1
|
Keskin M, Avul S, Beyaz A, Koca N. The association of Neuromedin U levels and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A comparative analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27291. [PMID: 38486771 PMCID: PMC10937677 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive study delves into the potential link between Neuromedin U (NmU) serum levels and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition of increasing global prevalence and significant public health concern. The research provides a nuanced understanding of the disease's etiology by examining a cohort of 112 participants, including individuals with and without NAFLD. The study meticulously considers a spectrum of variables such as demographic factors, body composition metrics, and blood parameters. Advanced diagnostic tools like Fibroscan® are employed to ascertain NAFLD presence, ensuring accurate and reliable results. The investigation reveals a noteworthy correlation between NAFLD and several risk factors, notably obesity, increased waist and neck circumferences, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance. These findings underscore the multifactorial nature of NAFLD and its intricate connection with metabolic syndromes. Intriguingly, the study observes lower NmU levels in individuals diagnosed with NAFLD. However, the role of NmU as an independent risk factor for NAFLD remains inconclusive, warranting further investigation. Although triglyceride level was observed to be an independent risk factor for NAFLD, this relationship was not associated with NmU. This research contributes significantly to the existing knowledge on NAFLD, highlighting the disease's complexity and the interplay of various risk factors. It also opens up new avenues for future research, particularly in exploring the role of NmU within the metabolic pathways associated with NAFLD. The insights gained from this study could guide the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for NAFLD, addressing a crucial need in contemporary healthcare. In conclusion, the findings of this study not only enhance the understanding of NAFLD's pathophysiology but also emphasize the importance of comprehensive risk factor analysis in the management and prevention of this growing health concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Keskin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medicana Private Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sercan Avul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Birecik State Hospital, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Aylin Beyaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagizman State Hospital, Kars, Turkey
| | - Nizameddin Koca
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Bursa Faculty of Medicine, Bursa City Training & Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nomoto A, Suzuki Y, Morito K, Nagasawa K, Takayama K. Suppressive Effects of Neuromedin U Receptor 2-Selective Peptide Agonists on Appetite and Prolactin Secretion in Mice. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:376-380. [PMID: 38505846 PMCID: PMC10945547 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuromedin U receptor 2 (NMUR2), which is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) including the hypothalamus, has been noted as a therapeutic target against obesity. We previously reported that intranasal administration of CPN-219, a NMUR2-selective hexapeptide agonist, suppresses body weight gain in mice; however, there is no detailed information regarding its CNS effects. Recently, in addition to appetite suppression, stress responses and regulation of prolactin (PRL) secretion have also attracted attention. NMUR2 expressed in the hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons has emerged as an alternative target for treating hyperprolactinemia. Here, CPN-219 decreased food intake up to 24 h after administration at a dose of 200 nmol, resulting in body weight gain suppression, although grooming and anxiety-like behaviors were transiently induced. Interestingly, the restraint stress-induced increase in plasma PRL levels was significantly suppressed at a lower dose of 20 nmol, indicating the potential for drug development as an anti-PRL agent of NMUR2-selective agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Nomoto
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yui Suzuki
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Katsuya Morito
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takayama
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Botticelli L, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Del Bello F, Giorgioni G, Piergentili A, Quaglia W, Bonifazi A, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV. The neuromedin U system: Pharmacological implications for the treatment of obesity and binge eating behavior. Pharmacol Res 2023; 195:106875. [PMID: 37517560 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuromedin U (NMU) is a bioactive peptide produced in the gut and in the brain, with a role in multiple physiological processes. NMU acts by binding and activating two G protein coupled receptors (GPCR), the NMU receptor 1 (NMU-R1), which is predominantly expressed in the periphery, and the NMU receptor 2 (NMU-R2), mainly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). In the brain, NMU and NMU-R2 are consistently present in the hypothalamus, commonly recognized as the main "feeding center". Considering its distribution pattern, NMU revealed to be an important neuropeptide involved in the regulation of food intake, with a powerful anorexigenic ability. This has been observed through direct administration of NMU and by studies using genetically modified animals, which revealed an obesity phenotype when the NMU gene is deleted. Thus, the development of NMU analogs or NMU-R2 agonists might represent a promising pharmacological strategy to treat obese individuals. Furthermore, NMU has been demonstrated to influence the non-homeostatic aspect of food intake, playing a potential role in binge eating behavior. This review aims to discuss and summarize the current literature linking the NMU system with obesity and binge eating behavior, focusing on the influence of NMU on food intake and the neuronal mechanisms underlying its anti-obesity properties. Pharmacological strategies to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of NMU will also be reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 9, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piergentili
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 9, Camerino 62032, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Regulation of feeding and therapeutic application of bioactive peptides. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
5
|
Takayama K. Peptide Tool-Driven Functional Elucidation of Biomolecules Related to Endocrine System and Metabolism. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:413-419. [PMID: 35650039 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The enhancement of basic research based on biomolecule-derived peptides has the potential to elucidate their biological function and lead to the development of new drugs. In this review, two biomolecules, namely "neuromedin U (NMU)" and "myostatin," are discussed. NMU, a neuropeptide first isolated from the porcine spinal cord, non-selectively activates two types of receptors (NMUR1 and NMUR2) and displays a variety of physiological actions, including appetite suppression. The development of receptor-selective regulators helps elucidate each receptor's detailed biological roles. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was conducted to achieve this purpose using the amidated C-terminal core structure of NMU for receptor activation. Through obtaining receptor-selective hexapeptide agonists, molecular functions of the core structure were clarified. Myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and has attracted attention as a target for treating atrophic muscle disorders. Although the protein inhibitors, such as antibodies and receptor-decoys have been developed, the inhibition by smaller molecules, including peptides, is less advanced. Focusing on the inactivation mechanism by prodomain proteins derived from myostatin-precursor, a first mid-sized α-helical myostatin-inhibitory peptide (23-mer) was identified from the mouse sequence. The detailed SAR study based on this peptide afforded the structural requirements for effective inhibition. The subsequent computer simulation proposed the docking mode at the activin type I receptor binding site of myostatin. The resulting development of potent inhibitors suggested the existence of a more appropriate binding mode linked to their β-sheet forming properties, suggesting that further investigations might be needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Takayama
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Design and synthesis of peptidic partial agonists of human neuromedin U receptor 1 with enhanced serum stability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127436. [PMID: 32721452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuromedin U (NMU) activates two receptors (NMUR1 and NMUR2) and is a promising candidate for development of drugs to combat obesity. Previously, we obtained hexapeptides as selective full NMUR agonists. Development of a partial agonist which mildly activates receptors is an effective strategy which lead to an understanding of the functions of NMU receptors. In 2014, we reported hexapeptide 3 (CPN-124) as an NMUR1-selective partial agonist but its selectivity and serum stability were unsatisfactory. Herein, we report the development of a hexapeptide-type partial agonist (8, CPN-223) based on a peptide (3) but with higher NMUR1-selectivity and enhanced serum stability. A structure-activity relationship study of synthetic pentapeptide derivatives suggested that a hexapeptide is a minimum structure consistent with both good NMUR1-selective agonistic activity and serum stability.
Collapse
|
7
|
Takayama K, Mori K, Tanaka A, Sasaki Y, Sohma Y, Taguchi A, Taniguchi A, Sakane T, Yamamoto A, Miyazato M, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Hayashi Y. A chemically stable peptide agonist to neuromedin U receptor type 2. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115454. [PMID: 32247748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuromedin U (NMU) is a peptide with appetite suppressive activity and other physiological activities via activation of the NMU receptors NMUR1 and NMUR2. In 2014, we reported the first NMUR2 selective agonist, 3-cyclohexylpropionyl-Leu-Leu-Dap-Pro-Arg-Asn-NH2 (CPN-116). However, we found that CPN-116 in phosphate buffer is unstable because of Nα-to-Nβ acyl migration at the Dap residue. In this study, the chemical stability of CPN-116 was evaluated under various conditions, and it was found to be relatively stable in buffers such as HEPES and MES. We also performed a structure-activity relationship study to obtain an NMUR2-selective agonist with improved chemical stability. Consequently, CPN-219 bearing a Dab residue in place of Dap emerged as a next-generation hexapeptidic NMUR2 agonist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Takayama
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Kenji Mori
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Akiko Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan
| | - Yu Sasaki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yuko Sohma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Akihiro Taguchi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Taniguchi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Sakane
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Naoto Minamino
- Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
De Prins A, Martin C, Van Wanseele Y, Tömböly C, Tourwé D, Caveliers V, Holst B, Van Eeckhaut A, Rosenkilde MM, Smolders I, Ballet S. Synthesis and in Vitro Evaluation of Stabilized and Selective Neuromedin U-1 Receptor Agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:496-501. [PMID: 29795766 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromedin U (NMU) is a multifunctional neuropeptide which is characterized by a high conservation through all species. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a novel set of NMU-analogs based on the truncated NMU-8. Through combination of previously reported modifications, an elaborate structure-activity relationship study was performed aiming for the development of peptides with an increased selectivity toward NMU receptor 1 (NMUR1). Compound 7 possessed the highest NMUR1 selectivity (IC50 = 0.54 nM, selectivity ratio = 5313) together with an increased potency (EC50 = 3.7 nM), an 18% increase of the maximal effect at NMUR1, and a higher resistance against enzymatic degradation as compared to the native NMU-8. The development of a potent NMUR1 agonist with extended half-life could represent an attractive tool to further unveil the role of NMUR1 in NMU signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An De Prins
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yannick Van Wanseele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Csaba Tömböly
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, 6726 Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Hungary
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vicky Caveliers
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mette M. Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Development of potent and proteolytically stable human neuromedin U receptor agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 144:887-897. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
10
|
Nagai H, Kaisho T, Yokoyama K, Asakawa T, Fujita H, Matsumiya K, Noguchi J, Tsuchimori K, Nishizawa N, Kanematsu-Yamaki Y, Dote K, Inooka H, Sakamoto JI, Ohtaki T, Asami T, Takekawa S. Differential effects of selective agonists of neuromedin U1 and U2 receptors in obese and diabetic mice. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:359-373. [PMID: 29057457 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neuromedin U (NmU) may be a novel target for obesity treatment owing to its anorectic and energy expenditure enhancing effects. Although two receptors, NMU1 and NMU2, are both responsible for the NmU-mediated anti-obesity effects, the receptor agonist with the most appropriate profiles for treating obesity and diabetes in terms of efficacy and safety is as yet unknown. Thus, we developed and evaluated novel NMU1/2 receptor-selective agonists. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Efficacy and safety were assessed in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) and those with leptin-deficient diabetes (ob/ob) through repeated peripheral administration of selective agonists to NMU1 (NMU-6102) and NMU2 (NMU-2084), along with non-selective NMU1/2 agonists (NMU-0002 and NMU-6014). We also performed immunohistochemistry for c-Fos protein expression in the brain to probe their mechanisms of action. KEY RESULTS Although both non-selective NMU1/2 agonists and the NMU2-selective agonist had high efficacy compared with the NMU1-selective agonist, only the NMU2-selective agonist led to relatively low adverse effects, such as diarrhoea, in DIO mice. However, the non-selective NMU1/2 agonist and the NMU1-selective agonist, but not the NMU2-selective agonist, were effective in diabetic ob/ob mice. Mechanistically, NMU2-selective agonists preferentially activate pro-opiomelanocortin neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus but not in the paraventricular nucleus. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that an NMU2 receptor-selective agonist may be a well-balanced drug for the treatment of obesity and that an NMU1 receptor-selective agonist may also be beneficial for treating obesity and diabetes once its side effects are minimized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nagai
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kaisho
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yokoyama
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Asakawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hisashi Fujita
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kouta Matsumiya
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Jiro Noguchi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kazue Tsuchimori
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishizawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | | | - Katsuko Dote
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inooka
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Ohtaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Taiji Asami
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Shiro Takekawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nishizawa N, Kanematsu-Yamaki Y, Funata M, Nagai H, Shimizu A, Fujita H, Sakamoto J, Takekawa S, Asami T. A potent neuromedin U receptor 2-selective alkylated peptide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4626-4629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
12
|
Kanematsu-Yamaki Y, Nishizawa N, Kaisho T, Nagai H, Mochida T, Asakawa T, Inooka H, Dote K, Fujita H, Matsumiya K, Hirabayashi H, Sakamoto J, Ohtaki T, Takekawa S, Asami T. Potent Body Weight-Lowering Effect of a Neuromedin U Receptor 2-selective PEGylated Peptide. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6089-6097. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kanematsu-Yamaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishizawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kaisho
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Taisuke Mochida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoko Asakawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inooka
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Katsuko Dote
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hisashi Fujita
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kouta Matsumiya
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Junichi Sakamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ohtaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shiro Takekawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Taiji Asami
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, 251-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Takayama K, Mori K, Tanaka A, Nomura E, Sohma Y, Mori M, Taguchi A, Taniguchi A, Sakane T, Yamamoto A, Minamino N, Miyazato M, Kangawa K, Hayashi Y. Discovery of a Human Neuromedin U Receptor 1-Selective Hexapeptide Agonist with Enhanced Serum Stability. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5228-5234. [PMID: 28548497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuromedin U (NMU) activates two NMU receptors (NMUR1 and NMUR2) and is a useful antiobesity drug lead. We report discovery of a hexapeptide agonist, 2-thienylacetyl-Trp1-Phe(4-F)2-Arg3-Pro4-Arg5-Asn6-NH2 (4). However, the NMUR1 selectivity and serum stability of this agonist were unsatisfactory. Through a structure-activity relationship study focused on residue 2 of agonist 4, serum stability, and pharmacokinetic properties, we report here the discovery of a novel NMUR1 selective hexapeptide agonist 7b that suppresses body weight gain in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Takayama
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kenji Mori
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute , 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Akiko Tanaka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University , 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Erina Nomura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yuko Sohma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Miwa Mori
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute , 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Akihiro Taguchi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Taniguchi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Sakane
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University , 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University , 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Naoto Minamino
- Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute , 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute , 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
A PEGylated analog of short-length Neuromedin U with potent anorectic and anti-obesity effects. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2307-2312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
15
|
McCue DL, Kasper JM, Hommel JD. Regulation of motivation for food by neuromedin U in the paraventricular nucleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:120-128. [PMID: 27748746 PMCID: PMC5209284 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motivation for high-fat food is thought to contribute to excess caloric intake in obese individuals. A novel regulator of motivation for food may be neuromedin U (NMU), a highly-conserved neuropeptide that influences food intake. Although these effects of NMU have primarily been attributed to signaling in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), NMU has also been found in other brain regions involved in both feeding behavior and motivation. We investigate the effects of NMU on motivation for food and food intake, and identify the brain regions mediating these effects. METHODS The motivational state for a particular reinforcer (e.g., high-fat food) can be assessed using a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement under which an increasing number of lever presses are required to obtain subsequent reinforcers. Here, we have used a progressive-ratio operant responding paradigm in combination with an assessment of cumulative food intake to evaluate the effects of NMU administration in rats, and identify the brain regions mediating these effects. RESULTS We found that peripheral administration of NMU decreases operant responding for high-fat food in rats. Evaluation of Fos-like immunoreactivity in response to peripheral NMU indicated the PVN and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) as sites of action for NMU. NMU infusion into either region mimics the effects of peripheral NMU on food intake and operant responding for food. NMU-containing projections from the lateral hypothalamus (LH) to the PVN and DRN were identified as an endogenous source of NMU. CONCLUSIONS These results identify the DRN as a site of action for NMU, demonstrate that the LH provides endogenous NMU to the PVN and DRN and implicate NMU signaling in the PVN and DRN as a novel regulator of motivation for high-fat foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L. McCue
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
| | - James M. Kasper
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
| | - Jonathan D. Hommel
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
van Witteloostuijn SB, Pedersen SL, Jensen KJ. Half-Life Extension of Biopharmaceuticals using Chemical Methods: Alternatives to PEGylation. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2474-2495. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Søren B. van Witteloostuijn
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
- Gubra ApS; Hørsholm Kongevej 11B 2970 Hørsholm Denmark
| | | | - Knud J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
A small library of truncated/lipid-conjugated neuromedin U (NmU) analogs was synthesized and tested in vitro using an intracellular calcium signaling assay. The selected, most active analogs were then tested in vivo, and showed potent anorexigenic effects in a diet-induced obese (DIO) mouse model. The most promising compound, NM4-C16 was effective in a once-weekly-dose regimen. Collectively, our findings suggest that short, lipidated analogs of NmU are suitable leads for the development of novel anti-obesity therapeutics.
Collapse
|
18
|
Dalbøge LS, Pedersen SL, Secher T, Holst B, Vrang N, Jelsing J. Neuromedin U inhibits food intake partly by inhibiting gastric emptying. Peptides 2015; 69:56-65. [PMID: 25895852 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuromedin U (NMU) is a gut-brain peptide, implicated in energy and glucose homeostasis via the peripherally expressed NMU receptor 1 (NMUR1) and the central NMUR2. We investigated the effects of a lipidated NMU analog on gastric emptying (GE), glucose homeostasis and food intake to evaluate the use of a NMU analog as drug candidate for treatment of obesity and diabetes. Finally mRNA expression of NMU and NMUR1 in the gut and NMUR2 in the hypothalamus was investigated using a novel chromogen-based in situ hybridization (ISH) assay. Effects on food intake (6 and 18 h post dosing) were addressed in both mice and rats. The effects on GE and glycaemic control were assessed in mice, immediately after the first dose and after seven days of bidaily (BID) dosing. The lipidated NMU analog exerted robust reductions in GE and food intake in mice and improved glycaemic control when measured immediately after the first dose. No effects were observed after seven days BID. In rats, the analog induced only a minor effect on food intake. NMU mRNA was detected in the enteric nervous system throughout the gut, whereas NMUR1 was confined to the lamina propria. NMUR2 was detected in the paraventricular (PVN) and arcuate nuclei (ARC) in mice, with a reduced expression in ARC in rats. In summary, the anorectic effect of the lipidated NMU is partly mediated by a decrease in gastric emptying which is subject to tachyphylaxis after continuous dosing. Susceptibility to NMU appears to be species specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise S Dalbøge
- Gubra ApS, Agern Alle 1, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | | | - Birgitte Holst
- University of Copenhagen, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Niels Vrang
- Gubra ApS, Agern Alle 1, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Takayama K, Mori K, Sohma Y, Taketa K, Taguchi A, Yakushiji F, Minamino N, Miyazato M, Kangawa K, Hayashi Y. Discovery of potent hexapeptide agonists to human neuromedin u receptor 1 and identification of their serum metabolites. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:302-7. [PMID: 25815150 DOI: 10.1021/ml500494j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromedin U (NMU) and S (NMS) display various physiological activities, including an anorexigenic effect, and share a common C-terminal heptapeptide-amide sequence that is necessary to activate two NMU receptors (NMUR1 and NMUR2). On the basis of this knowledge, we recently developed hexapeptide agonists 2 and 3, which are highly selective to human NMUR1 and NMUR2, respectively. However, the agonists are still less potent than the endogenous ligand, hNMU. Therefore, we performed an additional structure-activity relationship study, which led to the identification of the more potent hexapeptide 5d that exhibits similar NMUR1-agonistic activity as compared to hNMU. Additionally, we studied the stability of synthesized agonists, including 5d, in rat serum, and identified two major biodegradation sites: Phe(2)-Arg(3) and Arg(5)-Asn(6). The latter was more predominantly cleaved than the former. Moreover, substitution with 4-fluorophenylalanine, as in 5d, enhanced the metabolic stability at Phe(2)-Arg(3). These results provide important information to guide the development of practical hNMU agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Takayama
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Sohma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Koji Taketa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Akihiro Taguchi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Fumika Yakushiji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Martinez VG, O'Driscoll L. Neuromedin U: a multifunctional neuropeptide with pleiotropic roles. Clin Chem 2015; 61:471-82. [PMID: 25605682 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.231753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromedin U (NmU) belongs to the neuromedin family, comprising a series of neuropeptides involved in the gut-brain axis and including neuromedins B and C (bombesin-like), K (neurokinin B), L (neurokinin A or neurotensin), N, S, and U. CONTENT Although initially isolated from porcine spinal cord on the basis of their ability to induce uterine smooth muscle contraction, these peptides have now been found to be expressed in several different tissues and have been ascribed numerous functions, from appetite regulation and energy balance control to muscle contraction and tumor progression. NmU has been detected in several species to date, particularly in mammals (pig, rat, rabbit, dog, guinea pig, human), but also in amphibian, avian, and fish species. The NmU sequence is highly conserved across different species, indicating that this peptide is ancient and plays an important biological role. Here, we summarize the main structural and functional characteristics of NmU and describe its many roles, highlighting the jack-of-all-trades nature of this neuropeptide. SUMMARY NmU involvement in key processes has outlined the possibility that this neuropeptide could be a novel target for the treatment of obesity and cancer, among other disorders. Although the potential for NmU as a therapeutic target is obvious, the multiple functions of this molecule should be taken into account when designing an approach to targeting NmU and/or its receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa G Martinez
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Takayama K, Hayashi Y. Medicinal Chemistry of Mid-sized Molecules on Biologically Active Peptides. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2015. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.73.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dalbøge LS, Pedersen SL, van Witteloostuijn SB, Rasmussen JE, Rigbolt KTG, Jensen KJ, Holst B, Vrang N, Jelsing J. Synthesis and evaluation of novel lipidated neuromedin U analogs with increased stability and effects on food intake. J Pept Sci 2014; 21:85-94. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise S. Dalbøge
- Gubra ApS; Agern Alle 1 2970 Hørsholm Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research; University of Copenhagen; Blegdamsvej 3B 2200 Copenhagen N Denmark
| | | | - Søren B. van Witteloostuijn
- Gubra ApS; Agern Alle 1 2970 Hørsholm Denmark
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Jakob E. Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | | | - Knud J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Birgitte Holst
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research; University of Copenhagen; Blegdamsvej 3B 2200 Copenhagen N Denmark
| | - Niels Vrang
- Gubra ApS; Agern Alle 1 2970 Hørsholm Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Takayama K, Mori K, Taketa K, Taguchi A, Yakushiji F, Minamino N, Miyazato M, Kangawa K, Hayashi Y. Discovery of Selective Hexapeptide Agonists to Human Neuromedin U Receptors Types 1 and 2. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6583-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500599s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Takayama
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | | | - Koji Taketa
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Akihiro Taguchi
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Fumika Yakushiji
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| |
Collapse
|