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Weston DJ, Thomas S, Boyle GW, Pieren M. Alpibectir: Early Qualitative and Quantitative Metabolic Profiling from a First-Time-in-Human Study by Combining 19F-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), 1H-NMR, and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Analyses. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:858-874. [PMID: 38769017 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpibectir (also known as BVL-GSK098 and GSK3729098) is a new chemical entity (NCE) with a novel mechanism for the treatment of tuberculosis. The disposition of alpibectir was determined in subjects from a first-time-in-human trial after a single oral dose of 40 mg and after 7 days repeat dosing at 30 mg. Here we present a combined approach of 19F-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), 1H-NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to confidently determine the human metabolic fate of alpibectir. Utilizing multiple sites of fluorination in the molecule, it was possible to fractionate human urine and plasma to confidently detect and quantify the metabolite responses using 19F-NMR. Qualitative detection and structural characterization of F-containing NMR fractions were performed using complementary high-resolution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analyses to further add confidence to the metabolite responses in these fractions. Subsequent 1H-NMR then provided unequivocal standard-free structural confirmation for key metabolites, which would not be possible with conventional radioactivity detection and LC-MS/MS techniques. Alpibectir was shown to undergo extensive hydrolysis of the central amide moiety, where the resultant N-dealkylated amine and trifluorobutyric acid products were detected initially by unbiased 19F-NMR detection along with major downstream biotransformations to form a carbamoyl glucuronide conjugate and trifluoroacetic acid, respectively. Parallel UHPLC-MS/MS analyses provided confirmatory or additional structural characterization only where relevant. These concerted data allowed for the qualitative metabolic profile and quantitative determination of drug-related material (DRM) in urine and plasma, along with the percentage of dose excreted in urine, to be reported in a comprehensive, efficient, and data-led manner. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Combining the selectivity of 19F-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) for unfractionated samples as first-intent, data-led sample fractionation prior to 19F-NMR and structure-rich 1H-NMR detection, along with the sensitivity of high-resolution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), a novel alternative for time-efficient detection and quantification of drug-related material (DRM) in human without use of radiolabeled drug is reported. This allowed more complete data rationalization of human metabolism, permitting early risk assessment and progression of the development of antitubercular agent, alpibectir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Weston
- Disposition and Biotransformation (D.J.W., S.T.) and DMPK Projects Group (G.W.B.), GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom; and BioVersys AG, Basel, Switzerland (M.P.)
| | - Steve Thomas
- Disposition and Biotransformation (D.J.W., S.T.) and DMPK Projects Group (G.W.B.), GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom; and BioVersys AG, Basel, Switzerland (M.P.)
| | - Gary W Boyle
- Disposition and Biotransformation (D.J.W., S.T.) and DMPK Projects Group (G.W.B.), GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom; and BioVersys AG, Basel, Switzerland (M.P.)
| | - Michel Pieren
- Disposition and Biotransformation (D.J.W., S.T.) and DMPK Projects Group (G.W.B.), GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom; and BioVersys AG, Basel, Switzerland (M.P.)
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Phulara NR, Seneviratne HK. Mass spectrometry imaging-based multi-omics approaches to understand drug metabolism and disposition. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5042. [PMID: 38840330 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Nav Raj Phulara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Lu Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Wu S, Ma M, Peng X, Zeng Z, Zeng D. Metabolite Identification of Isopropoxy Benzene Guanidine in Rat Liver Microsomes by Using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087313. [PMID: 37108473 PMCID: PMC10138866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Isopropoxy benzene guanidine (IBG) is a guanidine derivative with antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria. A few studies have revealed the metabolism of IBG in animals. The aim of the current study was to identify potential metabolic pathways and metabolites of IBG. The detection and characterization of metabolites were performed with high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). Seven metabolites were identified from the microsomal incubated samples by using the UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS system. The metabolic pathways of IBG in the rat liver microsomes involved O-dealkylation, oxygenation, cyclization, and hydrolysis. Hydroxylation was the main metabolic pathway of IBG in the liver microsomes. This research investigated the in vitro metabolism of IBG to provide a basis for the further pharmacology and toxicology of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Sujuan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Minglang Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xianfeng Peng
- Guangzhou Insighter Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dongping Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Cai J, Huang J, Yan Z. High-throughput protein binding assay using cross-sample pooling in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9400. [PMID: 36111382 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The fraction of unbound drugs (ƒu ) is a useful pharmacokinetic parameter in understanding drug disposition (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion), pharmacological activity and toxicity. Therefore, protein binding assays are frequently performed in drug development, creating a high demand for biological, experimental and analytical resources. Our work aims to increase binding assay throughput and comprehensiveness, while reducing biological and experimental consumption without compromising data quality by introducing cross-pooling and cassetting procedures, followed by a rapid and informative high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis. METHODS Individual drugs were spiked into a test matrix and incubated in a rapid equilibrium dialysis device. After incubation, a cross-pooling procedure was performed, in which the samples of one drug were equalized with the complementary matrix provided from a different drug. The same drugs were also assayed with a conventional method, in which samples were equalized with the newly prepared complementary matrix. Cross-pooled samples were further cassetted to increase throughput. The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an Orbitrap HRMS, and the fu values were calculated and compared between the cross-pooling and conventional sampling procedures. RESULTS Highly comparable human plasma fu values of 27 drugs representing different chemical classes and wide-ranging fu values were obtained by conventional and cross-pooling procedures, The tight correlation was further validated in other species (rat, mouse) and matrices (microsomes, brain). In addition, the cassetted samples showed highly consistent fu values compared to their noncassetted counterparts. Moreover, HRMS analysis not only showed highly consistent and repeatable quantification results compared to the "gold standard" triple quadrupole (QqQ) analysis, but also demonstrated outstanding advantage over QqQ in enabling a high-throughput, informative and versatile analysis. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that the cross-pooling procedure with further sample cassetting using HRMS is experimentally and analytically feasible to allow a higher throughput (increased by up to 8-fold), resource-effective (reducing matrix consumption by 50%, minimizing time spent on method development and platemap design), analytically dependable (accurate quantification), and versatile (metabolite elucidation and low recovery troubleshooting) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Cai
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Huang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhengyin Yan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Weston DJ, Dave M, Colizza K, Thomas S, Tomlinson L, Gregory R, Beaumont C, Pirhalla J, Dear GJ. A Discovery Biotransformation Strategy: Combining In Silico Tools with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Software-Assisted Data Analysis for High-Throughput Metabolism. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:928-942. [PMID: 36227740 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2136042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding compound metabolism in early drug discovery aids medicinal chemistry in designing molecules with improved safety and ADME properties. While advancements in metabolite prediction brings increasedconfidence, structural decisions require experimental data. In vitro metabolism studies using liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are generally resource intensive and performed on very few compounds, limiting the chemical space that can be examined.Here, we describe a novel metabolism strategy increasing compound throughput using residual in vitro clearance samples conducted at drug concentrations of 0.5 µM. Analysis by robust UHPLC separation and accurate-mass MS detection ensures major metabolites are identified from a single injection. In silico prediction (parent cLogD) tailors chromatographic conditions, with data-dependent MS/MS targeting predicted metabolites. Software-assisted data mining, structure elucidation and automatic reporting are used.Confidence in the globally-aligned workflow is demonstrated with sixteen marketed drugs. The approach is now implemented routinely across our laboratories. To date, the success rate for identification of at least one major metabolite is 85%. The utility of these data has been demonstrated across multiple projects, allowing earlier medicinal chemistry decisions to increase efficiency and impact of the design-make-test cycle; thus improving the translatability of early in vitro metabolism data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Weston
- GSK, DMPK, Disposition and Biotransformation, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Mehul Dave
- GSK, DMPK, Disposition and Biotransformation, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Kevin Colizza
- GSK, DMPK, Disposition and Biotransformation, 1250 S. Collegeville Road., Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Steve Thomas
- GSK, DMPK, Disposition and Biotransformation, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Laura Tomlinson
- GSK, DMPK, Discovery DMPK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Richard Gregory
- GSK, DMPK, Discovery DMPK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Claire Beaumont
- GSK, DMPK, Disposition and Biotransformation, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Jill Pirhalla
- GSK, DMPK, Disposition and Biotransformation, 1250 S. Collegeville Road., Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Gordon J Dear
- GSK, DMPK, Disposition and Biotransformation, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
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Grint I, Crea F, Vasiliadou R. The Combination of Electrochemistry and Microfluidic Technology in Drug Metabolism Studies. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200100. [PMID: 36166688 PMCID: PMC9716038 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Drugs are metabolized within the liver (pH 7.4) by phase I and phase II metabolism. During the process, reactive metabolites can be formed that react covalently with biomolecules and induce toxicity. Identifying and detecting reactive metabolites is an important part of drug development. Preclinical and clinical investigations are conducted to assess the toxicity and safety of a new drug candidate. Electrochemistry coupled to mass spectrometry is an ideal complementary technique to the current preclinical studies, a pure instrumental approach without any purification steps and tedious protocols. The combination of microfluidics with electrochemistry towards the mimicry of drug metabolism offers portability, low volume of reagents and faster reaction times. This review explores the development of microfluidic electrochemical cells for mimicking drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Grint
- School of Life, Health and Chemical SciencesThe Open UniversityWalton Hall, Karen HillsMilton KeynesMK7 6AAUK
| | - Francesco Crea
- School of Life, Health and Chemical SciencesThe Open UniversityWalton Hall, Karen HillsMilton KeynesMK7 6AAUK
| | - Rafaela Vasiliadou
- School of Life, Health and Chemical SciencesThe Open UniversityWalton Hall, Karen HillsMilton KeynesMK7 6AAUK
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7
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Bowman AP, Sawicki J, Talaty NN, Buck WR, Yang J, Wagner DS. Evaluation of Quantitative Platforms for Single Target Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101180. [PMID: 36297291 PMCID: PMC9609477 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Imaging of pharmaceutical compounds in tissue is an increasingly important subsection of Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI). Identifying proper target engagement requires MS platforms with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. Three prominent categories of drugs are small molecule drugs, antibody-drug conjugate payloads, and protein degraders. (2) We tested six common MSI platforms for their limit of detection (LoD) on a representative compound for each category: a Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron, a MALDI-2 Time-of-Flight (ToF), a MALDI-2 Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry ToF, a Desorption Electrospray Ionization Orbitrap, and 2 Atmospheric Pressure-MALDI Triple Quadrupoles. Samples were homogenized tissue mimetic models of rat liver spiked with known concentrations of analytes. (3) We found that the AP-MALDI-QQQ platform outperformed all 4 competing platforms by a minimum of 2- to 52-fold increase in LoD for representative compounds from each category of pharmaceutical. (4) AP-MALDI-QQQ platforms are effective, cost-efficient mass spectrometers for the identification of targeted analytes of interest.
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Esposito S, Orsatti L, Pucci V. Subcutaneous Catabolism of Peptide Therapeutics: Bioanalytical Approaches and ADME Considerations. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:828-839. [PMID: 36039395 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2119180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Many peptide drugs such as insulin and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) analogues are successfully administered subcutaneously (SC). Following SC injection, peptides may undergo catabolism in the SC compartment before entering systemic circulation, which could compromise their bioavailability and in turn affect their efficacy.This review will discuss how both technology and strategy have evolved over the past years to further elucidate peptide SC catabolism.Modern bioanalytical technologies (particularly liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry) and bioinformatics platforms for data mining has prompted the development of in silico, in vitro and in vivo tools for characterizing peptide SC catabolism to rapidly address proteolytic liabilities and, ultimately, guide the design of peptides with improved SC bioavailability.More predictive models able to recapitulate the interplay between SC catabolism and other factors driving SC absorption are highly desirable to improve in vitro/in vivo correlations.We envision the routine incorporation of in vitro and in vivo SC catabolism studies in ADME screening funnels to develop more effective peptide drugs for SC delivery.
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Smith AME, Lanevskij K, Sazonovas A, Harris J. Impact of Established and Emerging Software Tools on the Metabolite Identification Landscape. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:932445. [PMID: 35800176 PMCID: PMC9253584 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.932445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists’ ability to detect drug-related metabolites at trace concentrations has improved over recent decades. High-resolution instruments enable collection of large amounts of raw experimental data. In fact, the quantity of data produced has become a challenge due to effort required to convert raw data into useful insights. Various cheminformatics tools have been developed to address these metabolite identification challenges. This article describes the current state of these tools. They can be split into two categories: Pre-experimental metabolite generation and post-experimental data analysis. The former can be subdivided into rule-based, machine learning-based, and docking-based approaches. Post-experimental tools help scientists automatically perform chromatographic deconvolution of LC/MS data and identify metabolites. They can use pre-experimental predictions to improve metabolite identification, but they are not limited to these predictions: unexpected metabolites can also be discovered through fractional mass filtering. In addition to a review of available software tools, we present a description of pre-experimental and post-experimental metabolite structure generation using MetaSense. These software tools improve upon manual techniques, increasing scientist productivity and enabling efficient handling of large datasets. However, the trend of increasingly large datasets and highly data-driven workflows requires a more sophisticated informatics transition in metabolite identification labs. Experimental work has traditionally been separated from the information technology tools that handle our data. We argue that these IT tools can help scientists draw connections via data visualizations and preserve and share results via searchable centralized databases. In addition, data marshalling and homogenization techniques enable future data mining and machine learning.
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Kang W, Gaudette F, Bédard D, Beaudry F, Huot P. Quantitative determination of LY-404,039, a metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonist, in rat plasma using chemical derivatization and HPLC-MRM/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5423. [PMID: 35684931 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, selective and sensitive method was developed and validated for the determination of LY-404,039 concentration in rat plasma using a butylation derivatization step to improve chromatographic characteristics and enhance signal intensity. The method consisted of a protein precipitation extraction followed by derivatization with butanol/HCl and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The separation was achieved using a 100 × 2.1 mm (2.6 μm) Thermo Scientific Accucore RP-MS column combined with an isocratic mobile phase composed of 40:60 acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid in water. An analytical range of 2.0-1,000 ng/ml was validated and used to quantify LY-404,039 in rat plasma. The novel method met all of the requirements of specificity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and stability. A pharmacokinetic study was performed in rats and the novel analytical method was used as a routine analysis method to provide enhanced measurements of plasma concentrations of LY-404,039. The plasma pharmacokinetic results indicate very short terminal half-life (0.27 h ± 0.8) and high clearance (0.97 L/h/kg ± 0.12), suggesting that LY-404,039 is rapidly eliminated in the rat. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics were observed following subcutaneous administration of LY-404,039 at doses of 0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Kang
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fleur Gaudette
- Plateforme de Pharmacocinétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique Bédard
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Département de biomédecine vétérinaire Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Huot
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Movement Disorder Clinic, Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Walles M, Pähler A, Isin EM, Weidolf L. Meeting report of the second European Biotransformation Workshop. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:426-431. [PMID: 35410573 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2064253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Challenges and opportunities in the field of biotransformation were presented and discussed at the 2nd European Biotransformation workshop which was conducted virtually in collaboration with the DMDG on November 24/25, 2021. Here we summarise the presentations and discussions from this workshop.The following topics were covered:Regulatory requirements and biotransformation studies for antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs)Solutions for mass spectral data processing of peptides and oligonucleotidesFuture outsourcing needs in biotransformation for new modalitiesEstablished quantitative and qualitative workflows for metabolite identificationNew in vitro systems to study new chemical entities (NCEs) with low metabolic turnoverNew strategies on the timing of the human ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) study and to investigate the impact of human microbiome on drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walles
- Department, a Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Pähler
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche
| | - E M Isin
- DMPK, Translational Medicine, Servier, Orléans, France
| | - L Weidolf
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Shedlock CJ, Stumpo KA. Data parsing in mass spectrometry imaging using R Studio and Cardinal: A tutorial. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2022; 23:58-70. [PMID: 35072143 PMCID: PMC8762469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has emerged as a rapidly expanding field in the MS community. The analysis of large spectral data is further complicated by the added spatial dimension of MSI. A plethora of resources exist for expert users to begin parsing MSI data in R, but there is a critical lack of guidance for absolute beginners. This tutorial is designed to serve as a one-stop guide to start using R with MSI data and describe the possibilities that data science can bring to MSI analysis.
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Key Words
- AuNP, gold nanoparticle
- Cardinal
- DESI, desorption electrospray ioniziation
- Data validation
- IACUC, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
- ITO, indium tin oxide
- MSI, mass spectrometry imaging
- Mass spectrometry imaging
- PCA, principal component analysis
- R Studio
- RAM, random access memory
- RMS, root mean squared
- SNR, signal to noise ratio
- SSC, spatial shrunken centroid
- SSD, solid state drive
- TIC, total ion current
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J. Shedlock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA 18510, United States
| | - Katherine A. Stumpo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA 18510, United States
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
- Bruker Scientific, Billerica, MA 01821, United States
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Klont F, Hopfgartner G. Mass spectrometry based approaches and strategies in bioanalysis for qualitative and quantitative analysis of pharmaceutically relevant molecules. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 40:64-68. [PMID: 34916025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry plays an essential role in qualitative and quantitative analysis of pharmaceutically relevant molecules. The present review summarizes some the most common applications of LC-MS for the characterization of therapeutic low-molecular-weight compounds, peptides and proteins, and oligonucleotides using low-resolution and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, the benefit of multistage MS, differential ion mobility, and data independent acquisition is emphasized. At last, the potential of coupling MS with novel interfaces for high-throughput analysis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Klont
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 24, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 24, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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14
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Cao Y, Sun Z, Huang H, Lin A, Liu Y. Comparative analysis of absorbed ingredients and metabolites, and pharmacokinetic studies of Zhimu-Huangbai herb pair in the plasma of normal and type 2 diabetes mellitus rats by UHPLC-linear trap quadrupole-orbitrap MS and LC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:664-676. [PMID: 34813681 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new rapid ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear trap quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry method was established for the qualitative analysis of absorbed ingredients and metabolites of Zhimu-Huangbai herb pair, which is used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 16 absorbed ingredients and 11 metabolites were identified in normal and type 2 diabetes mellitus rats, respectively. Such findings indicated that the diabetic model had no effect on the type of components in plasma. Seven absorbed ingredients and 11 metabolites were first identified after the oral administration of Zhimu-Huangbai herb pair. Thereafter, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear trap quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-API4000+ triple quadrupole mass spectrometer methods were established and validated for pharmacokinetic comparative studies of seven major bioactive components in normal and type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Partial pharmacokinetic parameters in the plasma of type 2 diabetes mellitus rats were significantly different from those in normal rats. To our knowledge, this is the first comparison of absorbed ingredients and metabolites of Zhimu-Huangbai herb pair, and its use in pharmacokinetic studies between normal and type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Ultimately, our findings provide insights into the clinical usage of Zhimu-Huangbai herb pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cao
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhengang Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiaogan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Xiaogan, P. R. China
| | - Hailan Huang
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Aihua Lin
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Liu
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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15
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Leonov KA, Bykova AV, Bykov VV, Vishenkova DA, Lipskikh OI, Dorozhko EV, Pavlovsky VI, Vengerovskii AI, Udut VV. Quantitative determination of new anti-inflammatory drug indomenthyl and its metabolite in rabbit plasma by HPLC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:4911-4919. [PMID: 34608473 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01220g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Indomenthyl is an innovative anti-inflammatory drug with a high analgesic activity. Indomenthyl releases indomethacin under the influence of neutrophil esterases in the inflammation focus. Methodology/results: This research is aimed at developing a highly sensitive method for the quantitative determination of indomenthyl and its active metabolite indomethacin in rabbit plasma by HPLC-MS/MS. Protein precipitation and extraction with acetonitrile were used for analyte isolation from plasma according to the QuEChERS principle. The target quantitative ion pairs m/z were respectively 496.4 → 358.0 for indomenthyl, 358.0 → 139.5 for indomethacin, and 340.1 → 202.1 for the IS. Conclusion: The calibration curve was linear over the range 0.1-1000 ng mL-1. The technique was applied to the pharmacokinetic study at a dose of 25 mg kg-1 to rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klim A Leonov
- Innovative Pharmacology Research, LLC (IPHAR, LLC), 79/4 Elizarovykh Str., Tomsk, Russia, 634021
| | - Arina V Bykova
- Siberian State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, FSFEI HE, 2 Moskovsky Trakt, Tomsk, Russia, 634055
| | - Vladimir V Bykov
- Innovative Pharmacology Research, LLC (IPHAR, LLC), 79/4 Elizarovykh Str., Tomsk, Russia, 634021
| | - Darya A Vishenkova
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, FSAEI HE, 30, Lenin Ave., Tomsk, Russia, 634050
| | - Olga I Lipskikh
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, FSAEI HE, 30, Lenin Ave., Tomsk, Russia, 634050
| | - Elena V Dorozhko
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, FSAEI HE, 30, Lenin Ave., Tomsk, Russia, 634050
| | - Victor I Pavlovsky
- Innovative Pharmacology Research, LLC (IPHAR, LLC), 79/4 Elizarovykh Str., Tomsk, Russia, 634021
| | - Alexander I Vengerovskii
- Siberian State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, FSFEI HE, 2 Moskovsky Trakt, Tomsk, Russia, 634055
| | - Vladimir V Udut
- National Research Tomsk State University, FSAEI HE, 36, Lenin Ave., Tomsk, Russia, 634050
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16
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Zhang G, Xiao L, Qi L. Metabolite Profiling of Meridianin C In Vivo of Rat by UHPLC/Q-TOF MS. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 2021:1382421. [PMID: 34721922 PMCID: PMC8553504 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1382421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Meridianin C (MC), as a marine alkaloid, is a potent protein kinase inhibitor which exhibits good anticancer activity. However, the in vivo metabolism of MC has not been described to date. In this study, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-TOF MS) method is employed to investigate the in vivo metabolites of MC in rats. Plasma, bile, urine, and feces are collected after a single oral dose of MC. Protein precipitation, solid phase extraction (SPE), and ultrasonic extraction methods are used to prepare samples. Based on the mass spectral fragmentation patterns, elution order, and retrieving literatures, a total of 13 metabolites of MC were detected and tentatively identified, utilizing MetaboLynx software. The metabolic pathways of MC in rats include N- or O-glucuronidation, O-sulfation, N-hydroxylation, dihydroxylation, and trihydroxylation. The relative content of the metabolites in each kinds of biological samples is also evaluated. This study will help to understand the in vivo properties of MC for the future usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhe Zhang
- Department of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, 283 South of Republic Road, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Linxia Xiao
- Department of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, 283 South of Republic Road, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Liang Qi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, 283 South of Republic Road, Yancheng 224005, China
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17
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de Jesus JPA, Assis LC, de Castro AA, da Cunha EFF, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, de Castro Ramalho T, de Almeida La Porta F. Effect of drug metabolism in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 from an entirely computational perspective. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19998. [PMID: 34620963 PMCID: PMC8497625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effects of metabolism on the rational design of novel and more effective drugs is still a considerable challenge. To the best of our knowledge, there are no entirely computational strategies that make it possible to predict these effects. From this perspective, the development of such methodologies could contribute to significantly reduce the side effects of medicines, leading to the emergence of more effective and safer drugs. Thereby, in this study, our strategy is based on simulating the electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS) fragmentation of the drug molecules and combined with molecular docking and ADMET models in two different situations. In the first model, the drug is docked without considering the possible metabolic effects. In the second model, each of the intermediates from the EI-MS results is docked, and metabolism occurs before the drug accesses the biological target. As a proof of concept, in this work, we investigate the main antiviral drugs used in clinical research to treat COVID-19. As a result, our strategy made it possible to assess the biological activity and toxicity of all potential by-products. We believed that our findings provide new chemical insights that can benefit the rational development of novel drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Almirão de Jesus
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Computational Chemistry, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Avenida dos Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86036-370, Brazil
| | - Letícia Cristina Assis
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, CEP 37200-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Teodorico de Castro Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, CEP 37200-000, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Felipe de Almeida La Porta
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Computational Chemistry, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Avenida dos Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86036-370, Brazil.
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18
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Thakur A, Tan Z, Kameyama T, El-Khateeb E, Nagpal S, Malone S, Jamwal R, Nwabufo CK. Bioanalytical strategies in drug discovery and development. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:434-458. [PMID: 34310243 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1959606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A reliable, rapid, and effective bioanalytical method is essential for the determination of the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicokinetic parameters that inform the safety and efficacy profile of investigational drugs. The overall goal of bioanalytical method development is to elucidate the procedure and operating conditions under which a method can sufficiently extract, qualify, and/or quantify the analyte(s) of interest and/or their metabolites for the intended purpose. Given the difference in the physicochemical properties of small and large molecule drugs, different strategies need to be adopted for the development of an effective and efficient bioanalytical method. Herein, we provide an overview of different sample preparation strategies, analytical platforms, as well as procedures for achieving high throughput for bioanalysis of small and large molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarzoo Thakur
- Innovations in Food and Chemical Safety, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Tan
- Department of Early Clinical Development, dMed-Clinipace, Shanghai, China
| | - Tsubasa Kameyama
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eman El-Khateeb
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Shakti Nagpal
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Rohitash Jamwal
- College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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19
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Cai J, Yan Z. Re-Examining the Impact of Minimal Scans in Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2110-2122. [PMID: 34190546 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is one of the most widely used analytical tools. High analysis volumes and sample complexity often demand more informative LC-MS acquisition schemes to improve efficiency and throughput without compromising data quality, and such a demand has been always hindered by the prerequisite that a minimum of 13-20 MS scans (data points) across an analyte peak are required for accurate quantitation. The current study systematically re-evaluated and compared the impact of different scan numbers on quantitation analysis using both triple quadrupoles mass spectrometry (TQMS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Contrary to the 13-20 minimal scan prerequisite, the data obtained from a group of eight commercial drugs in the absence and presence of biological matrices suggest that 6 scans per analyte peak are sufficient to achieve highly comparable quantitation results compared to that obtained using 10 and 20 scans, respectively. The fewer minimal scan prerequisite is presumably attributed to an improved LC system and advanced column technology, better MS detector, and more intelligent peak detection and integration algorithms leading to a more symmetric peak shape and smaller peak standard deviation. As a result, more informative acquisition schemes can be broadly set up for higher throughput and more data-rich LC-MS/MS analysis as demonstrated in a hepatocyte clearance assay in which fewer MS scans executed on HRMS led to broader metabolite coverage without compromising data quality in hepatic clearance assessment. The demonstrated acquisition scheme would substantially increase the throughput, robustness, and richness of the nonregulatory analysis, which can be broadly applied in diverse fields including pharmaceutical, environmental, forensic, toxicological, and biotechnological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Cai
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhengyin Yan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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20
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Skibiński R, Trawiński J, Gawlik M. Characterization of Phase I Hepatic Metabolites of Anti-Premature Ejaculation Drug Dapoxetine by UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF. Molecules 2021; 26:3794. [PMID: 34206424 PMCID: PMC8270242 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of the metabolism pathway of xenobiotics undergoing the hepatic pass is a crucial aspect in drug development since the presence of toxic biotransformation products may result in significant side effects during the therapy. In this study, the complete hepatic metabolism pathway of dapoxetine established according to the human liver microsome assay with the use of a high-resolution LC-MS system was described. Eleven biotransformation products of dapoxetine, including eight metabolites not reported in the literature so far, were detected and identified. N-dealkylation, hydroxylation, N-oxidation and dearylation were found to be the main metabolic reactions for the investigated xenobiotic. In silico analysis of toxicity revealed that the reaction of didesmethylation may contribute to the increased carcinogenic potential of dapoxetine metabolites. On the other hand, N-oxidation and aromatic hydroxylation biotransformation reactions possibly lead to the formation of mutagenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.T.); (M.G.)
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21
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Yang J, Zhang G, Wang Z, Meng J, Wen H. Metabolic Study of Stable Isotope Labeled Indolinone Derivative in Hepatocyte Cell by UPLC/Q TOF MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1538-1544. [PMID: 34028260 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation process of α-synuclein (α-syn) is substantial in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Indolinone derivatives are inhibitors of α-syn aggregates and can be used as PET-based radiotracers for imaging α-syn fibrils. However, no investigations on the metabolism of indolinone derivatives have been reported until now. In the present research, a 13C and 15N isotope labeling strategy was developed to synthesize compound [13C2,15N]-(Z)-1-(4-aminobenzyl)-3-((E)-(3-phenyl)allylidene)indolin-2-one (M0'), which was then used in a study of metabolism in hepatocytes. The metabolites were characterized using accurate mass and characteristic ion measurements. In the metabolic system, compound M0' was the main component (accounting for 97.5% of compound-related components) after incubation in hepatocytes for 3 h, which indicated that compound M0' possessed great metabolic stability. Seven metabolites have been successfully verified by UPLC/Q TOF MS in metabolic studies, including hydroxyl M0' (M1'), hydroxyl and methylated M0' (M2'), N-acetylated M0' (M3'), sulfate of hydroxyl M0' (M4'), the glucose conjugate of M0' (M5'), glucuronide conjugate of M0' (M6'), and glucuronide conjugate of hydroxyl M0' (M7'). The study on metabolism provides the important information to develop effective α-syn aggregate inhibitors and new PET-tracer-related indolinone derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, P.R. China
| | - Gongzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, P.R. China
| | - Jian Meng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, PuDong District, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Hongliang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, P.R. China
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22
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Ross DH, Xu L. Determination of drugs and drug metabolites by ion mobility-mass spectrometry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1154:338270. [PMID: 33736803 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has gained increased applications in the characterization and identification of drugs and drug metabolites, largely owning to the complementary separation of analyte ions based on their gas-phase size and shape in the IM dimension in addition to their mass-to-charge ratios. In this review, we discuss recent advances in such applications. We first introduce various types of IM techniques, focusing on those that allow the measurement of collision cross section (CCS), the physical property of an ion that reflects its gas-phase size and shape. Next, we discuss the IM-MS landscape of the large chemical space of drugs and multimodal distributions of certain drugs in IM separation due to the presence of protomers. We then review drug metabolism reactions and discuss the application of IM-MS in separation and identification of isomeric drug metabolites. Subsequently, we discuss various approaches to generate theoretical and predicted CCS data, including theory-based calculation methods and data-driven prediction models, and currently available resources on these approaches. Finally, current limitations and future directions of application of IM-MS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan H Ross
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, 1959, NE Pacific Street, HSB H-172, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, 1959, NE Pacific Street, HSB H-172, Seattle, WA, USA.
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23
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Brecht D, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Development of a fast-switching dual (ESI/APCI) ionization source for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8845. [PMID: 32468622 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-throughput liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is an increasing topic in analytical chemistry. Especially the idle time of a mass spectrometer should be reduced for an efficient and cost-saving use. Therefore, a fast-switching dual ion source was developed, which uses the most important ionization techniques at atmospheric pressure, electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), with one or more LC systems. METHODS The performance of the developed ion source is shown by infusion experiments and chromatographic analyses of different standard substances. A high-throughput method is demonstrated by coupling two UHPLC systems to the dual ion source with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. RESULTS No decrease in the ion abundance and a stable performance of the mass spectrometer are presented while using the dual ion source. Instrumental limits of detection are 30 ng L-1 for testosterone using ESI and 1 μg L-1 for vitamin D3 using APCI. A fast switching between two UHPLC systems and the dual ion source leads to a high sample throughput of 50 samples in 75 min with relative standard deviations for testosterone and vitamin D3 of 1.5% and 3.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This work presents the development of a dual ESI and APCI ion source operating simultaneously or in switched mode. The results show sensitive and reliable performance as well as the hyphenation to one or more HPLC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Brecht
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Florian Uteschil
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
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24
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Glassman PM, Myerson JW, Ferguson LT, Kiseleva RY, Shuvaev VV, Brenner JS, Muzykantov VR. Targeting drug delivery in the vascular system: Focus on endothelium. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 157:96-117. [PMID: 32579890 PMCID: PMC7306214 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The bloodstream is the main transporting pathway for drug delivery systems (DDS) from the site of administration to the intended site of action. In many cases, components of the vascular system represent therapeutic targets. Endothelial cells, which line the luminal surface of the vasculature, play a tripartite role of the key target, barrier, or victim of nanomedicines in the bloodstream. Circulating DDS may accumulate in the vascular areas of interest and in off-target areas via mechanisms bypassing specific molecular recognition, but using ligands of specific vascular determinant molecules enables a degree of precision, efficacy, and specificity of delivery unattainable by non-affinity DDS. Three decades of research efforts have focused on specific vascular targeting, which have yielded a multitude of DDS, many of which are currently undergoing a translational phase of development for biomedical applications, including interventions in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous systems, regulation of endothelial functions, host defense, and permeation of vascular barriers. We discuss the design of endothelial-targeted nanocarriers, factors underlying their interactions with cells and tissues, and describe examples of their investigational use in models of acute vascular inflammation with an eye on translational challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Glassman
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
| | - Jacob W Myerson
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Laura T Ferguson
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Raisa Y Kiseleva
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Vladimir V Shuvaev
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Jacob S Brenner
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
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25
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Ntshangase S, Mdanda S, Naicker T, Kruger HG, Baijnath S, Govender T. Spatial distribution of elvitegravir and tenofovir in rat brain tissue: Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1643-1651. [PMID: 31240777 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The complexity of central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery is the main obstacle with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) known to restrict access of most pharmaceutical drugs into the brain. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) offers possibilities for studying drug deposition into the CNS. METHODS The deposition and spatial distribution of the two antiretroviral drugs elvitegravir and tenofovir in the brain were investigated in healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats following a single intraperitoneal administration (50 mg/kg). This was achieved by the utilization of quantitative liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MSI. RESULTS LC/MS/MS showed that elvitegravir has better BBB penetration, reaching maximum concentration in the brain (Cmax brain) of 976.5 ng/g. In contrast, tenofovir displayed relatively lower BBB penetration, reaching Cmax brain of 54.5 ng/g. MALDI-MSI showed the heterogeneous distribution of both drugs in various brain regions including the cerebral cortex. CONCLUSIONS LC/MS/MS and MALDI-MSI provided valuable information about the relative concentration and the spatial distribution of the two common antiretroviral drugs. This study has also shown the capability of MALDI-MSI for direct visualization of pharmaceutical drugs in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
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26
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Trevorrow P, Kilgour DPA. Perspectives on the future of mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33 Suppl 3:1-2. [PMID: 30414208 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Trevorrow
- Wiley, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, PO19 8SQ, UK
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27
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Liu JJ, Cheng Y, Shao YY, Chang ZP, Guo YT, Feng XJ, Xu D, Zhang JP, Song Y, Hou RG. Comparative pharmacokinetics and metabolites study of seven major bioactive components of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction in normal and polycystic ovary syndrome rats by ultra high pressure liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2534-2549. [PMID: 31144455 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous quantification of paeoniflorin, albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhetinic acid, and glycyrrhizin in rat plasma after oral administration of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction, which is traditionally used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. The plasma samples were pretreated with methanol as precipitant. The method exhibited good linearity (correlation coefficient (R2 ) > 0.99) with lower quantification limits of 0.595-4.69 ng/mL for all analytes. Intra- and interbatch precision, accuracy, recovery, and stability of the method were all within accepted criteria. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic behaviors of the seven compounds were altered in the pathological status of polycystic ovary syndrome. Furthermore, a total of 36 metabolites were structurally identified based on their accurate masses and fragment ions. The major metabolic pathway involves phase I metabolic reactions (such as hydroxylation), phase II metabolic reactions (such as sulfation and glucuronidation conjugation) as well as the combined multiple-step metabolism. This study is the first report on the pharmacokinetic and metabolic information of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction in both normal and model rats, which would provide scientific evidences for the bioactive chemical basis of herbal medicines and also promote the clinical application of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction for treating polycystic ovary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yao Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Yun Shao
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang-Peng Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ting Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Juan Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Ding Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Ping Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yan Song
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Gang Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
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