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Bianconi S, Leppik L, Oppermann E, Marzi I, Henrich D. Direct Current Electrical Stimulation Shifts THP-1-Derived Macrophage Polarization towards Pro-Regenerative M2 Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7272. [PMID: 39000377 PMCID: PMC11242703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A macrophage shift from the M1 to the M2 phenotype is relevant for promoting tissue repair and regeneration. In a previous in vivo study, we found that direct current (DC) electrical stimulation (EStim) increased the proportion of M2 macrophages in healing tissues and directed the balance of the injury response away from healing/scarring towards regeneration. These observations led us to hypothesize that DC EStim regulates macrophage polarization towards an M2 phenotype. THP-1-derived M0, M1 (IFN-γ and LPS), and M2 (IL-4 and IL-13) macrophages were exposed (or not: control group) to 100 mV/mm of DC EStim, 1 h/day for three days. Macrophage polarization was assessed through gene and surface marker expressions and cytokine secretion profiles. Following DC EStim treatment, M0 cells exhibited an upregulation of M2 marker genes IL10, CD163, and PPARG. In M1 cells, DC EStim upregulated the gene expressions of M2 markers IL10, TGM2, and CD206 and downregulated M1 marker gene CD86. EStim treatment also reduced the surface expression of CD86 and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. Our results suggest that DC EStim differentially exerts pro-M2 effects depending on the macrophage phenotype: it upregulates typical M2 genes in M0 and M1 cells while inhibiting M1 marker CD86 at the nuclear and protein levels and the secretion of pro-inflammatory interleukins in M1 cells. Conversely, M2 cells appear to be less responsive to the EStim treatment employed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Bianconi
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Liudmila Leppik
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elsie Oppermann
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingo Marzi
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Henrich
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Gomez-Sosa JF, Cardier JE, Wittig O, Díaz-Solano D, Lara E, Duque K, Ramos-González G. Allogeneic Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Transplantation Induces Dentin Pulp Complex-like Formation in Immature Teeth with Pulp Necrosis and Apical Periodontitis. J Endod 2024; 50:483-492. [PMID: 38237659 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dental pulp regeneration is challenging in endodontics. Cellular therapy is an alternative approach to induce dental pulp regeneration. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have the capacity to induce dental pulp-like tissue formation. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of allogeneic bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) to regenerate pulp following necrosis and apical periodontitis in children's permanent immature apex teeth. METHODS Patients aged 8 to 12 years with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis were evaluated. The study included 15 teeth (13 incisors and 2 molars) from 14 patients (8 boys and 6 girls). Radiographic evaluation showed periapical radiolucency and immature apex teeth. There was no response to cold or electric pulp testing. The root canal of each tooth was cleaned, shaped, and Ca(OH)2 used as an interappointment medication. Cryopreserved allogeneic BM-MSCs were thawed, expanded, incorporated into preclotted platelet-rich plasma, and implanted into the tooth's pulp cavity. They were sealed with bioceramic cement and composite. Sensibility, apical foramen, calcium deposits within the root canal, and resolution of periapical lesions were evaluated in each tooth over the following 12 months. RESULTS Based on 9 variables established for dental pulp-like tissue regeneration, all MSC-treated teeth showed evidence of successful regeneration. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of the treated teeth showed periapical lesion healing, sensitivity to cold and electricity, decreased width of the apical foramen, and mineralization within the canal space. CONCLUSIONS Transplantation of allogeneic MSCs induces the formation of dental pulp-like tissue in permanent immature apex teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis. Implant of MSCs constitutes a potential therapy in regenerative endodontics in pediatric dentistry. Future studies incorporating a larger sample size may confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Francisco Gomez-Sosa
- Unidad de Terapia Celular-Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - José E Cardier
- Unidad de Terapia Celular-Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Olga Wittig
- Unidad de Terapia Celular-Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Dylana Díaz-Solano
- Unidad de Terapia Celular-Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Eloisa Lara
- Unidad de Terapia Celular-Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Kharelys Duque
- Unidad de Terapia Celular-Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Giselle Ramos-González
- Unidad de Terapia Celular-Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
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Tan FH, Bronner ME. Regenerative loss in the animal kingdom as viewed from the mouse digit tip and heart. Dev Biol 2024; 507:44-63. [PMID: 38145727 PMCID: PMC10922877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The myriad regenerative abilities across the animal kingdom have fascinated us for centuries. Recent advances in developmental, molecular, and cellular biology have allowed us to unearth a surprising diversity of mechanisms through which these processes occur. Developing an all-encompassing theory of animal regeneration has thus proved a complex endeavor. In this chapter, we frame the evolution and loss of animal regeneration within the broad developmental constraints that may physiologically inhibit regenerative ability across animal phylogeny. We then examine the mouse as a model of regeneration loss, specifically the experimental systems of the digit tip and heart. We discuss the digit tip and heart as a positionally-limited system of regeneration and a temporally-limited system of regeneration, respectively. We delve into the physiological processes involved in both forms of regeneration, and how each phase of the healing and regenerative process may be affected by various molecular signals, systemic changes, or microenvironmental cues. Lastly, we also discuss the various approaches and interventions used to induce or improve the regenerative response in both contexts, and the implications they have for our understanding regenerative ability more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayth Hui Tan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Lin YL, Yu L, Yan M, Zimmel K, Qureshi O, Imholt F, Li T, Ivanov I, Brunauer R, Dawson L, Muneoka K. Induced regeneration of articular cartilage - identification of a dormant regeneration program for a non-regenerative tissue. Development 2023; 150:dev201894. [PMID: 37882667 PMCID: PMC10651102 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
A mouse organoid culture model was developed to regenerate articular cartilage by sequential treatment with BMP2 and BMP9 (or GDF2) that parallels induced joint regeneration at digit amputation wounds in vivo. BMP9-induced chondrogenesis was used to identify clonal cell lines for articular chondrocyte and hypertrophic chondrocyte progenitor cells from digit fibroblasts. A protocol that includes cell aggregation enhanced by BMP2 followed by BMP9-induced chondrogenesis resulted in the differentiation of organized layers of articular chondrocytes, similar to the organization of middle and deep zones of articular cartilage in situ, and retained a differentiated phenotype following transplantation. In addition, the differentiation of a non-chondrogenic connective tissue layer containing articular chondrocyte progenitor cells demonstrated that progenitor cell sequestration is coupled with articular cartilage differentiation at a clonal level. The studies identify a dormant endogenous regenerative program for a non-regenerative tissue in which fibroblast-derived progenitor cells can be induced to initiate morphogenetic and differentiative programs that include progenitor cell sequestration. The identification of dormant regenerative programs in non-regenerative tissues such as articular cartilage represents a novel strategy that integrates regeneration biology with regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lieh Lin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Katherine Zimmel
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Osama Qureshi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Felisha Imholt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongli Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Regina Brunauer
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lindsay Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Mahapatra C, Naik P, Swain SK, Mohapatra PP. Unravelling the limb regeneration mechanisms of Polypedates maculatus, a sub-tropical frog, by transcriptomics. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:122. [PMID: 36927452 PMCID: PMC10022135 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regeneration studies help to understand the strategies that replace a lost or damaged organ and provide insights into approaches followed in regenerative medicine and engineering. Amphibians regenerate their limbs effortlessly and are indispensable models to study limb regeneration. Xenopus and axolotl are the key models for studying limb regeneration but recent studies on non-model amphibians have revealed species specific differences in regeneration mechanisms. RESULTS The present study describes the de novo transcriptome of intact limbs and three-day post-amputation blastemas of tadpoles and froglets of the Asian tree frog Polypedates maculatus, a non-model amphibian species commonly found in India. Differential gene expression analysis between early tadpole and froglet limb blastemas discovered species-specific novel regulators of limb regeneration. The present study reports upregulation of proteoglycans, such as epiphycan, chondroadherin, hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1, collagens 2,5,6, 9 and 11, several tumour suppressors and methyltransferases in the P. maculatus tadpole blastemas. Differential gene expression analysis between tadpole and froglet limbs revealed that in addition to the expression of larval-specific haemoglobin and glycoproteins, an upregulation of cysteine and serine protease inhibitors and downregulation of serine proteases, antioxidants, collagenases and inflammatory genes in the tadpole limbs were essential for creating an environment that would support regeneration. Dermal myeloid cells were GAG+, EPYC+, INMT+, LEF1+ and SALL4+ and seemed to migrate from the unamputated regions of the tadpole limb to the blastema. On the other hand, the myeloid cells of the froglet limb blastemas were few and probably contributed to sustained inflammation resulting in healing. CONCLUSIONS Studies on non-model amphibians give insights into alternate tactics for limb regeneration which can help devise a plethora of methods in regenerative medicine and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuckoo Mahapatra
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Odisha, 757003, India.
| | - Pranati Naik
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Odisha, 757003, India
| | - Sumanta Kumar Swain
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Odisha, 757003, India
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Fuiten AM, Yoshimoto Y, Shukunami C, Stadler HS. Digits in a dish: An in vitro system to assess the molecular genetics of hand/foot development at single-cell resolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1135025. [PMID: 36994104 PMCID: PMC10040768 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1135025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro models allow for the study of developmental processes outside of the embryo. To gain access to the cells mediating digit and joint development, we identified a unique property of undifferentiated mesenchyme isolated from the distal early autopod to autonomously re-assemble forming multiple autopod structures including: digits, interdigital tissues, joints, muscles and tendons. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of these developing structures revealed distinct cell clusters that express canonical markers of distal limb development including: Col2a1, Col10a1, and Sp7 (phalanx formation), Thbs2 and Col1a1 (perichondrium), Gdf5, Wnt5a, and Jun (joint interzone), Aldh1a2 and Msx1 (interdigital tissues), Myod1 (muscle progenitors), Prg4 (articular perichondrium/articular cartilage), and Scx and Tnmd (tenocytes/tendons). Analysis of the gene expression patterns for these signature genes indicates that developmental timing and tissue-specific localization were also recapitulated in a manner similar to the initiation and maturation of the developing murine autopod. Finally, the in vitro digit system also recapitulates congenital malformations associated with genetic mutations as in vitro cultures of Hoxa13 mutant mesenchyme produced defects present in Hoxa13 mutant autopods including digit fusions, reduced phalangeal segment numbers, and poor mesenchymal condensation. These findings demonstrate the robustness of the in vitro digit system to recapitulate digit and joint development. As an in vitro model of murine digit and joint development, this innovative system will provide access to the developing limb tissues facilitating studies to discern how digit and articular joint formation is initiated and how undifferentiated mesenchyme is patterned to establish individual digit morphologies. The in vitro digit system also provides a platform to rapidly evaluate treatments aimed at stimulating the repair or regeneration of mammalian digits impacted by congenital malformation, injury, or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Fuiten
- Research Center, Shriners Children’s, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Yuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - H. Scott Stadler
- Research Center, Shriners Children’s, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: H. Scott Stadler,
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Kaucka M, Joven Araus A, Tesarova M, Currie JD, Boström J, Kavkova M, Petersen J, Yao Z, Bouchnita A, Hellander A, Zikmund T, Elewa A, Newton PT, Fei JF, Chagin AS, Fried K, Tanaka EM, Kaiser J, Simon A, Adameyko I. Altered developmental programs and oriented cell divisions lead to bulky bones during salamander limb regeneration. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6949. [PMID: 36376278 PMCID: PMC9663504 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34266-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are major differences in duration and scale at which limb development and regeneration proceed, raising the question to what extent regeneration is a recapitulation of development. We address this by analyzing skeletal elements using a combination of micro-CT imaging, molecular profiling and clonal cell tracing. We find that, in contrast to development, regenerative skeletal growth is accomplished based entirely on cartilage expansion prior to ossification, not limiting the transversal cartilage expansion and resulting in bulkier skeletal parts. The oriented extension of salamander cartilage and bone appear similar to the development of basicranial synchondroses in mammals, as we found no evidence for cartilage stem cell niches or growth plate-like structures during neither development nor regeneration. Both regenerative and developmental ossification in salamanders start from the cortical bone and proceeds inwards, showing the diversity of schemes for the synchrony of cortical and endochondral ossification among vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Kaucka
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, 24306, Germany
| | - Alberto Joven Araus
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Marketa Tesarova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua D Currie
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Johan Boström
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Michaela Kavkova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Julian Petersen
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Zeyu Yao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Anass Bouchnita
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
| | - Andreas Hellander
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Ahmed Elewa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Phillip T Newton
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ji-Feng Fei
- The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, 1030, Austria
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, 41346, Sweden
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - András Simon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden.
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden.
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Sherman KM, Williams DK, Welsh CA, Cooper AM, Falck A, Huggins S, Bokhari RS, Gaddy D, McKelvey KD, Dawson LA, Suva LJ. Low bone mass and impaired fracture healing in mouse models of Trisomy21 (Down syndrome). Bone 2022; 162:116471. [PMID: 35716916 PMCID: PMC9356441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS), the result of trisomy of human chromosome Hsa21 (Ts21), present with an array of skeletal abnormalities typified by altered craniofacial features, short stature and low bone mineral density (BMD). While bone deficits progress with age in both sexes, low bone mass is more pronounced in DS men than women and osteopenia appears earlier. In the current study, the reproductive hormone status (FSH, LH, testosterone) of 17 DS patients (males, ages range 19-52 years) was measured. Although testosterone was consistently low, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis was intact with corresponding rises in FSH and LH. To provide further insight into the heterogeneity of the bone mass in DS, the skeletal phenotypes of three of the most used murine DS models, Ts65Dn (Ts65), TC1, and Dp16(Yey1) (Dp16) were characterized and contrasted. Evaluation of the bone phenotype of both male and female 3-month-old Dp16 mice demonstrated sexual dimorphism, with low bone mass apparent in males, as it is in Ts65, but not in female Dp16. In contrast, male TC1 mice had no apparent bone phenotype. To determine whether low bone mass in DS impacted fracture healing, fractures of the middle phalanx (P2) digits were generated in both male and female Dp16 mice at 15 weeks of age, an age where the sexually dimorphic low BMD persisted. Fracture healing was assessed via in vivo microCT over (13 weeks) 93 days post fracture (DPF). At 93 DPF, 0 % of DS male (n = 12) or female (n = 8) fractures healed, compared to 50 % of the male (n = 28) or female (n = 8) WT littermate fractures. MicroCT revealed periosteal unbridged mineralized callus formation across the fracture gap in Dp16 mice, which was confirmed by subsequent histology. These studies provide the first direct evidence of significantly impaired fracture healing in the setting of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby M Sherman
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Diarra K Williams
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Casey A Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Alexis M Cooper
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Alyssa Falck
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Shannon Huggins
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Rihana S Bokhari
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Dana Gaddy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Kent D McKelvey
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States of America; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States of America
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Larry J Suva
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America.
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9
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Carbonell-M B, Zapata Cardona J, Delgado JP. Post-amputation reactive oxygen species production is necessary for axolotls limb regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:921520. [PMID: 36092695 PMCID: PMC9458980 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.921520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent molecules of great interest in the field of regenerative biology since several animal models require their production to promote and favor tissue, organ, and appendage regeneration. Recently, it has been shown that the production of ROS such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is required for tail regeneration in Ambystoma mexicanum. However, to date, it is unknown whether ROS production is necessary for limb regeneration in this animal model. Methods: forelimbs of juvenile animals were amputated proximally and the dynamics of ROS production was determined using 2′7- dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) during the regeneration process. Inhibition of ROS production was performed using the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. Subsequently, a rescue assay was performed using exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The effect of these treatments on the size and skeletal structures of the regenerated limb was evaluated by staining with alcian blue and alizarin red, as well as the effect on blastema formation, cell proliferation, immune cell recruitment, and expression of genes related to proximal-distal identity. Results: our results show that inhibition of post-amputation limb ROS production in the A. mexicanum salamander model results in the regeneration of a miniature limb with a significant reduction in the size of skeletal elements such as the ulna, radius, and overall autopod. Additionally, other effects such as decrease in the number of carpals, defective joint morphology, and failure of integrity between the regenerated structure and the remaining tissue were identified. In addition, this treatment affected blastema formation and induced a reduction in the levels of cell proliferation in this structure, as well as a reduction in the number of CD45+ and CD11b + immune system cells. On the other hand, blocking ROS production affected the expression of proximo-distal identity genes such as Aldha1a1, Rarβ, Prod1, Meis1, Hoxa13, and other genes such as Agr2 and Yap1 in early/mid blastema. Of great interest, the failure in blastema formation, skeletal alterations, as well as the expression of the genes evaluated were rescued by the application of exogenous H2O2, suggesting that ROS/H2O2 production is necessary from the early stages for proper regeneration and patterning of the limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belfran Carbonell-M
- Grupo de Genética, Regeneración y Cáncer, Universidad de Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia
- Departamento de Estudios Básicos Integrados, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Belfran Carbonell-M, ; Jean Paul Delgado,
| | - Juliana Zapata Cardona
- Grupo de Investigación en Patobiología Quiron, Escuela de MedicinaVeterinaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jean Paul Delgado
- Grupo de Genética, Regeneración y Cáncer, Universidad de Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Belfran Carbonell-M, ; Jean Paul Delgado,
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10
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Avalos PN, Forsthoefel DJ. An Emerging Frontier in Intercellular Communication: Extracellular Vesicles in Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:849905. [PMID: 35646926 PMCID: PMC9130466 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.849905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration requires cellular proliferation, differentiation, and other processes that are regulated by secreted cues originating from cells in the local environment. Recent studies suggest that signaling by extracellular vesicles (EVs), another mode of paracrine communication, may also play a significant role in coordinating cellular behaviors during regeneration. EVs are nanoparticles composed of a lipid bilayer enclosing proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other metabolites, and are secreted by most cell types. Upon EV uptake by target cells, EV cargo can influence diverse cellular behaviors during regeneration, including cell survival, immune responses, extracellular matrix remodeling, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In this review, we briefly introduce the history of EV research and EV biogenesis. Then, we review current understanding of how EVs regulate cellular behaviors during regeneration derived from numerous studies of stem cell-derived EVs in mammalian injury models. Finally, we discuss the potential of other established and emerging research organisms to expand our mechanistic knowledge of basic EV biology, how injury modulates EV biogenesis, cellular sources of EVs in vivo, and the roles of EVs in organisms with greater regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla N. Avalos
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - David J. Forsthoefel
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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11
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Singer AJ. Healing Mechanisms in Cutaneous Wounds: Tipping the Balance. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022; 28:1151-1167. [PMID: 34915757 PMCID: PMC9587785 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute and chronic cutaneous wounds pose a significant health and economic burden. Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process that occurs in four distinct, yet overlapping, highly coordinated stages: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Postnatal wound healing is reparative, which can lead to the formation of scar tissue. Regenerative wound healing occurs during fetal development and in restricted postnatal tissues. This process can restore the wound to an uninjured state by producing new skin cells from stem cell reservoirs, resulting in healing with minimal or no scarring. Focusing on the pathophysiology of acute burn wounds, this review highlights reparative and regenerative healing mechanisms (including the role of cells, signaling molecules, and the extracellular matrix) and discusses how components of regenerative healing are being used to drive the development of novel approaches and therapeutics aimed at improving clinical outcomes. Important components of regenerative healing, such as stem cells, growth factors, and decellularized dermal matrices, are all being evaluated to recapitulate more closely the natural regenerative healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Singer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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12
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Dolan CP, Imholt F, Yan M, Yang TJ, Gregory J, Qureshi O, Zimmel K, Sherman KM, Smith HM, Falck A, Leininger E, Yu L, Brunauer R, Suva LJ, Gaddy D, Dawson LA, Muneoka K. Digit specific denervation does not inhibit mouse digit tip regeneration. Dev Biol 2022; 486:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Epimorphic regeneration of the mouse digit tip is finite. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:62. [PMID: 35130972 PMCID: PMC8822779 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Structural regeneration of amputated appendages by blastema-mediated, epimorphic regeneration is a process whose mechanisms are beginning to be employed for inducing regeneration. While epimorphic regeneration is classically studied in non-amniote vertebrates such as salamanders, mammals also possess a limited ability for epimorphic regeneration, best exemplified by the regeneration of the distal mouse digit tip. A fundamental, but still unresolved question is whether epimorphic regeneration and blastema formation is exhaustible, similar to the finite limits of stem-cell mediated tissue regeneration. Methods In this study, distal mouse digits were amputated, allowed to regenerate and then repeatedly amputated. To quantify the extent and patterning of the regenerated digit, the digit bone as the most prominent regenerating element in the mouse digit was followed by in vivo µCT. Results Analyses revealed that digit regeneration is indeed progressively attenuated, beginning after the second regeneration cycle, but that the pattern is faithfully restored until the end of the fourth regeneration cycle. Surprisingly, when unamputated digits in the vicinity of repeatedly amputated digits were themselves amputated, these new amputations also exhibited a similarly attenuated regeneration response, suggesting a systemic component to the amputation injury response. Conclusions In sum, these data suggest that epimorphic regeneration in mammals is finite and due to the exhaustion of the proliferation and differentiation capacity of the blastema cell source. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02741-2.
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14
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Dolan CP, Imholt F, Yang TJ, Bokhari R, Gregory J, Yan M, Qureshi O, Zimmel K, Sherman KM, Falck A, Yu L, Leininger E, Brunauer R, Suva LJ, Gaddy D, Dawson LA, Muneoka K. Mouse Digit Tip Regeneration Is Mechanical Load Dependent. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:312-322. [PMID: 34783092 PMCID: PMC9400037 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amputation of the mouse digit tip results in blastema-mediated regeneration. In this model, new bone regenerates de novo to lengthen the amputated stump bone, resulting in a functional replacement of the terminal phalangeal element along with associated non-skeletal tissues. Physiological examples of bone repair, such as distraction osteogenesis and fracture repair, are well known to require mechanical loading. However, the role of mechanical loading during mammalian digit tip regeneration is unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that reducing mechanical loading inhibits blastema formation by attenuating bone resorption and wound closure, resulting in the complete inhibition of digit regeneration. Mechanical unloading effects on wound healing and regeneration are completely reversible when mechanical loading is restored. Mechanical unloading after blastema formation results in a reduced rate of de novo bone formation, demonstrating mechanical load dependence of the bone regenerative response. Moreover, enhancing the wound-healing response of mechanically unloaded digits with the cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive Dermabond improves wound closure and partially rescues digit tip regeneration. Taken together, these results demonstrate that mammalian digit tip regeneration is mechanical load-dependent. Given that human fingertip regeneration shares many characteristics with the mouse digit tip, these results identify mechanical load as a previously unappreciated requirement for de novo bone regeneration in humans. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor P Dolan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,DoD-VA Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Felisha Imholt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tae-Jung Yang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rihana Bokhari
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joshua Gregory
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Osama Qureshi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Katherine Zimmel
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kirby M Sherman
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alyssa Falck
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Eric Leininger
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Regina Brunauer
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Larry J Suva
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Dana Gaddy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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15
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Murugan NJ, Vigran HJ, Miller KA, Golding A, Pham QL, Sperry MM, Rasmussen-Ivey C, Kane AW, Kaplan DL, Levin M. Acute multidrug delivery via a wearable bioreactor facilitates long-term limb regeneration and functional recovery in adult Xenopus laevis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj2164. [PMID: 35080969 PMCID: PMC8791464 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Limb regeneration is a frontier in biomedical science. Identifying triggers of innate morphogenetic responses in vivo to induce the growth of healthy patterned tissue would address the needs of millions of patients, from diabetics to victims of trauma. Organisms such as Xenopus laevis-whose limited regenerative capacities in adulthood mirror those of humans-are important models with which to test interventions that can restore form and function. Here, we demonstrate long-term (18 months) regrowth, marked tissue repatterning, and functional restoration of an amputated X. laevis hindlimb following a 24-hour exposure to a multidrug, pro-regenerative treatment delivered by a wearable bioreactor. Regenerated tissues composed of skin, bone, vasculature, and nerves significantly exceeded the complexity and sensorimotor capacities of untreated and control animals' hypomorphic spikes. RNA sequencing of early tissue buds revealed activation of developmental pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, hedgehog, and Notch. These data demonstrate the successful "kickstarting" of endogenous regenerative pathways in a vertebrate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosha J. Murugan
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Hannah J. Vigran
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Kelsie A. Miller
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Annie Golding
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Quang L. Pham
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Megan M. Sperry
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cody Rasmussen-Ivey
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Anna W. Kane
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Corresponding author.
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16
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Yu L, Lin YL, Yan M, Li T, Wu EY, Zimmel K, Qureshi O, Falck A, Sherman KM, Huggins SS, Hurtado DO, Suva LJ, Gaddy D, Cai J, Brunauer R, Dawson LA, Muneoka K. Hyaline cartilage differentiation of fibroblasts in regeneration and regenerative medicine. Development 2022; 149:274141. [PMID: 35005773 PMCID: PMC8917415 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amputation injuries in mammals are typically non-regenerative; however, joint regeneration is stimulated by BMP9 treatment, indicating the presence of latent articular chondrocyte progenitor cells. BMP9 induces a battery of chondrogenic genes in vivo, and a similar response is observed in cultures of amputation wound cells. Extended cultures of BMP9-treated cells results in differentiation of hyaline cartilage, and single cell RNAseq analysis identified wound fibroblasts as BMP9 responsive. This culture model was used to identify a BMP9-responsive adult fibroblast cell line and a culture strategy was developed to engineer hyaline cartilage for engraftment into an acutely damaged joint. Transplanted hyaline cartilage survived engraftment and maintained a hyaline cartilage phenotype, but did not form mature articular cartilage. In addition, individual hypertrophic chondrocytes were identified in some samples, indicating that the acute joint injury site can promote osteogenic progression of engrafted hyaline cartilage. The findings identify fibroblasts as a cell source for engineering articular cartilage and establish a novel experimental strategy that bridges the gap between regeneration biology and regenerative medicine. Summary:In vivo articular cartilage regeneration serves as a model to develop novel approaches for engineering cartilage to repair damaged joints and identifies fibroblasts as a BMP9-inducible chondroprogenitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yu-Lieh Lin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Emily Y. Wu
- Dewpoint Therapeutics, 6 Tide Street, Suite 300, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Katherine Zimmel
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Osama Qureshi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Alyssa Falck
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kirby M. Sherman
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shannon S. Huggins
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Daniel Osorio Hurtado
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Larry J. Suva
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Dana Gaddy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - James Cai
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Regina Brunauer
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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17
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Wells KM, Baumel M, McCusker CD. The Regulation of Growth in Developing, Homeostatic, and Regenerating Tetrapod Limbs: A Minireview. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:768505. [PMID: 35047496 PMCID: PMC8763381 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.768505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The size and shape of the tetrapod limb play central roles in their functionality and the overall physiology of the organism. In this minireview we will discuss observations on mutant animal models and humans, which show that the growth and final size of the limb is most impacted by factors that regulate either limb bud patterning or the elongation of the long bones. We will also apply the lessons that have been learned from embryos to how growth could be regulated in regenerating limb structures and outline the challenges that are unique to regenerating animals.
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18
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Aztekin C. Tissues and Cell Types of Appendage Regeneration: A Detailed Look at the Wound Epidermis and Its Specialized Forms. Front Physiol 2021; 12:771040. [PMID: 34887777 PMCID: PMC8649801 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.771040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic implementation of human limb regeneration is a daring aim. Studying species that can regrow their lost appendages provides clues on how such a feat can be achieved in mammals. One of the unique features of regeneration-competent species lies in their ability to seal the amputation plane with a scar-free wound epithelium. Subsequently, this wound epithelium advances and becomes a specialized wound epidermis (WE) which is hypothesized to be the essential component of regenerative success. Recently, the WE and specialized WE terminologies have been used interchangeably. However, these tissues were historically separated, and contemporary limb regeneration studies have provided critical new information which allows us to distinguish them. Here, I will summarize tissue-level observations and recently identified cell types of WE and their specialized forms in different regeneration models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Aztekin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, EPFL, School of Life Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Abstract
Species that can regrow their lost appendages have been studied with the ultimate aim of developing methods to enable human limb regeneration. These examinations highlight that appendage regeneration progresses through shared tissue stages and gene activities, leading to the assumption that appendage regeneration paradigms (e.g. tails and limbs) are the same or similar. However, recent research suggests these paradigms operate differently at the cellular level, despite sharing tissue descriptions and gene expressions. Here, collecting the findings from disparate studies, I argue appendage regeneration is context dependent at the cellular level; nonetheless, it requires (i) signalling centres, (ii) stem/progenitor cell types and (iii) a regeneration-permissive environment, and these three common cellular principles could be more suitable for cross-species/paradigm/age comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Aztekin
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Khyeam S, Lee S, Huang GN. Genetic, Epigenetic, and Post-Transcriptional Basis of Divergent Tissue Regenerative Capacities Among Vertebrates. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 2:e10042. [PMID: 34423307 PMCID: PMC8372189 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.10042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration is widespread across the animal kingdom but varies vastly across phylogeny and even ontogeny. Adult mammalian regeneration in most organs and appendages is limited, while vertebrates such as zebrafish and salamanders are able to regenerate various organs and body parts. Here, we focus on the regeneration of appendages, spinal cord, and heart - organs and body parts that are highly regenerative among fish and amphibian species but limited in adult mammals. We then describe potential genetic, epigenetic, and post-transcriptional similarities among these different forms of regeneration across vertebrates and discuss several theories for diminished regenerative capacity throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheamin Khyeam
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of PhysiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sukjun Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of PhysiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Guo N. Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of PhysiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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21
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The Potential of Nail Mini-Organ Stem Cells in Skin, Nail and Digit Tips Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062864. [PMID: 33799809 PMCID: PMC7998429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nails are highly keratinized skin appendages that exhibit continuous growth under physiological conditions and full regeneration upon removal. These mini-organs are maintained by two autonomous populations of skin stem cells. The fast-cycling, highly proliferative stem cells of the nail matrix (nail stem cells (NSCs)) predominantly replenish the nail plate. Furthermore, the slow-cycling population of the nail proximal fold (nail proximal fold stem cells (NPFSCs)) displays bifunctional properties by contributing to the peri-nail epidermis under the normal homeostasis and the nail structure upon injury. Here, we discuss nail mini-organ stem cells’ location and their role in skin and nail homeostasis and regeneration, emphasizing their importance to orchestrate the whole digit tip regeneration. Such endogenous regeneration capabilities are observed in rodents and primates. However, they are limited to the region adjacent to the nail’s proximal area, indicating the crucial role of nail mini-organ stem cells in digit restoration. Further, we explore the molecular characteristics of nail mini-organ stem cells and the critical role of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt signaling pathways in homeostatic nail growth and digit restoration. Finally, we investigate the latest accomplishments in stimulating regenerative responses in regeneration-incompetent injuries. These pioneer results might open up new opportunities to overcome amputated mammalian digits and limbs’ regenerative failures in the future.
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22
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Dawson LA, Schanes PP, Marrero L, Jordan K, Brunauer R, Zimmel KN, Qureshi O, Imholt FM, Falck AR, Yan M, Dolan CP, Yu L, Muneoka K. Proximal digit tip amputation initiates simultaneous blastema and transient fibrosis formation and results in partial regeneration. Wound Repair Regen 2020; 29:196-205. [PMID: 32815252 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Complete extremity regeneration in mammals is restricted to distal amputations of the digit tip, the terminal phalanx (P3). In mice, P3 regeneration is mediated via the formation of a blastema, a transient population of progenitor cells that form from the blending of periosteal and endosteal/marrow compartmentalized cells that undergo differentiation to restore the amputated structures. Compartmentalized blastema cells are formed independently, and periosteal compartment-derived cells are required for restoration of amputated skeletal length. P3 regenerative capacity is progressively attenuated at increasingly more proximal amputation levels, eventually resulting in regenerative failure. The continuum of regenerative capacity within the P3 wound milieu is a unique model to investigate mammalian blastema formation in response to distal amputation, as well as the healing response associated with regenerative failure at proximal amputation levels. We report that P3 proximal amputation healing, previously reported to result in regenerative failure, is not an example of complete regenerative failure, but instead is characterized by a limited bone regeneration response restricted to the endosteal/marrow compartment. The regeneration response is mediated by blastema formation within the endosteal/marrow compartment, and blastemal osteogenesis progresses through intramembranous ossification in a polarized proximal to distal sequence. Unlike bone regeneration following distal P3 amputation, osteogenesis within the periosteal compartment is not observed in response to proximal P3 amputation. We provide evidence that proximal P3 amputation initiates the formation of fibrotic tissue that isolates the endosteal/marrow compartment from the periosteal compartment and wound epidermis. While the fibrotic response is transient and later resolved, these studies demonstrate that blastema formation and fibrosis can occur in close proximity, with the regenerative response dominating the final outcome. Moreover, the results suggest that the attenuated proximal P3 regeneration response is associated with the absence of periosteal-compartment participation in blastema formation and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Paula P Schanes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Luis Marrero
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kathryn Jordan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Regina Brunauer
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Katherine N Zimmel
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Osama Qureshi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Felisha M Imholt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Alyssa R Falck
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Connor P Dolan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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23
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Masson AO, Krawetz RJ. Understanding cartilage protection in OA and injury: a spectrum of possibilities. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:432. [PMID: 32620156 PMCID: PMC7334861 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disease resulting in progressive degeneration of the hyaline articular cartilage within synovial joints. Current repair treatments for OA often result in poor quality tissue that is functionally ineffective compared to the hyaline cartilage and demonstrates increased failure rates post-treatment. Complicating efforts to improve clinical outcomes, animal models used in pre-clinical research show significant heterogeneity in their regenerative and degenerative responses associated with their species, age, genetic/epigenetic traits, and context of cartilage injury or disease. These can lead to variable outcomes when testing and validating novel therapeutic approaches for OA. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether protection against OA among different model systems is driven by inhibition of cartilage degeneration, enhancement of cartilage regeneration, or any combination thereof. MAIN TEXT Understanding the mechanistic basis underlying this context-dependent duality is essential for the rational design of targeted cartilage repair and OA therapies. Here, we discuss some of the critical variables related to the cross-species paradigm of degenerative and regenerative abilities found in pre-clinical animal models, to highlight that a gradient of regenerative competence within cartilage may exist across species and even in the greater human population, and likely influences clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS A more complete understanding of the endogenous regenerative potential of cartilage in a species specific context may facilitate the development of effective therapeutic approaches for cartilage injury and/or OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand O Masson
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Roman J Krawetz
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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24
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Lund-Ricard Y, Cormier P, Morales J, Boutet A. mTOR Signaling at the Crossroad between Metazoan Regeneration and Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2718. [PMID: 32295297 PMCID: PMC7216262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in medical research resides in controlling the molecular processes of tissue regeneration, as organ and structure damage are central to several human diseases. A survey of the literature reveals that mTOR (mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin) is involved in a wide range of regeneration mechanisms in the animal kingdom. More particularly, cellular processes such as growth, proliferation, and differentiation are controlled by mTOR. In addition, autophagy, stem cell maintenance or the newly described intermediate quiescence state, Galert, imply upstream monitoring by the mTOR pathway. In this review, we report the role of mTOR signaling in reparative regenerations in different tissues and body parts (e.g., axon, skeletal muscle, liver, epithelia, appendages, kidney, and whole-body), and highlight how the mTOR kinase can be viewed as a therapeutic target to boost organ repair. Studies in this area have focused on modulating the mTOR pathway in various animal models to elucidate its contribution to regeneration. The diversity of metazoan species used to identify the implication of this pathway might then serve applied medicine (in better understanding what is required for efficient treatments in human diseases) but also evolutionary biology. Indeed, species-specific differences in mTOR modulation can contain the keys to appreciate why certain regeneration processes have been lost or conserved in the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Agnès Boutet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France; (Y.L.-R.); (P.C.); (J.M.)
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25
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Yu Y, Cui H, Zhang C, Zhang D, Yin J, Wen G, Chai Y. Human nail bed extracellular matrix facilitates bone regeneration via macrophage polarization mediated by the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:4067-4079. [PMID: 32242565 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02910a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Critical-sized bone defects caused by trauma, tumor resection or serious infection represent one of the most challenging problems faced by orthopedic surgeons. However, the construction of bone grafts with good osteointegration and osteoinductivity is a clinical challenge. It has been elaborated that the nail bed tissue is an essential element for digit tip regeneration, suggesting that the nail bed may serve as a new material to manipulate bone regeneration. Herein, it was found that human nail bed extracellular matrix derived from amputated patients stimulates macrophage polarization toward a pro-healing phenotype and the expression of BMP2, to facilitate the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in vitro. The in vivo osteogenic capacity of decellularized nail bed scaffolds was then confirmed using a rat model of critical-sized calvarial defects. The in-depth analysis of immune responses to implanted scaffolds revealed that macrophage polarization toward the pro-regenerative M2 phenotype directs osteogenesis, as confirmed by macrophage depletion. A combination of proteomics analysis and RNA interference verified that the JAK2/STAT3 pathway is the positive regulator of macrophage polarization initiated by the decellularized nail bed during the promoted osteogenesis process. Thus, the decellularized human nail bed scaffold developed in this work is a promising biomaterial for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
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26
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Flowers GP, Crews CM. Remembering where we are: Positional information in salamander limb regeneration. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:465-482. [PMID: 32124513 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty years ago, Lewis Wolpert defined an important question in developmental biology: how are cell fates determined by the positions of cells within a system? He proposed that cells retain positional values as if they lie within a coordinate system and that the interpretation of these values produces patterns in development. He referred to this concept as positional information. Though initially controversial, this concept of positional information has proven to be profoundly influential in developmental biology. One area in which the influence of Wolpert's theoretical work can be clearly demonstrated is the study of limb regeneration in salamanders. Here, we review the work in limb regeneration leading up to Wolpert defining the concept of positional information and how his theory has guided regeneration research over the subsequent 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Parker Flowers
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Craig M Crews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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27
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Sorkin M, Huber AK, Hwang C, Carson WF, Menon R, Li J, Vasquez K, Pagani C, Patel N, Li S, Visser ND, Niknafs Y, Loder S, Scola M, Nycz D, Gallagher K, McCauley LK, Xu J, James AW, Agarwal S, Kunkel S, Mishina Y, Levi B. Regulation of heterotopic ossification by monocytes in a mouse model of aberrant wound healing. Nat Commun 2020; 11:722. [PMID: 32024825 PMCID: PMC7002453 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is an aberrant regenerative process with ectopic bone induction in response to musculoskeletal trauma, in which mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) differentiate into osteochondrogenic cells instead of myocytes or tenocytes. Despite frequent cases of hospitalized musculoskeletal trauma, the inflammatory responses and cell population dynamics that regulate subsequent wound healing and tissue regeneration are still unclear. Here we examine, using a mouse model of trauma-induced HO, the local microenvironment of the initial post-injury inflammatory response. Single cell transcriptome analyses identify distinct monocyte/macrophage populations at the injury site, with their dynamic changes over time elucidated using trajectory analyses. Mechanistically, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ1)-producing monocytes/macrophages are associated with HO and aberrant chondrogenic progenitor cell differentiation, while CD47-activating peptides that reduce systemic macrophage TGFβ levels and help ameliorate HO. Our data thus implicate CD47 activation as a therapeutic approach for modulating monocyte/macrophage phenotypes, MSC differentiation and HO formation during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sorkin
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Amanda K Huber
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Charles Hwang
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - William F Carson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rajasree Menon
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - John Li
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kaetlin Vasquez
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Chase Pagani
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nicole Patel
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shuli Li
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Noelle D Visser
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yashar Niknafs
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shawn Loder
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Melissa Scola
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Dylan Nycz
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Katherine Gallagher
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Laurie K McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jiajia Xu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Aaron W James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shailesh Agarwal
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stephen Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Material Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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28
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Muneoka K, Dawson LA. Evolution of epimorphosis in mammals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 336:165-179. [PMID: 31951104 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian epimorphic regeneration is rare and digit tip regeneration in mice is the best-studied model for a multi-tissue regenerative event that involves blastema formation. Digit tip regeneration parallels human fingertip regeneration, thus understanding the details of this response can provide insight into developing strategies to expand the potential of human regeneration. Following amputation, the digit stump undergoes a strong histolytic response involving osteoclast-mediated bone degradation that is spatially and temporally linked to the expansion of blastema osteoprogenitor cells. Blastemal differentiation occurs via direct intramembranous ossification. Although robust, digit regeneration is imperfect: The amputated cortical bone is replaced with woven bone and there is excessive bone regeneration restricted to the dorsal-ventral axis. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic analysis of digit regeneration in amphibians and mammals raise the possibility that mammalian blastema is a product of convergent evolution and we hypothesize that digit tip regeneration evolved from a nonregenerative precondition. A model is proposed in which the mammalian blastema evolved in part from an adaptation of two bone repair strategies (the bone remodeling cycle and fracture healing) both of which are conserved across tetrapod vertebrates. The view that epimorphic regeneration evolved in mammals from a nonregenerative precondition is supported by recent studies demonstrating that complex regenerative responses can be induced from a number of different nonregenerative amputation wounds by specific modification of the healing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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29
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Abstract
Regeneration is a remarkable phenomenon that has been the subject of awe and bafflement for hundreds of years. Although regeneration competence is found in highly divergent organisms throughout the animal kingdom, recent advances in tools used for molecular and genomic characterization have uncovered common genes, molecular mechanisms, and genomic features in regenerating animals. In this review we focus on what is known about how genome regulation modulates cellular potency during regeneration. We discuss this regulation in the context of complex tissue regeneration in animals, from Hydra to humans, with reference to ex vivo-cultured cell models of pluripotency when appropriate. We emphasize the importance of a detailed molecular understanding of both the mechanisms that regulate genomic output and the functional assays that assess the biological relevance of such molecular characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Duncan
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA;
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30
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Cox BD, Yun MH, Poss KD. Can laboratory model systems instruct human limb regeneration? Development 2019; 146:146/20/dev181016. [PMID: 31578190 DOI: 10.1242/dev.181016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration has fascinated scientists since well before the 20th century revolutions in genetics and molecular biology. The field of regenerative biology has grown steadily over the past decade, incorporating advances in imaging, genomics and genome editing to identify key cell types and molecules involved across many model organisms. Yet for many or most tissues, it can be difficult to predict when and how findings from these studies will advance regenerative medicine. Establishing technologies to stimulate regrowth of a lost or amputated limb with a patterned replicate, as salamanders do routinely, is one of the most challenging directives of tissue regeneration research. Here, we speculate upon what research avenues the field must explore to move closer to this capstone achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D Cox
- Regeneration Next, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Maximina H Yun
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany .,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Regeneration Next, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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31
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Oliveira KMC, Barker JH, Berezikov E, Pindur L, Kynigopoulos S, Eischen-Loges M, Han Z, Bhavsar MB, Henrich D, Leppik L. Electrical stimulation shifts healing/scarring towards regeneration in a rat limb amputation model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11433. [PMID: 31391536 PMCID: PMC6685943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47389-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Different species respond differently to severe injury, such as limb loss. In species that regenerate, limb loss is met with complete restoration of the limbs’ form and function, whereas in mammals the amputated limb’s stump heals and scars. In in vitro studies, electrical stimulation (EStim) has been shown to promote cell migration, and osteo- and chondrogenesis. In in vivo studies, after limb amputation, EStim causes significant new bone, cartilage and vessel growth. Here, in a rat model, the stumps of amputated rat limbs were exposed to EStim, and we measured extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, macrophage distribution, cell proliferation and gene expression changes at early (3 and 7 days) and later stages (28 days). We found that EStim caused differences in ECM deposition, with less condensed collagen fibrils, and modified macrophage response by changing M1 to M2 macrophage ratio. The number of proliferating cells was increased in EStim treated stumps 7 days after amputation, and transcriptome data strongly supported our histological findings, with activated gene pathways known to play key roles in embryonic development and regeneration. In conclusion, our findings support the hypothesis that EStim shifts injury response from healing/scarring towards regeneration. A better understanding of if and how EStim controls these changes, could lead to strategies that replace scarring with regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M C Oliveira
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J H Barker
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - E Berezikov
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Pindur
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Frankfurt am Main gGmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Kynigopoulos
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Eischen-Loges
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Z Han
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M B Bhavsar
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D Henrich
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - L Leppik
- Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics & Trauma Surgery, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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32
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The wonders of BMP9: From mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, tumorigenesis, and metabolism to regenerative medicine. Genes Dis 2019; 6:201-223. [PMID: 32042861 PMCID: PMC6997590 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) initially showed effective induction of ectopic bone growth in muscle, it has since been determined that these proteins, as members of the TGF-β superfamily, play a diverse and critical array of biological roles. These roles include regulating skeletal and bone formation, angiogenesis, and development and homeostasis of multiple organ systems. Disruptions of the members of the TGF-β/BMP superfamily result in severe skeletal and extra-skeletal irregularities, suggesting high therapeutic potential from understanding this family of BMP proteins. Although it was once one of the least characterized BMPs, BMP9 has revealed itself to have the highest osteogenic potential across numerous experiments both in vitro and in vivo, with recent studies suggesting that the exceptional potency of BMP9 may result from unique signaling pathways that differentiate it from other BMPs. The effectiveness of BMP9 in inducing bone formation was recently revealed in promising experiments that demonstrated efficacy in the repair of critical sized cranial defects as well as compatibility with bone-inducing bio-implants, revealing the great translational promise of BMP9. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that, besides its osteogenic activity, BMP9 exerts a broad range of biological functions, including stem cell differentiation, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, tumorigenesis, and metabolism. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of BMP9 across biology and the body.
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33
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Bone growth as the main determinant of mouse digit tip regeneration after amputation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9720. [PMID: 31273239 PMCID: PMC6609708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration is classically demonstrated in mammals using mice digit tip. In this study, we compared different amputation plans and show that distally amputated digits regrow with morphology close to normal but fail to regrow the fat pad. Proximally amputated digits do not regrow the phalangeal bone, but the remaining structures (nail, skin and connective tissue), all with intrinsic regenerative capacity, re-establishing integrity indistinguishably in distally and proximally amputated digits. Thus, we suggest that the bone growth promoted by signals and progenitor cells not removed by distal amputations is responsible for the re-establishment of a drastically different final morphology after distal or proximal digit tip amputations. Despite challenging the use of mouse digit tip as a model system for limb regeneration in mammals, these findings evidence a main role of bone growth in digit tip regeneration and suggest that mechanisms that promote joint structures formation should be the main goal of regenerative medicine for limb and digit regrowth.
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34
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Yu L, Dawson LA, Yan M, Zimmel K, Lin YL, Dolan CP, Han M, Muneoka K. BMP9 stimulates joint regeneration at digit amputation wounds in mice. Nat Commun 2019; 10:424. [PMID: 30723209 PMCID: PMC6363752 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A major goal of regenerative medicine is to stimulate tissue regeneration after traumatic injury. We previously discovered that treating digit amputation wounds with BMP2 in neonatal mice stimulates endochondral ossification to regenerate the stump bone. Here we show that treating the amputation wound with BMP9 stimulates regeneration of a synovial joint that forms an articulation with the stump bone. Regenerated structures include a skeletal element lined with articular cartilage and a synovial cavity, and we demonstrate that this response requires the Prg4 gene. Combining BMP2 and BMP9 treatments in sequence stimulates the regeneration of bone and joint. These studies provide evidence that treatment of growth factors can be used to engineer a regeneration response from a non-regenerating amputation wound. Mammalian joints have poor regenerative capacity following amputation. Here, the authors show that in mice, stimulation of the amputation wound with BMP2 and BMP9 stimulates regeneration of a synovial joint that includes bone, cartilage and a synovial cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Katherine Zimmel
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yu-Lieh Lin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Connor P Dolan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Manjong Han
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA. .,Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
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35
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Hanslik KL, Allen SR, Harkenrider TL, Fogerson SM, Guadarrama E, Morgan JR. Regenerative capacity in the lamprey spinal cord is not altered after a repeated transection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0204193. [PMID: 30699109 PMCID: PMC6353069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The resilience of regeneration in vertebrates is not very well understood. Yet understanding if tissues can regenerate after repeated insults, and identifying limitations, is important for elucidating the underlying mechanisms of tissue plasticity. This is particularly challenging in tissues, such as the nervous system, which possess a large number of terminally differentiated cells and often exhibit limited regeneration in the first place. However, unlike mammals, which exhibit very limited regeneration of spinal cord tissues, many non-mammalian vertebrates, including lampreys, bony fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, regenerate their spinal cords and functionally recover even after a complete spinal cord transection. It is well established that lampreys undergo full functional recovery of swimming behaviors after a single spinal cord transection, which is accompanied by tissue repair at the lesion site, as well as axon and synapse regeneration. Here we begin to explore the resilience of spinal cord regeneration in lampreys after a second spinal transection (re-transection). We report that by all functional and anatomical measures tested, lampreys regenerate after spinal re-transection just as robustly as after single transections. Recovery of swimming, synapse and cytoskeletal distributions, axon regeneration, and neuronal survival were nearly identical after spinal transection or re-transection. Only minor differences in tissue repair at the lesion site were observed in re-transected spinal cords. Thus, regenerative potential in the lamprey spinal cord is largely unaffected by spinal re-transection, indicating a greater persistent regenerative potential than exists in some other highly regenerative models. These findings establish a new path for uncovering pro-regenerative targets that could be deployed in non-regenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L Hanslik
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott R Allen
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tessa L Harkenrider
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M Fogerson
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Guadarrama
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R Morgan
- The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
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36
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Cox BD, De Simone A, Tornini VA, Singh SP, Di Talia S, Poss KD. In Toto Imaging of Dynamic Osteoblast Behaviors in Regenerating Skeletal Bone. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3937-3947.e4. [PMID: 30503623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts are matrix-depositing cells that can divide and heal bone injuries. Their deep-tissue location and the slow progression of bone regeneration challenge attempts to capture osteoblast behaviors in live tissue at high spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we have developed an imaging platform to monitor and quantify individual and collective behaviors of osteoblasts in adult zebrafish scales, skeletal body armor discs that regenerate rapidly after loss. Using a panel of transgenic lines that visualize and manipulate osteoblasts, we find that a founder pool of osteoblasts emerges through de novo differentiation within one day of scale plucking. These osteoblasts undergo division events that are largely uniform in frequency and orientation to establish a primordium. Osteoblast proliferation dynamics diversify across the primordium by two days after injury, with cell divisions focused near, and with orientations parallel to, the scale periphery, occurring coincident with dynamic localization of fgf20a gene expression. In posterior scale regions, cell elongation events initiate in areas soon occupied by mineralized grooves called radii, beginning approximately 2 days post injury, with patterned osteoblast death events accompanying maturation of these radii. By imaging at single-cell resolution, we detail acquisition of spatiotemporally distinct cell division, motility, and death dynamics within a founder osteoblast pool as bone regenerates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D Cox
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alessandro De Simone
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Valerie A Tornini
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sumeet P Singh
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stefano Di Talia
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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37
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Dolan CP, Yan M, Zimmel K, Yang TJ, Leininger E, Dawson LA, Muneoka K. Axonal regrowth is impaired during digit tip regeneration in mice. Dev Biol 2018; 445:237-244. [PMID: 30458171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mice are intrinsically capable of regenerating the tips of their digits after amputation. Mouse digit tip regeneration is reported to be a peripheral nerve-dependent event. However, it is presently unknown what types of nerves and Schwann cells innervate the digit tip, and to what extent these cells regenerate in association with the regenerative response. Given the necessity of peripheral nerves for mammalian regeneration, we investigated the neuroanatomy of the unamputated, regenerating, and regenerated mouse digit tip. Using immunohistochemistry for β-III-tubulin (β3T) or neurofilament H (NFH), substance P (SP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), myelin protein zero (P0), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), we identified peripheral nerve axons (sensory and sympathetic), and myelinating- and non-myelinating-Schwann cells. Our findings show that the digit tip is innervated by two digital nerves that each bifurcate into a bone marrow (BM) and connective tissue (CT) branch. The BM branches are composed of sympathetic axons that are ensheathed by non-myelinating-Schwann cells whereas the CT branches are composed of sensory and sympathetic axons and are ensheathed by myelinating- and non-myelinating-Schwann cells. The regenerated digit neuroanatomy differs from unamputated digit in several key ways. First, there is 7.5 fold decrease in CT branch axons in the regenerated digit compared to the unampuated digit. Second, there is a 5.6 fold decrease in myelinating-Schwann cells in the regenerated digit compared to the unamputated digit that is consistent with the decrease in CT branch axons. Importantly, we also find that the central portion of the regenerating digit blastema is aneural, with axons and Schwann cells restricted to peripheral and distal blastema regions. Finally, we show that even with impaired innervation, digits maintain the ability to regenerate after re-amputation. Taken together, these data indicate that nerve regeneration is impaired in the context of mouse digit tip regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor P Dolan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Katherine Zimmel
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Tae-Jung Yang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Eric Leininger
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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38
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Dawson LA, Schanes PP, Kim P, Imholt FM, Qureshi O, Dolan CP, Yu L, Yan M, Zimmel KN, Falck AR, Muneoka K. Blastema formation and periosteal ossification in the regenerating adult mouse digit. Wound Repair Regen 2018; 26:263-273. [PMID: 30120800 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
While mammals cannot regenerate amputated limbs, mice and humans have regenerative ability restricted to amputations transecting the digit tip, including the terminal phalanx (P3). In mice, the regeneration process is epimorphic and mediated by the formation of a blastema comprised of undifferentiated proliferating cells that differentiate to regenerate the amputated structures. Blastema formation distinguishes the regenerative response from a scar-forming healing response. The mouse digit tip serves as a preclinical model to investigate mammalian blastema formation and endogenous regenerative capabilities. We report that P3 blastema formation initiates prior to epidermal closure and concurrent with the bone histolytic response. In this early healing response, proliferation and cells entering the early stages of osteogenesis are localized to the periosteal and endosteal bone compartments. After the completion of stump bone histolysis, epidermal closure is completed and cells associated with the periosteal and endosteal compartments blend to form the blastema proper. Osteogenesis associated with the periosteum occurs as a polarized progressive wave of new bone formation that extends from the amputated stump and restores skeletal length. Bone patterning is restored along the proximal-distal and medial digit axes, but is imperfect in the dorsal-ventral axis with the regeneration of excessive new bone that accounts for the enhanced regenerated bone volume noted in previous studies. Periosteum depletion studies show that this compartment is required for the regeneration of new bone distal to the original amputation plane. These studies provide evidence that blastema formation initiates early in the healing response and that the periosteum is an essential tissue for successful epimorphic regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Paula P Schanes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Patrick Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Felisha M Imholt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Osama Qureshi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Connor P Dolan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Katherine N Zimmel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Alyssa R Falck
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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