15.2±0.3 and 18.2±0.3 days respectively in the control to 18.7±0.2 and 19±0.2 days in the treated insects. These differences in development arising from heat stress experienced in the first instar nymph did not persist into the adult stage (adult longevity of 23.5±1.1 and 24.4±1.1 days for treated males and females compared with 25.7±1.0 and 20.6±1.1 days in the control groups), although untreated males lived longer than untreated females. Total mean longevity was increased from 38.8±0.1 to 43.4±1.0 days in treated females, but male longevity was not affected (40.9±0.9 and 42.2±1.1 days respectively). When male and female first instar nymphs were exposed at their ULT(50) of 41.8°C and allowed to mate on reaching adult, mean fecundity was reduced from 403.8±13.7 to 128.0±16.6 eggs per female in the treated insects. Following exposure of adult insects at their equivalent ULT(50) (42.5°C), the three mating combinations of treated male x treated female, treated male x untreated female, and untreated male x treated female produced 169.3±14.7, 249.6±21.3 and 233.4±17.2 eggs per female respectively, all significantly lower than the control. Exposure of nymphs and adults at their respective ULT(50) temperatures also significantly extended the time required for their progeny to complete egg development for all mating combinations compared with control. Overall, sub-lethal heat stress inhibited nymphal development, lowered fecundity and extended egg development time.
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