Astragaloside IV inhibits TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway in gastric cancer cells

Weiwei Decoction alleviates gastric intestinal metaplasia through the olfactomedin 4/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1/caudal-type homeobox gene 2 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a precancerous lesion that is associated with an elevated risk of gastric carcinogenesis. Weiwei Decoction (WWD) is a promising traditional Chinese herbal formula widely employed in clinical for treating IM. Previous studies suggested the potential involvement of the olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4)/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1)/caudal-type homeobox gene 2 (CDX2) signaling pathway in IM regulation.

AIM

To verify the regulation of the OLFM4/NOD1/CDX2 pathway in IM, specifically investigating WWD's effectiveness on IM through this pathway.

METHODS

Immunohistochemistry for OLFM4, NOD1, and CDX2 was conducted on tissue microarray. GES-1 cells treated with chenodeoxycholic acid were utilized as IM cell models. OLFM4 short hairpin RNA (shRNA), NOD1 shRNA, and OLFM4 pcDNA were transfected to clarify the pathway regulatory relationships. Protein interactions were validated by co-immunoprecipitation. To explore WWD's pharmacological actions, IM rat models were induced using N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine followed by WWD gavage. Gastric cells were treated with WWD-medicated serum. Cytokines and chemokines content were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

The OLFM4/NOD1/CDX2 axis was a characteristic of IM. OLFM4 exhibited direct binding and subsequent down-regulation of NOD1, thereby sustaining the activation of CDX2 and promoting the progression of IM. WWD improved gastric mucosal histological lesions while suppressing intestinal markers KLF transcription factor 4, villin 1, and MUCIN 2 expression in IM rats. Regarding pharmacological actions, WWD suppressed OLFM4 and restored NOD1 expression, consequently reducing CDX2 at the mRNA and protein levels in IM rats. Parallel regulatory mechanisms were observed at the protein level in IM cells treated with WWD-medicated serum. Furthermore, WWD-medicated serum treatment strengthened OLFM4 and NOD1 interaction. In case of anti-inflammatory, WWD restrained interleukin (IL)-6, interferon-gamma, IL-17, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha content in IM rat serum. WWD-medicated serum inhibited tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6, IL-8 transcriptions in IM cells.

CONCLUSION

The OLFM4/NOD1/CDX2 pathway is involved in the regulation of IM. WWD exerts its therapeutic efficacy on IM through the pathway, additionally attenuating the inflammatory response.

The signaling pathways and targets of natural products from traditional Chinese medicine treating gastric cancer provide new candidate therapeutic strategies

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the severe malignancies with high incidence and mortality, especially in Eastern Asian countries. Significant advancements have been made in diagnosing and treating GC over the past few decades, resulting in tremendous improvements in patient survival. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has garnered considerable attention as an alternative therapeutic approach for GC due to its multicomponent and multitarget characteristics. Consequently, natural products found in TCM have attracted researchers' attention, as growing evidence suggests that these natural products can impede GC progression by regulating various biological processes. Nevertheless, their molecular mechanisms are not systematically uncovered. Here, we review the major signaling pathways involved in GC development. Additionally, clinical GC samples were analyzed. Moreover, the anti-GC effects of natural products, their underlying mechanisms and potential targets were summarized. These summaries are intended to facilitate further relevant research, and accelerate the clinical applications of natural products in GC treatment.

The molecular targets of Kangai injection in gastric cancer by in silico network pharmacology approach and experiment confirmation

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to identify the phytochemical constituents that could target gastric cancer in Kangai injection using a network pharmacology-based approach.

METHODS

Protein-protein interactions (PPI), Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were conducted utilizing String and OmicShare tools. In the in vitro experiments, the related mRNA and protein levels were assessed via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. Cell proliferation was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay.

RESULTS

Kangai injection comprises several compounds, which target multiple substrates and pathways related to gastric cancer. The PPI and Gene Ontology analyses revealed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was a hub gene. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the the TNF pathway was significantly enriched. Kangai injection decreased the mRNA levels of TNFR2, TRAF2, PI3K, AKT, and IκBα and inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, and IκBα phosphorylations. Kangai injection inhibited cell proliferation, while TNFR2 overexpression or treatment with the PI3K activator 740 Y-P partially restored it.

CONCLUSION

Kangai injection operates through multiple targets and pathways in gastric cancer, with the TNFR2/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway playing a crucial role in its mechanism against gastric cancer.

Astragaloside IV inhibits pathological functions of gastric cancer-associated fibroblasts through regulation of the HOXA6/ZBTB12 axis

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play critical roles in the tumor microenvironment and exert tumor-promoting or tumor-retarding effects on cancer development. Astragaloside IV has been suggested to rescue the pathological impact of CAFs in gastric cancer. This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism of astragaloside IV in the regulation of CAF pathological functions in gastric cancer development. Homeobox A6 (HOXA6), and Zinc Finger and BTB Domain Containing 12 (ZBTB12) are highly expressed in gastric CAFs compared with normal fibroblasts (NFs) based on the GSE62740 dataset. We found that astragaloside IV-stimulated CAFs suppressed cell growth, migration, and invasiveness of gastric cancer cells. HOXA6 and ZBTB12 were downregulated after astragaloside IV treatment in CAFs. Further analysis revealed that HOXA6 or ZBTB12 knockdown in CAFs also exerted inhibitory effects on the malignant phenotypes of gastric cells. Additionally, HOXA6 or ZBTB12 overexpression in CAFs enhanced gastric cancer cell malignancy, which was reversed after astragaloside IV treatment. Moreover, based on the hTFtarget database, ZBTB12 is a target gene that may be transcriptionally regulated by HOXA6. The binding between HOXA6 and ZBTB12 promoter in 293T cells and CAFs was further confirmed. HOXA6 silencing also induced the downregulation of ZBTB12 mRNA and protein in CAFs. Astragaloside IV was demonstrated to regulate the expression of ZBTB12 by mediating the transcriptional activity of HOXA6. Our findings shed light on the therapeutic value of astragaloside IV for gastric cancer.

Astragaloside IV antagonizes the malignant progression of breast cancer induced by macrophage M2 polarization through the TGF-β-regulated Akt/Foxo1 pathway

BACKGROUND

Astragaloside IV (AS‑IV) was used for breast cancer (BC) treatment in China from ancient times; however, the mechanism of the prevention effect of AS-IV on BC remains not entirely clear.

METHODS

qRT-PCR, western blot and flow cytometry were employed to validate the expression of gene and protein expressions. CCK-8 assay, scratch assay, and transwell assay were used to assess the BC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Co-culture of conditional medium from macrophages and BC were performed.

RESULTS

AS-IV suppressed macrophage polarized to M2 phenotype and thereby inhibited M2 macrophage-induced BC progression. The inhibitory effect of AS-IV on M2 macrophage polarization was exerted via the deactivation of the Akt/Foxo1 signaling pathway in macrophages by suppressing TGF-β. The addition of TGF-β or the treatment with Akt activator SC79 reversed the regulatory effect of AS-IV on M2 macrophage polarization, which increased M2 macrophage polarization-induced BC cell proliferation, migration and invasion.

CONCLUSION

This present study revealed a new mechanism of AS-IV inhibited M2 macrophage polarization-induced BC progression and may provide a potential target for the treatment of BC.

Untapping the Potential of Astragaloside IV in the Battle Against Respiratory Diseases

Respiratory diseases are an emerging public health concern, that pose a risk to the global community. There, it is essential to establish effective treatments to reduce the global burden of respiratory diseases. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is a natural saponin isolated from Radix astragali (Huangqi in Chinese) used for thousands of years in Chinese medicine. This compound has become increasingly popular due to its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. In the last decade, accumulated evidence has indicated the AS-IV protective effect against respiratory diseases. This article presents a current understanding of AS-IV roles and mechanisms in combatting respiratory diseases. The ability of the agent to suppress oxidative stress, cell proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), to attenuate inflammatory responses, and modulate programmed cell death (PCD) will be discussed. This review highlights the current challenges in respiratory diseases and recommendations to improve disease management.

Astragaloside in cancer chemoprevention and therapy

ABSTRACT

Tumor chemoprevention and treatment are two approaches aimed at improving the survival of patients with cancers. An ideal anti-tumor drug is that which not only kills tumor cells but also alleviates tumor-causing risk factors, such as precancerous lesions, and prevents tumor recurrence. Chinese herbal monomers are considered to be ideal treatment agents due to their multi-target effects. Astragaloside has been shown to possess tumor chemoprevention, direct anti-tumor, and chemotherapeutic drug sensitization effects. In this paper, we review the effects of astragaloside on tumor prevention and treatment and provide directions for further research.

OTUB2 promotes the progression of endometrial cancer by regulating the PKM2-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) morbidity and mortality have been increasing in recent years. Otubain 2 (OTUB2) was shown to be upregulated in EC patients, so the aim of this study was to explore the role of OTUB2 in EC. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the wound healing assay, and Transwell invasion assays were used to investigate the specific role of OTUB2 in EC tumorigenesis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of OTUB2 in EC tissues and cells. OTUB2 is upregulated in EC patients and cell lines and is associated with a poor prognosis. The overexpression of OTUB2 promoted glycolysis and induced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of endometrial cancer cells. The silencing of OTUB2 had the opposite effect. In addition, the silencing of OTUB2 significantly suppressed the expression levels of PKM2. Importantly, inhibition of the PKM2/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway significantly reversed the promoting effect of OTUB2 overexpression on EC. OTUB2 regulated the proliferation and invasion of EC cells by regulating the PKM2/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. OTUB2 may serve as a potential prognostic and therapeutic target in EC.

Traditional Chinese medicine for transformation of gastric precancerous lesions to gastric cancer: A critical review

Gastric cancer (GC) is a common gastrointestinal tumor. Gastric precancerous lesions (GPL) are the last pathological stage before normal gastric mucosa transforms into GC. However, preventing the transformation from GPL to GC remains a challenge. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used to treat gastric disease for millennia. A series of TCM formulas and active compounds have shown therapeutic effects in both GC and GPL. This article reviews recent progress on the herbal drugs and pharmacological mechanisms of TCM in preventing the transformation from GPL to GC, especially focusing on anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis, proliferation, and apoptosis. This review may provide a meaningful reference for the prevention of the transformation from GPL to GC using TCM.

Astragaloside IV, as a potential anticancer agent

Cancer is a global intractable disease, and its morbidity and mortality are increasing year by year in developing countries. Surgery and chemotherapy are often used to treat cancer, but they result in unsatisfactory outcomes, such as severe side effects and drug resistance. With the accelerated modernization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), an increasing body of evidence has shown that several TCM components have significant anticancer activities. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is considered the main active ingredient of the dried root of Astragalus membranaceus. AS-IV exhibits various pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antifibrotic, and anticancer activities. AS-IV possesses a wide range of activities, such as the modulation of reactive oxygen species-scavenging enzyme activities, participation in cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and autophagy, and suppression of cancer cell proliferation, invasiveness, and metastasis. These effects are involved in the inhibition of different malignant tumors, such as lung, liver, breast, and gastric cancers. This article reviews the bioavailability, anticancer activity, and mechanism of AS-IV and provides suggestions for further research of this TCM.

Research progress on the antitumor effects of astragaloside IV

One of the most important and effective components of Astragalus membranaceus is astragaloside IV (AS-IV), which can exert anti-tumor effects through various pathways. For instance, AS-IV exerts an anti-tumor effect by acting at the cellular level, regulating the phenotype switch of tumor-associated macrophages, or inhibiting the development of tumor cells. Furthermore, AS-IV inhibits tumor cell progression by enhancing its sensitivity to antitumor drugs or reversing the drug resistance of tumor cells. This article reviews the different mechanisms of AS-IV inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, proliferation, and invasion of tumor cells, inducing apoptosis and improving the sensitivity of anti-tumor drugs. This review summarizes recent progress in the current research into AS-IV anti-tumor effect and provides insight on the next anti-tumor research of AS-IV.

Molecular mechanisms underlying the action of carcinogens in gastric cancer with a glimpse into targeted therapy

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer imposes a substantial global health burden despite its overall incidence decrease. A broad spectrum of inherited, environmental and infectious factors contributes to the development of gastric cancer. A profound understanding of the molecular underpinnings of gastric cancer has lagged compared to several other tumors with similar incidence and morbidity rates, owing to our limited knowledge of the role of carcinogens in this malignancy. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified gastric carcinogenic agents into four groups based on scientific evidence from human and experimental animal studies. This review aims to explore the potential comprehensive molecular and biological impacts of carcinogens on gastric cancer development and their interactions and interferences with various cellular signaling pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

In this review, we highlight recent clinical trial data reported in the literature dealing with different ways to target various carcinogens in gastric cancer. Moreover, we touch upon other multidisciplinary therapeutic approaches such as surgery, adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Rational clinical trials focusing on identifying suitable patient populations are imperative to the success of single-agent therapeutics. Novel insights regarding signaling pathways that regulate gastric cancer can potentially improve treatment responses to targeted therapy alone or in combination with other/conventional treatments. Preventive strategies such as control of H. pylori infection through eradication or immunization as well as dietary habit and lifestyle changes may reduce the incidence of this multifactorial disease, especially in high prevalence areas. Further in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the role of carcinogenic agents in gastric cancer development may offer valuable information and update state-of-the-art resources for physicians and researchers to explore novel ways to combat this disease, from bench to bedside. A schematic outlining of the interaction between gastric carcinogenic agents and intracellular pathways in gastric cancer H. pylori stimulates multiple intracellular pathways, including PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Wnt, Shh, Ras/Raf, c-MET, and JAK/STAT, leading to epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, survival, motility, and inflammatory cytokine release. EBV can stimulate intracellular pathways such as the PI3K/Akt, RAS/RAF, JAK/STAT, Notch, TGF-β, and NF-κB, leading to cell survival and motility, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and the transcription of anti-apoptotic genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nicotine and alcohol can lead to angiogenesis, metastasis, survival, proliferation, pro-inflammatory, migration, and chemotactic by stimulating various intracellular signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Ras/Raf, ROS, and JAK/STAT. Processed meat contains numerous carcinogenic compounds that affect multiple intracellular pathways such as sGC/cGMP, p38 MAPK, ERK, and PI3K/AKT, leading to anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammatory responses, proliferation, and invasion. Lead compounds may interact with multiple signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Ras/Raf, DNA methylation-dependent, and epigenetic-dependent, leading to tumorigenesis, carcinogenesis, malignancy, angiogenesis, DNA hypermethylation, cell survival, and cell proliferation. Stimulating signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, RAS/RAF, JAK/STAT, WNT, TGF-β, EGF, FGFR2, and E-cadherin through UV ionizing radiation leads to cell survival, proliferation, and immortalization in gastric cancer. The consequence of PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Ras/Raf, ROS, JAK/STAT, and WNT signaling stimulation by the carcinogenic component of Pickled vegetables and salted fish is the Warburg effect, tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, proliferation, inflammatory response, and migration.

Astragaloside IV attenuated TGF-β1- induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal tubular epithelial cells via connexin 43 and Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

INTRODUCTION

The objective of the study was to observe whether connexin 43 (Cx43) could regulate epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) by influencing Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and whether ASV could inhibit the development of renal interstitial fibrosis by regulating Cx43.

METHODS

Lentivirus infection was transfected into RTECs with the final concentration of 50 ×PFU/ cell to regulate the expression of Cx43. And RTECs were intervened by different doses of Astragaloside IV (ASV). After synchronous culture of RTECs in each group，the expression levels of EMT-related indicators and Cx43 were detected by fluorescence microscope and Western-Blotting (WB), even the protein expressions and phosphorylation levels of AKT and mTOR in different groups were detected by WB.

RESULTS

When the expression of Cx43 in RTECs was regulated by lentivirus infection, the degree of EMT induced by TGF‑β1 and the phosphorylation level of Akt and mTOR were changed accordingly, indicating that Akt/mTOR pathway might be a downstream molecular mechanism by which Cx43 could regulate EMT. After intervention with different doses of ASV, the expression level of Cx43 increased with obvious concentration dependence, and the expression levels of p-Akt and p- mTOR were significantly altered, suggesting that ASV could effectively increase the protein expressions of TGF‑β1-induced Cx43 in RTECs and inhibit the phosphorylation levels of Akt and mTOR.

CONCLUSION

Cx43 were the main material basis of RTECs' injury, and ASV could inhibit TGF-β1- induced RTECs' transdifferentiation. In-depth study of the mechanism might provide a broad application prospect for the treatment of renal interstitial fibrosis.

Astragaloside IV Alleviates Renal Tubular Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via CX3CL1-RAF/MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway in Diabetic Kidney Disease

Background

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in interstitial matrix deposition and renal fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). It has been verified that Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is beneficial for ameliorating DKD. However, the underlying mechanisms of AS-IV on regulating EMT in DKD are yet to be established. Accumulated evidence has suggested that C-X3-C motif ligand 1 (CX3CL1) plays a significant role in the progression of EMT.

Purpose

We aimed to investigate whether AS-IV could alleviate EMT by regulating CX3CL1 in DKD and reveal its underlying mechanisms.

Methods

For the in vivo study, mice were divided into the following five groups (n=10): db/m+vehicle, db/db+vehicle, db/db+AS-IV-L (10mg/kg/d), db/db+AS-IV-M (20mg/kg/d), db/db+AS-IV-H (40mg/kg/d). After 12 weeks of treatment, the renal injuries were assessed based on the related parameters of urine, blood and histopathological examination. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect relative proteins levels. Then in HK-2 cells, the molecular mechanism of AS-IV attenuating the EMT in mice with DKD through the CX3CL1-RAF/MEK/ERK pathway was studied.

Results

In the present study, we found that AS-IV reduced urinary protein levels and improved renal pathological damage in DKD mice. Moreover, AS-IV ameliorated the renal tubular EMT induced by hyperglycemia or high glucose (HG), and decreased the expression of CX3CL1 and inhibited the activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in vivo and in vitro. In HK-2 cells, downregulation of CX3CL1 suppressed the stimulation of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and EMT induced by HG. However, CX3CL1 overexpression eliminated the benefits of AS-IV on the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and EMT.

Conclusion

In summary, we indicated that AS-IV alleviates renal tubular EMT through the CX3CL1-RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, indicating that CX3CL1 could be a potential therapeutic target of AS-IV in DKD.

Poria Acid, Triterpenoids Extracted from Poria cocos, Inhibits the Invasion and Metastasis of Gastric Cancer Cells

Background: Poria cocos (P. cocos) is an important medicinal fungus in traditional Chinese medicine. Poria acid (PA), a triterpenoid compound, is an effective component of traditional Chinese medicine P. cocos. This experiment investigated the anti-gastric cancer biological activity of PA in vitro. Methods: The effect of PA on the viability of gastric cancer cells was detected by the thiazolyl blue (MTT) assay. Cell adhesion assays were used to detect changes in the adhesion of cells treated after PA (0, 20, 40, and 80 µmol/L). The ability of cell invasion and migration were detected by Transwell assays and wound healing assays. A high-content imaging system was used to dynamically record the motility of the gastric cancer cells after PA (0, 20, 40, and 80 µmol/L) treatment. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transformation (EMT), invasion and migration related proteins. Results: The MTT assay showed that the proliferation of gastric cancer cells was significantly inhibited after PA treatment. Cell adhesion experiments showed that the adhesion of gastric cancer cells was significantly decreased after PA treatment. Compared with the control group, the wound healing area of the gastric cancer cells treated with different concentrations of PA decreased. The Transwell assay showed that the number of gastric cancer cells passing through the cell membrane were significantly reduced after PA treatment. In addition, after PA treatment, the cells’ movement distance and average movement speed were significantly lower than those of the control group. Finally, PA can significantly alter the expression of EMT-related proteins E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin and decreased the expressions of metastasis-related proteins matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, MMP-9 and tissue inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)1 in the gastric cancer cells. Conclusions: Triterpenoids from P. cocos have significant biological activity against gastric cancer, and the mechanism may be involved in the process of epithelial–mesenchymal transformation.

Astragaloside IV suppresses migration and invasion of TGF-β1-induced human hepatoma HuH-7 cells by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and TGF-β1/Smad3 pathways

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), one of the major compounds extract from Astragalus membranaceus, has shown attractive anti-cancer effects in certain malignancies. Oxidative stress (OS) is considered as a crucial factor in promoting the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In response to OS, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) upregulates and induces heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) to combat oxidative damages. The phosphorylation of the COOH-terminal of Smad3 (pSmad3C) activates p21 to resist HCC progression, while the phosphorylation of the linker region of Smad3 (pSmad3L) up-regulates c-Myc transcription to exert promoting effect towards HCC. This study aimed to explore whether AS-IV suppresses migration and invasion of human hepatoma HuH-7 cells by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and TGF-β₁/Smad3 pathways. HuH-7 cells were induced with TGF-β₁ (9 or 40 pM) to establish HCC model in vitro and pretreated with AS-IV at different concentration (5, 10, and 20 μM) for 24 h. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) of HuH-7 cells were measured. The expression of Nrf2, pSmad3C, Nrf2/pNrf2, HO-1, pSmad3C/3L, c-Myc, and p21 were detected. Exposure of HuH-7 cells to TGF-β₁ enhanced the cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and ROS production. Pretreatment with AS-IV (5, 10, and 20 μM) significantly reduced the cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and ROS production in HuH-7 cells. Furthermore, AS-IV increased the expressions of Nrf2/pNrf2, HO-1, pSmad3C, and p21, meanwhile reduced the expressions of pSmad3L and c-Myc. In conclusion, our study suggested that AS-IV inhibit HuH-7 cells migration and invasion, which related to activate Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, up-regulation pSmad3C/p21 pathway, and down-regulation pSmad3L/c-Myc pathway. The present research supports the notion that AS-IV may be a latent agent for the treatment of HCC.

Natural Compounds Targeting Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts against Digestive System Tumor Progression: Therapeutic Insights

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are critical for cancer occurrence and progression in the tumor microenvironment (TME), due to their versatile roles in extracellular matrix remodeling, tumor–stroma crosstalk, immunomodulation, and angiogenesis. CAFs are the most abundant stromal component in the TME and undergo epigenetic modification and abnormal signaling cascade activation, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and Wnt pathways that maintain the distinct phenotype of CAFs, which differs from normal fibroblasts. CAFs have been considered therapeutic targets due to their putative oncogenic functions. Current digestive system cancer treatment strategies often result in lower survival outcomes and fail to prevent cancer progression; therefore, comprehensive characterization of the tumor-promoting and -restraining CAF activities might facilitate the design of new therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the enormous literature on natural compounds that mediate the crosstalk of CAFs with digestive system cancer cells, discuss how the biology and the multifaceted functions of CAFs contribute to cancer progression, and finally, pave the way for CAF-related antitumor therapies.

Research progress on exosomal proteins as diagnostic markers of gastric cancer (review article)

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common types of tumors and the most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. The diagnosis of GC is critical to its prevention and treatment. Available tumor markers are the crucial step for GC diagnosis. Recent studies have shown that proteins in exosomes are potential diagnostic and prognostic markers for GC. Exosomes, secreted by cells, are cup-shaped with a diameter of 30–150 nm under the electron microscope. They are also surrounded by lipid bilayers and are widely found in various body fluids. Exosomes contain proteins, lipids and nucleic acid. The examination of exosomal proteins has the advantages of quickness, easy sampling, and low pain and cost, as compared with the routine inspection method of GC, which may lead to marked developments in GC diagnosis. This article summarized the exosomal proteins with a diagnostic and prognostic potential in GC, as well as exosomal proteins involved in GC progression.

Modulation of Long Non-Coding RNAs by Different Classes of Secondary Metabolites from Plants: A Mini-Review on Antitumor Effects

The broad pharmacological spectrum of plants is related to their secondary metabolism, which is responsible for the synthesis of different compounds that have multiple effects on cellular physiology. Among the biological effects presented by phytochemicals, their use for the prevention and treatment of cancer can be highlighted. This occurs due to several mechanisms of antitumor action demonstrated by these compounds, including regulation of the cell signaling pathways and inhibition of tumor growth. In this way, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) appear to be promising targets for the treatment of cancer. Their deregulation has already been related to a variety of clinical-pathological parameters. However, the effects of secondary metabolites on lncRNAs are still restricted. For this reason, the present review aimed to gather data on phytochemicals with action on lncRNAs in order to confirm their possible antitumor potential. According to the literature, terpenoid and flavonoid are the main examples of secondary metabolites involved with lncRNAs activity. In addition, the lncRNAs H19, CASC2, HOTAIR, NKILA, CCAT1, MALAT1, AFAP1-AS1, MEG3, and CDKN2B-AS1 can be highlighted as important targets in the search for new anti-tumor agents since they act as modulating pathways related to cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, cell migration and invasion. Finally, challenges for the use of natural products as a commercial drug were also discussed. The low yield, selectivity index and undesirable pharmacokinetic parameters were emphasized as a difficulty for obtaining these compounds on a large scale and for improving the potency of its biological effect. However, the synthesis and/or development of formulations were suggested as a possible approach to solve these problems. All of these data together confirm the potential of secondary metabolites as a source of new anti-tumor agents acting on lncRNAs.

Overview on the Role of E-Cadherin in Gastric Cancer: Dysregulation and Clinical Implications

Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer death all over the world. E-cadherin encoded by human CDH1 gene plays important roles in tumorigenesis as well as in tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. Full-length E-cadhrin tethered on the cell membrane mainly mediates adherens junctions between cells and is involved in maintaining the normal structure of epithelial tissues. After proteolysis, the extracellular fragment of the full-length E-cadhein is released into the extracellular environment and the blood, which is called soluble E-cadherin (sE-cadherin). sE-cadherin promots invasion and metastasis as a paracrine/autocrine signaling molecule in the progression of various types of cancer including gastric cancer. This review mainly summarizes the dysregulation of E-cadherin and the regulatory roles in the progression, invasion, metastasis, and drug-resistance, as well as its clinical applications in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics of gastric cancer.

Protective role of astragaloside IV in gastric cancer through regulation of microRNA-195-5p-mediated PD-L1

AIM

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) was reported to exert anti-cancer function in many cancers, but its actions in gastric cancer (GC) remain unclear. In the present study, we tried to elaborate the underlying mechanism by which AS-IV regulated the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis of GC cells.

METHODS

The expressions of hsa-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-15a-5p, hsa-miR-195-5p, hsa-miR-424-5p and hsa-miR-497-5p in GC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were predicted by TCGA database. SGC7901 or MGC803 cells were treated with AS-IV, or transfected with miR-195-5p inhibitor/mimic or pcDNA3.1-PD-L1 followed by detection of cell proliferation, EMT and angiogenesis. The target relation between miR-195-5p and PD-L1 was confirmed by dual luciferase reporter gene assay.

RESULTS

Elevated hsa-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-15a-5p and hsa-miR-424-5p expressions were found in GC tissues, while decreased hsa-miR-195-5p and hsa-miR-497-5p expressions were observed in GC tissues. AS-IV inhibits EMT and angiogenesis in GC. PD-L1 was a potential target of miR-195-5p. Down-regulation of miR-195-5p or elevated PD-L1 expression reverses the inhibitory effect of AS-IV on EMT and angiogenesis of GC cells.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrated that AS-IV inhibited EMT and angiogenesis in GC through upregulation of miR-195-5p, highlighting the potential therapeutic effect of AS-IV on GC via miR-195-5p-regulated PD-L1.

Babao Dan inhibits the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the TGF-β/Smad pathway

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the anti-metastatic effects of Babao Dan (BBD) on gastric cancer (GC) cells (AGS and MGC80-3) and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms by which it inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

METHODS

AGS and MGC80-3 cells were treated with BBD. In addition, cells were treated with the EMT inducer transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay, and the live cell ratio was calculated via cell counting. Cell invasion and migration were evaluated using the Transwell assay. Western blotting was performed to measure the protein expression of EMT biomarkers and related genes.

RESULTS

BBD inhibited the viability, migration, and invasion of AGS and MGC80-3 cells, but it did not reduce the live cell ratio. Furthermore, BBD inhibited the expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, zinc finger E-box binding homeobox (ZEB)1, ZEB2, Twist1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, MMP9, TGF-β1, and p-Smad2/3, whereas E-cadherin expression was increased in AGS and MGC80-3 cells to different degrees. Using a GC cell model of EMT induced by TGF-β1, we proved that BBD inhibited p-Smad2/3 and N-cadherin expression, cell migration, and cell invasion.

CONCLUSION

BBD suppressed cell migration and invasion by inhibiting TGF-β-induced EMT and inactivating TGF-β/Smad signaling in GC cells.

Astragaloside IV attenuates IL-1β secretion by enhancing autophagy in H1N1 infection

Excessive secretion of inflammatory factors (cytokine storm) plays a significant role in H1N1-induced acute pneumonia, and autophagy acts as a cell-intrinsic mechanism to regulate inflammation. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), originating from the astragalus root, possesses multiple pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammation. However, the influences of AS-IV on H1N1-induced autophagy and inflammation have remained elusive. It has been reported that H1N1 infection leads to the accumulation of autophagosomes but obstructs autophagosomes incorporating into lysosomes, whereas the present study showed that AS-IV enhanced autophagy activation in H1N1 infection. Furthermore, we found that AS-IV promoted H1N1-triggered formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Additionally, it was noted that AS-IV did not affect viral replication, mRNA level of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and pro-IL-1β protein level, but significantly decreased secretion of IL-1β, and chloroquine (CQ, as an inhibitor of autophagy) increased secretion of IL-1β in H1N1 infection. In conclusion, AS-IV stimulates the formation of autophagosomes and the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes in H1N1 infection and may lead to decreased IL-1β secretion.

Molecular mechanisms of astragaloside‑IV in cancer therapy (Review)

Radix Astragali (RA) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is the most critical component of RA. Previous studies have demonstrated that AS-IV exerts effects on the myocardium, nervous system and endocrine system, among others. In the present review article, data from studies conducted over the past 20 years were collated, which have evaluated the effects of AS-IV on tumors. The mechanisms of action of AS-IV on malignant cells both in vivo and in vitro were summarized and it was demonstrated that AS-IV plays a vital role, particularly in inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis, promoting the apoptosis of tumor cells, enhancing immune function and preventing drug resistance. Moreover, AS-IV controls several epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT)-related and autophagy-related pathways, such as the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), Wnt/β-catenin, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/SMAD signaling pathways, which are commonly affected in the majority of tumors. The present review provides new perspectives on the functions of AS-IV and its role as an adjuvant treatment in cancer chemotherapy.

Network Pharmacology and Experimental Evidence Identify the Mechanism of Astragaloside IV in Oxaliplatin Neurotoxicity

Background and Objective

Neurotoxicity is a common side effect of oxaliplatin; the effect of current drugs such as methylcobalamin and gabapentine is not obvious. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is an important active ingredient of Astragali Radix, which can protect the nervous system and inhibit tumor growth to a certain extent. However, whether AS-IV can reduce oxaliplatin neurotoxicity and its molecular mechanism remain unclear.

Methods

The network pharmacology method was used to determine the collective targets of AS-IV and oxaliplatin neurotoxicity. The model of neurotoxicity was established by intraperitoneal injection of oxaliplatin in rats. Bodyweight, mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT), cold allodynia, and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) were examined, pathological changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, number of Nissl bodies were assessed by Nissl staining, the key collective targets were measured by spectrophotometry and immunohistochemistry.

Results

Through network pharmacological analysis, 25 collective targets of AS-IV and oxaliplatin neurotoxicity were identified, mainly related to inflammation and oxidative stress. AS-IV could increase body weight, elevate MWT, and reduce cold allodynia of model rats, it also raised NCV. Neuropathology was improved and the number of Nissl bodies was increased by AS-IV administration. It reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the spinal cord of model rats to inhibit inflammation; it also decreased MDA, raised SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px in the spinal cord of model rats to block oxidative stress.

Conclusion

AS-IV improves oxaliplatin neurotoxicity by regulating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress; the results can provide a new perspective for the potential treatment strategy of oxaliplatin neurotoxicity.

Astragaloside IV Enhances Melanogenesis via the AhR-Dependent AKT/GSK-3β/β-Catenin Pathway in Normal Human Epidermal Melanocytes

Astragalus membranaceus root has been widely used for repigmentation treatment in vitiligo, but its mechanism is poorly understood. We sought to investigate the effect of astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a main active extract of the Astragalus membranaceus root, on melanin synthesis in normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHEMs) and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. Melanin content, tyrosinase activity, qPCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence were employed. Specific inhibitors and small interfering RNA were used to investigate the possible pathway. AS-IV stimulated melanin synthesis and upregulated the expression of melanogenesis-related genes in a concentration-dependent manner in NHEMs. AS-IV could activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and AS-IV-induced melanogenesis was inhibited in si-AhR-transfected NHEMs. In addition, we showed that AS-IV enhanced the phosphorylation of AKT and GSK-3β and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. AS-IV-induced MITF expression upregulation and melanin synthesis were decreased in the presence of β-catenin inhibitor FH353. Furthermore, AhR antagonist CH223191 inhibited the activation of AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling, whereas the expression of CYP1A1 (marker of AhR activation) was not affected by the AKT inhibitor in AS-IV-exposed NHEMs. Our findings show that AS-IV induces melanogenesis through AhR-dependent AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway activation and could be beneficial in the therapy for depigmented skin disorders.

Inhibition or Reversal of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Cancer: Pharmacological Approaches

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) constitutes one of the hallmarks of carcinogenesis consisting in the re-differentiation of the epithelial cells into mesenchymal ones changing the cellular phenotype into a malignant one. EMT has been shown to play a role in the malignant transformation and while occurring in the tumor microenvironment, it significantly affects the aggressiveness of gastric cancer, among others. Importantly, after EMT occurs, gastric cancer patients are more susceptible to the induction of resistance to various therapeutic agents, worsening the clinical outcome of patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need to search for the newest pharmacological agents targeting EMT to prevent further progression of gastric carcinogenesis and potential metastases. Therapies targeted at EMT might be combined with other currently available treatment modalities, which seems to be an effective strategy to treat gastric cancer patients. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in gastric cancer treatment in terms of targeting EMT specifically, such as the administration of polyphenols, resveratrol, tangeretin, luteolin, genistein, proton pump inhibitors, terpenes, other plant extracts, or inorganic compounds.

Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics study of traditional herb Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao reveals global metabolic profile and novel phytochemical ingredients

BACKGROUND

Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao is one of the most common herbs widely used in South and East Asia, to enhance people's health and reinforce vital energy. Despite its prevalence, however, the knowledge about phytochemical compositions and metabolite biosynthesis in Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao is very limited.

RESULTS

An integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis using state-of-the-art UPLC-Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometer and advanced bioinformatics pipeline were conducted to study global metabolic profiles and phytochemical ingredients/biosynthesis in Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao. A total of 5435 metabolites were detected, from which 2190 were annotated, representing an order of magnitude increase over previously known. Metabolic profiling of Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao tissues found contents and synthetic enzymes for phytochemicals were significantly higher in leaf and stem in general, whereas the contents of the main bioactive ingredients were significantly enriched in root, underlying the value of root in herbal remedies. Using integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics data, we illustrated the complete pathways of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and isoflavonoid biosynthesis, in which some were first reported in the herb. More importantly, we discovered novel flavonoid derivatives using informatics method for neutral loss scan, in addition to inferring their likely synthesis pathways in Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study represents the most comprehensive metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis on traditional herb Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao. We demonstrated our integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics approach offers great potentials in discovering novel metabolite structure and associated synthesis pathways. This study provides novel insights into the phytochemical ingredients, metabolite biosynthesis, and complex metabolic network in herbs, highlighting the rich natural resource and nutritional value of traditional herbal plants.

Protective role of Astragaloside IV in chronic glomerulonephritis by activating autophagy through PI3K/AKT/AS160 pathway

Astragaloside IV(AS-IV), a saponin purified from Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.var.mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao, has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the underlying mechanisms in treating chronic glomerular nephritis (CGN) have not been fully understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential mechanism of AS-IV on CGN. CGN rats were administrated with AS-IV at 10 mg·kg^-1 ·d^-1 (ASL) and 20 mg·kg^-1 ·d^-1 (ASH). Twenty four hour proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (SCr) were detected. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining were performed to evaluate the kidney lesion. Transmission electron microscope and GFP-RFP-LC3 transfection assay were used to monitor the effect of AS-IV on autophagy. IL-6 and IL-1β were detected. The expression of CyclinD1, PI3K/AKT/AS160 pathway and autophagy related proteins were detected by Western Blot. The results demonstrated that AS-IV improved kidney function, ameliorated kidney lesion, and diminished inflammatory in CGN rats. Further, both in vivo and vitro study demonstrated that AS-IV inhibited the proliferation of mesangial cells. AS-IV further displayed a remarkable effect on inhibiting the activation of PI3K/AKT/AS160 pathway and improved the activation of autophagy in vivo and vitro. These results suggested that AS-IV is a potential therapeutic agent for CGN and merits further investigation.

Astragaloside IV acts through multi-scale mechanisms to effectively reduce diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a common complication of diabetes mellitus, is the main cause of end-stage nephropathy, and thus developing novel strategies for reversing DN remains urgent. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a glycoside extracted from the Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, is a widely used Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in China and presents diverse pharmacological properties including the protective effect on DN. However, the rudimentary mechanism of AS-IV in remedying DN remains indeterminate. Currently, we systematically explore the pharmacological mechanism of action of AS-IV for treating DN. Firstly, AS-IV was evaluated by ADME assessment, and 26 targets were screened out through target prediction. Then, we decipher the protein-protein interaction (PPI), Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, disease and pathway network analysis to obtain the specific molecular biological process and pharmacological activity of AS-IV in the treatment of DN. Meanwhile, both in vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed that AS-IV has anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, anti-epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) effects, and can inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, ultimately ameliorating the renal injury caused by high glucose. Additionally, we also applied molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation to predict the specific binding sites and binding capacity of AS-IV and related targets. Overall, the comprehensive system pharmacology method and experiment validations provide an accurate explanation for the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the treatment of DN. Moreover, it is expected to provide a brand new strategy for exploring the effective components of TCM.

Effect of Tongguan Capsules () on Restenosis after Coronary Stent Implantation: Study Protocol for A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Although percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) had become widely employed therapeutic procedure for coronary artery disease, stent restenosis limited the benefits of this revascularization and the question how to prevent such events remained unresolved. While numerous empirical observations suggested Tongguan Capsules (), a patented Chinese Medicine, could decrease frequency and duration of angina pectoris attacks, evidence supporting its efficacy on restenosis remained inadequate.

OBJECTIVE

This trial was designed to determine whether Tongguan Capsules would reduce restenosis rate in patients after successful stent implantation.

METHODS

Approximately 400 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary stent deployment were enrolled and randomized to control group or Tongguan Capsules (4.5 g/d) for 3 months. All patients received standard anti-platelet, anti-coagulation and lipid-decreasing treatments, concurrently. The primary clinical endpoint was the 12-month incidence of the major adverse cardiovascular events (defined as cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and recurrence of symptoms requiring additional revascularization). The angiographic end point was restenosis rate at 6 months.

CONCLUSION

This study would provide important evidence for the use of Tongguan Capsules in patients after stent implantation in combination with routine therapies, which may significantly reduce incidence of the restenosis so as to potentially improve the clinical outcomes. (registration number: ChiCTR-TRC- ChiCTR-IIR-17011407).

Astragaloside IV suppresses transforming growth factor-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition through inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in glioma U251 cells

Astragaloside IV (AS#IV) has previously demonstrated antitumoractivity. We investigated the effect and mechanisms of AS#IV in relation to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), viainterference with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in gliomaU251 cells. Induction of glioma U251 cells by transforming growthfactor (TGF)#β1 activated EMT, including switching E#cadherin toN-cadherin and altering the expression of Wnt/β-catenin signalingpathway components such as vimentin, β-catenin, and cyclin-D1.AS-IV inhibited the viability, invasion, and migration of TGF-β1-induced glioma U251 cells. AS-IV also interfered with the TGF#β1-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in glioma U251 cells.These findings indicate that AS#IV prohibits TGF#β1-induced EMTby disrupting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in glioma U251 cells. AS#IV may thus be a potential candidate agent for treating glioma andother central nervous system tumors.

Effect of astragaloside IV and the role of nuclear receptor RXRα in human peritoneal mesothelial cells in high glucose‑based peritoneal dialysis fluids

Peritoneal fibrosis is a serious complication that can occur during peritoneal dialysis (PD), which is primarily caused by damage to peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs). The onset of peritoneal fibrosis is delayed or inhibited by promoting PMC survival and inhibiting PMC epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the present study, the effect of astragaloside IV and the role of the nuclear receptor retinoid X receptor-α (RXRα) in PMCs in high glucose-based PD fluids was investigated. Human PMC HMrSV5 cells were transfected with RXRα short hairpin RNA (shRNA), or an empty vector, and then treated with PD fluids and astragaloside IV. Cell viability, apoptosis and EMT were examined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and flow cytometry, and by determining the levels of caspase-3, E-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) via western blot analysis. Cell viability and apoptosis were increased, as were the levels of E-cadherin in HMrSV5 cells following treatment with PD fluid. The protein levels of α-SMA and caspase-3 were increased by treatment with PD fluid. Exposure to astragaloside IV inhibited these changes; however, astragaloside IV did not change cell viability, apoptosis, E-cadherin or α-SMA levels in HMrSV5 cells under normal conditions. Transfection of HMrSV5 cells with RXRα shRNA resulted in decreased viability and E-cadherin expression, and increased apoptosis and α-SMA levels, in HMrSV5 cells treated with PD fluids and co-treated with astragaloside IV or vehicle. These results suggested that astragaloside IV increased cell viability, and inhibited apoptosis and EMT in PMCs in PD fluids, but did not affect these properties of PMCs under normal condition. Thus, the present study suggested that RXRα is involved in maintaining viability, inhibiting apoptosis and reducing EMT of PMCs in PD fluid.

A Systematic Review of Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics on Astragali Radix: Implications for Astragali Radix as a Personalized Medicine

Astragali radix (AR) is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Modern pharmacological studies and clinical practices indicate that AR possesses various biological functions, including potent immunomodulation, antioxidant, anti-inflammation and antitumor activities. To date, more than 200 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from AR. Among them, isoflavonoids, saponins and polysaccharides are the three main types of beneficial compounds responsible for its pharmacological activities and therapeutic efficacy. After ingestion of AR, the metabolism and biotransformation of the bioactive compounds were extensive in vivo. The isoflavonoids and saponins and their metabolites are the major type of constituents absorbed in plasma. The bioavailability barrier (BB), which is mainly composed of efflux transporters and conjugating enzymes, is expected to have a significant impact on the bioavailability of AR. This review summarizes studies on the phytochemistry, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics on AR. Additionally, the use of AR as a personalized medicine based on the BB is also discussed, which may provide beneficial information to achieve a better and more accurate therapeutic response of AR in clinical practice.

A Systems Pharmacology Approach for Identifying the Multiple Mechanisms of Action of the Wei Pi Xiao Decoction for the Treatment of Gastric Precancerous Lesions

The Wei Pi Xiao (WPX) decoction, based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used for the treatment of gastric precancerous lesions (GPL). Although WPX is known to be effective for the treatment of GPL, its active ingredients, cellular targets, and the precise molecular mechanism of action are not known. This study aimed to identify the multiple mechanisms of action of the WPX decoction in the treatment of GPL. The active compounds, drug targets, and the key pathways involved in the therapeutic effect of WPX in the treatment of GPL were analyzed by an integrative analysis pipeline. The information pertaining to the compounds present in WPX and their disease targets was obtained from TCMSP and GeneCards, respectively. The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of WPX were investigated with gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. A total of 82 bioactive compounds and 146 related targets were identified in this study. Following target analyses, the targets were further mapped to 26 key biological processes and 21 related pathways to construct a target-pathway network and an integrated GPL pathway. The study demonstrated that the WPX formula primarily treats the dysfunctions of GPL arising from cell proliferation, apoptosis, and mucosal inflammation, which offered a novel insight into the pathogenesis of GPL and revealed the molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of the WPX formula in GPL. This study offers a novel approach for the systematic investigation of the mechanisms of action of herbal medicines, which will provide an impetus to the GPL drug development pipeline.

Astragaloside IV ameliorates high glucose‑induced renal tubular epithelial‑mesenchymal transition by blocking mTORC1/p70S6K signaling in HK‑2 cells

Astragaloside IV (AST) is the major active saponin in Astragalus membranaceus and, reportedly, has a variety of pharmacological activities. However, the potential of AST to ameliorate high glucose‑mediated renal tubular epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) remains undetermined. The aim of the present research was to explore the effect and mechanism of AST in EMT of renal tubular epithelial cells, as an underlying mechanism of renal fibrosis and a vital feature involved in diabetic nephropathy. The effect of AST on the EMT of renal tubular epithelial cells (HK‑2) stimulated by high glucose was investigated and it was attempted to elucidate the potential underlying mechanism. The expression of E‑cadherin and α‑smooth muscle actin were determined by western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. The expression of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)/ ribosomal protein S6 kinase β‑1 (p70S6K) signaling pathway and protein levels of four transcriptional factors (snail, slug, twist and zinc finger E‑box‑binding homeobox 1) were also determined by western blotting. Additionally, extracellular matrix components, including fibronectin (FN) and collagen type IV (Col IV) were detected by ELISA. The results suggested that the EMT of HK‑2 cells and the mTORC1/p70S6K pathway were activated by high glucose. The expression of snail and twist in HK‑2 cells was elevated by high glucose. Furthermore, extracellular matrix components, FN and Col IV, were increased in HK‑2 cells cultured with high glucose. In turn, treatment with AST reduced EMT features in HK‑2 cells, inhibited mTORC1/p70S6K pathway activation, downregulated expression of snail and twist, and reduced secretion of FN and Col IV. In summary, the findings suggested that AST ameliorates high glucose‑mediated renal tubular EMT by blocking the mTORC1/p70S6K signaling pathway in HK‑2 cells.

Elevated EGFL6 modulates cell metastasis and growth via AKT pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Epidermal growth factor-like domain multiple 6 (EGFL6) is a secreted protein, regulates maintenance and metastasis of cancer cells. Nevertheless, how EGFL6 participates in the progression and tumorigenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unclear. In our study, EGFL6 was detected highly expressed in 20 NPC tissues compared with normal tissues by IHC assay. Then, the level of EGFL6 in NPC serum and NPC cells was explored through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot, the results consistent with IHC. More interestingly, EGFL6 accelerated the migration and growth of NPC in vitro assays. Considering the mechanism of migration, NPC cells were cultured with AKT activator, revealing EGFL6 facilitated the progression of NPC via AKT. Moreover, the same effect of EGFL6 in promoting NPC growth was proved in nude mice. Furthermore, heat-shock zebrafish model was established with EGFL6 overexpression. Then, CNE2 cells were injected into the model and cells mass was observed, showing that EGFL6 enhanced the migration and metastasis of NPC. Currently, as the prognosis of NPC is severely affected by distant metastasis, it might be a new therapeutic target toward EGFL6. Taken together, our results suggested that EGFL6 acts as a potential positive regulator in the migration and proliferation of NPC.

Metastasis suppressor protein 1 regulated by PTEN suppresses invasion, migration, and EMT of gastric carcinoma by inactivating PI3K/AKT signaling

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial event for cancer progression and metastasis. Metastasis suppressor protein 1 (MTSS1) is a metastasis suppressor in several cancers. In this study, we elucidated the potential physiological function of MTSS1 in the invasion and migration of gastric cancer (GC), and its distinct role in EMT and subsequently determined the potential molecular mechanism. We observed that MTSS1 expression was downregulated in GC tissues and several GC cell lines (SGC-7901, MGC-803, MKN-28, MKN-45, and BGC-823). Importantly, forced expression of MTSS1 drastically diminished the cell viability in both SGC-7901 and MKN-45 cells. Moreover, overexpression of MTSS1 attenuated the invasion ability of these two cell lines. In addition to the invasive capability, introduction of MTSS1 led to a loss of migratory potential. Furthermore, augmentation of MTSS1 exhibited the typical EMT phenotype switch, accompanied by enhanced the expression of vimentin and N-cadherin and reduced E-cadherin expression. Interestingly, MTSS1 also repressed transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced EMT. Our mechanistic investigations revealed that MTSS1 was positively regulated by the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and it functioned as a tumor suppressor, possibly by inactivating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene (AKT) pathway in GC cells. Collectively, our data provide insight into an important role for MTSS1 in suppressing tumor cell invasion, migration and EMT, which indicates that MTSS1 may act as a prospective prognostic biological marker and a promising therapeutic target for GC.

Astragaloside IV reduces the hypoxia-induced injury in PC-12 cells by inhibiting expression of miR-124

BACKGROUND

Astragalus membranaceus has been clinically used in cerebral ischemia treatment in China and its main component, Astragaloside IV (Ast IV) shows anti-hypoxia activity, but the underlying mechanism has not been clearly clarified. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of Ast IV on hypoxia-induced injury in PC-12 cells as well as the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

Relative miR-124 expression was detected by qRT-PCR. Hic-5 expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. To alter miR-124 and Hic-5 expressions, cells were respectively transfected with miR-124 mimic and pEX-Hic-5. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured by BrdU assay and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) double staining method, respectively. Besides, apoptotic proteins and cell proliferation-associated factors were analyzed by Western blot.

RESULTS

Ast IV alleviated hypoxia-induced injury in PC-12 cells by decreasing apoptosis (P <  0.01). Ast IV inhibited up-regulation of miR-124 induced by hypoxia (P <  0.01). miR-124 mimic impaired the anti-apoptotic effect of Ast IV on PC-12 cells (P <  0.01). Hic-5 expression was significantly down-regulated in miR-124 overexpressed cells (P <  0.001) and Hic-5 overexpression activated Sp1/Survivin signaling pathway (P <  0.001).

CONCLUSION

Ast IV could ameliorate hypoxia-induced injury in PC-12 cells by decreasing miR-124 expression and then up-regulating Hic-5 expression.