1
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Rudt E, Faist C, Schwantes V, Konrad N, Wiedmaier-Czerny N, Lehnert K, Topman-Rakover S, Brill A, Burdman S, Hayouka Z, Vetter W, Hayen H. LC-MS/MS-based phospholipid profiling of plant-pathogenic bacteria with tailored separation of methyl-branched species. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05451-1. [PMID: 39052053 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic bacteria are one of the major constraints on agricultural yield. In order to selectively treat these bacteria, it is essential to understand the molecular structure of their cell membrane. Previous studies have focused on analyzing hydrolyzed fatty acids (FA) due to the complexity of bacterial membrane lipids. These studies have highlighted the occurrence of branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) alongside normal-chain fatty acids (NCFA) in many bacteria. As several FA are bound in the intact phospholipids of the bacterial membrane, the presence of isomeric FA complicates lipid analysis. Furthermore, commercially available reference standards do not fully cover potential lipid isomers. To address this issue, we have developed a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to analyze the phospholipids of various plant-pathogenic bacteria with a focus on BCFA containing phospholipids. The study revealed the separation of three isomeric phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) depending on the number of bound BCFA to NCFA. The validation of the retention order was based on available reference standards in combination with the analysis of hydrolyzed fatty acids through gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after fractionation. Additionally, the transferability of the retention order to other major lipid classes, such as phosphatidylglycerols (PG) and cardiolipins (CL), was thoroughly examined. Using the information regarding the retention behavior, the phospholipid profile of six plant-pathogenic bacteria was structurally elucidated. Furthermore, the developed LC-MS/MS method was used to classify the plant-pathogenic bacteria based on the number of bound BCFA in the phospholipidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Rudt
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Faist
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Vera Schwantes
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Nele Konrad
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Nina Wiedmaier-Czerny
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b) , University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, D-70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Lehnert
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b) , University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, D-70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Shiri Topman-Rakover
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aya Brill
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Saul Burdman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zvi Hayouka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b) , University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, D-70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
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2
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Nsiah ST, Fabijanczuk KC, McLuckey SA. Structural characterization of fatty acid anions via gas-phase charge inversion using Mg(tri-butyl-terpyridine) 2 2+ reagent ions. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9741. [PMID: 38567638 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Free fatty acids and lipid classes containing fatty acid esters are major components of lipidome. In the absence of a chemical derivatization step, FA anions do not yield all of the structural information that may be of interest under commonly used collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions. A line of work that avoids condensed-phase derivatization takes advantage of gas-phase ion/ion chemistry to charge invert FA anions to an ion type that provides the structural information of interest using conventional CID. This work was motivated by the potential for significant improvement in overall efficiency for obtaining FA chain structural information. METHODS A hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion-trap tandem mass spectrometer that has been modified to enable the execution of ion/ion reaction experiments was used to evaluate the use of 4,4',4″-tri-tert-butyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (ttb-Terpy) as the ligand in divalent magnesium complexes for charge inversion of FA anions. RESULTS Mg(ttb-Terpy)2 2+ complexes provide significantly improved efficiency in producing structurally informative products from FA ions relative to Mg(Terpy)2 2+ complexes, as demonstrated for straight-chain FAs, branched-chain FAs, unsaturated FAs, and cyclopropane-containing FAs. It was discovered that most of the structurally informative fragmentation from [FA-H + Mg(ttb-Terpy)]+ results from the loss of a methyl radical from the ligand followed by radical-directed dissociation (RDD), which stands in contrast to the charge-remote fragmentation (CRF) believed to be operative with the [FA-H + Mg(Terpy)]+ ions. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that a large fraction of product ions from the CID of ions of the form [FA-H + Mg(ttb-Terpy)]+ are derived from RDD of the FA backbone, with a very minor fraction arising from structurally uninformative dissociation channels. This ligand provides an alternative to previously used ligands for the structural characterization of FAs via CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Nsiah
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Scott A McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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3
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Shenault DM, Fabijanczuk KC, Murtada R, Finn S, Gonzalez LE, Gao J, McLuckey SA. Gas-Phase Ion/Ion Reactions to Enable Radical-Directed Dissociation of Fatty Acid Ions: Application to Localization of Methyl Branching. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3389-3401. [PMID: 38353412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Methyl branching on the carbon chains of fatty acids and fatty esters is among the structural variations encountered with fatty acids and fatty esters. Branching in fatty acid/ester chains is particularly prominent in bacterial species and, for example, in vernix caseosa and sebum. The distinction of branched chains from isomeric straight-chain species and the localization of branching can be challenging to determine by mass spectrometry (MS). Condensed-phase derivatization strategies, often used in conjunction with separations, are most commonly used to address the identification and characterization of branched fatty acids. In this work, a gas-phase ion/ion strategy is presented that obviates condensed-phase derivatization and introduces a radical site into fatty acid ions to facilitate radical-directed dissociation (RDD). The gas-phase approach is also directly amenable to fatty acid anions generated via collision-induced dissociation from lipid classes that contain fatty esters. Specifically, divalent magnesium complexes bound to two terpyridine ligands that each incorporate a ((2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine-1-yl)oxy) (TEMPO) moiety are used to charge-invert fatty acid anions. Following the facile loss of one of the ligands and the TEMPO group of the remaining ligand, a radical site is introduced into the complex. Subsequent collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the complex exhibits preferred cleavages that localize the site(s) of branching. The approach is illustrated with iso-, anteiso-, and isoprenoid branched-chain fatty acids and an intact glycerophospholipid and is applied to a mixture of branched- and straight-chain fatty acids derived from Bacillus subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- De'Shovon M Shenault
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kimberly C Fabijanczuk
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rayan Murtada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Shane Finn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - L Edwin Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jinshan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Scott A McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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4
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Naylor CN, Nagy G. Permethylation and Metal Adduction: A Toolbox for the Improved Characterization of Glycolipids with Cyclic Ion Mobility Separations Coupled to Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13725-13732. [PMID: 37650842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are an important class of molecules involved in various biological functions but remain difficult to characterize through mass-spectrometry-based methods because of their many possible isomers. Glycolipids, specifically, play important roles in cell signaling but display an even greater level of isomeric heterogeneity as compared to other lipid classes stemming from the introduction of a carbohydrate and its corresponding linkage position and α/β anomericity at the headgroup. While liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) remains the gold standard technique in lipidomics, it is still unable to characterize all isomeric species, thus presenting the need for new, orthogonal, methodologies. Ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) can provide an additional dimension of information that supplements LC-MS/MS workflows, but has seen little use for glycolipid analyses. Herein, we present an analytical toolbox that enables the characterization of various glycolipid isomer sets using high-resolution cyclic ion mobility separations coupled with mass spectrometry (cIMS-MS). Specifically, we utilized a combination of both permethylation and metal adduction to fully resolve isomeric sphingolipids and ceramides with our cIMS-MS platform. We also introduce a new metric that can enable comparing peak-to-peak resolution across varying cIMS-MS pathlengths. Overall, we envision that our presented methodologies are highly amenable to existing LC-MS/MS-based workflows and can also have broad utility toward other omics-based analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron N Naylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Gabe Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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5
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Hormann FL, Sommer S, Heiles S. Formation and Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Doubly Charged Lipid-Metal Ion Complexes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37315187 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids are major components of most eukaryotic cell membranes. Changes in metabolic states are often accompanied by phospholipid structure variations. The structural changes of phospholipids are the hallmark of disease states, or specific lipid structures have been associated with distinct organisms. Prime examples are microorganisms that synthesize phospholipids with, for example, different branched chain fatty acids. Assignment and relative quantitation of structural isomers of phospholipids that arise from attachment of different fatty acids to the glycerophospholipid backbone are difficult with routine tandem mass spectrometry or with liquid chromatography without authentic standards. In this work, we report on the observation that all investigated phospholipid classes form doubly charged lipid-metal ion complexes during electrospray ionization (ESI) and show that these complexes can be used to assign lipid classes and fatty acid moieties, distinguish isomers of branched chain fatty acids, and relatively quantify these isomers in positive-ion mode. Use of water free methanol and addition of divalent metal salts (100 mol %) to ESI spray solutions afford highly abundant doubly charged lipid-metal ion complexes (up to 70 times of protonated compounds). Higher-energy collisional dissociation and collision-induced dissociation of doubly charged complexes yield a diverse set of lipid class-dependent fragment ions. In common for all lipid classes is the liberation of fatty acid-metal adducts that yield fragment ions from the fatty acid hydrocarbon chain upon activation. This ability is used to pinpoint sites of branching in saturated fatty acids and is showcased for free fatty acids as well as glycerophospholipids. The analytical utility of doubly charged phospholipid-metal ion complexes is demonstrated by distinguishing fatty acid branching-site isomers in phospholipid mixtures and relatively quantifying the corresponding isomeric compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix-Levin Hormann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Otto-Hahn-Straße 6b, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Lipidomics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Simon Sommer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven Heiles
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Otto-Hahn-Straße 6b, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Lipidomics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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6
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Kirschbaum C, Young RSE, Greis K, Menzel JP, Gewinner S, Schöllkopf W, Meijer G, von Helden G, Causon T, Narreddula VR, Poad BLJ, Blanksby SJ, Pagel K. Establishing carbon-carbon double bond position and configuration in unsaturated fatty acids by gas-phase infrared spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2518-2527. [PMID: 36908944 PMCID: PMC9993887 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are an abundant class of lipids that are characterised by wide structural variation including isomeric diversity arising from the position and configuration of functional groups. Traditional approaches to fatty acid characterisation have combined chromatography and mass spectrometry for a description of the composition of individual fatty acids while infrared (IR) spectroscopy has provided insights into the functional groups and bond configurations at the bulk level. Here we exploit universal 3-pyridylcarbinol ester derivatization of fatty acids to acquire IR spectra of individual lipids as mass-selected gas-phase ions. Intramolecular interactions between the protonated pyridine moiety and carbon-carbon double bonds present highly sensitive probes for regiochemistry and configuration through promotion of strong and predictable shifts in IR resonances. Gas-phase IR spectra obtained from unsaturated fatty acids are shown to discriminate between isomers and enable the first unambiguous structural assignment of 6Z-octadecenoic acid in human-derived cell lines. Compatibility of 3-pyridylcarbinol ester derivatization with conventional chromatography-mass spectrometry and now gas-phase IR spectroscopy paves the way for comprehensive structure elucidation of fatty acids that is sensitive to regio- and stereochemical variations and with the potential to uncover new pathways in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Kirschbaum
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Altensteinstraße 23a 14195 Berlin Germany .,Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Reuben S E Young
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia .,Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Kim Greis
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Altensteinstraße 23a 14195 Berlin Germany .,Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Menzel
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia .,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Sandy Gewinner
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Wieland Schöllkopf
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Gert von Helden
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Tim Causon
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Venkateswara R Narreddula
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia .,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Berwyck L J Poad
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia .,Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia .,Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Altensteinstraße 23a 14195 Berlin Germany .,Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
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7
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Randolph CE, Beveridge CH, Iyer S, Blanksby SJ, McLuckey SA, Chopra G. Identification of Monomethyl Branched-Chain Lipids by a Combination of Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Charge-Switching Chemistries. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:2156-2164. [PMID: 36218280 PMCID: PMC10173259 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
While various mass spectrometric approaches have been applied to lipid analysis, unraveling the extensive structural diversity of lipids remains a significant challenge. Notably, these approaches often fail to differentiate between isomeric lipids─a challenge that is particularly acute for branched-chain fatty acids (FAs) that often share similar (or identical) mass spectra to their straight-chain isomers. Here, we utilize charge-switching strategies that combine ligated magnesium dications with deprotonated fatty acid anions. Subsequent activation of these charge inverted anions yields mass spectra that differentiate anteiso-branched- from straight-chain and iso-branched-chain FA isomers with the predictable fragmentation enabling de novo assignment of anteiso branch points. The application of these charge-inversion chemistries in both gas- and solution-phase modalities is demonstrated to assign the position of anteiso-methyl branch-points in FAs and, with the aid of liquid chromatography, can be extended to de novo assignment of additional branching sites via predictable fragmentation patterns as methyl branching site(s) move closer to the carboxyl carbon. The gas-phase approach is shown to be compatible with top-down structure elucidation of complex lipids such as phosphatidylcholines, while the integration of solution-phase charge-inversion with reversed phase liquid chromatography enables separation and unambiguous identification of FA structures within isomeric mixtures. Taken together, the presented charge-switching MS-based technique, in combination with liquid chromatography, enables the structural identification of branched-chain FA without the requirement of authentic methyl-branched FA reference standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Randolph
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
| | - Connor H. Beveridge
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
| | - Sanjay Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
| | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility and the School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
- Department of Computer Science (by courtesy), Purdue Institutes of Drug Discovery and Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Address reprint requests to: Dr. Gaurav Chopra, 560 Oval Drive, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA, Phone: (765) 496-6108, Fax: (765) 494-0239,
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8
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Blevins MS, Shields SWJ, Cui W, Fallatah W, Moser AB, Braverman NE, Brodbelt JS. Structural Characterization and Quantitation of Ether-Linked Glycerophospholipids in Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder Tissue by Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12621-12629. [PMID: 36070546 PMCID: PMC9631334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biological impact of ether glycerophospholipids (GP) in peroxisomal disorders and other diseases makes them significant targets as biomarkers for diagnostic assays or deciphering pathology of the disorders. Ether lipids include both plasmanyl and plasmenyl lipids, which each contain an ether or a vinyl ether bond at the sn-1 linkage position, respectively. This linkage, in contrast to traditional diacyl GPs, precludes their detailed characterization by mass spectrometry via traditional collisional-based MS/MS techniques. Additionally, the isomeric nature of plasmanyl and plasmenyl pairs of ether lipids introduces a further level of complexity that impedes analysis of these species. Here, we utilize 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation mass spectrometry (UVPD-MS) for detailed characterization of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) plasmenyl and plasmanyl lipids in mouse brain tissue. 213 nm UVPD-MS enables the successful differentiation of these four ether lipid subtypes for the first time. We couple this UVPD-MS methodology to reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) for characterization and relative quantitation of ether lipids from normal and diseased (Pex7 deficiency modeling the peroxisome biogenesis disorder, RCDP) mouse brain tissue, highlighting the ability to pinpoint specific structural features of ether lipids that are important for monitoring aberrant lipid metabolism in peroxisomal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Blevins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Samuel W J Shields
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | | | - Wedad Fallatah
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, 21423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ann B Moser
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | | | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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9
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Zhu Z, Li X, Tang C, Shen J, Liu J, Ye Y. A derivatization strategy for comprehensive identification of 2- and 3-hydroxyl fatty acids by LC-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1216:339981. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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10
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Grabarics M, Lettow M, Kirschbaum C, Greis K, Manz C, Pagel K. Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques to Elucidate the Sugar Code. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7840-7908. [PMID: 34491038 PMCID: PMC9052437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells encode information in the sequence of biopolymers, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and glycans. Although glycans are essential to all living organisms, surprisingly little is known about the "sugar code" and the biological roles of these molecules. The reason glycobiology lags behind its counterparts dealing with nucleic acids and proteins lies in the complexity of carbohydrate structures, which renders their analysis extremely challenging. Building blocks that may differ only in the configuration of a single stereocenter, combined with the vast possibilities to connect monosaccharide units, lead to an immense variety of isomers, which poses a formidable challenge to conventional mass spectrometry. In recent years, however, a combination of innovative ion activation methods, commercialization of ion mobility-mass spectrometry, progress in gas-phase ion spectroscopy, and advances in computational chemistry have led to a revolution in mass spectrometry-based glycan analysis. The present review focuses on the above techniques that expanded the traditional glycomics toolkit and provided spectacular insight into the structure of these fascinating biomolecules. To emphasize the specific challenges associated with them, major classes of mammalian glycans are discussed in separate sections. By doing so, we aim to put the spotlight on the most important element of glycobiology: the glycans themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márkó Grabarics
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Lettow
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carla Kirschbaum
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Greis
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Manz
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute
of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Lin Q, Li P, Jian R, Xia Y. Localization of Intrachain Modifications in Bacterial Lipids Via Radical-Directed Dissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:714-721. [PMID: 35195000 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intrachain modifications of membrane glycerophospholipids (GPLs) due to formation of the carbon-carbon double bond (C═C), cyclopropane ring, and methyl branching are crucial for bacterial membrane homeostasis. Conventional collision-induced dissociation (CID) of even-electron ions of GPL favors charge-directed fragmentation channels, and thus little structurally informative fragments can be detected for locating intrachain modifications. In this study, we report a radical-directed dissociation (RDD) approach for characterization of the intrachain modifications within phosphoethanolamines (PEs), a major lipid component in bacterial membrane. In this method, a radical precursor that can produce benzyl or pyridine methyl radical upon low-energy CID at high efficiency is conjugated onto the amine group of PEs. The carbon-centered radical ions subsequently initiate RDD along the fatty acyl chain, producing fragment patterns key to the assignment and localization of intrachain modifications including C═C, cyclopropane rings, and methyl branching. Besides intrachain fragmentation, RDD on the glycerol backbone produces fatty acyl loss as radicals, allowing one to identify the fatty acyl chain composition of PE. Moreover, RDD of lyso-PEs produces radical losses for distinguishing the sn-isomers. The above RDD approach has been incorporated onto a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry workflow and applied for the analysis of lipid extracts from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohong Lin
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Pengyun Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ruijun Jian
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
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12
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Morozumi S, Ueda M, Okahashi N, Arita M. Structures and functions of the gut microbial lipidome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159110. [PMID: 34995792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microbial lipids provide signals that are responsible for maintaining host health and controlling disease. The differences in the structures of microbial lipids have been shown to alter receptor selectivity and agonist/antagonist activity. Advanced lipidomics is an emerging field that helps to elucidate the complex bacterial lipid diversity. The use of cutting-edge technologies is expected to lead to the discovery of new functional metabolites involved in host homeostasis. This review aims to describe recent updates on functional lipid metabolites derived from gut microbiota, their structure-activity relationships, and advanced lipidomics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Morozumi
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ueda
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; JSR Bioscience and Informatics R&D Center, JSR Corporation, 3-103-9 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Okahashi
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan; Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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13
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Macias LA, Brodbelt JS. Enhanced Characterization of Cardiolipins via Hybrid 193 nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3268-3277. [PMID: 35135194 PMCID: PMC9284920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipins (CLs) constitute a structurally complex class of glycerophospholipids with a unique tetraacylated structure accompanied by distinctive functional roles. Aberrations in the composition of this lipid class have been associated with disease states, spurring interest in the development of new approaches to differentiate the structures of diverse CLs in complex mixtures. The structural characterization of these complex lipids using conventional methods, however, suffers from limited resolution and frequently proves unable to discern subtle yet biologically significant features such as unsaturation sites or acyl chain position assignments. Here, we describe the synergistic use of chemical derivatization and hybrid dissociation techniques to characterize CL from complex biological mixtures with both double bond and sn positional isomer resolution in a shotgun mass spectrometry strategy. Utilizing (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane (TMSD), CL phosphate groups were methylated to promote positive-mode ionization by the production of metal-cationized lipids, enabling structural interrogation via hybrid higher-energy collisional activation/ultraviolet photodissociation (HCD/UVPD). This combination of TMSD derivatization and HCD/UVPD fragmentation results in diagnostic product ions that permit distinction and relative quantitation of sn-stereoisomers and the localization of double bonds. Applying this strategy to a total lipid extract from a thyroid carcinoma revealed a previously unreported 18:2/18:1 motif, elucidating a structural feature unique to the lipid class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Macias
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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14
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Jian R, Zhao X, Lin Q, Xia Y. Profiling of branched-chain fatty acids via nitroxide radical-directed dissociation integrated on an LC-MS/MS workflow. Analyst 2022; 147:2115-2123. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00266c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By coupling O-benzylhydroxylamine derivatization and tandem mass spectrometry, nitroxide radical-induced dissociation can be initiated via collisional activation which enables the analysis of methyl branching(s) in fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Jian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biological, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biological, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiaohong Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biological, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biological, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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15
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Ma X, Zhang W, Li Z, Xia Y, Ouyang Z. Enabling High Structural Specificity to Lipidomics by Coupling Photochemical Derivatization with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3873-3882. [PMID: 34570464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipids have pivotal roles in many biological processes, including energy storage, signal transduction, and plasma membrane formation. A disruption of lipid homeostasis is found to be associated with a range of diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Fundamental lipid biology and disease diagnostics can benefit from monitoring lipid changes in cells, tissues, organs, or the whole biological system. Therefore, it is important to develop lipid analysis tools to achieve comprehensive lipid characterization and quantitation. Over the past two decades, mass spectrometry (MS) has become the method of choice for qualitative and quantitative analyses of lipids, owing to its high sensitivity, multiplexed analysis, and soft ionization features. With the rapid development and adoption of ultrahigh-resolution MS, isobaric lipids can now be routinely resolved. By contrast, the structural characterization and quantitation of isomeric lipids remain an analytical challenge. Although some lipid C═C location or sn-isomers can be resolved by chromatography, ion mobility, or selective ionization approaches, a detailed structural characterization on the lipidome-wide level needs to be achieved.Over the past six years, we have successfully combined the Paternò-Büchi (PB) reaction, which is a UV-promoted photocycloaddition reaction specific to the C═C, with tandem MS (MS/MS) to locate the C═C in lipids and quantify lipid C═C location isomers. The PB reactions have analytical advantages such as a simple experimental setup, rapid lipid C═C derivatization, and highly specific C═C cleavage during PB-MS/MS to produce abundant diagnostic ions. More importantly, without a need of isomer separation or a comparison to authentic standards, PB-MS/MS can be directly applied to identify and quantify a mixture of lipid C═C location isomers, often coexisting with molar ratios sensitive to the biological state of the system. The PB-MS/MS method is compatible with conventional shotgun lipidomics employing a nanoelectrospray ionization or a large-sale lipid structural analysis via liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to any mass spectrometer with tandem MS capability. The PB-MS/MS method is highly versatile, as a variety of PB reagents can be tailored to a broad range of applications. Besides UV-promoted PB reactions, visible-light PB reactions have also been developed to offer more flexibility for a lipid analysis. By using selected PB reagents, the sn-positions of fatty acyls can be resolved together with C═C locations in phospholipids. This method has been used in lipidomic analyses of tissue, blood, and plasma from animal models and clinical samples, demonstrating the potential of using lipid C═C or sn-location isomer ratios for phenotyping and disease diagnostics. Lipid isomer-resolving MS imagings of tissues and single-cell lipid analysis have also been demonstrated by a proper implementation of PB-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zishuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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16
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Macias LA, Garza KY, Feider CL, Eberlin LS, Brodbelt JS. Relative Quantitation of Unsaturated Phosphatidylcholines Using 193 nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation Parallel Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14622-14634. [PMID: 34486374 PMCID: PMC8579512 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Structural characterization of glycerophospholipids beyond the fatty acid level has become a major endeavor in lipidomics, presenting an opportunity to advance the understanding of the intricate relationship between lipid metabolism and disease state. Distinguishing subtle lipid structural features, however, remains a major challenge for high-throughput workflows that implement traditional tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques, stunting the molecular depth of quantitative strategies. Here, reversed phase liquid chromatography is coupled to parallel reaction mass spectrometry utilizing the double bond localization capabilities of ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) mass spectrometry to produce double bond isomer specific responses that are leveraged for relative quantitation. The strategy provides lipidomic characterization at the double bond level for phosphatidylcholine phospholipids from biological extracts. In addition to quantifying monounsaturated lipids, quantitation of phospholipids incorporating isomeric polyunsaturated fatty acids is also achieved. Using this technique, phosphatidylcholine isomer ratios are compared across human normal and tumor breast tissue to reveal significant structural alterations related to disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Macias
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kyana Y Garza
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Clara L Feider
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Livia S Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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17
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Pepi LE, Leach FE, Klein DR, Brodbelt JS, Amster IJ. Investigation of the Experimental Parameters of Ultraviolet Photodissociation for the Structural Characterization of Chondroitin Sulfate Glycosaminoglycan Isomers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1759-1770. [PMID: 34096288 PMCID: PMC8377745 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides that participate in a broad range of biological functions. Their incomplete biosynthesis pathway leads to nonuniform chains and complex mixtures. For this reason, the characterization of GAGs has been a difficult hurdle for the analytical community. Recently, ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) has emerged as a useful tool for determining sites of modification within a GAG chain. Here, we investigate the ability for UVPD to distinguish chondroitin sulfate epimers and the effects of UVPD experimental parameters on fragmentation efficiency. Chondroitin sulfate A (CS-A) and chondroitin sulfate B (CS-B), commonly referred to as dermatan sulfate (DS), differ only in C-5 uronic acid stereochemistry. This uronic acid difference can influence GAG-protein binding and therefore can alter the specific biological function of a GAG chain. Prior tandem mass spectrometry methods investigated for the elucidation of GAG structures also have difficulty differentiating 4-O from 6-O sulfation in chondroitin sulfate GAGs. Preliminary data using UVPD to characterize GAGs showed a promising ability to characterize 4-O sulfation in CS-A GAGs. Here, we look in depth at the capability of UVPD to distinguish chondroitin sulfate C-5 diastereomers and the role of key experimental parameters in making this distinction. Results using a 193 nm excimer laser and a 213 nm solid-state laser are compared for this study. The effect of precursor ionization state, the number of laser pulses (193 or 213 nm UVPD), and the use of the low-pressure versus high-pressure trap are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Franklin E Leach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Dustin R Klein
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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18
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Narreddula VR, McKinnon BI, Marlton SJP, Marshall DL, Boase NRB, Poad BLJ, Trevitt AJ, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. Next-generation derivatization reagents optimized for enhanced product ion formation in photodissociation-mass spectrometry of fatty acids. Analyst 2021; 146:156-169. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01840f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation derivatives for photodissociation-mass spectrometry for fatty acids generating photoproduct yields of up to 97% at 266 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswara R. Narreddula
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Science and Engineering Faculty
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Benjamin I. McKinnon
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
| | - Samuel J. P. Marlton
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
| | - David L. Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility
- Institute for Future Environments
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Nathan R. B. Boase
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Science and Engineering Faculty
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Berwyck L. J. Poad
- Central Analytical Research Facility
- Institute for Future Environments
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Adam J. Trevitt
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
| | - Todd W. Mitchell
- School of Medicine
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute
| | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Science and Engineering Faculty
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
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19
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Randolph CE, Blanksby SJ, McLuckey SA. Enhancing detection and characterization of lipids using charge manipulation in electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 232:104970. [PMID: 32890498 PMCID: PMC7606777 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heightened awareness regarding the implication of disturbances in lipid metabolism with respect to prevalent human-related pathologies demands analytical techniques that provide unambiguous structural characterization and accurate quantitation of lipids in complex biological samples. The diversity in molecular structures of lipids along with their wide range of concentrations in biological matrices present formidable analytical challenges. Modern mass spectrometry (MS) offers an unprecedented level of analytical power in lipid analysis, as many advancements in the field of lipidomics have been facilitated through novel applications of and developments in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). ESI allows for the formation of intact lipid ions with little to no fragmentation and has become widely used in contemporary lipidomics experiments due to its sensitivity, reproducibility, and compatibility with condensed-phase modes of separation, such as liquid chromatography (LC). Owing to variations in lipid functional groups, ESI enables partial chemical separation of the lipidome, yet the preferred ion-type is not always formed, impacting lipid detection, characterization, and quantitation. Moreover, conventional ESI-MS/MS approaches often fail to expose diverse subtle structural features like the sites of unsaturation in fatty acyl constituents or acyl chain regiochemistry along the glycerol backbone, representing a significant challenge for ESI-MS/MS. To overcome these shortcomings, various charge manipulation strategies, including charge-switching, have been developed to transform ion-type and charge state, with aims of increasing sensitivity and selectivity of ESI-MS/MS approaches. Importantly, charge manipulation approaches afford enhanced ionization efficiency, improved mixture analysis performance, and access to informative fragmentation channels. Herein, we present a critical review of the current suite of solution-based and gas-phase strategies for the manipulation of lipid ion charge and type relevant to ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Randolph
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Scott A McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA.
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20
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Narreddula VR, Sadowski P, Boase NRB, Marshall DL, Poad BLJ, Trevitt AJ, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. Structural elucidation of hydroxy fatty acids by photodissociation mass spectrometry with photolabile derivatives. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8741. [PMID: 32012356 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Eicosanoids are short-lived bio-responsive lipids produced locally from oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) via a cascade of enzymatic or free radical reactions. Alterations in the composition and concentration of eicosanoids are indicative of inflammation responses and there is strong interest in developing analytical methods for the sensitive and selective detection of these lipids in biological mixtures. Most eicosanoids are hydroxy FAs (HFAs), which present a particular analytical challenge due to the presence of regioisomers arising from differing locations of hydroxylation and unsaturation within their structures. METHODS In this study, the recently developed derivatization reagent 1-(3-(aminomethyl)-4-iodophenyl)pyridin-1-ium (4-I-AMPP+ ) was applied to a representative set of HFAs including bioactive eicosanoids. Photodissociation (PD) mass spectra obtained at 266 nm of 4-I-AMPP+ -modified HFAs exhibit abundant product ions arising from photolysis of the aryl-iodide bond within the derivative with subsequent migration of the radical to the hydroxyl group promoting fragmentation of the FA chain and facilitating structural assignment. RESULTS Representative polyunsaturated HFAs (from the hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid families) were derivatized with 4-I-AMPP+ and subjected to a reversed-phase liquid chromatography workflow that afforded chromatographic resolution of isomers in conjunction with structurally diagnostic PD mass spectra. CONCLUSIONS PD of these complex HFAs was found to be sensitive to the locations of hydroxyl groups and carbon-carbon double bonds, which are structural properties strongly associated with the biosynthetic origins of these lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswara R Narreddula
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Pawel Sadowski
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Nathan R B Boase
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - David L Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Berwyck L J Poad
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Adam J Trevitt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Todd W Mitchell
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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21
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Klein DR, Blevins MS, Macias LA, Douglass MV, Trent MS, Brodbelt JS. Localization of Double Bonds in Bacterial Glycerophospholipids Using 193 nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation in the Negative Mode. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5986-5993. [PMID: 32212719 PMCID: PMC7385702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The need for detailed structural characterization of glycerophospholipids (GPLs) for many types of biologically motivated applications has led to the development of novel mass spectrometry-based methodologies that utilize alternative ion activation methods. Ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) has shown great utility for localizing sites of unsaturation within acyl chains and to date has predominantly been used for positive mode analysis of GPLs. In the present work, UVPD is used to localize sites of unsaturation in GPL anions. Similar to UVPD mass spectra of GPL cations, UVPD of deprotonated or formate-adducted GPLs yields diagnostic fragment ions spaced 24 Da apart. This method was integrated into a liquid chromatography workflow and used to evaluate profiles of sites of unsaturation of lipids in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii). When assigning sites of unsaturation, E. coli was found to contain all unsaturation elements at the same position relative to the terminal methyl carbon of the acyl chain; the first carbon participating in a site of unsaturation was consistently seven carbons along the acyl chain when counting carbons from the terminal methyl carbon. GPLs from A. baumannii exhibited more variability in locations of unsaturation. For GPLs containing sites of unsaturation in both acyl chains, an MS3 method was devised to assign sites to specific acyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Klein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Molly S Blevins
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Luis A Macias
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Martin V Douglass
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - M Stephen Trent
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Georgia, College of Arts and Sciences, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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22
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Brodbelt JS, Morrison LJ, Santos I. Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Biological Molecules. Chem Rev 2020; 120:3328-3380. [PMID: 31851501 PMCID: PMC7145764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of new ion-activation/dissociation methods continues to be one of the most active areas of mass spectrometry owing to the broad applications of tandem mass spectrometry in the identification and structural characterization of molecules. This Review will showcase the impact of ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) as a frontier strategy for generating informative fragmentation patterns of ions, especially for biological molecules whose complicated structures, subtle modifications, and large sizes often impede molecular characterization. UVPD energizes ions via absorption of high-energy photons, which allows access to new dissociation pathways relative to more conventional ion-activation methods. Applications of UVPD for the analysis of peptides, proteins, lipids, and other classes of biologically relevant molecules are emphasized in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lindsay J. Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Inês Santos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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23
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Franklin ET, Shields SWJ, Manthorpe JM, Smith JC, Xia Y, McLuckey SA. Coupling Headgroup and Alkene Specific Solution Modifications with Gas-Phase Ion/Ion Reactions for Sensitive Glycerophospholipid Identification and Characterization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:938-945. [PMID: 32233382 PMCID: PMC7153167 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Shotgun lipidomics provides sensitive and fast lipid identification without the need for chromatographic separation. Challenges faced by shotgun analysis of glycerophospholipids (GPs) include the lack of signal uniformity across GP classes and the inability to determine the carbon-carbon double bond (C═C) location within the fatty acyl chains of an unsaturated species. Two distinct derivatization strategies were employed to both enhance the ionization of GPs, via trimethylation enhancement using 13C-diazomethane (13C-TrEnDi), as well as determine location of double bonds within fatty acyl chains, employing an in-solution photochemical reaction with acetone (via the Paternò-Büchi reaction). The modified GPs were then subjected to positive ion mode ionization via electrospray ionization, producing uniform ionization efficiencies for different classes of GP species. The GPs were charge inverted via gas-phase ion/ion reactions and sequentially fragmented using ion trap collision-induced dissociation (CID). The CID of the species led to fragmentation producing diagnostic ions indicative of C═C bond location. The approach enabled enhanced ionization and the identification of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine species at the C═C level in a bovine lipid extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissia T. Franklin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 47907-2084, West Lafayette, IN, United States 47907-2084
| | - Samuel W. J. Shields
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M. Manthorpe
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 47907-2084, West Lafayette, IN, United States 47907-2084
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Mengminwei Technical Building, Beijing, Haidian, China, 100084
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 47907-2084, West Lafayette, IN, United States 47907-2084
- Address reprint requests to Scott A. McLuckley, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 47907-2084, West Lafayette, IN, United States 47907-2084,
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24
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Li J, Xu J, Zhang R, Hao Y, He J, Chen Y, Jiao G, Abliz Z. Strategy for Global Profiling and Identification of 2- and 3-Hydroxy Fatty Acids in Plasma by UPLC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5143-5151. [PMID: 32134635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
2-Hydroxy fatty acids (2-OHFAs) and 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OHFAs) with the same carbon backbone are isomers, both of which are closely related to diseases involving fatty acid oxidation disorder. However, the comprehensive profiling of 2- and 3-OHFAs remains an ongoing challenge due to their high structure similarity, few structure-informative product ions, and limited availability of standards. Here, we developed a new strategy to profile and identify 2- and 3-OHFAs according to structure-dependent retention time prediction models using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Both accurate MS and MS/MS spectra were collected for peak annotation by comparison with an in-house database of theoretically possible 2- and 3-OHFAs. The structures were further confirmed by the validated structure-dependent retention time prediction models, taking advantage of the correlation between the retention time, carbon chain length and number of double bonds, as well as the hydroxyl position-induced isomeric retention time shift rule. With the use of this strategy, 18 2-OHFAs and 32 3-OHFAs were identified in the pooled plasma, of which 7 2-OHFAs and 20 3-OHFAs were identified for the first time in this work, furthering our understanding of OHFA metabolism. Subsequent quantitation method was developed by scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and then applied to investigate the alteration of 2- and 3-OHFAs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients. Finally, a potential biomarker panel consisting of six OHFAs with good diagnostic performance was achieved. Our study provides a new strategy for isomer identification and analysis, showing great potential for targeted metabolomics in clinical biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Yanzeng Hao
- Department of Pathology and Thoracic Surgery, Linzhou Esophageal Cancer Hospital, 456500 Linzhou, China
| | - Jiuming He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Guanggen Jiao
- Department of Pathology and Thoracic Surgery, Linzhou Esophageal Cancer Hospital, 456500 Linzhou, China
| | - Zeper Abliz
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China.,Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, 100081 Beijing, China
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25
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Evaluation of ultraviolet photodissociation tandem mass spectrometry for the structural assignment of unsaturated fatty acid double bond positional isomers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2339-2351. [PMID: 32006064 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02446-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are a major source of structural diversity within the lipidome due to variations in their acyl chain lengths, branching, and cyclization, as well as the number, position, and stereochemistry of double bonds within their mono- and poly-unsaturated species. Here, the utility of 193 nm UltraViolet PhotoDissociation tandem mass spectrometry (UVPD-MS/MS) has been evaluated for the detailed structural characterization of a series of unsaturated fatty acid lipid species. UVPD-MS/MS of unsaturated fatty acids is shown to yield pairs of unique diagnostic product ions resulting from cleavages adjacent to their C=C double bonds, enabling unambiguous localization of the site(s) of unsaturation within these lipids. The effect of several experimental variables on the observed fragmentation behaviour and UVPD-MS/MS efficiency, including the position and number of double bonds, the effect of conjugated versus non-conjugated double bonds, the number of laser pulses, and the influence of alkali metal cations (Li, Na, K) as the ionizing adducts, has been evaluated. Importantly, the abundance of the diagnostic ions is shown to enable relative quantitation of mixtures of fatty acid isomers across a range of molar ratios. Finally, the practical application of 193 nm UVPD-MS/MS is demonstrated via characterization of changes in the ratios of fatty acid double bond positional isomers in isogenic colorectal cancer cell lines. This study therefore demonstrates the practicality of UVPD-MS/MS for the structural characterization of fatty acid isomers in lipidome analysis workflows.
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26
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Tang S, Cheng H, Yan X. On‐Demand Electrochemical Epoxidation in Nano‐Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry to Locate Carbon–Carbon Double Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:209-214. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Tang
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 580 Ross St. College Station TX 77845 USA
| | - Heyong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 580 Ross St. College Station TX 77845 USA
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 580 Ross St. College Station TX 77845 USA
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27
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On‐Demand Electrochemical Epoxidation in Nano‐Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry to Locate Carbon–Carbon Double Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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28
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Macias LA, Feider CL, Eberlin LS, Brodbelt JS. Hybrid 193 nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry Localizes Cardiolipin Unsaturations. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12509-12516. [PMID: 31490676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Developing alternative MS/MS strategies to distinguish isomeric lipids has become a high impact goal in shotgun lipidomics. Novel approaches have been developed to resolve structural features that are not discernible by traditional shotgun methods and have consequently promoted the discovery of new disease biomarkers. However, these methods have largely been limited to characterizing lipids with low structural complexity. Here, ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) strategies for phospholipid characterization are expanded for analysis of cardiolipins (CL), a class of phospholipids that exhibits a higher degree of structural complexity. A hybrid collision induced dissociation/193 nm UVPD (CID/UVPD) approach was implemented to pinpoint the location of both double bond and cyclopropyl unsaturations on the four acyl chains of CLs. This strategy was complemented with CID for the de novo elucidation of unknown CLs in biological extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Macias
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Clara L Feider
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Livia S Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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29
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Song C, Gao D, Li S, Liu L, Chen X, Jiang Y. Determination and quantification of fatty acid C=C isomers by epoxidation reaction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1086:82-89. [PMID: 31561797 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The location of double bond in unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) plays a critical role in their physiological properties. However, structural identification and quantification of unsaturated FAs by mass spectrometry are still challenging. In this work, we reported the coupling of epoxidation reaction of the C=C in unsaturated FAs and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode for accurate identification and quantification of C=C isomers of FAs. Epoxidation of the C=C in unsaturated FAs was induced by a dioxide of ketone, tetrahydrothiopyran-4-one 1,1-dioxide, as a catalyst and Oxone as an oxidant in less than 5 min with nearly 100% yield. All the C=C bonds were epoxidized to obtain a single product, simplifying the chromatographic separation of epoxidation products to enable more accurate quantification analysis. The epoxidation products were stable at room temperature and can produce highly abundant diagnostic ions indicative of C=C locations by tandem mass spectrometry using collision-induced association (CID). The application of this approach for the analysis of FAs isomers in human plasma demonstrated the potential of our method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of unsaturated FAs in complex biological samples, which is valuable in biological and medical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Dan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | - Shangfu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, 1017 North of Dongmen Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518000, China
| | - Xiaowu Chen
- Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, Shenzhen, 518110, China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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30
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Narreddula VR, Boase NR, Ailuri R, Marshall DL, Poad BL, Kelso MJ, Trevitt AJ, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. Introduction of a Fixed-Charge, Photolabile Derivative for Enhanced Structural Elucidation of Fatty Acids. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9901-9909. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswara R. Narreddula
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Nathan R. Boase
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Ramesh Ailuri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - David L. Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Berwyck L.J. Poad
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Michael J. Kelso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Adam J. Trevitt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Todd W. Mitchell
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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31
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Franklin ET, Betancourt SK, Randolph CE, McLuckey SA, Xia Y. In-depth structural characterization of phospholipids by pairing solution photochemical reaction with charge inversion ion/ion chemistry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4739-4749. [PMID: 30613841 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Shotgun lipid analysis based on electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) is increasingly used in lipidomic studies. One challenge for the shotgun approach is the discrimination of lipid isomers and isobars. Gas-phase charge inversion via ion/ion reactions has been used as an effective method to identify multiple isomeric/isobaric components in a single MS peak by exploiting the distinctive functionality of different lipid classes. In doing so, fatty acyl chain information can be obtained without recourse to condensed-phase separations or derivatization. This method alone, however, cannot provide carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) location information from fatty acyl chains. Herein, we provide an enhanced method pairing photochemical derivatization of C=C via the Paternò-Büchi reaction with charge inversion ion/ion tandem mass spectrometry. This method was able to provide gas-phase separation of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines, the fatty acyl compositions, and the C=C location within each fatty acyl chain. We have successfully applied this method to bovine liver lipid extracts and identified 40 molecular species of glycerophospholipids with detailed structural information including head group, fatty acyl composition, and C=C location. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissia T Franklin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| | - Stella K Betancourt
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| | - Caitlin E Randolph
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| | - Scott A McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA.
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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32
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Klein DR, Feider CL, Garza KY, Lin JQ, Eberlin LS, Brodbelt JS. Desorption Electrospray Ionization Coupled with Ultraviolet Photodissociation for Characterization of Phospholipid Isomers in Tissue Sections. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10100-10104. [PMID: 30080398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry imaging has become a powerful strategy for analysis of tissue sections, enabling differentiation of normal and diseased tissue based on changes in the lipid profiles. The most common DESI workflow involves collection of MS1 spectra as the DESI spray is rastered over a tissue section. Relying on MS1 spectra inherently limits the ability to differentiate isobaric and isomeric species or evaluate variations in the relative abundances of key isomeric lipids, such as double-bond positional isomers which may distinguish normal and diseased tissues. Here, 193 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD), a technique capable of differentiating double-bond positional isomers, is coupled with DESI to map differences in the double-bond isomer composition in tissue sections in a fast, high throughput manner compatible with imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Klein
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Clara L Feider
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Kyana Y Garza
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - John Q Lin
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Livia S Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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33
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Cao W, Ma X, Li Z, Zhou X, Ouyang Z. Locating Carbon–Carbon Double Bonds in Unsaturated Phospholipids by Epoxidation Reaction and Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10286-10292. [PMID: 30095894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zishuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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34
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Hancock SE, Ailuri R, Marshall DL, Brown SHJ, Saville JT, Narreddula VR, Boase NR, Poad BLJ, Trevitt AJ, Willcox MDP, Kelso MJ, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. Mass spectrometry-directed structure elucidation and total synthesis of ultra-long chain ( O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy fatty acids. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1510-1518. [PMID: 29907595 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m086702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy FAs (OAHFAs) comprise an unusual lipid subclass present in the skin, vernix caseosa, and meibomian gland secretions. Although they are structurally related to the general class of FA esters of hydroxy FAs (FAHFAs), the ultra-long chain (30-34 carbons) and the putative ω-substitution of the backbone hydroxy FA suggest that OAHFAs have unique biochemistry. Complete structural elucidation of OAHFAs has been challenging because of their low abundance within complex lipid matrices. Furthermore, because these compounds occur as a mixture of closely related isomers, insufficient spectroscopic data have been obtained to guide structure confirmation by total synthesis. Here, we describe the full molecular structure of ultra-long chain OAHFAs extracted from human meibum by exploiting the gas-phase purification of lipids through multi-stage MS and novel multidimensional ion activation methods. The analysis elucidated sites of unsaturation, the stereochemical configuration of carbon-carbon double bonds, and ester linkage regiochemistry. Such isomer-resolved MS guided the first total synthesis of an ultra-long chain OAHFA, which, in turn, confirmed the structure of the most abundant OAHFA found in human meibum, OAHFA 50:2. The availability of a synthetic OAHFA opens new territory for future investigations into the unique biophysical and biochemical properties of these lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hancock
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ramesh Ailuri
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David L Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon H J Brown
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer T Saville
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Venkateswara R Narreddula
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan R Boase
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Berwyck L J Poad
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam J Trevitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael J Kelso
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Todd W Mitchell
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia .,School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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35
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Benzophenone used as the photochemical reagent for pinpointing C=C locations in unsaturated lipids through shotgun and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approaches. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1028:32-44. [PMID: 29884351 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Unsaturated lipids exhibit different physiological significances due to the different locations of the carbon-carbon double bond (C=C). Identifying lipid isomers with mass-based methods remains challenging. Xia's group has been successfully employed Paternò-Büchi (PB) reaction, a photochemical reaction with UV irradiation, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to identify and quantify unsaturated lipids in complex mixtures. However, the existing PB reagents possess certain demerits. In this regard, a new PB reagent that is compatible with various lipidomic analysis platforms must be screened. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the conditions of the PB reaction and screened benzophenone as a new PB reagent. Benzophenone possesses unique advantages, such as a relative high PB yield; the PB products could be readily distinguished from the reacted lipids based on the added high molecular weight (182 Da); and the benzophenone does not affect the lipids appearance interval for reversed-phase column separation. Furthermore, we optimized the reaction conditions by using benzophenone as a PB reagent and summarized the molecular formulas of the diagnostic ions according to the fragment rules. The proposed PB method has been implemented in shotgun and LC-MS lipidomics. To our best knowledge, this work is the first to report the integrated PB reaction with LC-MS lipidomics for identification of lipid isomers.
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36
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Ren J, Franklin ET, Xia Y. Uncovering Structural Diversity of Unsaturated Fatty Acyls in Cholesteryl Esters via Photochemical Reaction and Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1432-1441. [PMID: 28417305 PMCID: PMC5483228 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry analysis of cholesteryl esters (CEs) faces several challenges, with one of them being the determination of the carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) locations within unsaturated fatty acyl chains. Paternὸ-Büchi (PB) reaction, a photochemical reaction based on the addition of acetone to C=C, is capable of C=C location determination when coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). In this study, the PB reaction conditions were tailored for CEs and subsequent nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI). A solvent system containing acetone/methanol/dichloromethane/water (40/30/20/10, volume ratios) and 100 μM LiOH was determined to be optimal, resulting in reasonable PB reaction yield (~30%) and good ionization efficiency (forming lithium adduct of CEs). Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the PB reaction products produced characteristic fragment ions of CE together with those modified by the PB reactions, such as lithiated fatty acyl ([FA + Li]+) and its PB product ([FA - PB + Li]+). MS3 CID of [FA - PB + Li]+ led to abundant C=C diagnostic ion formation, which was used for C=C location determination and isomer quantitation. A PB-MS3 CID approach was developed and applied for CE analysis from human plasma. A series of unsaturated CEs was identified with specific C=C locations within fatty acyl chains. Absolute quantitation for each CE species was achieved including coexisting C=C location isomers, such as Δ9 and Δ11 isomers of CE 18:1 and ω-6 and ω-3 isomers of CE 18:3. These results show that PB-MS/MS is useful in uncovering structural diversity of CEs due to unsaturation in fatty acyls, which is often undetected from current lipid analysis approach. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| | - Elissia T Franklin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA.
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Li P, Jackson GP. Charge transfer dissociation of phosphocholines: gas-phase ion/ion reactions between helium cations and phospholipid cations. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:271-282. [PMID: 28258643 PMCID: PMC5444994 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid cations formed by electrospray ionization were subjected to excitation and fragmentation by a beam of 6 keV helium cations in a process termed charge transfer dissociation (CTD). The resulting fragmentation pattern in CTD is different from that of conventional collision-induced dissociation, but analogous to that of metastable atom-activated dissociation and electron-induced dissociation. Like collision-induced dissociation, CTD yields product ions indicative of acyl chain lengths and degrees of unsaturation in the fatty acyl moieties but also provides additional structural diagnostic information, such as double bond position. Although CTD has not been tested on a larger lipid sample pool, the extent of structural information obtained demonstrates that CTD is a useful tool for lipid structure characterization, and a potentially useful tool in future lipidomics workflows. CTD is relatively unique in that it can produce a relatively strong series of 2+ product ions with enhanced abundance at the double bond position. The generally low signal-to-noise ratios and spectral complexity of CTD make it less appealing than OzID or other radical-induced methods for the lipids studies here, but improvements in CTD efficiency could make CTD more appealing in the future. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Glen P. Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6121, USA
- corresponding author: t: +01 (304) 293-9236,
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Hancock SE, Poad BL, Batarseh A, Abbott SK, Mitchell TW. Advances and unresolved challenges in the structural characterization of isomeric lipids. Anal Biochem 2017; 524:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Lam SM, Tian H, Shui G. Lipidomics, en route to accurate quantitation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:752-761. [PMID: 28216054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Accurate quantitation is prerequisite for the sustainable development of lipidomics via enabling its applications in various biological and biomedical settings. In this review, the technical considerations and limitations of existent lipidomics technologies, particularly in terms of accurate quantitation; as well as the potential sources of errors along a typical lipidomic workflow that could ultimately give rise to quantitative inaccuracies will be addressed. Furthermore, the pressing need to exercise stricter definitions of terms and protocol standardization pertaining to quantitative lipidomics will be critically discussed, as quantitative accuracy may substantially impact upon the persevering development of lipidomics in the long run. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: BBALIP_Lipidomics Opinion Articles edited by Sepp Kohlwein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - He Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China; Lipidall Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Klein DR, Brodbelt JS. Structural Characterization of Phosphatidylcholines Using 193 nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1516-1522. [PMID: 28105803 PMCID: PMC5480246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Advances in mass spectrometry have made it a preferred tool for structural characterization of glycerophospholipids. Collisional activation methods commonly implemented on commercial instruments do not provide fragmentation patterns that allow elucidation of certain structural features, including acyl chain positions on the glycerol backbone and double bond positions within acyl chains. In the present work, 193 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) implemented on an Orbitrap mass spectrometer is used to localize double bond positions within phosphatidylcholine (PC) acyl chains. Cleavage of the carbon-carbon bonds adjacent to the double bond provides a diagnostic mass difference of 24 Da and enables differentiation of double-bond positional isomers. The UVPD method was extended to the characterization of PCs in a bovine liver extract via a shotgun strategy. Positive mode higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and UVPD, and negative mode HCD were undertaken in a complementary manner to identify species as PCs and to localize double bonds, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Klein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Dai X, Song D, Liu K, Su H. Photoinduced C—I bond homolysis of 5-iodouracil: A singlet predissociation pathway. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:025103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4973650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Kunhui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hongmei Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Marshall DL, Saville JT, Maccarone AT, Ailuri R, Kelso MJ, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. Determination of ester position in isomeric (O-acyl)-hydroxy fatty acids by ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:2351-2359. [PMID: 27520617 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE (O-acyl)-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFAs) are a recently discovered class of endogenous lipids, generating significant interest for their correlation with enhanced glucose tolerance. Structural variants that differ in the position of the ester linkage have been described, including the ω-OAHFA sub-class, that plays a key role in stabilizing the human tear film. Developing analytical tools for rapid and unambiguous structural elucidation of OAHFAs is essential to understanding their diverse physiological functions. METHODS Commercially available and synthesized OAHFA standards were dissolved in chloroform and subsequently diluted into methanol with 1.5 mM ammonium acetate. Negative ion collision-induced dissociation (CID) MSn spectra were acquired using chip-based nano-electrospray ionization (Advion TriVersa NanoMate) coupled to an Orbitrap Elite mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). RESULTS Major product ions observed during CID of [OAHFA - H]- ions readily identify the constituent fatty acid and hydroxy fatty acid; however, isomers are not easily distinguished. Interrogation of the hydroxy fatty acid and dehydrated hydroxy fatty acid product ions by MSn and ion-molecule reactions yielded diagnostic ions that readily pinpoint hydroxylation position and, thus, the OAHFA ester location. Conversely, these ions are characteristically absent in the MS3 spectra of ω-OAHFAs. Unimolecular dissociation mechanisms are proposed, which are shown to be consistent with prior isotopic labelling experiments. CONCLUSIONS A mechanistic rationale is provided to explain the unimolecular dissociation of [OAHFA - H]- ions in an ion trap mass spectrometer, thus enabling near-complete de novo structural elucidation of OAHFAs in shotgun lipidomics workflows, even if synthetic standards are unavailable for comparison. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.
| | - Jennifer T Saville
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Alan T Maccarone
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Ramesh Ailuri
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Michael J Kelso
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Todd W Mitchell
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.
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Li P, Hoffmann WD, Jackson GP. Multistage Mass Spectrometry of Phospholipids using Collision-Induced Dissociation (CID) and Metastable Atom-Activated Dissociation (MAD). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 403:1-7. [PMID: 27547107 PMCID: PMC4987003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We herein demonstrate an approach to gas phase ion manipulation that provides MS3-level CID spectra of phospholipid radical cations that are almost independent of the original charging adduct ions. In the MS2 He-MAD spectra of the protonated, sodiated and potassiated adducts of POPC, the different adducts induce different primary fragmentation pathways and provide significantly different spectra, as is commonly observed by other activation methods. In separate experiments, the even-electron adduct ions ([M+H]+, [M+Na]+, [M+K]+) of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) were first converted to radical cations [POPC]+• by using helium metastable atom-activated dissociation (He-MAD) to eject the charging adduct ions, then exposed to low-energy collision induced dissociation (CID) to induce extensive fragmentation along the acyl chains. Such charge-remote fragmentation is generally inaccessible through low-energy CID of the even-electron precursor ions. The combination of He-MAD and CID provides radical-induced spectra that show very major similarities and only minor differences, and therefore overcomes major differences in chemistry that are otherwise observed by the original adducting species. Collisional activation of even-electron [POPC+H]+ required higher CID amplitudes than odd-electron [POPC]+• to effect fragmentation-as expected-and the latter provided fragments within the acyl chains that were influenced by the double bond position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - William D. Hoffmann
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6121, USA
| | - Glen P. Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6121, USA
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Makola MM, Steenkamp PA, Dubery IA, Kabanda MM, Madala NE. Preferential alkali metal adduct formation by cis geometrical isomers of dicaffeoylquinic acids allows for efficient discrimination from their trans isomers during ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1011-8. [PMID: 27003038 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) derivatives are a group of structurally diverse phytochemicals that have attracted attention due to their many health benefits. The structural diversity of these molecules is due in part to the presence of regio- and geometrical isomerism. This structural diversity hampers the accurate annotation of these molecules in plant extracts. Mass spectrometry (MS) is successfully used to differentiate between the different regioisomers of the CQA derivatives; however, the accurate discrimination of the geometrical isomers of these molecules has proven to be an elusive task. METHODS UV-irradiated methanolic solutions of diCQA were analyzed using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTOFMS) method in negative ionisation mode. An in-source collision-induced dissociation (ISCID) method was optimized by varying both the capillary and cone voltages to achieve differential fragmentation patterns between UV-generated geometrical isomers of the diCQAs during MS analyses. RESULTS Changes in the capillary voltage did not cause a significant difference to the fragmentation patterns of the four geometrical isomers, while changes in the cone voltage resulted in significant differences in the fragmentation patterns. The results also show, for the first time, the preferential formation of alkali metal (Li(+), Na(+) and K(+)) adducts by the cis geometrical isomers of diCQAs, compared to their trans counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Optimized QTOFMS-based methods may be used to differentiate the geometrical isomers of diCQAs. Finally, additives such as metal salts to induce adduct formation can be applied as an alternative method to differentiate closely related isomers which could have been difficult to differentiate under normal MS settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpho M Makola
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - Paul A Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
- CSIR Biosciences, Natural Products and Agroprocessing Group, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Ian A Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - Mwadham M Kabanda
- Department of Chemistry, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag x2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Ntakadzeni E Madala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
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Abstract
Lipidomic analysis aims at comprehensive characterization of molecular lipids in biological systems. Due to the central role of lipid metabolism in many devastating diseases, lipidomics is being increasingly applied in biomedical research. Over the past years, advances in analytical techniques and bioinformatics enabled increasingly comprehensive and accurate coverage of lipids both in tissues and biofluids, yet many challenges remain. This review highlights recent progress in the domain of analytical lipidomics, with main emphasis on non-targeted methodologies for large scale clinical applications, as well as discusses some of the key challenges and opportunities in this field.
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46
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Pham HT, Julian RR. Characterization of glycosphingolipid epimers by radical-directed dissociation mass spectrometry. Analyst 2016; 141:1273-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02383a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Radical chemistry can efficiently distinguish isomers varying in position at a single alcohol.
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48
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Optimizing the lipidomics workflow for clinical studies—practical considerations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4973-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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49
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O'Brien JP, Needham BD, Brown DB, Trent MS, Brodbelt JS. Top-Down Strategies for the Structural Elucidation of Intact Gram-negative Bacterial Endotoxins. Chem Sci 2014; 5:4291-4301. [PMID: 25386333 PMCID: PMC4224326 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-modelling of lipopolysaccharides, which are the primary constituent of the outer cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, modulates pathogenesis and resistance to microbials. Reported herein is the characterization of intact Gram-negative bacterial lipooligosaccharides (LOS) via a new strategy utilizing online liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) mass spectrometry. Compared to collision-based MS/MS methods, UVPD and UVPD/HCD promoted a greater array of cleavages within both the glycan and lipid moieties, including C-C, C-N, C-O cleavages in the acyl chains as well as glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages, thus providing the most far-reaching structural characterization of LOS. This LC-MS/MS strategy affords a robust analytical method to structurally characterize complex mixtures of bacterial endotoxins that maintains the integrity of the core oligosaccharide and lipid A domains of LOS, providing direct feedback about the cell envelope architectures and LOS modification strategies involved in resistance host innate immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX, USA 78712
| | - Brittany D Needham
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, 2506 Speedway A5000, Austin, TX, USA 78712
| | - Dusty B Brown
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, 2506 Speedway A5000, Austin, TX, USA 78712
| | - M Stephen Trent
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, 2506 Speedway A5000, Austin, TX, USA 78712
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX, USA 78712
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50
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Systems biology strategies to study lipidomes in health and disease. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 55:43-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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