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Goudarzi S, Eskandari S, Daraei B, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Amirahmadi M. Analyzing antibiotic residues in honey samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:2983-2997. [PMID: 37979200 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2283046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to present a sensitive, accurate, and precise analytical method for the determination of 32 antibiotics from 5 groups (sulfonamides, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and quinolones) and some individual antibiotics (lincomycin, griseofulvin, and 5-hydroxy-flunixin) in 63 honey samples collected from Tehran market. In the presented method, the samples were hydrolyzed by 1% HFBA (hepta fluoro butyric acid) in water, purified on Strata XL polymeric reversed-phase cartridges, and finally analyzed by reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (RP-IP-LC-ESI-MS/MS). Good performance characteristics were gained for recovery, precision, range, and linearity, the limit of detections (LODs), and the limit of quantifications (LOQs). According to the presented results and considering the absence of permissible limits for antibiotics in honey, 74.6% of the tested samples had antibiotic residues more than the LOQ of the method. The results show that the validated method is suitable for simultaneously detecting antibiotic residues in honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoufeh Goudarzi
- Food and Drug Control Reference Laboratory, Food and Drug Administration, MOH&MOE, Tehran, Iran
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Administration, MOH&MOE, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheyl Eskandari
- Food and Drug Control Reference Laboratory, Food and Drug Administration, MOH&MOE, Tehran, Iran
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Administration, MOH&MOE, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Administration, MOH&MOE, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maryam Amirahmadi
- Food and Drug Control Reference Laboratory, Food and Drug Administration, MOH&MOE, Tehran, Iran
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Administration, MOH&MOE, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Nishijo N, Hayama T, Tomita R, Fujioka T. Accurate LC-MS/MS Analysis of Diacylglycerols in Human Plasma with Eliminating Matrix Effect by Phospholipids Using Fluorous Biphasic Extraction. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14898-14904. [PMID: 37767921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
We developed an accurate method for determining diacylglycerols (DAGs) in human plasma using a fluorous biphasic liquid-liquid extraction method, followed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The lipid mixture in the plasma was first extracted with chloroform by using the Bligh-Dyer method. The resulting solution was subjected to fluorous biphasic liquid-liquid extraction to remove phospholipids, which are known to cause matrix effects during the LC-MS/MS analysis. In this method, phospholipids in a lipid mixture solution (nonfluorous solvent) were selectively extracted to tetradecafluorohexane (fluorous solvent) via the specificity of fluorous affinity by forming a complex with a perfluoropolyethercarboxylic acid-lanthanum(III) salt. The remaining DAGs in the nonfluorous solvent could be directly injected into the LC system through the positive electrospray ionization-MS/MS mode. The removal rate of the phospholipids through the fluorous biphasic extraction was more than 99.9%; thus, the matrix-effect-eliminating analysis of DAGs in human plasma with LC-MS/MS was enabled. Furthermore, the applicability of this method and the possibility of using DAGs as biomarkers were evaluated by applying this method to human plasma samples obtained from major depressive disorder as a related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Nishijo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hayama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Ryoko Tomita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Fujioka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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3
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Shiko G, Paulmann MJ, Feistel F, Ntefidou M, Hermann-Ene V, Vetter W, Kost B, Kunert G, Zedler JAZ, Reichelt M, Oelmüller R, Klein J. Occurrence and conversion of progestogens and androgens are conserved in land plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:318-337. [PMID: 37559351 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Progestogens and androgens have been found in many plants, but little is known about their biosynthesis and the evolution of steroidogenesis in these organisms. Here, we show that the occurrence and biosynthesis of progestogens and androgens are conserved across the viridiplantae lineage. An UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method allowed high-throughput analysis of the occurrence and chemical conversion of progestogens and androgens in 41 species across the green plant lineage. Dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, and 5α-dihydrotestosterone are plants' most abundant mammalian-like steroids. Progestogens are converted into 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione. Androgens are converted into testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone. 17,20-Lyases, essential for converting progestogens to androgens, seem to be most effective in monocot species. Our data suggest that the occurrence of progestogens and androgens is highly conserved in plants, and their biosynthesis might favor a route using the Δ4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glendis Shiko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Max-Jonas Paulmann
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Felix Feistel
- Department for Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Ntefidou
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hermann-Ene
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benedikt Kost
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Department for Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Julie A Z Zedler
- Synthetic Biology of Photosynthetic Organisms, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department for Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Jan Klein
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
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4
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Signal Suppression in LC-ESI-MS/MS from Concomitant Medications and Its Impact on Quantitative Studies: An Example Using Metformin and Glyburide. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020746. [PMID: 36677804 PMCID: PMC9862991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been widely used in the quantitative analysis of drugs. The ubiquitous concomitant drug scenario in the clinic has spawned a large number of co-analyses based on this technique. However, signal suppression caused by concomitant drugs during electrospray ionization may affect the quantification accuracy of analytes, which has not received enough attention. In this study, metformin (MET) and glyburide (GLY) were co-eluted by the conventional optimization of chromatographic conditions to illustrate the effect of signal suppression caused by the combined drugs on the quantitative analysis. The response of MET was not affected by GLY over the investigated concentration range. However, the GLY signal could be suppressed by about 30% in the presence of MET, affecting its pharmacokinetic analysis in simulated samples. As an attempt to solve the suppression of GLY by co-eluting MET, dilution can alleviate the suppression. However, this method still has limitations due to the sacrifice of sensitivity. The stable isotope-labeled internal standard could play a role in correction and improve the quantitative accuracy of GLY, which was further confirmed in the pharmacokinetic study of simulated samples. This study provided an example model to illustrate the possible effect of clinical drug combination on LC-MS/MS drug quantitative analysis and investigated the effective methods to solve this problem.
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5
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Jacobs CM, Kunz M, Mahfoud F, Wagmann L, Meyer MR. Closing the gap - development of an analytical methodology using volumetric absorptive microsampling of finger prick blood followed by LC-HRMS/MS for adherence monitoring of antihypertensive drugs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:167-177. [PMID: 36318313 PMCID: PMC9816235 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS), an emerging microsampling technique, is a promising tool for adherence monitoring. This study focused on development of an analytical methodology to improve VAMS-based strategies for adherence assessment by analyzing angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, loop diuretics, a potassium-sparing diuretic, and a thiazide diuretic. Development included sample preparation, chromatographic conditions, mass spectrometry settings, validation, and demonstrating proof of concept. Quantification of analytes, by name furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril, torasemide, and the active metabolites, canrenone, enalaprilat, and ramiprilat in finger prick blood (FPB), was validated based on international guidelines. Selectivity, carryover, and within/between-run accuracy and precision were in accordance with the recommendations. The matrix effect was evaluated at three different hematocrit levels (HT: 20%, 40%, 60%) and the coefficients of variation did not exceed 15%. Dilution integrity (1:10 and 1:20) was given for all analytes except lisinopril, yet for lisinopril, the therapeutic range was already covered by the calibration range. Long-term stability in VAMS tips was tested for 2 weeks at 24 °C in the dark and revealed no degradation of analytes. The proof of concept was performed by analyzing 35 intakes of ACE-inhibitors and diuretics in 18 VAMS and matched plasma samples. Hereby, determined concentration in FPB and plasma cannot be used interchangeably, and thus specific reference ranges for whole blood must be established. Nevertheless, the VAMS-based strategy was shown to be suitable for assessing adherence of all classes of antihypertensive drugs used in the guidelines to manage hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy M. Jacobs
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kunz
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Felix Mahfoud
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany ,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R. Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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6
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Rosano TG, Rumberger JM, Scholz KL, Konetchy RM, Wood M. Novel Matrix Normalization Technique for Accurate LC-ESI-MS/MS Detection and Quantification of Drugs and Their Metabolites in Toxicology Research and Practice. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e644. [PMID: 36622836 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Accurate identification and quantification of drugs and their metabolites (analytes) in biological matrices is an analytical foundation of clinical and forensic toxicology. For decades, liquid chromatography interfaced by electrospray ionization with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) has been a widely used technology for analysis in the field of toxicology, as well as in many other fields of bioscience. It is also known that ion response in LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis is influenced by coeluting biological compounds and that preanalytical sample clean-up is often insufficient in removing these interferences. As a result, a normalization technique is commonly used for assessment and compensation of matrix effects encountered in routine analysis. Internal standardization with a stable isotope analog of the analyte is the predominant normalization technique used in LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. The technique, however, requires commercial availability or costly custom synthesis of an isotopic analog specific for each analyte. Here we describe an alternative technique for matrix normalization for use in high-volume, multianalyte testing without the need for isotope analogs. The technique involves analysis of the original sample (neat analysis) followed by analysis of a second sample aliquot (spike analysis) that has been fortified with a controlled amount of reference analyte. A calibration procedure similar to internal standardization is employed, using an ion response ratio of neat to fortified analyte. As a demonstration of the technique in multianalyte testing, we provide a detailed protocol for simultaneous detection and quantification of 102 drugs and drug metabolites in human urine. We also provide a support protocol for addition of new analytes to the multianalyte panel, allowing convenient collection of the validation data during routine testing. The matrix normalization technique and testing principles may be applicable to a wide range of analytes and biological matrices, not only those encountered in toxicology but also in other fields of bioscience. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Detection and quantification of 102 toxicology analytes in urine by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis using the threshold accurate calibration technique Support Protocol: Method for addition and validation of new analytes to expand the Basic Protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Rosano
- National Toxicology Center, Center for Medical Science, Albany, New York.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - John M Rumberger
- National Toxicology Center, Center for Medical Science, Albany, New York
| | - Kiley L Scholz
- National Toxicology Center, Center for Medical Science, Albany, New York
| | - Robert M Konetchy
- National Toxicology Center, Center for Medical Science, Albany, New York
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7
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Long time stability of 35 small endogenous biomolecules in dried urine spotted on various surfaces and environmental conditions. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 339:111420. [PMID: 35985138 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of endogenous biomolecules is an important aspect of many forensic investigations especially with focus on DNA analysis for perpetrator/victim identification and protein analysis for body fluid identification. Recently, small endogenous biomolecules have been used for differentiation of synthetic "fake" urine from authentic urine and might be also useful for biofluid identification. Therefore, the aim of this study was to adapt and optimize a method for analysis of small EBs and to investigate long time stability of 35 small endogenous biomolecules (including acylcarnitines with their isomers and metabolites as well as amino acids with their metabolites) in spotted urine samples. Urine samples were spotted on seven different surfaces (Whatman 903 Protein Saver Cards, cotton swabs, cotton glove, denim, underwear, and smooth and rough flagstone) and stored under six environmental conditions (reference condition, sunlight, LED light, 4 °C, 37 °C, humidity of 95%). At certain time points (d0, d7, d28 and d56) samples were analyzed in triplicates by an optimized extraction and LC-HRMS approach. In addition, the urine marker Tamm-Horsfall-Protein was determined on cotton swabs at the same time points using a commercial lateral flow test. Twenty-one of 35 small endogenous biomolecules were stable on most materials/surfaces and under most storage conditions. Significant lower endogenous biomolecule peak areas were found for rough flagstone and underwear as well as for high humidity storage. Kynurenic acid proved to be photo labile. While high long time stabilities were found for 19 of 28 acylcarnitines, nine acylcarnitines showed aberrant stability patterns without evident structural reason. For Tamm-Horsfall-Protein degradation within 28 days was observed even under reference conditions. The presented study demonstrated the value of sensitive LC-HRMS analysis for small endogenous biomolecules / pattern. However, further studies will be indispensable for unambiguous body fluid identification by small endogenous biomolecules.
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8
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Li A, Wang F, Tao L, Ma C, Bi L, Song M, Jiang G. Rapid and simultaneous determination of multiple endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their metabolites in human serum and urine samples. Talanta 2022; 248:123639. [PMID: 35661003 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenols, parabens, and their metabolites are a group of chemical compounds with a wide range of polarities but similar chemical structures, which presents a challenge for the simultaneous determination of these compounds in complex biological samples. In this study, a rapid and sensitive method for simultaneous quantification of free bisphenol A (BPA), conjugated BPA, bisphenols, and parabens analogs was developed using solid-phase extraction (SPE) tandem liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). We compared the effects of different types of SPE cartridges, diluents, and LLE solvents on the analyte recovery. Utilizing the direct and indirect determination methods (enzyme hydrolysis), we confirmed the accuracy of the direct method for measuring BPA glucuronide and BPA disulfate. The method enabled the analysis of 24 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in one injection through UHPLC-MSMS measurements, with satisfactory recovery (mean: 91.8-98.6% for urine, 80.2%-96.8% for serum) and precision (RSD <15%). The LOD and LOQ values were 0.003 and 0.01 ng/mL for serum, and 0.002 and 0.006 ng/mL for urine samples, respectively. For real sample analysis, the median concentration of analytes in serum and urine samples ranged from 0.04 ng/mL (BPS) to 56.4 ng/mL (4-HB) and 0.11 ng/mL (BPA) to 136 ng/mL (4-HB), respectively. This method provides a new strategy to simultaneously identify compounds with a wide range of polarities from complicated biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fengbang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Le Tao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Lei Bi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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9
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Determination of IQZ23 in rat plasma using LC-MS/MS: consideration for matrix effect and internal standard interference. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:455-465. [PMID: 35484959 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: IQZ23, a novel β-indoloquinazoline derivative, is a potential therapeutic agent for obesity and related metabolic disorders. To assist pharmacokinetics evaluation, a quantitative method for IQZ23 in rat plasma is required. Methods & Results: An LC-MS/MS assay for the determination of IQZ23 in rat plasma was developed and validated for the first time. Chromatographic conditions were optimized to ameliorate matrix effect with direct monitoring of typical phospholipids, including phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine. The structural analog internal standard (SYSU-3d) was set at a proper concentration to avoid analyte sensitivity loss caused by internal standard interference. The well-validated method was employed in the pharmacokinetics study of IQZ23 in Sprague-Dawley rats. Conclusion: This study provided valuable references for the further preclinical study of IQZ23.
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10
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Jacobs CM, Kunz M, Mahfoud F, Wagmann L, Meyer MR. Evaluation and analytical applicability of a novel volumetric absorptive microsampling strategy for adherence monitoring of antihypertensive drugs by means of LC-HRMS/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1187:339137. [PMID: 34753562 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS), an emerging microsampling technique, is expected to overcome some disadvantages of dried blood spots. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a VAMS-based strategy for quantifying ten frequently prescribed antihypertensive drugs (AHD) (amlodipine, bisoprolol, candesartan, carvedilol, lercanidipine, losartan carboxylic acid, metoprolol, nebivolol, telmisartan, valsartan) in finger prick blood (FPB) within the scope of adherence monitoring. The straightforward workflow consisted of VAMS tip hydration and subsequent precipitation. Samples were analyzed by using reversed phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to orbitrap mass spectrometry operating in parallel reaction monitoring mode. The analytical procedure was successfully validated based on international recommendations for most of the analytes. Selectivity and within/between-run accuracy and precision were in accordance with the recommendations. Internal standard normalized matrix factor met recommended criteria for all analytes at HT 20%, 40%, and 60% except for amlodipine were the CV exceeded 15% at HT 20% (CV 18%). Dilution integrity was given for all substances, covering the quantification in the upper part of the therapeutic range of selected AHD. Long-term stability in VAMS tips was tested and revealed degradation of lercanidipine after one week of storage at 24 °C. A proof of concept of the analytical applicability was done by quantification of selected AHD in VAMS tips and matched plasma samples. Results revealed that determined concentration in FPB by VAMS and plasma cannot be used interchangeably, and thus that specific reference ranges have to be established. However, a novel VAMS application was implemented in the context of adherence monitoring for at least the investigated AHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy M Jacobs
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kunz
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Felix Mahfoud
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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11
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Nasiri A, Jahani R, Mokhtari S, Yazdanpanah H, Daraei B, Faizi M, Kobarfard F. Overview, consequences, and strategies for overcoming matrix effects in LC-MS analysis: a critical review. Analyst 2021; 146:6049-6063. [PMID: 34546235 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01047f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique is widely applied to routine analysis in many matrices. Despite the enormous application of LC/MS, this technique is subjected to drawbacks called matrix effects (MEs) that could lead to ion suppression or ion enhancement. This phenomenon can exert a deleterious impact on the ionization efficacy of an analyte and subsequently on the important method performance parameters. LC-MS susceptibility to MEs is the main challenge of this technique in the analysis of complex matrices such as biological and food samples. Nowadays, the assessment, estimation, and overcoming of the MEs before developing a method is mandatory in any analysis. Two main approaches including the post-column infusion and post-extraction spike are proposed to determine the degree of MEs. Different strategies can be adopted to reduce or eliminate MEs depending on the complexity of the matrix. This could be done by improving extraction and clean-up methods, changing the type of ionization employed, optimization of liquid chromatography conditions, and using corrective calibration methods. This review article will provide an overview of the MEs as the Achilles heel of the LC-MS technique, the causes of ME occurrence, their consequences, and systemic approaches towards overcoming MEs during LC-MS-based multi-analyte procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Nasiri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Jahani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaya Mokhtari
- Central Research Laboratories, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Yazdanpanah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Faizi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Central Research Laboratories, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Ulvik A, McCann A, Midttun Ø, Meyer K, Godfrey KM, Ueland PM. Quantifying Precision Loss in Targeted Metabolomics Based on Mass Spectrometry and Nonmatching Internal Standards. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7616-7624. [PMID: 34014078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In mass spectrometry, reliable quantification requires correction for variations in ionization efficiency between samples. The preferred method is the addition of a stable isotope-labeled internal standard (SIL-IS). In targeted metabolomics, a dedicated SIL-IS for each metabolite of interest may not always be realized due to high cost or limited availability. We recently completed the analysis of more than 70 biomarkers, each with a matching SIL-IS, across four mass spectrometry-based platforms (one GC-MS/MS and three LC-MS/MS). Using data from calibrator and quality control samples added to 60 96-well trays (analytical runs), we calculated analytical precision (CV) retrospectively. The use of integrated peak areas for all metabolites and internal standards allowed us to calculate precision for all matching analyte (A)/SIL-IS (IS) pairs as well as for all nonmatching A/IS pairs within each platform (total n = 1442). The median between-run precision for matching A/IS across the four platforms was 2.7-5.9%. The median CV for nonmatching A/IS (corresponding to pairing analytes with a non-SIL-IS) was 2.9-10.7 percentage points higher. Across all platforms, CVs for nonmatching A/IS increased with increasing difference in retention time (Spearman's rho of 0.17-0.93). The CV difference for nonmatching vs matching A/IS was often, but not always, smaller when analytes and internal standards were close structural analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arve Ulvik
- Bevital, Laboratoriebygget, 9 etg., Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Adrian McCann
- Bevital, Laboratoriebygget, 9 etg., Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øivind Midttun
- Bevital, Laboratoriebygget, 9 etg., Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Klaus Meyer
- Bevital, Laboratoriebygget, 9 etg., Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Per M Ueland
- Bevital, Laboratoriebygget, 9 etg., Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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13
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Degreef M, Vits L, Berry EM, Maudens KEK, van Nuijs ALN. Quantification of 54 Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs, Including 20 Designer Ones, in Plasma. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:141-153. [PMID: 32507898 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are widely used in the treatment of sleep and anxiety disorders, as well as epileptic seizures and alcohol withdrawal because of their broad therapeutic index and low cost. Due to their central nervous system depressant effects they are also often implicated in traffic accidents and drug-related intoxications. With an increasing number of designer benzodiazepines used in a recreational setting, there is a need for analytical methods to be able to quantify both the prescribed and designer benzodiazepines. A liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantification of 34 prescribed and 20 designer benzodiazepines in plasma. Different sample preparation strategies, including protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and mini-QuEChERS, were tested. The best recoveries for all compounds of interest were obtained with a liquid-liquid extraction using methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether and 500 μL plasma. The method was fully validated according to the European Medicines Agency guidelines for all compounds, except pivoxazepam, which is included for qualitative purposes only. In-sample stability issues were observed for cloxazolam, both at ambient temperature and during long-term storage at -20°C. Due to the large number of compounds included, the simple and time-efficient sample preparation and the relatively inexpensive instrumentation used, the presented method can be readily implemented in both therapeutic drug monitoring and forensic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Degreef
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lore Vits
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eleanor M Berry
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Khamis MM, Adamko DJ, El-Aneed A. STRATEGIES AND CHALLENGES IN METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE ABSOLUTE QUANTIFICATION OF ENDOGENOUS BIOMARKER METABOLITES USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:31-52. [PMID: 31617245 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a dynamically evolving field, with a major application in identifying biomarkers for drug development and personalized medicine. Numerous metabolomic studies have identified endogenous metabolites that, in principle, are eligible for translation to clinical practice. However, few metabolomic-derived biomarker candidates have been qualified by regulatory bodies for clinical applications. Such interruption in the biomarker qualification process can be largely attributed to various reasons including inappropriate study design and inadequate data to support the clinical utility of the biomarkers. In addition, the lack of robust assays for the routine quantification of candidate biomarkers has been suggested as a potential bottleneck in the biomarker qualification process. In fact, the nature of the endogenous metabolites precludes the application of the current validation guidelines for bioanalytical methods. As a result, there have been individual efforts in modifying existing guidelines and/or developing alternative approaches to facilitate method validation. In this review, three main challenges for method development and validation for endogenous metabolites are discussed, namely matrix effects evaluation, alternative analyte-free matrices, and the choice of internal standards (ISs). Some studies have modified the equations described by the European Medicines Agency for the evaluation of matrix effects. However, alternative strategies were also described; for instance, calibration curves can be generated in solvents and in biological samples and the slopes can be compared through ratios, relative standard deviation, or a modified Stufour suggested approaches while quantifying mainly endogenous metabolitesdent t-test. ISs, on the contrary, are diverse; in which seven different possible types, used in metabolomics-based studies, were identified in the literature. Each type has its advantages and limitations; however, isotope-labeled ISs and ISs created through isotope derivatization show superior performance. Finally, alternative matrices have been described and tested during method development and validation for the quantification of endogenous entities. These alternatives are discussed in detail, highlighting their advantages and shortcomings. The goal of this review is to compare, apprise, and debate current knowledge and practices in order to aid researchers and clinical scientists in developing robust assays needed during the qualification process of candidate metabolite biomarkers. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Khamis
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Darryl J Adamko
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
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Tokuoka SM, Kita Y, Sato M, Shimizu T, Yatomi Y, Oda Y. Development of Tandem Mass Tag Labeling Method for Lipid Molecules Containing Carboxy and Phosphate Groups, and Their Stability in Human Serum. Metabolites 2020; 11:metabo11010019. [PMID: 33396791 PMCID: PMC7824108 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical lipidomics, it is a challenge to measure a large number of samples and to reproduce the quantitative results. We expanded the range of application of the tandem mass tag (TMT) method, which is widely used in proteomics, to lipidomic fields. There are various types of lipid molecule, for example, eicosanoids have a carboxyl group and phosphatidic acid has a phosphate group. We modified these functional groups simultaneously with TMT. This approach allows for a single analysis by mixing six samples and using one of the six samples as a bridging sample; the quantitative data can be easily normalized even if the number of measurements increases. To accommodate a large number of samples, we utilize a pooled serum sample of 300 individuals as a bridging sample. The stability of these lipid molecules in serum was examined as an analytical validation for the simultaneous TMT labeling. It was found that the stability of these lipid molecules in serum differs greatly depending on the lipid species. These findings reaffirmed the importance of proper sample preparation and storage to obtain reliable data. The TMT labeling method is expected to be a useful method for lipidomics with high-throughput and reliable reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzumi M. Tokuoka
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (S.M.T.); (Y.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Yoshihiro Kita
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (S.M.T.); (Y.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Masaya Sato
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (S.M.T.); (Y.K.); (T.S.)
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yoshiya Oda
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; (S.M.T.); (Y.K.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5841-3540
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16
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Phenotyping of Uracil and 5-Fluorouracil Metabolism Using LC-MS/MS for Prevention of Toxicity and Dose Adjustment of Fluoropyrimidines. Ther Drug Monit 2020; 42:540-547. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Tokuoka SM, Yasumoto A, Kita Y, Shimizu T, Yatomi Y, Oda Y. Limitations of deuterium-labeled internal standards for quantitative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of fatty acid metabolites. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8814. [PMID: 32307763 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) methodology often shows poor ionization reproducibility in the analysis of biological samples. Therefore, normalization of the measured peak intensities is essential. It is believed that quantitative data with high reproducibility can be obtained by adding a constant amount of an internal standard (IS) material labeled with stable isotopes to each sample, thus allowing the correction of the quantitative value of the target compound by that of the IS. We investigated whether the presence or absence of a labeled IS improves the accuracy of these quantitative values. METHODS Triple quadrupole MS coupled with liquid chromatography was used to analyze fatty acid metabolites in biological samples as target compounds. Two independent systems were used to provide a measure of reproducibility in two different laboratories. RESULTS Data having poor reproducibility in the raw peak areas were efficiently normalized using the IS, but, crucially, the IS method using stable isotopes was not always necessary. In some cases, the reproducibility was relatively good even without using the IS. In a contaminant matrix, the MS response behavior of the target compound and its stable isotope-labeled material was complicated. Since ion suppression by matrix contaminants was dependent on the concentration of the target compound, the added amounts of the ISs were also important, Furthermore, an equivalent normalization effect was obtained by using a pooled quality control sample as an external standard, thus obviating the need for labeled IS samples, which are often expensive and sometimes not commercially available. CONCLUSIONS Our results raise the question as to whether the quantitative method using stable-isotope-labeled ISs is always necessary and beneficial. However, the results obtained in this study cannot be generalized because only fatty acid metabolites were examined using ESI-MS and only a highly substituted deuterium-labeled IS was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzumi M Tokuoka
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yasumoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kita
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
- Research Institute National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Oda
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
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18
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Efficient synthesis of deuterium-labelled Danshensu for quantitative bioanalysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07190-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Chae SU, Min KL, Lee CB, Huang Z, Chang MJ, Bae SK. Simultaneous quantification of ticagrelor and its active metabolite, AR-C124910XX, in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Applications in steady-state pharmacokinetics in patients. Transl Clin Pharmacol 2020; 27:98-106. [PMID: 32055590 PMCID: PMC6989238 DOI: 10.12793/tcp.2019.27.3.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A sensitive and simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of ticagrelor and its active metabolite, AR-C124910XX from 50 µL human plasma using tolbutamide as an internal standard as per regulatory guidelines. Analytes in plasma were extracted by simple protein precipitation using acetonitrile, followed by chromatographic separation with an Acclaim™ RSLC 120 C18 column (2.2 µm, 2.1 × 100 mm) and a gradient acetonitrile-water mobile phase containing 0.1% formic acid within 8 min. Mass spectrometric detection and quantitation were conducted by selected reaction-monitoring on a negative electrospray ionization mode with the following transitions: m/z 521.11 → 361.10, 477.03 → 361.10, and 269.00 → 169.60 for ticagrelor, AR-C124910XX, and tolbutamide, respectively. The lower limit of quantifications was 0.2 ng/mL with linear ranges of 0.2–2,500 ng/mL (r2 ≥ 0.9949) for both analytes. All validation data, including selectivity, cross-talk, precision, accuracy, matrix effect, recovery, dilution integrity, stability, and incurred sample reanalysis, were well within acceptable limits. This assay method was validated using K2-EDTA as the specific anticoagulant. Also, the anticoagulant effect was tested by lithium heparin, sodium heparin, and K3-EDTA. No relevant anticoagulant effect was observed. This validated method was effectively used in the determination of ticagrelor and its active metabolite, AR-C124910XX, in plasma samples from patients with myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Uk Chae
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Lok Min
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Bin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhouchi Huang
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Chang
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
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20
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Maurer HH. Pitfalls in drug testing by hyphenated low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:172-179. [PMID: 31804756 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews various pitfalls observed during developing, validation, application, and interpretation of drug testing approaches using GC-MS and low- and high-resolution LC-MS. They include sampling and storage of body samples, sample adulteration and contamination, analyte stability, sample preparation without or with cleavage of conjugates, extraction, derivatization, internal standardization, false negative and positive results by GC-MS or LC-MS screening and/or confirmation procedures including artifact formation, ion suppression or enhancement by electrospray ionization, and finally pitfalls in data interpretation. Conclusions and prospects close the Tutorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421, Homburg, Germany
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21
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Monostori P, Klinke G, Hauke J, Richter S, Bierau J, Garbade SF, Hoffmann GF, Langhans CD, Haas D, Okun JG. Extended diagnosis of purine and pyrimidine disorders from urine: LC MS/MS assay development and clinical validation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212458. [PMID: 30817767 PMCID: PMC6394934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Inborn errors of purine and pyrimidine metabolism are a diverse group of disorders with possible serious or life-threatening symptoms. They may be associated with neurological symptoms, renal stone disease or immunodeficiency. However, the clinical presentation can be nonspecific and mild so that a number of cases may be missed. Previously published assays lacked detection of certain diagnostically important biomarkers, including SAICAr, AICAr, beta-ureidoisobutyric acid, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine and orotidine, necessitating the use of separate assays for their detection. Moreover, the limited sensitivity for some analytes in earlier assays may have hampered the reliable detection of mild cases. Therefore, we aimed to develop a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay that allows the simultaneous and sensitive detection of an extended range of purine and pyrimidine biomarkers in urine. Methods The assay was developed and validated using LC-MS/MS and clinically tested by analyzing ERNDIM Diagnostic Proficiency Testing (DPT) samples and further specimens from patients with various purine and pyrimidine disorders. Results Reliable determination of 27 analytes including SAICAr, AICAr, beta-ureidoisobutyric acid, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine and orotidine was achieved in urine following a simple sample preparation. The method clearly distinguished pathological and normal samples and differentiated between purine and pyrimidine defects in all clinical specimens. Conclusions A LC-MS/MS assay allowing the simultaneous, sensitive and reliable diagnosis of an extended range of purine and pyrimidine disorders has been developed. The validated method has successfully been tested using ERNDIM Diagnostic Proficiency Testing (DPT) samples and further clinical specimens from patients with various purine and pyrimidine disorders. Sample preparation is simple and assay duration is short, facilitating an easier inclusion of the assay into the diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Monostori
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Glynis Klinke
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Hauke
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Richter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörgen Bierau
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sven F. Garbade
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg F. Hoffmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus-Dieter Langhans
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorothea Haas
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen G. Okun
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Mass Spectrometry for Research and Application in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring or Clinical and Forensic Toxicology. Ther Drug Monit 2018; 40:389-393. [PMID: 29750739 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews current applications of various hyphenated low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques in the field of therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical/forensic toxicology in both research and practice. They cover gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, or paper spray ionization coupled to quadrupole, ion trap, time-of-flight, or Orbitrap mass analyzers.
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23
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Neubauer C, Sessions AL, Booth IR, Bowen BP, Kopf SH, Newman DK, Dalleska NF. Towards measuring growth rates of pathogens during infections by D 2 O-labeling lipidomics. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:2129-2140. [PMID: 30252972 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Microbial growth rate is an important physiological parameter that is challenging to measure in situ, partly because microbes grow slowly in many environments. Recently, it has been demonstrated that generation times of S. aureus in cystic fibrosis (CF) infections can be determined by D2 O-labeling of actively synthesized fatty acids. To improve species specificity and allow growth rate monitoring for a greater range of pathogens during the treatment of infections, it is desirable to accurately quantify trace incorporation of deuterium into phospholipids. METHODS Lipid extracts of D2 O-treated E. coli cultures were measured on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) instruments equipped with time-of-flight (TOF) and orbitrap mass analyzers, and used for comparison with the analysis of fatty acids by isotope-ratio gas chromatography (GC)/MS. We then developed an approach to enable tracking of lipid labeling, by following the transition from stationary into exponential growth in pure cultures. Lastly, we applied D2 O-labeling lipidomics to clinical samples from CF patients with chronic lung infections. RESULTS Lipidomics facilitates deuterium quantification in lipids at levels that are useful for many labeling applications (>0.03 at% D). In the E. coli cultures, labeling dynamics of phospholipids depend largely on their acyl chains and between phospholipids we notice differences that are not obvious from absolute concentrations alone. For example, cyclopropyl-containing lipids reflect the regulation of cyclopropane fatty acid synthase, which is predominantly expressed at the beginning of stationary phase. The deuterium incorporation into a lipid that is specific for S. aureus in CF sputum indicates an average generation time of the pathogen on the order of one cell doubling per day. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates how trace level measurement of stable isotopes in intact lipids can be used to quantify lipid metabolism in pure cultures and provides guidelines that enable growth rate measurements in microbiome samples after incubation with a low percentage of D2 O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cajetan Neubauer
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Alex L Sessions
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Ian R Booth
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | | | - Sebastian H Kopf
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Dianne K Newman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Nathan F Dalleska
- Environmental Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, CA, 91125, USA
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24
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A convenient strategy to overcome interference in LC-MS/MS analysis: Application in a microdose absolute bioavailability study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 165:198-206. [PMID: 30553110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotope labeled (SIL) compounds have been commonly used as internal standards (IS) to ensure the accuracy and quality of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) bioanalytical assays. Recently, the application of SIL drugs and LC-MS assays to microdose absolute bioavailability (BA) studies has gained increasing attention. This approach can provide significant cost and time saving, and higher data quality compared to the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)-based method, since it avoids the use of radioactive drug, high-cost AMS instrumentation and complex measurement processes. It also eliminates potential metabolite interference with AMS-based assay. However, one major challenge in the application of this approach is the potential interference between the unlabeled drug, the microdose SIL drug, and the SIL-IS during LC-MS analysis. Here we report a convenient and cost-effective strategy to overcome the interference by monitoring the isotopic ion (instead of the commonly used monoisotopic ion) of the interfered compound in MS analysis. For the BMS-986205 absolute BA case study presented, significant interference was observed from the microdose IV drug [13C7,15N]-BMS-986205 to its SIL-IS, [13C7,15N, D3]-BMS-986205, since the difference of nominal molecular mass between the two compounds is only 3 mu, and there is a Cl atom in the molecules. By applying this strategy (monitoring the 37Cl ion for the analysis of the IS), a 90-fold reduction of interference was achieved, which allowed the use of a synthetically accessible SIL compound and enabled the fast progress of the absolute BA study. This strategy minimizes the number of stable isotope labels used for avoiding interference, which greatly reduces the difficulty in synthesizing the SIL compounds and generates significant time and cost savings. In addition, this strategy can also be used to reduce the MS response of the analyte, therefore, avoiding the detector saturation issue of LC-MS/MS assay for high concentration BMS-986205. A LC-MS/MS assay utilizing this strategy was successfully developed for the simultaneous analysis of BMS-986205 and [13C7, 15N]-BMS-986205 in dog plasma using [13C7,15N, D3]-BMS-986205 as the IS. The assay was successfully applied to a microdose absolute BA study of BMS-986205 in dogs. The assay was also validated in human plasma and used to support a human absolute BA study. The same strategy can also be applied to other compounds, including those not containing Cl or other elements with abundant isotopes, or other applications (e.g. selection of internal standard), and the applications were presented.
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Validation of a simple, fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of 40 antidepressant drugs or their metabolites in plasma. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 485:243-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Rudolph W, Remane D, Wissenbach DK, Klein C, Barnewitz D, Peters FT. Development and validation of an ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry quantification method for hypoglycin A and methylene cyclopropyl acetic acid carnitine in horse serum in cases of atypical myopathy. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:814-820. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Rudolph
- Institute of Forensic Medicine; Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
| | - Daniela Remane
- Institute of Forensic Medicine; Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
| | | | - Carmen Klein
- Veterinary Clinic of the fzmb GmbH; Bad Langensalza Germany
| | - Dirk Barnewitz
- Veterinary Clinic of the fzmb GmbH; Bad Langensalza Germany
| | - Frank T. Peters
- Institute of Forensic Medicine; Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
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Monostori P, Klinke G, Richter S, Baráth Á, Fingerhut R, Baumgartner MR, Kölker S, Hoffmann GF, Gramer G, Okun JG. Simultaneous determination of 3-hydroxypropionic acid, methylmalonic acid and methylcitric acid in dried blood spots: Second-tier LC-MS/MS assay for newborn screening of propionic acidemia, methylmalonic acidemias and combined remethylation disorders. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184897. [PMID: 28915261 PMCID: PMC5600371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Increased propionylcarnitine levels in newborn screening are indicative for a group of potentially severe disorders including propionic acidemia (PA), methylmalonic acidemias and combined remethylation disorders (MMACBL). This alteration is relatively non-specific, resulting in the necessity of confirmation and differential diagnosis in subsequent tests. Thus, we aimed to develop a multiplex approach for concurrent determination of 3-hydroxypropionic acid, methylmalonic acid and methylcitric acid from the same dried blood spot (DBS) as in primary screening (second-tier test). We also set out to validate the method using newborn and follow-up samples of patients with confirmed PA or MMACBL. Methods The assay was developed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and clinically validated with retrospective analysis of DBS samples from PA or MMACBL patients. Results Reliable determination of all three analytes in DBSs was achieved following simple and fast (<20 min) sample preparation without laborious derivatization or any additional pipetting steps. The method clearly distinguished the pathological and normal samples and differentiated between PA and MMACBL in all stored newborn specimens. Methylcitric acid was elevated in all PA samples; 3-hydroxypropionic acid was also high in most cases. Methylmalonic acid was increased in all MMACBL specimens; mostly together with methylcitric acid. Conclusions A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay allowing simultaneous determination of the biomarkers 3-hydroxypropionic acid, methylmalonic acid and methylcitric acid in DBSs has been developed. The assay can use the same specimen as in primary screening (second-tier test) which may reduce the need for repeated blood sampling. The presented preliminary findings suggest that this method can reliably differentiate patients with PA and MMACBL in newborn screening. The validated assay is being evaluated prospectively in a pilot project for extension of the German newborn screening panel (‟Newborn screening 2020”; Newborn Screening Center, University Hospital Heidelberg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Monostori
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Glynis Klinke
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Richter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ákos Baráth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ralph Fingerhut
- Children’s Research Center, Division of Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias R. Baumgartner
- Children’s Research Center, Division of Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg F. Hoffmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gwendolyn Gramer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen G. Okun
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Michely JA, Maurer HH. A multi-analyte approach to help in assessing the severity of acute poisonings - Development and validation of a fast LC-MS/MS quantification approach for 45 drugs and their relevant metabolites with one-point calibration. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:164-176. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian A. Michely
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Saarland University; Homburg Germany
| | - Hans H. Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Saarland University; Homburg Germany
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Matrix effect management in liquid chromatography mass spectrometry: the internal standard normalized matrix effect. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1093-1105. [PMID: 28737421 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LC-MS is becoming a standard for many applications, thanks to high sensitivity and selectivity; nevertheless, some issues are still present, particularly due to matrix effect (ME). Considering this, the use of optimal internal standards (ISs, usually stable-isotope labeled) is important, but not always possible because of cost or availability. Therefore, a deep investigation of the inter-lot variability of the ME and of the correcting power of the chosen IS (isotope-labeled or not) is mandatory. While the adoption of isotopically labeled ISs considered as a 'gold standard' to mitigate ME impact on analytical results, there is not consensus about the standard technique to evaluate it during method validation. In this paper, currently available techniques to evaluate, reduce or counterbalance ME are presented and discussed. Finally, these techniques were summarized in a flowchart for a robust management of ME, particularly considering the concept of 'internal standard normalized ME'.
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Yi R, Zhao S, Kong N, Zhang J, Loganathan D, Mérette S, Morrissey B. Quantitation of γ-aminobutyric acid in equine plasma by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017. [PMID: 28627102 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and regulates the neuronal excitability. There has been anecdotal evidence that γ-aminobutyric acid has been used within a few hours prior to competition in equine sports to calm down nervous horses. However, regulating the use of γ-aminobutyric acid is challenging because it is an endogenous substance in the horse. γ-Aminobutyric acid is usually present at low ng/mL levels in equine plasma; therefore, a sensitive method has to be developed to quantify these low background levels. Measuring low concentrations of endogenous γ-aminobutyric acid is essential to establish a threshold that can be used to differentiate levels attributable to exogenous administrations of γ-aminobutyric acid. A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantitation of γ-aminobutyric acid in equine plasma. Calibrators were prepared in artificial surrogate matrix consisting of 35 mg/mL equine serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline. Samples were prepared by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Utilizing this methodology, a total of 403 equine plasma samples collected post-competition from horses participating in equestrian events in Canada were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yi
- Forensic Equine Drug Testing, Maxxam Analytics, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah Zhao
- Forensic Equine Drug Testing, Maxxam Analytics, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Noel Kong
- Forensic Equine Drug Testing, Maxxam Analytics, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Julia Zhang
- Forensic Equine Drug Testing, Maxxam Analytics, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Devan Loganathan
- Forensic Equine Drug Testing, Maxxam Analytics, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Sandrine Mérette
- Forensic Equine Drug Testing, Maxxam Analytics, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Mizuno H, Ueda K, Kobayashi Y, Tsuyama N, Todoroki K, Min JZ, Toyo'oka T. The great importance of normalization of LC-MS data for highly-accurate non-targeted metabolomics. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [PMID: 27718276 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The non-targeted metabolomics analysis of biological samples is very important to understand biological functions and diseases. LC combined with electrospray ionization-based MS has been a powerful tool and widely used for metabolomic analyses. However, the ionization efficiency of electrospray ionization fluctuates for various unexpected reasons such as matrix effects and intraday variations of the instrument performances. To remove these fluctuations, normalization methods have been developed. Such techniques include increasing the sensitivity, separating co-eluting components and normalizing the ionization efficiencies. Normalization techniques allow simultaneously correcting of the ionization efficiencies of the detected metabolite peaks and achieving quantitative non-targeted metabolomics. In this review paper, we focused on these normalization methods for non-targeted metabolomics by LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Mizuno
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ueda
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuta Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naohiro Tsuyama
- Department of Radiation Life Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Todoroki
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Zhe Min
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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Remane D, Wissenbach DK, Peters FT. Recent advances of liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology — An update. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1051-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Drug analysis represents a large field in different disciplines. Plasma is commonly considered to be the biosample of choice for that purpose. However, concentrations often do not represent the levels present within deeper compartments and therefore cannot sufficiently explain efficacy or toxicology of drugs. MALDI-MS in drug analysis is of great interest for high-throughput quantification and particularly spatially resolved tissue imaging. The current perspective article will deal with challenges and opportunities of MALDI-MS drug analysis in different biological samples. A particular focus will be on hair samples. Recent applications were included, reviewed for their instrumental setup and sample preparation and pros and cons as well as future perspectives are critically discussed.
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A simple, effective approach for rapid development of high-throughput and reliable LC-MS/MS bioanalytical assays. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1809-22. [PMID: 27491843 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapidly developing LC-MS/MS assays with high-throughput and quality are challenging yet desired. Methodology & results: A simple method development approach was reported and demonstrated with the quantitative bioanalysis of BMS-984478, a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor. An accurate, precise and robust LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of BMS-984478 in rat and monkey plasma was developed and validated. Incurred sample reanalysis evaluation passed with 100% of samples meeting the acceptance criteria. The validated assay was successfully applied in toxicology studies without any failed runs. CONCLUSION The approach was successfully applied to the bioanalysis of BMS-984478 in toxicology and clinical studies. This approach was shown to be effective and reliable in speeding the development of high-throughput and reliable LC-MS/MS assays.
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Wang X, Zheng M, Liu J, Qiao Z, Liu W, Feng F. Stereoselective pharmacokinetic study of rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline epimers in rat plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:479-487. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1203043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Mei Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Jia Liu
- Pharmic Laboratory Animal Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Zhou Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China,
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China, and
| | - Feng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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37
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Generalized multiple internal standard method for quantitative liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1445:112-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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38
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HAYAMA T. Development of Analytical Methods Utilizing Selectivity of Fluorous Affinity and Their Applications. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2016. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2015.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Montenarh D, Hopf M, Maurer HH, Schmidt P, Ewald AH. Development and validation of a multi-analyte LC-MS/MS approach for quantification of neuroleptics in whole blood, plasma, and serum. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:1080-1089. [PMID: 26607679 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Based on a similar approach for quantification of antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and z-drugs, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) multi-analyte approach with simple liquid-liquid extraction was extended for fast target screening and quantification of neuroleptics in whole blood, plasma, and serum. As this method is part of a multi-analyte procedure for over 100 analytes from different drug classes and as the extracts were additionally used in the authors' laboratory for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, one universal stable-isotope-labelled internal standard (SIL-IS) was used to save time and resource. The method was validated with respect to international guidelines. For accuracy and precision, full calibration was performed with ranges from subtherapeutic to toxic concentrations. Selectivity problems could not be observed, but matrix effects ranged from 68 to 211% in all samples. For the low quality control (QC), recovery ranged from 32 to 112%, process efficiency from 31 to 165% and for the high QC recovery from 42 to 141%, process efficiency from 29 to 154%. In addition statistical data evaluation of the variances of the recovery, matrix effects, and process efficiency data between whole blood vs. plasma, whole blood vs. serum, and plasma vs. serum were done. The presented LC-MS/MS approach was applicable for selective detection of 33 neuroleptics as well as accurate and precise quantification of 25 neuroleptics in whole blood, 19 in plasma, and 17 in serum. More significant matrix effects (ME) for neuropletic drugs overall in plasma and serum as compared with whole blood were detected. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Montenarh
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße Building 42, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Markus Hopf
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße Building 42, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße Building 42, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Andreas H Ewald
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße Building 42, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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Determination of the antimalarial drug piperaquine in small volume pediatric plasma samples by LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:3081-9. [PMID: 25529877 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Determination of piperaquine (PQ) in pediatric plasma requires a method with a small sample volume. RESULTS We report a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantitation of PQ with only 25 µl human plasma. Using a deuterated internal standard (PQ-d6), an analytical PFP column, APCI(+) as the ion source and MRM (535/288 for PQ and 541/294 for the IS) for detection, the method has a linear calibration range of 1.5-250 ng/ml with a runtime of 3.0 min per sample. The method was applied to plasma samples from children. CONCLUSION The developed LC-MS/MS method is suitable for pediatric studies with small volume plasma samples collected via capillary tubes. One limitation was the performance of PFP columns varied among different brands.
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41
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Quantifying intracellular metabolites in yeast using a matrix with minimal interference from naturally occurring analytes. Anal Biochem 2015; 487:17-26. [PMID: 26142219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For quantification of intracellular metabolites, mass spectrometry combined with liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, or gas chromatography is currently the method of choice, especially when combined with stable isotope-labeled internal standards (SIL-ISs). Due to the difficulties in finding a biological matrix free of intracellular metabolites, a standard addition based validation is needed. Here, we present an alternative by producing a matrix with minimal signal interferences on both the analytes and their SIL-ISs. The matrix was obtained by cultivating Saccharomyces cerevisiae in [(13)C6]glucose/nonlabeled glucose (50:50, w/w) growth medium. The areas of both (12)C6 and (13)C6 fractions of ATP in the matrix were measured to be 2% of the sum of the areas of all ATP isotopes detected. The matrix allowed for spiking of both the nonlabeled and SIL-ISs and more straightforward validation. The intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were ⩾80% and ⩽20%, respectively. The methodology was used for quantification of nucleotides, coenzymes, and redox compounds from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The determined energy charge ratio was 0.9, whereas the Mal-CoA/Ac-CoA ratio was 0.04. The analysis of the redox compounds was challenging due to the oxidation of NADH and NADPH, when dissolved in water or tributylamine. The oxidation was reduced by dissolving them in ammonium acetate solution (pH 8.0).
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Fung EN, Aubry AF, Allentoff A, Ji QC. Utilizing Internal Standard Responses to Assess Risk on Reporting Bioanalytical Results from Hemolyzed Samples. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:1168-76. [PMID: 25975617 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bioanalytical analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic samples is an integral part of small molecule drugs development and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been the technique of choice. One important consideration is the matrix effect, in which ionization of the analytes of interest is affected by the presence of co-eluting interfering components present in the sample matrix. Hemolysis, which results in additional endogenous components being released from the lysed red blood cells, may cause additional matrix interferences. The effects of the degree of hemolysis on the accuracy and precision of the method and the reported sample concentrations from hemolyzed study samples have drawn increasing attention in recent years, especially in cases where the sample concentrations are critical for pharmacokinetic calculation. Currently, there is no established procedure to objectively assess the risk of reporting potentially inaccurate bioanalytical results from hemolyzed study samples. In this work, we evaluated the effect of different degrees of hemolysis on the internal standard peak area, accuracy, and precision of the analyses of BMS-906024 and its metabolite, BMS-911557, in human plasma by LC-MS/MS. In addition, we proposed the strategy of using the peak area of the stable isotope-labeled internal standard (SIL-IS) from the LC-MS/MS measurement as the surrogate marker for risk assessment. Samples with peak areas outside of the pre-defined acceptance criteria, e.g., less than 50% or more than 150% of the average IS response in study samples, plasma standards, and QC samples when SIL-IS is used, are flagged out for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza N Fung
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206/Province Line Road, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, 08543, USA,
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Steuer AE, Poetzsch M, Koenig M, Tingelhoff E, Staeheli SN, Roemmelt AT, Kraemer T. Comparison of conventional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry versus microflow liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry within the framework of full method validation for simultaneous quantification of 40 antidepressants and neuroleptics in whole blood. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1381:87-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jagerdeo E, Clark JA, Leibowitz JN, Reda LJ. Rapid analysis of forensic samples using an atmospheric solid analysis probe interfaced to a linear ion trap mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:205-12. [PMID: 25641495 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE This paper highlights the simplicity of interfacing an Atmospheric Solid Analysis Probe (ASAP) to a Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer and shows that this technique can be used for the rapid generation of high-quality data from a range of sample types with minimal or no sample preparation. METHODS For a solid sample or surface deposit, the process entails rubbing a capillary melting tube a few times on the sample to transfer material to the capillary surface and then introducing it into the source of the mass spectrometer. Similarly, for a liquid sample, a capillary tube is dipped into the sample to just coat the surface or a few microliters may be applied to the tip of a capillary before being analyzed by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization in both positive and negative mode. RESULTS A rodenticide containing brodifacoum, black tar heroin and its impurities (morphine, codeine, noscapine, papaverine, and monoacetylmorphine), crack cocaine and 1-methylaminoanthraquinone dyestuff were successfully analyzed directly without any sample preparation. All compounds were detected using full scan mass spectrometry (MS), followed by confirmation by MS/MS. Preliminary results suggest that this technique could be used for quantitation. CONCLUSIONS Interfacing the ASAP to an ion trap mass spectrometer allows the ability to perform full scan, MS(n) experiments, and rapid positive/negative switching from a single sample introduction. Because of these features, this instrument is very useful for rapid, routine analysis and for confirmation with the use of in-house MS/MS libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshwar Jagerdeo
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico, VA, 22135, USA
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Challenges of analyzing different classes of metabolites by a single analytical method. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:3393-416. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex biological samples include thousands of metabolites that range widely in both physiochemical properties and concentration. Simultaneously analyzing metabolites with different properties using a single analytical method is very challenging. The analytical process for metabolites comprises multiple steps including sampling, quenching, sample preparation, separation and detection. Each step can have a significant effect on the reliability and precision of ultimate analytic results. The aim of review is a discussion of considerations and challenges for the simultaneous analysis of metabolites using LC– and GC–MS systems. The review discusses available methodology for each analytical step, and presents the limitations and advantages of each method for the large-scale targeted metabolomics analysis of human and animal biological samples.
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Roemmelt AT, Steuer AE, Poetzsch M, Kraemer T. Liquid chromatography, in combination with a quadrupole time-of-flight instrument (LC QTOF), with sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra (SWATH) acquisition: systematic studies on its use for screenings in clinical and forensic toxicology and comparison with information-dependent acquisition (IDA). Anal Chem 2014; 86:11742-9. [PMID: 25329363 DOI: 10.1021/ac503144p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Forensic and clinical toxicological screening procedures are employing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques with information-dependent acquisition (IDA) approaches more and more often. It is known that the complexity of a sample and the IDA settings might prevent important compounds from being triggered. Therefore, data-independent acquisition (DIA) methods should be more suitable for systematic toxicological analysis (STA). The DIA method sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra (SWATH), which uses Q1 windows of 20-35 Da for data-independent fragmentation, was systematically investigated for its suitability for STA. Quality of SWATH-generated mass spectra were evaluated with regard to mass error, relative abundance of the fragments, and library hits. With the Q1 window set to 20-25 Da, several precursors pass Q1 at the same time and are fragmented, thus impairing the library search algorithms to a different extent: forward fit was less affected than reverse fit and purity fit. Mass error was not affected. The relative abundance of the fragments was concentration dependent for some analytes and was influenced by cofragmentation, especially of deuterated analogues. Also, the detection rate of IDA compared to SWATH was investigated in a forced coelution experiment (up to 20 analytes coeluting). Even using several different IDA settings, it was observed that IDA failed to trigger relevant compounds. Screening results of 382 authentic forensic cases revealed that SWATH's detection rate was superior to IDA, which failed to trigger ∼10% of the analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas T Roemmelt
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
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Nestola M, Thellmann A. Determination of vitamins D2 and D3 in selected food matrices by online high-performance liquid chromatography–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-GC-MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:297-308. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The use of alternative matrices such as oral fluid and hair has increased in the past decades because of advances in analytical technology. However, there are still many issues that need to be resolved. Standardized protocols of sample pretreatment are needed to link the detected concentrations to final conclusions. The development of suitable proficiency testing schemes is required. Finally, interpretation issues such as link to effect, adulteration, detection markers and thresholds will hamper the vast use of these matrices. Today, several niche areas apply these matrices with success, such as drugs and driving for oral fluid and drug-facilitated crimes for hair. Once those issues are resolved, the number of applications will markedly grow in the future.
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Hird SJ, Lau BPY, Schuhmacher R, Krska R. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of chemical contaminants in food. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Berg T, Karlsen M, Oiestad AML, Johansen JE, Liu H, Strand DH. Evaluation of ¹³C- and ²H-labeled internal standards for the determination of amphetamines in biological samples, by reversed-phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1344:83-90. [PMID: 24780257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotope-labeled internal standards (SIL-ISs) are often used when applying liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to analyze for legal and illegal drugs. ISs labeled with (13)C, (15)N, and (18)O are expected to behave more closely to their corresponding unlabeled analytes, compared with that of the more classically used (2)H-labeled ISs. This study has investigated the behavior of amphetamine, (2)H3-, (2)H5, (2)H6-, (2)H8-, (2)H11-, and (13)C6-labeled amphetamine, during sample preparation by liquid-liquid extraction and LC-MS/MS analyses. None or only minor differences in liquid-liquid extraction recoveries of amphetamine and the SIL-ISs were observed. The chromatographic resolution between amphetamine and the (2)H-labeled amphetamines increased with the number of (2)H-substitutes. For chromatographic studies we also included seven additional (13)C6-amphetamines and their analytes. All the (13)C6-labeled ISs were co-eluting with their analytes, both when a basic and when an acidic mobile phase were used. MS/MS analyses of amphetamine and its SIL-ISs showed that the ISs with the highest number of (2)H-substitutes required more energy for fragmentation in the collision cell compared with that of the ISs with a lower number. The findings, in this study, support those of previous studies, showing that (13)C-labeled ISs are superior to (2)H-labeled ISs, for analytical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Berg
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Ase Marit Leere Oiestad
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Dag Helge Strand
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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