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Peng Y, Qu R, Xu S, Bi H, Guo D. Regulatory mechanism and therapeutic potentials of naringin against inflammatory disorders. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24619. [PMID: 38317884 PMCID: PMC10839891 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Naringin is a natural flavonoid with therapeutic properties found in citrus fruits and an active natural product from herbal plants. Naringin has become a focus of attention in recent years because of its ability to actively participate in the body's immune response and maintain the integrity of the immune barrier. This review aims to elucidate the mechanism of action and therapeutic efficacy of naringin in various inflammatory diseases and to provide a valuable reference for further research in this field. The review provided the chemical structure, bioavailability, pharmacological properties, and pharmacokinetics of naringin and found that naringin has good therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases, exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative stress, anti-ulcerative and detoxifying effects in the disease. Moreover, we found that the great advantage of naringin treatment is that it is safe and can even alleviate the toxic side effects associated with some of the other drugs, which may become a highlight of naringin research. Naringin, an active natural product, plays a significant role in systemic diseases' anti-inflammatory and antioxidant regulation through various signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Peng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Ruyi Qu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Dadong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Shandong Academy of Eye Disease Prevention and Therapy, Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
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2
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Gupta A, Jamal A, Jamil DA, Al-Aubaidy HA. A systematic review exploring the mechanisms by which citrus bioflavonoid supplementation benefits blood glucose levels and metabolic complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2023; 17:102884. [PMID: 37939436 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus bioflavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that are derived from citrus fruits and vegetables. Although they are well known for their powerful antioxidant properties, their effects on glycemic control are not well understood. This review aims to highlight the potential benefits of using citrus bioflavonoids in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its metabolic complications, as well as the medicinal effects of known subclasses of naturally occurring citrus bioflavonoids. METHODS In this systematic review, a survey of studies was conducted from January 2012 to February 2023 using various databases (PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus) to determine the effects of citrus bioflavonoid supplementation on reducing oxidative stress, improving lipid profiles, and glycemic index in patients with diabetes mellitus, as well as the proposed mechanisms of action. RESULTS The results of the survey indicate that citrus bioflavonoids may have a positive impact on reducing oxidative stress levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to reducing oxidative stress, citrus bioflavonoids may also have a positive impact on other markers of diabetes. For example, studies have shown that they can reduce non-enzymatic protein glycation, which is a process that occurs when glucose molecules bind to proteins in the body. CONCLUSION The reduction in oxidative stress that can be achieved using citrus bioflavonoids may help to maintain antioxidant levels in the body, thereby reducing the severity of diabetes and its complications. These findings suggest that citrus bioflavonoids may be a useful complementary therapy for patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Gupta
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Abdulsatar Jamal
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology & Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Dina A Jamil
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology & Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; New Medical Education Australia, Brisbane, QLD, 4007, Australia
| | - Hayder A Al-Aubaidy
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology & Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; New Medical Education Australia, Brisbane, QLD, 4007, Australia.
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Ramos FMM, Ribeiro CB, Cesar TB, Milenkovic D, Cabral L, Noronha MF, Sivieri K. Lemon flavonoids nutraceutical (Eriomin®) attenuates prediabetes intestinal dysbiosis: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:7283-7295. [PMID: 37970408 PMCID: PMC10630820 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Eriocitrin (eriodictyol 7-O-β-rutinoside), a citrus flavonoid from lemon juice and peel, reduces hyperglycemia and improves diabetes-related biomarkers in prediabetes patients. Eriocitrin is first metabolized by gut microbiota, producing energy for gut cells and short chain fatty acids that play a relevant role in glycemic control. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Eriomin®, a nutraceutical composed of 70% eriocitrin, 5% hesperidin, and 4% naringin, on the microbiota of prediabetic patients. Patients were randomly divided into two groups and received unlabeled capsules of Eriomin® (200 mg/day) or placebo during 12 weeks. After treatment with the nutraceutical, it was a 6% decrease of hyperglycemia and 22% increase of GLP-1 blood levels of (p < .05). The profile of intestinal microorganisms, obtained by 16S rRNA sequencing of the patients' feces extract, showed changes in microbiota composition, such as lower growth of Firmicutes and less abundance of the Lachnospiraceae family. The family Ruminococcaceae increased and Blautia genus reduced with Eriomin® supplementation. In additional, Blautia was positively correlated with hyperglycemia reduction. In conclusion, the nutraceutical Eriomin® moderately reduced the growth of microorganisms associated with intestinal dysbiosis and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria. Changes promoted mainly by the flavonoid eriocitrin in the microbiota were related to a lower glycemic level and increased production of GLP-1 in patients with prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M. M. Ramos
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Food EngineeringSao Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraBrazil
| | - Carolina B. Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Food EngineeringSao Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraBrazil
| | - Thais B. Cesar
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Food EngineeringSao Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraBrazil
| | - Dragan Milenkovic
- Department of NutritionUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lucélia Cabral
- Institute of Biosciences, Depart of General and Applied BiologySão Paulo State University (UNESP)Rio ClaroBrazil
| | - Melline F. Noronha
- Research Informatics Core, Research Resource CenterUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Katia Sivieri
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Food EngineeringSao Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraBrazil
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Kiani Z, Amini S, Askari G, Kesharwani P, Bagherniya M, Sahebkar A. The effect of phytochemicals in prediabetic patients: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3239-3261. [PMID: 37246835 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to perform a systematic review to evaluate the effect of phytochemical consumption on the cardiometabolic parameters of prediabetic patients. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus and ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to June 2022 to find randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of phytochemicals alone or in combination with other nutraceuticals on prediabetic patients. Twenty-three studies with 31 treatment arms comprising 2177 individuals were included in this study. Totally, in 21 arms, phytochemicals had positive effects on at least one measured cardiometabolic factor. In 13 out of 25 arms, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and in 10 out of 22 arms, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) significantly decreased compared with the control group. Furthermore, phytochemicals had beneficial effects on 2-h postprandial and postprandial glucose, serum insulin, insulin sensitivity, and insulin resistance as well as inflammatory factors including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Triglyceride (TG) was the abundant improved factor in the lipid profile. However, no sufficient evidence for notable positive effects of phytochemicals on blood pressure and anthropometry indices was observed. Phytochemical supplementation may have beneficial impacts on prediabetic patients by ameliorating glycemic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kiani
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sepide Amini
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Cesar T, Salgaço MK, Mesa V, Sartoratto A, Sivieri K. Exploring the Association between Citrus Nutraceutical Eriocitrin and Metformin for Improving Pre-Diabetes in a Dynamic Microbiome Model. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050650. [PMID: 37242433 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-diabetes is recognized as an altered metabolic state, which precedes type 2 diabetes, and it is associated with great dysfunction of the intestinal microbiota, known as dysbiosis. Natural compounds, capable of reducing blood glucose without side effects and with a beneficial effect on the microbiota, have been studied as substitutes or adjuvants to conventional hypoglycemic agents, such as metformin. In this work, the effect of the nutraceutical Eriomin®, a mixture of citrus flavonoids (eriocitrin, hesperidin, naringin, and didymin), which reduces glycemia and increases glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in pre-diabetic patients, was tested in the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®), inoculated with pre-diabetic microbiota. After treatment with Eriomin® plus metformin, a significant increase in acetate and butyrate production was observed. Furthermore, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of the microorganisms showed that Eriomin® plus metformin stimulated the growth of Bacteroides and Subdoligranulum genera. Bacteroides are the largest fraction of the intestinal microbiota and are potential colonizers of the colon, with some species producing acetic and propionic fatty acids. In addition, Subdoligranulum species are associated with better host glycemic metabolism. In conclusion, Eriomin® associated with metformin improved the composition and metabolism of the intestinal microbiota, suggesting a potential use in pre-diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Cesar
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Food Engineering, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus Kawata Salgaço
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Food Engineering, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Victoria Mesa
- INSERM, UMR-S 1139 (3PHM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
- Food and Human Nutrition Research Group, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín 050010, Antioquia, Colombia
| | | | - Katia Sivieri
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Food Engineering, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil
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Fecka I, Bednarska K, Kowalczyk A. In Vitro Antiglycation and Methylglyoxal Trapping Effect of Peppermint Leaf ( Mentha × piperita L.) and Its Polyphenols. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062865. [PMID: 36985839 PMCID: PMC10056224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The most significant reactive α-dicarbonyl RCS involved in the pathomechanism of glycation and related diseases is methylglyoxal (MGO). Hyperglycemia promotes the generation of MGO and leads to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Therefore, MGO trapping and glycation inhibition appear to be important therapeutic targets in prediabetes, diabetes, and in the early prevention of hyperglycemic complications. Peppermint leaf is commonly used as herbal tea, rich in polyphenols. Eriocitrin, its predominant component, in a double-blind, randomized controlled study reversed the prediabetic condition in patients. However, the antiglycation activity of this plant material and its polyphenols has not been characterized to date. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of a peppermint leaf dry extract and its polyphenols to inhibit non-enzymatic protein glycation in a model with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and MGO as a glycation agent. Peppermint polyphenols were also evaluated for their potential to trap MGO in vitro, and the resulting adducts were analyzed by UHPLC-ESI-MS. To relate chemical composition to glycation inhibitory activity, the obtained peppermint extract was subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. The capability of peppermint leaf polyphenols to inhibit glycation (27.3-77.2%) and form adducts with MGO was confirmed. In the case of flavone aglycones, mono- and di-adducts with MGO were observed, while eriodictyol and eriocitrin effectively produced only mono-adducts. Rosmarinic acid and luteolin-7-O-glycosides did not reveal this action. IC50 of the peppermint leaf dry extract was calculated at 2 mg/mL, equivalent to a concentration of 1.8 μM/mL of polyphenols, including ~1.4 μM/mL of flavonoids and ~0.4 μM/mL of phenolic acids. The contribution of the four major components to the anti-AGE activity of the extract was estimated at 86%, including eriocitrin 35.4%, rosmarinic acid 25.6%, luteolin-7-O-rutinoside 16.9%, luteolin-7-O-β-glucuronoside 8.1%, and others 14%. The effect of peppermint dry extract and polyphenols in inhibiting MGO-induced glycation in vitro was comparable to that of metformin used as a positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Fecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Committee for Therapeutics and Drug Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, pl. Defilad 1, 00-901 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bednarska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Gangadhariah M, Pardhi T, Ravilla J, Chandra S, Singh SA. Citrus nutraceutical eriocitrin and its metabolites are partial agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ): a molecular docking and molecular dynamics study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:11373-11393. [PMID: 36576222 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2162127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists are potent insulin sensitizers in treating type 2 diabetes. Despite being very effective in the fight against diabetes-mediated complications, PPARγ agonists are accompanied by severe side effects leading to complicated health problems, making the discovery of novel safe ligands highly pertinent. A significant intense research effort is in progress to explore the PPARγ activating potential of a wide range of natural compounds. Lemon (Citrus limon) contains various bioactive flavonoids, and eriocitrin is the major flavonoid. It possesses substantial antioxidant and anticancer, lipid-lowering activities and prevents obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Eriocitrin is metabolized to eriodictyol in the intestine, and the absorbed eriodictyol undergoes conversion to numerous metabolites in vivo. It is unclear if eriocitrin or its metabolites are responsible for their beneficial effects. We have used molecular docking, ADMET properties, drug-likeness score and molecular dynamics simulation study to find if eriocitrin and its metabolites are potent binders for PPARγ. Docking studies revealed that eriocitrin binds to PPARγ with the highest binding energy, but ADMET properties and in vivo studies show that the bioavailability of eriocitrin is very poor. Molecular dynamics studies were carried out to validate the docking results, and multiple parameters like RMSD, RMSF, Radius of gyration, SASA, hydrogen bond analysis, interaction energy, principal component analysis, Gibbs free energy and MM-PBSA were calculated. Based on our studies, eriodictyol, eriodictyol 7-O-glucuronide, eriodictyol 3'-O-glucuronide, homoeriodictyol and homoeriodictyol 7-O-glucuronide which are metabolites of eriocitrin appear to be potent partial agonists of PPARγ under physiological conditions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesha Gangadhariah
- Department of Traditional Foods and Applied Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Triveni Pardhi
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jahnavi Ravilla
- Department of Traditional Foods and Applied Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Subhash Chandra
- Computational Biology & Biotechnology Laboratory Department of Botany, Soban Singh Jeena University S.S.J. Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sridevi Annapurna Singh
- Department of Traditional Foods and Applied Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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Ortiz-Andrade R, Araujo León JA, Sánchez-Salgado JC, Sánchez-Recillas A, Vazquez-Garcia P, Hernández-Núñez E. Citroflavonoids as Promising Agents for Drug Discovery in Diabetes and Hypertension: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227933. [PMID: 36432034 PMCID: PMC9696987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are naturally occurring compounds widely distributed in the Citrus genus. These natural compounds have many health benefits, mainly for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. In fact, some these compounds are components of drug products with approved indications for peripheral vascular insufficiency and hemorrhoids. However, information on pharmacological effects of these compounds remains disperse and there is scarce comprehensive analysis of whole data and evidence. These kinds of evidence analyses could be necessary in drug design and the development of novel and innovate drug products in diabetes and hypertension. We aimed to systematically search for evidence on the efficacy of citroflavonoids in diabetes and hypertension in in vivo models. We searched four literature databases based on a PICO strategy. After database curation, twenty-nine articles were retrieved to analyze experimental data. There was high heterogeneity in both outcomes and methodology. Naringenin and hesperetin derivates were the most studied citroflavonoids in both experimental models. More investigation is still needed to determine its potential for drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolffy Ortiz-Andrade
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida 97069, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.O.-A.); (E.H.-N.); Tel.: +52-999-922-5708 (R.O.-A.); +52-999-942-9400 (E.H.-N.)
| | - Jesús Alfredo Araujo León
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Mexico
| | | | - Amanda Sánchez-Recillas
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida 97069, Mexico
| | - Priscila Vazquez-Garcia
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida 97069, Mexico
| | - Emanuel Hernández-Núñez
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Unidad Mérida, Merida 97205, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.O.-A.); (E.H.-N.); Tel.: +52-999-922-5708 (R.O.-A.); +52-999-942-9400 (E.H.-N.)
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Yeram PB, Kulkarni YA. Glycosides and Vascular Complications of Diabetes. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200067. [PMID: 36181446 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is linked with various microvascular and macrovascular complications. Nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy are important microvascular complications of diabetes. Different types of secondary metabolites including glycosides have been studied for their effects in diabetic complications. Various glycosides such as flavanoid glycosides and saponin glycosides are reported for their beneficial effects in diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and cardiomyopathy by action on various pathways involved in the progression of these complications. Coumarin glycosides and cryanogenic glycosides have been studied for their effective role in diabetic nephropathy. Phenolic glycosides and anthraquinone glycosides also have beneficial role in diabetic neuropathy. The present review focuses on various classes of glycosides and their role in the prevention and treatment of vascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranali B Yeram
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, India
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A Comparative Study of Hesperetin, Hesperidin and Hesperidin Glucoside: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antibacterial Activities In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081618. [PMID: 36009336 PMCID: PMC9405481 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of hesperetin, hesperidin and hesperidin glucoside with different solubility were compared in vitro. Hesperetin was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis from hesperidin, and hesperidin glucoside composed of hesperidin mono-glucoside was prepared from hesperidin through enzymatic transglycosylation. Solubility of the compounds was different: the partition coefficient (log P) was 2.85 ± 0.02 for hesperetin, 2.01 ± 0.02 for hesperidin, and −3.04 ± 0.03 for hesperidin glucoside. Hesperetin showed a higher effect than hesperidin and hesperidin glucoside on radical scavenging activity in antioxidant assays, while hesperidin and hesperidin glucoside showed similar activity. Cytotoxicity was low in the order of hesperidin glucoside, hesperidin, and hesperetin in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Treatment of the cells with each compound reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Hesperetin was most effective at relatively low concentrations, however, hesperidin glucoside was also effective at higher concentration. Hesperetin showed higher antibacterial activity than hesperidin in both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, and hesperidin glucoside showed similarly higher activity with hesperetin depending on the bacterial strain. In conclusion, hesperetin in the form of aglycone showed more potent biological activity than hesperidin and hesperidin glucoside. However, hesperidin glucoside, the highly soluble form, has been shown to increase the activity compared to poorly soluble hesperidin.
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Effects of the Treatment with Flavonoids on Metabolic Syndrome Components in Humans: A Systematic Review Focusing on Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158344. [PMID: 35955475 PMCID: PMC9369232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets high in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, have been used to mitigate metabolic syndrome (MetS). Polyphenols are a large group of naturally occurring bioactive compounds, classified into two main classes: non-flavonoids and flavonoids. Flavonoids are distributed in foods, such as fruits, vegetables, tea, red wine, and cocoa. Studies have already demonstrated the benefits of flavonoids on the cardiovascular and nervous systems, as well as cancer cells. The present review summarizes the results of clinical studies that evaluated the effects of flavonoids on the components of the MetS and associated complications when offered as supplements over the long term. The results show that flavonoids can significantly modulate several metabolic parameters, such as lipid profile, blood pressure, and blood glucose. Only theaflavin and catechin were unable to affect metabolic parameters. Moreover, only body weight and body mass index were unaltered. Thus, the evidence presented in this systematic review offers bases in support of a flavonoid supplementation, held for at least 3 weeks, as a strategy to improve several metabolic parameters and, consequently, reduce the risk of diseases associated with MetS. This fact becomes stronger due to the rare side effects reported with flavonoids.
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Cesar TB, Ramos FMM, Ribeiro CB. Nutraceutical Eriocitrin (Eriomin) Reduces Hyperglycemia by Increasing Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Downregulates Systemic Inflammation: A Crossover-Randomized Clinical Trial. J Med Food 2022; 25:1050-1058. [PMID: 35796695 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This double-blind, randomized, placebo/controlled, crossover study evaluated the efficacy of Eriomin® in reducing hyperglycemia and improving diabetes-related biomarkers in individuals with hyperglycemia above 110 mg/dL (mean 123 ± 18 mg/dL). Subjects (n = 30), divided into two groups (Eriomin or Placebo), who received a dose of 200 mg/d of the designated supplement for 12 weeks and, after a washout period of 2 weeks, switched to the other supplement in the following 12 weeks. Assessments of biochemical, metabolic, inflammatory, blood pressure, anthropometry, and dietary parameters were performed at the beginning and end of each intervention. Treatment with 200 mg/d of Eriomin significantly decreased blood glucose (-5%), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (-11%), glucagon (-13%), interleukin-6 (-14%), tumor necrosis factor alpha (-20%), and alkaline phosphatase (-13%); but increased glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) by (17%) (P ≤ .05). At the end of the placebo period, there was a 13% increase in triglycerides (P ≤ .05). Other parameters evaluated did not change with Eriomin or placebo. In conclusion, intervention with Eriomin benefited the glycemic control of prediabetic and diabetic patients, with higher blood glucose levels, by increasing GLP-1 and decreasing systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Borges Cesar
- Laboratory of Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maria Manzini Ramos
- Laboratory of Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Barbosa Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Scurria A, Sciortino M, Garcia AR, Pagliaro M, Avellone G, Fidalgo A, Albanese L, Meneguzzo F, Ciriminna R, Ilharco LM. Red Orange and Bitter Orange IntegroPectin: Structure and Main Functional Compounds. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103243. [PMID: 35630720 PMCID: PMC9147265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DRIFT, HPLC-MS, and SPME-GC/MS analyses were used to unveil the structure and the main functional compounds of red (blood) orange (Citrus sinensis) and bitter orange (Citrus aurantium). The IntegroPectin samples show evidence that these new citrus pectins are comprised of pectin rich in RG-I hairy regions functionalized with citrus biophenols, chiefly flavonoids and volatile molecules, mostly terpenes. Remarkably, IntegroPectin from the peel of fresh bitter oranges is the first high methoxyl citrus pectin extracted via hydrodynamic cavitation, whereas the red orange IntegroPectin is a low methoxyl pectin. C. aurantium IntegroPectin has a uniquely high concentration of adsorbed flavonoids, especially the flavanone glycosides hesperidin, naringin, and eriocitrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Scurria
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
- Dipartimento DICEAM, Università degli Studi “Mediterranea” di Reggio Calabria, Via Graziella, Loc. Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Marzia Sciortino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Ana Rosa Garcia
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.R.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Mario Pagliaro
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (R.C.); (L.M.I.)
| | - Giuseppe Avellone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Alexandra Fidalgo
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.R.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Albanese
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (L.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesco Meneguzzo
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (L.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Rosaria Ciriminna
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (R.C.); (L.M.I.)
| | - Laura M. Ilharco
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.R.G.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (R.C.); (L.M.I.)
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14
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Scurria A, Sciortino M, Albanese L, Nuzzo D, Zabini F, Meneguzzo F, Alduina R, Presentato A, Pagliaro M, Avellone G, Ciriminna R. Flavonoids in Lemon and Grapefruit IntegroPectin*. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:1055-1058. [PMID: 34704664 PMCID: PMC8549029 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the analysis of terpenes present in new lemon and grapefruit "IntegroPectin" pectins obtained via the hydrodynamic cavitation of industrial lemon and grapefruit processing waste, the HPLC-MS analysis of flavonoid and other phenolic compounds reveals the presence of eriocitrin, naringin, hesperidin and kaempferol typical of the respective citrus fruits. The pectic fibers rich in rhamnogalacturonan-I regions act as chemical sponges adsorbing and concentrating at their outer surface highly bioactive citrus flavonoids and terpenes. These findings, together with the unique molecular structure of these new whole citrus pectins, provide preliminary insight into the broad-scope biological activity of these new biomaterials. Numerous new biomedical applications are anticipated, including likely use in the prevention and treatment of microbial infections and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Scurria
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNRvia U. La Malfa 15390146PalermoItaly
| | - Marzia Sciortino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e FarmaceuticheUniversità di Palermovia Archirafi 3290123PalermoItaly
| | - Lorenzo Albanese
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNRvia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto Fiorentino (FI)Italy
| | - Domenico Nuzzo
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l'innovazione Biomedica, CNRvia U. La Malfa 15390146PalermoItaly
| | - Federica Zabini
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNRvia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto Fiorentino (FI)Italy
| | - Francesco Meneguzzo
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNRvia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto Fiorentino (FI)Italy
| | - Rosa Alduina
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e FarmaceuticheUniversità di Palermoviale delle Scienze, Ed.1690128PalermoItaly
| | - Alessandro Presentato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e FarmaceuticheUniversità di Palermoviale delle Scienze, Ed.1690128PalermoItaly
| | - Mario Pagliaro
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNRvia U. La Malfa 15390146PalermoItaly
| | - Giuseppe Avellone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e FarmaceuticheUniversità di Palermovia Archirafi 3290123PalermoItaly
| | - Rosaria Ciriminna
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNRvia U. La Malfa 15390146PalermoItaly
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Jubaidi FF, Zainalabidin S, Taib IS, Hamid ZA, Budin SB. The Potential Role of Flavonoids in Ameliorating Diabetic Cardiomyopathy via Alleviation of Cardiac Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105094. [PMID: 34065781 PMCID: PMC8151300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is one of the major mortality risk factors among diabetic patients worldwide. It has been established that most of the cardiac structural and functional alterations in the diabetic cardiomyopathy condition resulted from the hyperglycemia-induced persistent oxidative stress in the heart, resulting in the maladaptive responses of inflammation and apoptosis. Flavonoids, the most abundant phytochemical in plants, have been reported to exhibit diverse therapeutic potential in medicine and other biological activities. Flavonoids have been widely studied for their effects in protecting the heart against diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy. The potential of flavonoids in alleviating diabetic cardiomyopathy is mainly related with their remedial actions as anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic agents. In this review, we summarize the latest findings of flavonoid treatments on diabetic cardiomyopathy as well as elucidating the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Farhana Jubaidi
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (F.F.J.); (I.S.T.); (Z.A.H.)
| | - Satirah Zainalabidin
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Izatus Shima Taib
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (F.F.J.); (I.S.T.); (Z.A.H.)
| | - Zariyantey Abd Hamid
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (F.F.J.); (I.S.T.); (Z.A.H.)
| | - Siti Balkis Budin
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (F.F.J.); (I.S.T.); (Z.A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-9289-7645
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16
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Nuzzo D, Picone P, Giardina C, Scordino M, Mudò G, Pagliaro M, Scurria A, Meneguzzo F, Ilharco LM, Fidalgo A, Alduina R, Presentato A, Ciriminna R, Di Liberto V. New Neuroprotective Effect of Lemon IntegroPectin on Neuronal Cellular Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:669. [PMID: 33923111 PMCID: PMC8145755 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lemon IntegroPectin obtained via hydrodynamic cavitation of organic lemon processing waste in water shows significant neuroprotective activity in vitro, as first reported in this study investigating the effects of both lemon IntegroPectin and commercial citrus pectin on cell viability, cell morphology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondria perturbation induced by treatment of neuronal SH-SY5Y human cells with H2O2. Mediated by ROS, including H2O2 and its derivatives, oxidative stress alters numerous cellular processes, such as mitochondrial regulation and cell signaling, propagating cellular injury that leads to incurable neurodegenerative diseases. These results, and the absence of toxicity of this new pectic substance rich in adsorbed flavonoids and terpenes, suggest further studies to investigate its activity in preventing, retarding, or even curing neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Nuzzo
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (R.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Pasquale Picone
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (R.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Costanza Giardina
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.G.); (M.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Miriana Scordino
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.G.); (M.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.G.); (M.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Mario Pagliaro
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonino Scurria
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Francesco Meneguzzo
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Laura M. Ilharco
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.M.I.); (A.F.)
| | - Alexandra Fidalgo
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.M.I.); (A.F.)
| | - Rosa Alduina
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (R.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandro Presentato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (R.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Rosaria Ciriminna
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Valentina Di Liberto
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.G.); (M.S.); (G.M.)
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17
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Ávila-Gálvez MÁ, Giménez-Bastida JA, González-Sarrías A, Espín JC. New Insights into the Metabolism of the Flavanones Eriocitrin and Hesperidin: A Comparative Human Pharmacokinetic Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:435. [PMID: 33799874 PMCID: PMC8000041 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intake of hesperidin-rich sources, mostly found in orange juice, can decrease cardiometabolic risk, potentially linked to the gut microbial phase-II hesperetin derivatives. However, the low hesperidin solubility hampers its bioavailability and microbial metabolism, yielding a high inter-individual variability (high vs. low-producers) that prevents consistent health-related evidence. Contrarily, the human metabolism of (lemon) eriocitrin is hardly known. We hypothesize that the higher solubility of (lemon) eriocitrin vs. (orange) hesperidin might yield more bioavailable metabolites than hesperidin. A randomized-crossover human pharmacokinetic study (n = 16) compared the bioavailability and metabolism of flavanones from lemon and orange extracts and postprandial changes in oxidative, inflammatory, and metabolic markers after a high-fat-high-sugars meal. A total of 17 phase-II flavanone-derived metabolites were identified. No significant biomarker changes were observed. Plasma and urinary concentrations of all metabolites, including hesperetin metabolites, were higher after lemon extract intake. Total plasma metabolites showed significantly mean lower Tmax (6.0 ± 0.4 vs. 8.0 ± 0.5 h) and higher Cmax and AUC values after lemon extract intake. We provide new insights on hesperetin-eriodictyol interconversion and naringenin formation from hesperidin in humans. Our results suggest that regular consumption of a soluble and eco-friendly eriocitrin-rich lemon extract could provide a circulating concentration metabolites threshold to exert health benefits, even in the so-called low-producers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department Food Science and Technology, Campus de Espinardo, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.Á.Á.-G.); (J.A.G.-B.); (A.G.-S.)
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18
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Henning T, Weber D. Redox biomarkers in dietary interventions and nutritional observation studies - From new insights to old problems. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101922. [PMID: 33756398 PMCID: PMC8020480 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this review is to give an overview on recently published articles investigating the associations of diet and dietary interventions with biomarkers of oxidative stress with special emphasis on different categories of redox biomarkers. Findings Intervention and observational studies both in healthy participants and patients that investigated associations of dietary habits, foodstuffs or isolated nutrients with biomarkers of oxidative stress were included in this review. Recently published observation studies confirm the inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and oxidative stress markers. Studies investigating the effect of vitamin D and vitamin E, magnesium, zinc, chromium, selenium, probiotic supplementation and several phytochemicals reported consistent changes in redox biomarkers. Of 88 articles included in this review, only seven studies measured biomarkers from the three categories: oxidative damage, endogenous antioxidants, and exogenous antioxidants. Many studies rely on controversial assays for total antioxidant capacity, thus there is potential in many studies to improve biomarker repertoire to cover all three categories of biomarkers and to turn away from such assays. Oxidative stress can be assessed by specific biomarker categories. Three biomarker categories: oxidative damage, endogenous, exogenous antioxidants. Only seven studies performed measurements of all three biomarker categories. TAC, TRAP, FRAP, ORAC should not be used as stand-alone redox marker. Several interventions reported improvements in markers of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Henning
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; Food4Future (F4F), c/o Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Daniela Weber
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; Food4Future (F4F), c/o Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany; NutriAct-Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
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19
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Wang Y, Liu XJ, Chen JB, Cao JP, Li X, Sun CD. Citrus flavonoids and their antioxidant evaluation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:3833-3854. [PMID: 33435726 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1870035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant ability is the link and bridge connecting a variety of biological activities. Citrus flavonoids play an essential role in regulating oxidative stress and are an important source of daily intake of antioxidant supplements. Many studies have shown that citrus flavonoids promote health through antioxidation. In this review, the biosynthesis, composition and distribution of citrus flavonoids were concluded. The detection methods of antioxidant capacity of citrus flavonoids were divided into four categories: chemical, cellular, animal and clinical antioxidant capacity evaluation systems. The modeling methods, applicable scenarios, and their relative merits were compared based on these four systems. The antioxidant functions of citrus flavonoids under different evaluation systems were also discussed, especially the regulation of the Nrf2-antioxidases pathway. Some shortcomings in the current research were pointed out, and some suggestions for progress were put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Liu
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Biao Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Ping Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chong-De Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Carvalho JDS, Ramadan D, de Paiva Gonçalves V, Maquera-Huacho PM, Assis RP, Lima TFO, Brunetti IL, Spolidorio DMP, Cesar T, Manthey JA, Spolidorio LC. Impact of citrus flavonoid supplementation on inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontal disease in mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:5007-5017. [PMID: 33950049 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03338c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In general, the consumption of flavonoid-rich foods may influence the control/dysregulation of the magnitude and duration of inflammation and oxidative stress, which are known to contribute to multiple pathologies. Information regarding the impact of citrus flavonoid dietary supplementation on periodontal disease is still scarce. Herein, we investigated whether a diet supplemented with eriocitrin and eriodictyol could alter the course of the inflammatory response associated with LPS-induced periodontal disease in mice. Sixty BALB/c mice received a standard diet or a diet supplemented with different concentrations of eriocitrin or eriodictyol. After 30 days of food supplementation, a solution containing LPS from Escherichia coli was injected into the gingival tissues three times per week for four weeks. Neutrophils, mononuclear cells and eosinophils were assessed using a severity analysis system in H&E-stained sections and modified picrosirius red. The activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a marker of granulocyte infiltration, and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) were determined spectrophotometrically. The oxidative damage was determined by measuring the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and anti-oxidative activity through the assessment of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Interleukin (IL)-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 were quantified by multiplex immunoassay. Periodontal inflammation was significantly inhibited by citrus flavonoid supplementation, including reduced flatness of the gingival epithelium and chronic and acute inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as loss of connective tissue in the gingival papillae. Both eriocitrin and eriodictyol inhibited gingival IL-1β and TNF-α and increased IL-10 secondary to periodontitis. Significant protection and decreased MPO and EPO activity were detected in the periodontal tissue of citrus flavonoid-treated animals. In comparison with the LPS group, SOD, CAT and GPx activities were increased, while the MDA content was reduced, indicating decreased oxidative damage. These results suggest that a diet supplemented with the citrus flavonoids eriocitrin or eriodictyol may aid in the prevention of periodontitis, representing a potential method to enhance local immunity and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonatan de Souza Carvalho
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dania Ramadan
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius de Paiva Gonçalves
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Renata Pires Assis
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tayra Ferreira Oliveira Lima
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iguatemy Lourenço Brunetti
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Cesar
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John A Manthey
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 2001 South Rock Road/Port Fierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Luís Carlos Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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21
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Ribeiro CB, Ramos FM, Manthey JA, Cesar TB. Effectiveness of Eriomin® in managing hyperglycemia and reversal of prediabetes condition: A double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1921-1933. [PMID: 31183921 PMCID: PMC6618084 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the potential effectiveness of different doses of Eriomin® on hyperglycemia and insulin resistance associated with other metabolic biomarkers in prediabetic individuals. Prediabetes patients (n = 103, 49 ± 10 years) were randomly divided into four parallel groups: (a) Placebo; (b) Eriomin 200 mg; (c) Eriomin 400 mg; and (d) Eriomin 800 mg. Assessment of biochemical, metabolic, inflammatory, hepatic, renal, anthropometric markers, blood pressure, and dietary parameters were performed during 12 weeks of intervention. Treatment with all doses of Eriomin (200, 400, and 800 mg) had similar effects and altered significantly the following variables: blood glucose (−5%), insulin resistance (−7%), glucose intolerance (−7%), glycated hemoglobin (−2%), glucagon (−6.5%), C‐peptide (−5%), hsCRP (−12%), interleukin‐6 (−13%), TNFα (−11%), lipid peroxidation (−17%), systolic blood pressure (−8%), GLP‐1 (+15%), adiponectin (+19%), and antioxidant capacity (+6%). Eriomin or placebo did not influence the anthropometric and dietary variables. Short‐term intervention with Eriomin, at doses of 200, 400, or 800 mg/day, benefited glycemic control, reduced systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, and reversed the prediabetic condition in 24% of the evaluated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina B Ribeiro
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Ramos
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John A Manthey
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Port Fierce, Florida
| | - Thais B Cesar
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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