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Jo J, Son Y, Park MK, Lee JY, Chu H, Ahn YG. Statistical comparison for assessing agreement between two mass spectrometric methods for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDDs/Fs) in contaminated soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142806. [PMID: 38986783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
A gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HR/MS) has been used as the standard method for the quantification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDDs/Fs), which are regulated at screening and action levels in the environment. However, several alternative methods have been attempted due to the disadvantage of its high cost. Although a gas chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) has been used in a wide variety of sample matrices, showing that they are interchangeable, there has been a lack of comprehensive studies on statistical agreement with GC-HR/MS. In this study, a pairwise comparison of the total concentrations of PCDDs/Fs in 90 soil field samples obtained by two mass spectrometric methods was performed using the Passing-Bablok (P&B) regression and Bland-Altman (B&A) analysis for the method comparison. According to the result of the B&A analysis, the concentration range of PCDDs/Fs was between 98.2 and 1760 pg/g showed good agreement between two methods at the 95 % confidence level (CL). Although there was a large discrepancy between the two methods in the low concentrations (<16.5 pg/g of PCDDs/Fs), this result was similar to the P&B regression analysis. As the verification results by B&A and P&B regression analysis, the interchangeable concentration range between the two methods was confirmed to be adequate for the monitoring of PCDDs/Fs regulating levels in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Jo
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, 39177, South Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 39177, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Jeju National University, 63243, South Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Haena Chu
- Metropolitan Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, University-Industry Cooperation Building, 150, Bugahyeon-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03759, South Korea
| | - Yun Gyong Ahn
- Metropolitan Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, University-Industry Cooperation Building, 150, Bugahyeon-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03759, South Korea.
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Franchina FA, Lazzari E, Scholl G, Focant JF. Assessment of a New GC-MS/MS System for the Confirmatory Measurement of PCDD/Fs and (N)DL-PCBs in Food under EU Regulation. Foods 2019; 8:foods8080302. [PMID: 31374850 PMCID: PMC6722952 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychloro-dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like (DL), and non dioxin-like (NDL) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are currently regulated in food and feed within the European territory (EU 2017/644-771). The confirmatory methods of analysis for checking compliance with maximum levels (MLs) for these involve either the historically-established GC-magnetic sector high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) and, more recently, GC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry operating in tandem mode (GC-QQQMS/MS). In this study, the performance of a novel triple quadrupole GC-QQQMS/MS system equipped with a programable temperature vaporization (PTV) injector was evaluated for the analysis of regulated PCDD/Fs and PCBs in food and feed. The MS analyzer was equipped with a titanium ionization chamber and a new short collision cell capable to accumulate and eject ions by means of very narrow pulses that allow to minimize the noise and to adapt accumulation times for sensitive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The analytical capability of the system was confronted by the strict requirements (selectivity, reproducibility, linearity, quant/qual MRM transitions, accuracy, robustness) set by the EU Regulation for a range of standards, quality control (QC) and food/feed samples. In this respect, the approach showed high precision (1.9–15% relative standard deviation (RSD) at low pg/µL) and accuracy (>80%, except for one hexa-CDD). The quantitative results were also compared to the most used GC-HRMS. In this case, comparable results in terms of single congener concentration basis and total toxic equivalent (TEQ) basis for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were obtained for the QC samples analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Antonio Franchina
- Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Eliane Lazzari
- Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90040-060 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - George Scholl
- Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
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Benedetti P, Guerriero E, Mosca S, Rotatori M. Analysis of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans in stationary source emissions in GC-MS/MS using hydrogen as the carrier gas. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3469-3478. [PMID: 28703493 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The European and American methods for the determination of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans in stationary source emissions require a high-resolution mass spectrometer detector. At the same time, all of the 17 toxic 2,3,7,8-chlorine-substituted isomers have to be separated by an appropriate chromatographic method. The resulting analysis has long runtimes and sometimes a double-column run is needed, which results in a huge waste of time, money and manual labor. To obtain a fast and cost-effective but still reliable analytical system, a single-column gas chromatography with hydrogen as carrier gas and tandem mass spectrometry detection is proposed. The use of hydrogen as the carrier gas is a good choice to shorten runtimes and improve the chromatographic resolution, while tandem mass spectrometry is a well-known alternative for this analysis. All the chromatographic and mass spectrometric parameters fill the requirements of the reference methods with a 35% reduction of runtimes. The accuracy is tested with three fly ash samples of a proficiency interlaboratory test. A good correlation between the results is obtained (R2 = 0.992, slope = 0.9675), and no coelutions are noted. The system robustness is tested during 5 years of constant use and the maximal relative standard deviation of the relative response factor is 18.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Benedetti
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Guerriero
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Mosca
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Rotatori
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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Triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry: A real alternative to high resolution magnetic sector instrument for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 889:156-65. [PMID: 26343438 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the optimisation, characterisation, validation and applicability of gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in its tandem operation mode (GC-QqQ(MS/MS) for the quantification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs, dioxins) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in environmental and food matrices. MS/MS parameters were selected to achieve the high sensitivity and selectivity required for the analysis of this type of compounds and samples. Good repeatability for areas (RSD = 1-10%, for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs) and for ion transition ratios (RSD = 0.3-10%, for PCDD/Fs, and 0.2-15%, for DL-PCBs) and low instrumental limits of detection, 0.07-0.75 pg μL(-1) (for dioxins) and 0.05-0.63 pg μL(-1) (for DL-PCBs), were obtained. A comparative study of the congener specific determination using both GC-QqQ(MS/MS) and gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) was also performed by analysing several fortified samples and certified reference materials (CRMs) with low (feed and foodstuffs), median (sewage sludge) and high (fly ash) toxic equivalency (TEQ) concentration levels, i.e. 0.60, 1.83, 72.9 and 3609 pg WHO-TEQ(PCDD/Fs) g(-1). The agreement between the results obtained for the total TEQs (dioxins) on GC-QqQ(MS/MS) and GC-HRMS in all the investigated samples were within the range of ±4%, and that of DL-PCBs at concentration levels of 0.84 pg WHO-TEQs (DL-PCBs) g(-1), in the case of feedstuffs, was 0.11%. Both instrumental methods have similar and comparable linearity, precision and accuracy. The GC-QqQ(MS/MS) sensitivity, lower than that of GC-HRMS, is good enough (iLODs in the down to low pg levels) to detect the normal concentrations of these compounds in food and environmental samples. These results make GC-QqQ(MS/MS) suitable for the quantitative analysis of dioxins and DL-PCBs and a real alternative tool to the reference sector HRMS instruments.
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Planche C, Ratel J, Mercier F, Blinet P, Debrauwer L, Engel E. Assessment of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry based methods for investigating 206 dioxin-like micropollutants in animal-derived food matrices. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1392:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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L'Homme B, Scholl G, Eppe G, Focant JF. Validation of a gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method for confirmatory analysis of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls in feed following new EU Regulation 709/2014. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1376:149-58. [PMID: 25533395 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The European Regulations laying down methods of sampling and analysis for the EU official control of levels of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychloro-dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like (DL) and non dioxin-like (NDL) PCBs in food and feed have been recently amended by EU Regulation Nos. 589/2014 and 709/2014. A major update is the recognition of gas chromatography (GC) triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QQQMS/MS) as a confirmatory tool for checking compliance with maximum levels (ML). These revisions have been initiated since this technology now exhibits similar performances to GC (magnetic sector) high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). In this paper, we show a fully validated method for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs analysis in feed material of plant origin (vegetable oil) using GC-QQQMS/MS following the dedicated EU Regulation 709/2014. We show that individual analytical criteria (selectivity, linearity, quant/qual MRM transitions, accuracy around ML of 1.50ng WHO2005TEQ/kg, within-lab reproducibility, robustness, and background subtraction) meet the strict requirements set by the EU Regulation. We also propose a clear interpretation of instrumental limit of quantitation (iLOQ) as a 'performance-LOQ', defined in a specific way for GC-QQQMS/MS, and method limit of quantitation (mLOQ) as 'real-LOQ' that is used to report bound results. Eventually, the evaluation of measurement uncertainty, following a top-down approach and data produced with our method, demonstrates similar results than with GC-HRMS, thus offering a reliable alternative to the standard method for vegetable oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L'Homme
- CART, Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie 3, B6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - G Scholl
- CART, Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie 3, B6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - G Eppe
- CART, Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie 3, B6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - J-F Focant
- CART, Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie 3, B6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Castro-Puyana M, Herrero M. Metabolomics approaches based on mass spectrometry for food safety, quality and traceability. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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A GC/MS–MS Versus GC/HRMS Dioxin Analysis Comparison. Some Critical Considerations for Low-Level Environmental Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62623-3.00019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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