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Lee J, De La Torre AL, Rawlinson FL, Ness DB, Lewis LD, Hickey WF, Chang CCY, Chang TY. Characterization of Stealth Liposome-Based Nanoparticles Encapsulating the ACAT1/SOAT1 Inhibitor F26: Efficacy and Toxicity Studies In Vitro and in Wild-Type Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9151. [PMID: 39273099 PMCID: PMC11394700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is pivotal for cellular function. Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1), also abbreviated as SOAT1, is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the storage of excess cholesterol to cholesteryl esters. ACAT1 is an emerging target to treat diverse diseases including atherosclerosis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. F12511 is a high-affinity ACAT1 inhibitor. Previously, we developed a stealth liposome-based nanoparticle to encapsulate F12511 to enhance its delivery to the brain and showed its efficacy in treating a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we introduce F26, a close derivative of F12511 metabolite in rats. F26 was encapsulated in the same DSPE-PEG2000/phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposome-based nanoparticle system. We employed various in vitro and in vivo methodologies to assess F26's efficacy and toxicity compared to F12511. The results demonstrate that F26 is more effective and durable than F12511 in inhibiting ACAT1, in both mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), and in multiple mouse tissues including the brain tissues, without exhibiting any overt systemic or neurotoxic effects. This study demonstrates the superior pharmacokinetic and safety profile of F26 in wild-type mice, and suggests its therapeutic potential against various neurodegenerative diseases including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (J.L.)
| | - Adrianna L. De La Torre
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (J.L.)
| | - Felix L. Rawlinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (J.L.)
| | - Dylan B. Ness
- Clinical Pharmacology Shared Resource, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Lionel D. Lewis
- Clinical Pharmacology Shared Resource, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - William F. Hickey
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Catherine C. Y. Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (J.L.)
| | - Ta Yuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (J.L.)
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De La Torre AL, Huynh TN, Chang CCY, Pooler DB, Ness DB, Lewis LD, Pannem S, Feng Y, Samkoe KS, Hickey WF, Chang TY. Stealth Liposomes Encapsulating a Potent ACAT1/SOAT1 Inhibitor F12511: Pharmacokinetic, Biodistribution, and Toxicity Studies in Wild-Type Mice and Efficacy Studies in Triple Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11013. [PMID: 37446191 PMCID: PMC10341764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for cellular function and is stored as cholesteryl esters (CEs). CEs biosynthesis is catalyzed by the enzymes acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 and 2 (ACAT1 and ACAT2), with ACAT1 being the primary isoenzyme in most cells in humans. In Alzheimer's Disease, CEs accumulate in vulnerable brain regions. Therefore, ACATs may be promising targets for treating AD. F12511 is a high-affinity ACAT1 inhibitor that has passed phase 1 safety tests for antiatherosclerosis. Previously, we developed a nanoparticle system to encapsulate a large concentration of F12511 into a stealth liposome (DSPE-PEG2000 with phosphatidylcholine). Here, we injected the nanoparticle encapsulated F12511 (nanoparticle F) intravenously (IV) in wild-type mice and performed an HPLC/MS/MS analysis and ACAT enzyme activity measurement. The results demonstrated that F12511 was present within the mouse brain after a single IV but did not overaccumulate in the brain or other tissues after repeated IVs. A histological examination showed that F12511 did not cause overt neurological or systemic toxicity. We then showed that a 2-week IV delivery of nanoparticle F to aging 3xTg AD mice ameliorated amyloidopathy, reduced hyperphosphorylated tau and nonphosphorylated tau, and reduced neuroinflammation. This work lays the foundation for nanoparticle F to be used as a possible therapy for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna L. De La Torre
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (A.L.D.L.T.)
| | - Thao N. Huynh
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (A.L.D.L.T.)
| | - Catherine C. Y. Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (A.L.D.L.T.)
| | - Darcy B. Pooler
- Clinical Pharmacology Shared Resource, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Dylan B. Ness
- Clinical Pharmacology Shared Resource, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Lionel D. Lewis
- Clinical Pharmacology Shared Resource, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Sanjana Pannem
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (S.P.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yichen Feng
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (S.P.); (Y.F.)
| | - Kimberley S. Samkoe
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (S.P.); (Y.F.)
| | - William F. Hickey
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA;
| | - Ta Yuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (A.L.D.L.T.)
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Holcapek M, Kolárová L, Nobilis M. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:59-78. [PMID: 18345532 PMCID: PMC2359828 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Applications of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites are reviewed with an emphasis on recent papers published predominantly within the last 6 years (2002–2007) reporting the employment of atmospheric pressure ionization techniques as the most promising approach for a sensitive detection, positive identification and quantitation of metabolites in complex biological matrices. This review is devoted to in vitro and in vivo drug biotransformation in humans and animals. The first step preceding an HPLC-MS bioanalysis consists in the choice of suitable sample preparation procedures (biomatrix sampling, homogenization, internal standard addition, deproteination, centrifugation, extraction). The subsequent step is the right optimization of chromatographic conditions providing the required separation selectivity, analysis time and also good compatibility with the MS detection. This is usually not accessible without the employment of the parent drug and synthesized or isolated chemical standards of expected phase I and sometimes also phase II metabolites. The incorporation of additional detectors (photodiode-array UV, fluorescence, polarimetric and others) between the HPLC and MS instruments can result in valuable analytical information supplementing MS results. The relation among the structural changes caused by metabolic reactions and corresponding shifts in the retention behavior in reversed-phase systems is discussed as supporting information for identification of the metabolite. The first and basic step in the interpretation of mass spectra is always the molecular weight (MW) determination based on the presence of protonated molecules [M+H]+ and sometimes adducts with ammonium or alkali-metal ions, observed in the positive-ion full-scan mass spectra. The MW determination can be confirmed by the [M-H]- ion for metabolites providing a signal in negative-ion mass spectra. MS/MS is a worthy tool for further structural characterization because of the occurrence of characteristic fragment ions, either MSn analysis for studying the fragmentation patterns using trap-based analyzers or high mass accuracy measurements for elemental composition determination using time of flight based or Fourier transform mass analyzers. The correlation between typical functional groups found in phase I and phase II drug metabolites and corresponding neutral losses is generalized and illustrated for selected examples. The choice of a suitable ionization technique and polarity mode in relation to the metabolite structure is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holcapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Kolocouri F, Dotsikas Y, Apostolou C, Kousoulos C, Loukas YL. Simultaneous determination of losartan, EXP-3174 and hydrochlorothiazide in plasma via fully automated 96-well-format-based solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–negative electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 387:593-601. [PMID: 17119933 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An automated, sensitive and high-throughput liquid chromatographic/electrospray tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) assay was developed for the simultaneous determination of losartan (LOS), its major circulating metabolite EXP-3174 and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in human plasma. LOS and HCTZ coexist in the same drug formulation, and this is the first method that enables the simultaneous determination of both drugs along with the active metabolite of LOS. Since these drugs have different physicochemical properties, the employment of a liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) protocol was precluded. A fully automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocol, based on 96-well format plates, was used to isolate these compounds and furosemide (internal standard, IS) from plasma. Washing and elution steps were amended accordingly in order to minimize any matrix effect from components of the plasma without reducing the elution of the molecules of interest. The compounds were eluted from a C18 column and detected with an API 3000 triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer using negative electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The assay was linear over the range 1.00-400 ng/mL for LOS and EXP-3174 and 0.500-200 ng/mL for HCTZ, respectively, when 200 microl of plasma was used in the extraction. The overall intra- and interassay variations were within acceptance limits. The analysis time for each sample was 4 min, and more than 300 samples could be analyzed in one day by running the system overnight. The assay was simple, highly sensitive, selective, precise, fast, and it enables the reliable determination of LOS, EXP-3174 and HCTZ in pharmacokinetic or bioequivalence studies after per os administration of a single tablet containing both drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomila Kolocouri
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Bioequivalence Services (GLP Compliant), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 157 71, Athens, Greece
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