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Fang M, Long W, Sun J, Wang A, Chen L, Cui Y, Huang Z, Li J, Ruan W, Rasmann S, Wei X. Toxicity of fungal-derived volatile organic compounds against root-knot nematodes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:5162-5172. [PMID: 37574969 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), including Meloidogyne species, are among the most destructive plant-parasites worldwide. Recent evidence suggests that entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) can antagonize RKNs. Such antagonistic effects are likely mediated by toxic metabolites, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), produced by the fungi. However, how widespread these effects are across EPF species, and which VOCs mediate negative interactions between EPF and RKNs needs to be further elucidated. RESULTS First, we evaluated the nematicidal effect of VOCs emitted by 46 EPF isolates against Meloidogyne incognita and found variable toxicity depending on the isolate. Second, we measured the nematicidal effect of highly toxic isolates, including species in the genus Talaromyces, Aspergillus, Clonostachys, and Purpureocillium and, third, we analyzed the nematicidal effect of major VOCs, including 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, isopropyl alcohol and 2-methyl-3-pentanone. The mortality of M. incognita juveniles (J2s) was generally high (50%) either via airborne or in-solution contact with VOCs. Moreover, the tested VOCs significantly inhibited egg hatching, and repelled J2s away from the VOCs. CONCLUSION This study not only provides insights into the ecological function of VOCs in the rhizosphere, but also provides new approaches for developing environmentally friendly control methods of RKNs in agroecosystems. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenxin Long
- School of Mathematical Sciences and LPMC, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ailing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | | | - Weibin Ruan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Xianqin Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Zhang X, Hu Z, Wang S, Yin F, Wei Y, Xie J, Sun R. Discovery of 2-Naphthol from the Leaves of Actephila merrilliana as a Natural Nematicide Candidate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13209-13219. [PMID: 37643159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
To identify natural nematicides that can replace chemical nematicides, 2-naphthol with high activity against Meloidogyne incognita was isolated from Actephila merrilliana. The nematicidal activity of 2-naphthol against M. incognita was 100% at 100 μg/mL with an EC50 value of 38.00 μg/mL. Moreover, 2-naphthol had a significant negative effect on egg incubation. 2-Naphthol effectively inhibited the invasion of M. incognita into crops in both a pot experiment and field trial. In addition, the structure-activity relationship indicated that the naphthalene ring and its β-site hydroxyl group were the key pharmacophores for the nematicidal activity of 2-naphthol. Nematodes were stimulated by 2-naphthol to produce excessive reactive oxygen species, which may be the underlying mechanism of 2-naphthol nematicidal activity. A systemic evaluation of 2-naphthol in tomato plants demonstrated that 2-naphthol remained mainly fixed in the roots after being absorbed by the crop and was not transported to the stems or leaves. Thus, 2-naphthol can be developed as a natural nematicide candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengman Yin
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Xie
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranfeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China
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Shimoi R, Saito Y, Miura Y, Nakagawa-Goto K. Total Synthesis of Waltherione A, a Quinolone Alkaloid Fused with Oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane. Org Lett 2023; 25:4755-4758. [PMID: 37347116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Waltherione A (1), a unique quinolone alkaloid fused with oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, was isolated originally from Waltheria douradinha and recently by us from a methanol extract of Melochia umbellata along with the related 3,4-dimethoxyquinoline paliasanines A-E. Compound 1 showed selective cytotoxicity against A549 and MCF-7 cell lines. Its interesting structural and biological features prompted several attempts at total synthesis and clarification of the absolute configuration, although none were successful to date. Now, we have accomplished the first total synthesis of 1 starting from commercially available benzosuberone in 21 steps as well as elucidated its absolute configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Shimoi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yohei Saito
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuta Miura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nakagawa-Goto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
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4
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Synthesis and Biological Activity of Waltherione F‐derived Diamide Derivatives Containing
4‐Quinolone
Group. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Diyapoglu A, Oner M, Meng M. Application Potential of Bacterial Volatile Organic Compounds in the Control of Root-Knot Nematodes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144355. [PMID: 35889228 PMCID: PMC9318376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) constitute the most damaging group of plant pathogens. Plant infections by root-knot nematodes (RKNs) alone could cause approximately 5% of global crop loss. Conventionally, chemical-based methods are used to control PPNs at the expense of the environment and human health. Accordingly, the development of eco-friendly and safer methods has been urged to supplement or replace chemical-based methods for the control of RKNs. Using microorganisms or their metabolites as biological control agents (BCAs) is a promising approach to controlling RKNs. Among the metabolites, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have gained increasing attention because of their potential in the control of not only RKNs but also other plant pathogens, such as insects, fungi, and bacteria. This review discusses the biology of RKNs as well as the status of various control strategies. The discovery of VOCs emitted by bacteria from various environmental sources and their application potential as BCAs in controlling RKNs are specifically addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Diyapoglu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Muhammet Oner
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Menghsiao Meng
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Vanegas JAG, Pacule HB, Capitão RM, Correia CRD, Terra WC, Campos VP, Oliveira DF. Methyl Esters of ( E)-Cinnamic Acid: Activity against the Plant-Parasitic Nematode Meloidogyne incognita and In Silico Interaction with Histone Deacetylase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6624-6633. [PMID: 35622462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
(E)-Cinnamaldehyde is very active against Meloidogyne incognita but has low persistence in soil. To circumvent this problem, esters of cinnamic acid were evaluated as a substitute for (E)-cinnamaldehyde. The best results under assays with M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) were obtained for the methyl esters of (E)-p-fluoro- (13), (E)-p-chloro- (14), and (E)-p-bromocinnamic acid (15), which showed lethal concentrations to 50% (LC50) J2 of 168, 95, and 216 μg/mL, respectively. Under the same conditions, the LC50 values for the nematicides carbofuran and fluensulfone were 160 and 34 μg/mL, respectively. Substances 13-15 were also active against nematode eggs, which account for most of the M. incognita population in the field. According to an in silico study, substances 13-15 can act against the nematode through inhibition of histone deacetylase. Therefore, esters 13-15 and histone deacetylase are potentially useful for the rational design of new nematicides for the control of M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A G Vanegas
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Horácio B Pacule
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rebeca M Capitão
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica, Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos R D Correia
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica, Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian C Terra
- Laboratório de Nematologia, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vicente P Campos
- Laboratório de Nematologia, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denilson F Oliveira
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Yang J, Kong XD, Zhu-Salzman K, Qin QM, Cai QN. The Key Glutathione S-Transferase Family Genes Involved in the Detoxification of Rice Gramine in Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. INSECTS 2021; 12:1055. [PMID: 34940143 PMCID: PMC8704333 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemical toxins are considered a defense measure for herbivore invasion. To adapt this defensive strategy, herbivores use glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) as an important detoxification enzyme to cope with toxic compounds, but the underlying molecular basis for GST genes in this process remains unclear. Here, we investigated the basis of how GST genes in brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)) participated in the detoxification of gramine by RNA interference. For BPH, the LC25 and LC50 concentrations of gramine were 7.11 and 14.99 μg/mL at 72 h after feeding, respectively. The transcriptions of seven of eight GST genes in BPH were induced by a low concentration of gramine, and GST activity was activated. Although interferences of seven genes reduced BPH tolerance to gramine, only the expression of NlGST1-1, NlGSTD2, and NlGSTE1 was positively correlated with GST activities, and silencing of these three genes inhibited GST activities in BPH. Our findings reveal that two new key genes, NlGSTD2 and NlGSTE1, play an essential role in the detoxification of gramine such as NlGST1-1 does in BPH, which not only provides the molecular evidence for the coevolution theory, but also provides new insight into the development of an environmentally friendly strategy for herbivore population management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.Y.); (X.-D.K.)
| | - Xiang-Dong Kong
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.Y.); (X.-D.K.)
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Keyan Zhu-Salzman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Qing-Nian Cai
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.Y.); (X.-D.K.)
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Hua X, Liu W, Chen Y, Ru J, Guo S, Yu X, Cui Y, Liu X, Gu Y, Xue C, Liu Y, Sui J, Wang G. Synthesis, Fungicidal Activity, and Mechanism of Action of Pyrazole Amide and Ester Derivatives Based on Natural Products l-Serine and Waltherione Alkaloids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11470-11484. [PMID: 34543010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of new green fungicides based on the structural optimization of natural products can effectively solve the problems of low safety and high pathogen resistance of traditional fungicides. In this paper, based on pyrazole amide compound h-I-9 with excellent fungicidal activity discovered in the previous work, a series of l-serine-derived pyrazole amide and waltherione alkaloid-derived pyrazole ester derivatives were synthesized. The structures were successively identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The in vitro and in vivo fungicidal activity screening demonstrated that compound II-5 showed a good inhibition rate against Physalospora piricola. A transmission electron microscope and fluorescence microscope observation further revealed that compound II-5 may cause damage to the cell membranes and vacuoles, and the hyphae treated with II-5 could produce obvious and easily observed blue fluorescence. The succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzymatic activity and molecular docking simulation indicated that compounds I-3 and I-4 may be potential SDH inhibitors against Alternaria sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Hua
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Wenrui Liu
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ru
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Shangjing Guo
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Cui
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xinghai Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Gu
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd., Berkshire, P.O. BOX 163, Bracknell RG42 6EY, U.K
| | - Chenmeng Xue
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Junkang Sui
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Guiqing Wang
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
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Rahim A, Saito Y, Fukuyoshi S, Miyake K, Goto M, Chen CH, Alam G, Lee KH, Nakagawa-Goto K. Paliasanines A-E, 3,4-Methylenedioxyquinoline Alkaloids Fused with a Phenyl-14-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Unit from Melochia umbellata var. deglabrata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2931-2939. [PMID: 32946697 PMCID: PMC8173965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Five new quinoline alkaloids, paliasanines A-E (1-5), and 17 known compounds (6-22) were isolated from a methanol extract of Melochia umbellata var. deglabrata leaves. Their chemical structures were elucidated by analysis of HRMS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. Compounds 1-5 are the first naturally occurring 3,4-methylenedioxyquinolines incorporating an oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane unit. Compounds 6 and 7 displayed selective cytotoxicity (IC50 5.9-8.4 μM) against A549 and MCF-7 cell lines, while compounds 1-5 were not active. Compounds 1-3 did not exhibit an anti-HIV effect in MT4 cells, although the related quinolone derivative waltherione A exhibited significant activity. These preliminary results indicate that the 3-methoxy-4-quinolone skeleton might be preferred for both antiproliferative and anti-HIV activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rahim
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Department of Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Yohei Saito
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shuichi Fukuyoshi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsunori Miyake
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masuo Goto
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Gemini Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 401, Taiwan
| | - Kyoko Nakagawa-Goto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
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Izuogu NB, Bello OE, Bello OM. A review on Borreria verticillata: A potential bionematicide, channeling its significant antimicrobial activity against root-knot nematodes. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05322. [PMID: 33134589 PMCID: PMC7586115 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopesticides are human-friendly beside been easily accessible and bio-degradable, are therefore environmentally friendly compared to the synthetic pesticides which huge adverse effects on human, animals and the ecosystem. Plants are large reservoir of secondary metabolites largely untapped or under-tapped for use as pesticides. One problem associated with this is to identify plants which can be assessed and further exploited for this use. Borreria verticillata belongs to Rubiaceae, it is native to South Americas but gained popularity globally. It is known as a weed, showing resistance to many synthetic pesticides and can be grown on a wide range of soil types. B. verticillata is used traditionally against skin diseases such as eczema, infectious dermatitis and scabies. Its antimicrobial application is large and efficient as revealed by most authors. This article inclines to propose and offer current studies with information on the various application of this plant species against various microorganisms, thereby extending its use against plant parasitic nematodes which cause severe yield losses to numerous agricultural crops. Most search engines, journals and dissertation search engines i.e. Google scholar, pubmed, sciencedirect, scopus, web of science, springer, elsevier, like Open-thesis, OATD, ProQuest and EthOs were queried by employing titles such as B. verticillata, Borreria verticillata and biological activity of B. verticillata. The most synonymous name was queried too i.e. Spermacoce verticillata. This review suggests a main point about this resistant weed i.e. its significant antimicrobial activity. It further emphases the need exploits this useful effect against nematodes since they are microorganisms. Phytochemistry of the B. verticillata was gathered in this study and the compounds isolated from the plant i.e. terpenes, iridoids, flavonoids and alkaloids (29 compounds) further provide a basis for a significant antihelmintic effect. The review concludes on the need to extends its antimicrobial activity to sustainable agriculture. Since it is a very common plant in Nigeria, it is easily accessible to farmer protect their cultivations from plant-parasitic nematode attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkechi B. Izuogu
- Department of Crop Protection, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatoyin E. Bello
- Department of Crop Protection, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwasesan M. Bello
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
- Corresponding author.
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