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Wang B, Liu J, Xie J, Zhang X, Wang Z, Cao Z, Wen D, Wan Hasan WZ, Harun Ramli HR, Dong X. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prognostic value of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and/or computed tomography (CT)-based radiomics in head and neck cancer. Clin Radiol 2024; 79:757-772. [PMID: 38944542 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2024.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
AIM Radiomics involves the extraction of quantitative data from medical images to facilitate the diagnosis, prognosis, and staging of tumors. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the efficacy of radiomics in prognostic applications for head and neck cancer (HNC) in recent years. It undertakes a systematic review of prognostic models specific to HNC and conducts a meta-analysis to evaluate their predictive performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study adhered rigorously to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for literature searches. The literature databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus were systematically searched individually. The methodological quality of the incorporated studies underwent assessment utilizing the radiomics quality score (RQS) tool. A random-effects meta-analysis employing the Harrell concordance index (C-index) was conducted to evaluate the performance of all radiomics models. RESULTS Among the 388 studies retrieved, 24 studies encompassing a total of 6,978 cases were incorporated into the systematic review. Furthermore, eight studies, focusing on overall survival as an endpoint, were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that the estimated random effect of the C-index for all studies utilizing radiomics alone was 0.77 (0.71-0.82), with a substantial degree of heterogeneity indicated by an I2 of 80.17%. CONCLUSIONS Based on this review, prognostic modeling utilizing radiomics has demonstrated enhanced efficacy for head and neck cancers; however, there remains room for improvement in this approach. In the future, advancements are warranted in the integration of clinical parameters and multimodal features, balancing multicenter data, as well as in feature screening and model construction within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chengde Medical University, Chengde City, Hebei Province, China.
| | - J Liu
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; Department of Nursing, Chengde Central Hospital, Chengde city, Hebei Province, China.
| | - J Xie
- Department of Automatic, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chengde Medical University, Chengde City, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Z Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chengde Medical University, Chengde City, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Z Cao
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde City, Hebei Province, China.
| | - D Wen
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China.
| | - W Z Wan Hasan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - H R Harun Ramli
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - X Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chengde Medical University, Chengde City, Hebei Province, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Nerve Injury and Repair, Chengde Medical University, Chengde City, Hebei, China; Hebei International Research Center of Medical Engineering, Chengde Medical University, Hebei, China.
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2
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Czarnietzki M, Ricono-Kaufhold S, Darjee R, Davis M, Nanev A. Murdering the person closest to you: Similarities and differences between intimate partner sexual homicide and non-intimate partner sexual homicide. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2024; 42:560-587. [PMID: 38885340 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Sexual homicides (SHs) demand nuanced research for effective prevention, treatment, risk assessment and theoretical insights. Intimate-partner sexual homicides (IPSHs), comprising approximately 20% of SHs, have received limited attention. This study compares IPSHs (n = 56) and non-intimate partner sexual homicides (NIPSHs) (n = 236) in Australia and New Zealand by investigating offender, victim, and crime-scene characteristics. While IPSH perpetrators were typically older, separated, and had prior domestic violence convictions, victims were more often non-white with histories of domestic violence and substance use. Although crime-scene locations and post-offence behaviours differed, similar crime scene behaviours were displayed across offender groups, which seemed to be routed in different underlying motives. Whereas drivers of IPSH commonly were grievance and anger, associated with offences occurring after arguments, drivers for NIPSH were more often sexual deviance and sadism. Overall, IPSH encompasses aspects of domestic violence, homicide, and sexual violence, distinguishing it from SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Czarnietzki
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Rajan Darjee
- Forensic Mental Health Service, Tasmanian Health Service, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Forensic Behavioural Assessment and Consultation Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Davis
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aleshia Nanev
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Wilcox RR, Rousselet GA. An Updated Guide to Robust Statistical Methods in Neuroscience. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e719. [PMID: 36971417 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
There is a vast array of new and improved methods for comparing groups and studying associations that offer the potential for substantially increasing power, providing improved control over the probability of false positives, and yielding a deeper and more nuanced understanding of data. These new techniques effectively deal with four insights into when and why conventional methods can be unsatisfactory. But for the non-statistician, this vast array of techniques for comparing groups and studying associations can seem daunting. This article briefly reviews when and why conventional methods can have relatively low power and yield misleading results. The main goal is to suggest guidelines regarding the use of modern techniques that improve upon classic approaches such as Pearson's correlation, ordinary linear regression, ANOVA, and ANCOVA. This updated version includes recent advances dealing with effect sizes, including situations where there is a covariate. The R code, figures, and accompanying notebooks have been updated as well. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand R Wilcox
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Guillaume A Rousselet
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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4
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Zou G, Zou L, Qiu S. Parametric and nonparametric methods for confidence intervals and sample size planning for win probability in parallel‐group randomized trials with Likert item and Likert scale data. Pharm Stat 2022; 22:418-439. [PMID: 36524672 DOI: 10.1002/pst.2280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Data on the Likert scale are ubiquitous in medical research, including randomized trials. Statistical analysis of such data may be conducted using the means of raw scores or the rank information of the scores. In the context of parallel-group randomized trials, we quantify treatment effects by the probability that a subject in the treatment group has a better score than (or a win over) a subject in the control group. Asymptotic parametric and nonparametric confidence intervals for this win probability and associated sample size formulas are derived for studies with only follow-up scores, and those with both baseline and follow-up measurements. We assessed the performance of both the parametric and nonparametric approaches using simulation studies based on real studies with Likert item and Likert scale data. The simulation results demonstrate that even without baseline adjustment, the parametric methods did not perform well, in terms of bias, interval coverage percentage, balance of tail error, and assurance of achieving a pre-specified precision. In contrast, the nonparametric approach performed very well for both the unadjusted and adjusted win probability. We illustrate the methods with two examples: one using Likert item data and the other using Like scale data. We conclude that non-parametric methods are preferable for two-group randomization trials with Likert data. Illustrative SAS code for the nonparametric approach using existing procedures is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Zou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Western University London Ontario Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Alimentiv Inc. London Ontario Canada
| | - Lily Zou
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada
| | - Shi‐fang Qiu
- Department of Statistics and Data Science Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing China
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5
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Bordelon NM, Wasserberger KW, Downs-Talmage JL, Friesen KB, Dugas JR, Oliver GD. Pelvis and Trunk Energy Flow in Collegiate Softball Pitchers With and Without Upper Extremity Pain. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:3083-3089. [PMID: 35970180 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221114476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The softball pitch is a full-body motion, where efficient proximal to distal energy flow through the kinetic chain is said to reduce stress at the upper extremity. Although altered trunk kinematic parameters are associated with upper extremity pain in softball pitchers, further research is needed to determine whether differences exist in proximal energy flow between softball pitchers with and without pain. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE To examine pelvis and trunk energy flow during the acceleration phase of the pitch in collegiate softball pitchers with and without upper extremity pain. It was hypothesized that those with upper extremity pain would have less energy flowing into the proximal ends of the pelvis and trunk as well as less energy flowing out of the distal ends of the pelvis and trunk during the acceleration phase when compared with pitchers who did not have upper extremity pain. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS A total of 54 female National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I softball pitchers (age, 20.2 ± 2.0 years; height, 173.5 ± 6.9 cm; weight, 78.5 ± 11.5 kg) were assigned to pain (n = 17) and pain-free (n = 38) groups. Participants pitched 3 maximal effort rise-balls for a strike, and the average of the 3 trials was used for analysis. Kinematic data were collected at 100 Hz using an electromagnetic tracking system. A segment power analysis was performed to quantify energy flow for the pelvis and trunk. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare pelvis and trunk energy flow during the acceleration phase of the pitch as well as pitch velocity between collegiate softball pitchers with and without upper extremity pain. RESULTS No significant differences were found between pelvis and trunk energy flow during the acceleration phase or pitch velocity between collegiate softball pitchers with and without upper extremity pain (all P values >.057). CONCLUSION Previous research determined that kinematic parameters differ between collegiate pitchers with and without upper extremity pain. However, the current study found no difference in pelvis and trunk energy flow or pitch velocity. Although altered kinematics in collegiate pitchers with upper extremity pain may serve as compensation patterns to maintain pitch velocity and proximal energy flow, future research is needed to confirm this postulation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The lack of energy flow differences between upper extremity pain groups suggests that pitchers may adapt their biomechanics to maintain trunk and pelvis energy flow patterns. Coaches, athletes, and clinicians should know that movement adaptations can allow for maintained performance levels but may result in the presence of pain that may manifest in other deleterious and injury-susceptible biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Bordelon
- Sports Medicine & Movement Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | - Kenzie B Friesen
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Dugas
- Andrews Institute and Orthopedic Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gretchen D Oliver
- Sports Medicine & Movement Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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6
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Schulze KJ, Robinson M, MacKenzie HM, Dickey JP. Association of Preexisting Mental Health Conditions With Increased Initial Symptom Count and Severity Score on SCAT5 When Assessing Concussion. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221123581. [PMID: 36157090 PMCID: PMC9490471 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221123581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and learning disabilities, are associated with symptoms that can overlap with those seen in persons with concussion. While concussion screening tools such as the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool–5th Edition (SCAT5) quantify the number of symptoms and symptom severity, it is not known whether these outcomes differ among individuals with concurrent mental health conditions compared with those without them. Purpose: To determine whether, during initial concussion assessment, individuals with a self-reported mental health condition have a significantly different number of self-reported concussion symptoms or symptom severity compared with those without a self-reported mental health condition (controls). Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on consecutive patients aged ≥13 years who underwent post-concussion assessment at the Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic between May 2018 and March 2020 (N = 765). Most participants did not self-report a mental health condition (n = 606; 79.2%). Participants with a self-reported mental health condition (n = 159) were classified as having a learning disability (n = 14; 8.8%), anxiety (n = 62; 39.0%), depression (n = 20; 12.6%), or multiple conditions (≥2 conditions: n = 63; 39.6%). Each participant with a mental health condition was matched with 2 control participants (overall pool, n = 318) based on age, sex, student status, and sport-related risk. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine the statistical significance of differences between each subgroup and their matched controls for the self-reported number of concussion symptoms and symptom severity as measured using the SCAT5. Results: The anxiety and multiple-conditions subgroups had a significantly greater number of reported symptoms than their corresponding control subgroups (median, 17 vs 15 [P = .004] and 18 vs 14.5 [P < .001], respectively). Additionally, the SCAT5 symptom severity score was significantly greater in the anxiety and multiple-conditions subgroups than their corresponding controls (median, 49 vs 34.5 [P = .018] and 62 vs 32 [P < .001], respectively). Conclusion: During initial concussion assessment, both the number of concussion-related symptoms and the symptom severity were greater in study participants with anxiety and multiple mental health conditions than participants without these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Robinson
- Faculty of Health Science, Lawson Health Research Institute, Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather M MacKenzie
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care London, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James P Dickey
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Simmons M, McEwan TE, Purcell R. A Social-Cognitive Investigation of Young Adults Who Abuse Their Parents. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP327-NP349. [PMID: 32370583 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520915553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Within the past decade, there has been an increase in research focusing on young people who abuse their parents. However, most research has narrowly focused on adolescent children, neglecting to investigate the nature, pattern, and factors related to child-to-parent abuse perpetrated by young adults. This article integrated two complementary social-cognitive theories of aggression to explore factors associated with perpetration of child-to-parent abuse among university students (N = 435, aged 18-25 years). Participants completed the Abusive Behavior by Children-Indices, a self-report measure that was designed to differentiate abusive and normative child-to-parent behavior. The results highlight that abuse is not limited to adolescent children, as one in seven young adults were categorized as abusive toward a parent over the previous 12 months. Sons were more likely than daughters to report abusing their parents. Specifically, sons disclosed greater rates of father abuse than daughters, but similar rates of mother abuse. Hierarchical logistic regression found that exposure to marital violence, parent-to-child aggression, trait anger, and aggressive scripts were significant predictors of both mother and father abuse. However, other factors related to abuse differed according to which parent was the target of abuse. For instance, male sex was a significant predictor of father abuse, whereas rumination and impulsive emotional regulation were significant predictors of mother abuse. Overall, father abuse was better explained by the model than mother abuse. The results suggest that although factors related to general aggressive behavior may be good predictors for father abuse, additional factors may be needed to explain mother abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Simmons
- Swinburne University of Technology, Alphington, VIC, Australia
- Forensicare, Clifton Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Troy E McEwan
- Swinburne University of Technology, Alphington, VIC, Australia
- Forensicare, Clifton Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Rosemary Purcell
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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8
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Palermo M, Choquette EM, Ahlich E, Rancourt D. Food and alcohol disturbance by athlete status: the roles of drive for thinness, drive for muscularity, and sex. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2021; 69:905-912. [PMID: 31995459 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1713791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the association between self-identified athlete status and Food and Alcohol Disturbance (FAD) behaviors, and whether this association was moderated by drives for thinness or muscularity, and sex. PARTICIPANTS 575 individuals (77.6% female, 40.0% identifying as athletes) recruited from a large southeastern university. METHODS Participants completed online measures of athletic identity, drives for muscularity and thinness, FAD behaviors, and demographic variables. RESULTS Compared to non-athletes, male athletes with higher drive for muscularity endorsed more alcohol effects behaviors; female athletes endorsed the inverse relationship. Higher drive for thinness was associated with more diet and exercise behaviors among all participants, and extreme weight control behaviors among athletes. CONCLUSIONS Athlete status moderated the associations between drives for thinness/muscularity and FAD Alcohol Effects and Extreme Weight Control Behaviors. Regardless of athlete status, college students with higher drive for thinness are at risk for engaging in more FAD Diet & Exercise behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Palermo
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Emily M Choquette
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Erica Ahlich
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Diana Rancourt
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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9
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Donskov AS, Brooks JS, Dickey JP. Normative Reference of the Single Leg, Medial Countermovement Jump in Adolescent Youth Ice Hockey Players. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:105. [PMID: 34437366 PMCID: PMC8402586 DOI: 10.3390/sports9080105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional performance tests provide quantitative information on specialized sport movements and are important for documenting training and fatigue. The single leg, medial countermovement jump provides objective measures of frontal plane force, velocity and power, and is relevant for ice hockey players given the similar lateral movement to ice skating. This study measured normative single leg, medial countermovement jump parameters (i.e., vertical and lateral maximum force, average concentric power and average concentric power during the last 100 ms) amongst male youth ice hockey players and assessed interlimb asymmetry in these healthy athletes. Ninety-one elite youth players participated in the study. Participants completed three right and three left jumps. Non-parametric tests were performed to evaluate between-jump and between-group comparisons. Many differences in jump force and power parameters were observed between the 10U/11U and 12U/13U age groups, and the 12U/13U and 14U/15U age groups, but differences were not as consistent between older or younger players. The average asymmetry index for each age group was less than 15% for force parameters, while the power parameters had larger asymmetry indices (between 9% and 22%). Our results provide age-specific reference values and asymmetry indices for male elite youth ice hockey players aged 10-18 years performing the single leg, medial countermovement jump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S. Donskov
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 357, Canada; (J.S.B.); (J.P.D.)
- Donskov Strength and Conditioning, Columbus, OH 43229, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Brooks
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 357, Canada; (J.S.B.); (J.P.D.)
| | - James P. Dickey
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 357, Canada; (J.S.B.); (J.P.D.)
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10
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Franken TP, Bondy BJ, Haimes DB, Goldwyn JH, Golding NL, Smith PH, Joris PX. Glycinergic axonal inhibition subserves acute spatial sensitivity to sudden increases in sound intensity. eLife 2021; 10:62183. [PMID: 34121662 PMCID: PMC8238506 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotion generates adventitious sounds which enable detection and localization of predators and prey. Such sounds contain brisk changes or transients in amplitude. We investigated the hypothesis that ill-understood temporal specializations in binaural circuits subserve lateralization of such sound transients, based on different time of arrival at the ears (interaural time differences, ITDs). We find that Lateral Superior Olive (LSO) neurons show exquisite ITD-sensitivity, reflecting extreme precision and reliability of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, in contrast to Medial Superior Olive neurons, traditionally viewed as the ultimate ITD-detectors. In vivo, inhibition blocks LSO excitation over an extremely short window, which, in vitro, required synaptically evoked inhibition. Light and electron microscopy revealed inhibitory synapses on the axon initial segment as the structural basis of this observation. These results reveal a neural vetoing mechanism with extreme temporal and spatial precision and establish the LSO as the primary nucleus for binaural processing of sound transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom P Franken
- Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Brian J Bondy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - David B Haimes
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Joshua H Goldwyn
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, United States
| | - Nace L Golding
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Philip H Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Philip X Joris
- Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Zou G. Confidence interval estimation for treatment effects in cluster randomization trials based on ranks. Stat Med 2021; 40:3227-3250. [PMID: 33942338 DOI: 10.1002/sim.8918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A cluster randomization trial is one in which clusters of individuals are randomly allocated to different intervention arms. This design has become the standard for the evaluation of health care and educational strategies. To assess treatment effect, many cluster randomization trials involve outcomes that are lack meaningful units, making interpretation difficult. This difficulty may be dealt with by estimating the Mann-Whitney probability, which quantifies the probability that a typical response from one treatment arm is larger (or smaller) than a typical response from the other arm. In this work, we propose procedures for estimating this probability in cluster randomization trials. Primary emphasis is given to confidence interval estimation in trials with a small number of large clusters. The essence of the procedures is to obtain placement values based on overall ranks and arm-specific ranks prior to application of the ratio estimator, cluster-size-weighted means and mixed models for adjusting clustering effects. Nine confidence intervals were developed by applying three interval methods each based on the three variance estimators. The proposed methods can be applied to studies with binary, ordinal or continuous outcomes without making parametric assumptions. Simulation results demonstrated that the three variance estimators performed equally well, with the confidence interval procedures based on logit and inverse hyperbolic sine transformations performing better in terms of coverage and average interval width, even when the numbers of clusters are as small as 3 to 5 clusters per arm. The methods are illustrated using data from three published cluster randomization trials with SAS code provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Zou
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Alimentiv Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Senkans S, McEwan TE, Ogloff JRP. Assessing the Link Between Intimate Partner Violence and Postrelationship Stalking: A Gender-Inclusive Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP772-NP802. [PMID: 29294957 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517734859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The link between intimate partner violence (IPV) during a relationship and postrelationship stalking (PRS) is poorly understood. The vast majority of relevant studies focus either on male perpetration or female victimization and use highly selective samples. The current study aimed to illuminate the link between IPV and PRS perpetration and victimization, respectively. To this end, heterosexual male and female university students (n = 422) retrospectively self-reported on IPV during their most conflicted relationship and a wide range of pursuit behavior after the dissolution of this romantic relationship. Using empirical criteria, participants were classified as stalkers or nonstalkers based on their responses. A relationship between male-perpetrated IPV and PRS perpetration was detected. There was no systematic relationship between IPV and PRS perpetration in women. In contrast, there was a link between IPV and stalking victimization that followed a similar, linear trend in both male and female victims. A larger proportion of participants were classified as stalking victims as IPV severity increased. Implications for research (e.g., the importance of gender-inclusive studies), clinical practice (e.g., how to prevent stalking after an abusive relationship), and future directions (e.g., the need for prospective studies using more diverse samples) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Senkans
- Swinburne University of Technology and Forensicare, Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Troy E McEwan
- Swinburne University of Technology and Forensicare, Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - James R P Ogloff
- Swinburne University of Technology and Forensicare, Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Verbakel JY, Steyerberg EW, Uno H, De Cock B, Wynants L, Collins GS, Van Calster B. ROC curves for clinical prediction models part 1. ROC plots showed no added value above the AUC when evaluating the performance of clinical prediction models. J Clin Epidemiol 2020; 126:207-216. [PMID: 32712176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves show how well a risk prediction model discriminates between patients with and without a condition. We aim to investigate how ROC curves are presented in the literature and discuss and illustrate their potential limitations. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a pragmatic literature review of contemporary publications that externally validated clinical prediction models. We illustrated limitations of ROC curves using a testicular cancer case study and simulated data. RESULTS Of 86 identified prediction modeling studies, 52 (60%) presented ROC curves without thresholds and one (1%) presented an ROC curve with only a few thresholds. We illustrate that ROC curves in their standard form withhold threshold information have an unstable shape even for the same area under the curve (AUC) and are problematic for comparing model performance conditional on threshold. We compare ROC curves with classification plots, which show sensitivity and specificity conditional on risk thresholds. CONCLUSION ROC curves do not offer more information than the AUC to indicate discriminative ability. To assess the model's performance for decision-making, results should be provided conditional on risk thresholds. Therefore, if discriminatory ability must be visualized, classification plots are attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Y Verbakel
- KU Leuven, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leuven, Belgium; Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ewout W Steyerberg
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hajime Uno
- Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bavo De Cock
- KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laure Wynants
- KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gary S Collins
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Ben Van Calster
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands; KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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Ginns P, Hu F, Bobis J. Tracing enhances problem‐solving transfer, but without effects on intrinsic or extraneous cognitive load. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ginns
- Sydney School of Education and Social Work The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Fang‐Tzu Hu
- Sydney School of Education and Social Work The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Janette Bobis
- Sydney School of Education and Social Work The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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15
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Lu J, Zhang Y, Ding P. Sharp bounds on the relative treatment effect for ordinal outcomes. Biometrics 2019; 76:664-669. [PMID: 31742664 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For ordinal outcomes, the average treatment effect is often ill-defined and hard to interpret. Echoing Agresti and Kateri, we argue that the relative treatment effect can be a useful measure, especially for ordinal outcomes, which is defined as γ = pr { Y i ( 1 ) > Y i ( 0 ) } - pr { Y i ( 1 ) < Y i ( 0 ) } , with Y i ( 1 ) and Y i ( 0 ) being the potential outcomes of unit i under treatment and control, respectively. Given the marginal distributions of the potential outcomes, we derive the sharp bounds on γ , which are identifiable parameters based on the observed data. Agresti and Kateri focused on modeling strategies under the assumption of independent potential outcomes, but we allow for arbitrary dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Lu
- Analysis and Experimentation, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington
| | - Yunshu Zhang
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Peng Ding
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California
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16
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Vårbakken K, Lorås H, Nilsson KG, Engdal M, Stensdotter AK. Relative difference among 27 functional measures in patients with knee osteoarthritis: an exploratory cross-sectional case-control study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:462. [PMID: 31638971 PMCID: PMC6805424 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To raise the effectiveness of interventions, clinicians should evaluate important biopsychosocial aspects of the patient’s situation. There is limited knowledge of which factors according to the International Classification of Function, Disability, and Health (ICF) are most deviant between patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and healthy individuals. To assist in measures’ selection, we aimed to quantify the differences between patients with KOA and healthy controls on various measures across the ICF dimensions of body function, activity, and participation. Methods We performed an exploratory cross-sectional case-control study. In total, 28 patients with mild-to-moderate KOA (mean age 61 years, 64% women) referred by general physicians to a hospital’s osteoarthritis-school, and 31 healthy participants (mean age 55 years, 52% women), volunteered. We compared between-group differences on 27 physical and self-reported measures derived from treatment guidelines, trial recommendations, and trial/outcome reviews. Independent t-test, Chi-square, and Mann-Whitney U test evaluated the significance for continuous parametric, dichotomous, and ordinal data, respectively. For parametric data, effect sizes were calculated as Cohen’s d. For non-parametric data, ds were estimated by p-values and sample sizes according to statistical formulas. Finally, all ds were ranked and interpreted after Hopkins’ scale. An age-adjusted sensitivity-analysis on parametric data validated those conclusions. Results Very large differences between patients and controls were found on the Pain numeric rating scale1, the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Scale (KOOS, all subscales)2, as well as the Örebro Musculoskeletal psychosocial scale3 (P < 0.0001). Large differences were found on the Timed 10-steps-up-and-down stair climb test4 and Accelerometer registered vigorous-intensity physical activity in daily life5 (P < 0.001). Respectively, these measures clustered on ICF as follows: 1body function, 2all three ICF-dimensions, 3body function and participation, 4activity, and 5participation. Limitations The limited sample excluded elderly patients with severe obesity. Conclusions Very large differences across all ICF dimensions were indicated for the KOOS and Örebro questionnaires together for patients aged 45–70 with KOA. Clinicians are suggested to use them as means of selecting supplementary measures with appropriate discriminative characteristics and clear links to effective therapy. Confirmative studies are needed to further validate these explorative and partly age-unadjusted conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vårbakken
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. .,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Health og Social building, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - H Lorås
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - K G Nilsson
- Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - M Engdal
- Department of Physiotherapy, Clinic of Clinical Services, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - A K Stensdotter
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Health og Social building, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
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17
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Cavelti M, Thompson KN, Hulbert C, Betts J, Jackson H, Francey S, Homan P, Chanen AM. Exploratory comparison of auditory verbal hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms among youth with borderline personality disorder or schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Early Interv Psychiatry 2019; 13:1252-1262. [PMID: 30485670 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored phenomenological aspects of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) and other psychotic symptoms among youth with borderline personality disorder (BPD). METHODS Sixty-eight outpatients, aged 15 to 25 years, were categorized into three groups according to their primary Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) diagnosis and AVH symptom profile; BPD + AVH (n = 23), schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SZ) + AVH (n = 22) and BPD with no AVH (n = 23). RESULTS No differences in AVH were found between BPD + AVH and SZ + AVH. Compared with SZ + AVH, BPD + AVH scored lower on delusions and difficulty in abstract thinking and higher on hostility. BPD + AVH reported more severe self-harm, paranoid ideation, dissociation, anxiety and stress than BPD no AVH. CONCLUSIONS This study replicates, in a sample of youth, the finding from studies of adults that AVH in BPD are indistinguishable from those in SZ, when assessed with the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS). Clinicians should specifically enquire about AVH among youth with BPD. When present, AVH appear to be an indicator of a more severe form of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Cavelti
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katherine N Thompson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carol Hulbert
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Betts
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henry Jackson
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shona Francey
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philipp Homan
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Northwell/Hofstra, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Andrew M Chanen
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Orygen Youth Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Efficient Estimation of Mann–Whitney-Type Effect Measures for Right-Censored Survival Outcomes in Randomized Clinical Trials. STATISTICS IN BIOSCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12561-019-09246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Rahlfs V, Zimmermann H. Effect size measures and their benchmark values for quantifying benefit or risk of medicinal products. Biom J 2019; 61:973-982. [PMID: 30821037 PMCID: PMC6618136 DOI: 10.1002/bimj.201800107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The standardized mean difference is a well-known effect size measure for continuous, normally distributed data. In this paper we present a general basis for important other distribution families. As a general concept, usable for every distribution family, we introduce the relative effect, also called Mann-Whitney effect size measure of stochastic superiority. This measure is a truly robust measure, needing no assumptions about a distribution family. It is thus the preferred tool for assumption-free, confirmatory studies. For normal distribution shift, proportional odds, and proportional hazards, we show how to derive many global values such as risk difference average, risk difference extremum, and odds ratio extremum. We demonstrate that the well-known benchmark values of Cohen with respect to group differences-small, medium, large-can be translated easily into corresponding Mann-Whitney values. From these, we get benchmarks for parameters of other distribution families. Furthermore, it is shown that local measures based on binary data (2 × 2 tables) can be associated with the Mann-Whitney measure: The concept of stochastic superiority can always be used. It is a general statistical value in every distribution family. It therefore yields a procedure for standardizing the assessment of effect size measures. We look at the aspect of relevance of an effect size and-introducing confidence intervals-present some examples for use in statistical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Rahlfs
- idv – Data Analysis and Study PlanningGautingGermany
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of California, Riverside Riverside 92521 California USA
| | - Shujie Ma
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of California, Riverside Riverside 92521 California USA
| | - Changyu Shen
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in CardiologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston 02215 Massachusetts USA
| | - Chunling Liu
- Department of Applied MathematicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong
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21
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Wilcox R. A Robust Nonparametric Measure of Effect Size Based on an Analog of Cohen's d, Plus Inferences About the Median of the Typical Difference. JOURNAL OF MODERN APPLIED STATISTICAL METHODS 2019. [DOI: 10.22237/jmasm/1551905677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes a nonparametric analog of Cohen's d, Q. It is established that a confidence interval for Q can be computed via a method for computing a confidence interval for the median of D = X1 − X2, which in turn is related to making inferences about P(X1 < X2).
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22
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23
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Cavelti M, Thompson K, Hulbert C, Betts J, Jackson H, Francey S, Chanen A. Preliminary Evidence for the Cognitive Model of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Youth With Borderline Personality Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:292. [PMID: 31156473 PMCID: PMC6531498 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This is the first study to explore cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses to voices in youth with borderline personality disorder (BPD) compared with those with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SZ), and to examine if negative appraisals of voices predict depression and anxiety across the groups. Methods: The sample comprised 43 outpatients, aged 15-25 years, who reported auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) and were diagnosed with either Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) BPD or SZ. Data were collected using the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales, the revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire, the Voice Rank Scale, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Results: Youth with BPD did not differ from youth with SZ in beliefs about the benevolence or malevolence of voices. Youth with BPD appraised their voices as more omnipotent and of higher social rank in relation to themselves, compared with youth with SZ. In both diagnostic groups, beliefs about malevolence and omnipotence of voices were correlated with more resistance toward voices, and beliefs about benevolence with more engagement with voices. In addition, perceiving the voices as being of higher social rank than oneself and negative voice content were both independent predictors of depression, irrespective of diagnostic group. In contrast, negative appraisals of voices did not predict anxiety after adjusting for negative voice content. Conclusions: This study replicated the link between negative appraisals of voices and depression that has been found in adults with SZ in a mixed diagnostic youth sample. It, thus, provides preliminary evidence that the cognitive model of AVH can be applied to understanding and treating voices in youth with BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Cavelti
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, The University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katherine Thompson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carol Hulbert
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer Betts
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Henry Jackson
- University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, The University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shona Francey
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Chanen
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Orygen Youth Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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24
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Le Sant G, Nordez A, Hug F, Andrade R, Lecharte T, McNair PJ, Gross R. Effects of stroke injury on the shear modulus of the lower leg muscle during passive dorsiflexion. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:11-22. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00968.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Contractures are common complications of a stroke. The spatial location of the increased stiffness among plantar flexors and its variability among survivors remain unknown. This study assessed the mechanical properties of the lower leg muscles in stroke survivors during passive dorsiflexions. Stiffness was estimated through the measurement of the shear modulus. Two experiments were independently conducted, in which participants lay supine: with the knee extended ( experiment 1, n = 13 stroke survivors and n = 13 controls), or with the knee flexed at 90° ( experiment 2, n = 14 stroke survivors and n = 14 controls). The shear modulus of plantar flexors [gastrocnemius medialis (three locations), gastrocnemius lateralis (three locations), soleus (two locations), flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus), peroneus longus] and dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus) was measured using ultrasound shear wave elastography during passive dorsiflexions (2°/s). At the same ankle angle, stroke survivors displayed higher shear modulus than controls for gastrocnemius medialis and gastrocnemius lateralis (knee extended) and soleus (knee flexed). Very low shear modulus was found for the other muscles. The adjustment for muscle slack angle suggested that the increased shear modulus was arising from consequences of contractures. The stiffness distribution between muscles was consistent across participants with the highest shear modulus reported for the most distal regions of gastrocnemius medialis (knee extended) and soleus (knee flexed). These results provide a better appreciation of stiffness locations among plantar flexors of stroke survivors and can provide evidence for the implementation of clinical trials to evaluate targeted interventions applied on these specific muscle regions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The shear modulus of 13 muscle regions was assessed in stroke patients using elastography. When compared with controls, shear modulus was increased in the gastrocnemius muscle (GM) when the knee was extended and in the soleus (SOL) when the knee was flexed. The distal regions of GM and SOL were the most affected. These changes were consistent in all the stroke patients, suggesting that the regions are a potential source of the increase in joint stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Le Sant
- University of Nantes, Laboratory “Movement, Interactions, Performance” (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Nantes, France
- School of Physiotherapy, Institut Régional de Formation aux Métiers de Rééducation et de Réadaptation Pays de la Loire, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Nordez
- University of Nantes, Laboratory “Movement, Interactions, Performance” (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Nantes, France
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - François Hug
- University of Nantes, Laboratory “Movement, Interactions, Performance” (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Nantes, France
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Ricardo Andrade
- University of Nantes, Laboratory “Movement, Interactions, Performance” (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Nantes, France
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Motricdade Humana, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Thomas Lecharte
- School of Physiotherapy, Institut Régional de Formation aux Métiers de Rééducation et de Réadaptation Pays de la Loire, Nantes, France
| | - Peter J. McNair
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Raphaël Gross
- University of Nantes, Laboratory “Movement, Interactions, Performance” (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Nantes, France
- Gait Analysis Laboratory, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
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25
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Abstract
The Mann–Whitney test is a commonly used non-parametric alternative of the two-sample t-test. Despite its frequent use, it is only rarely accompanied with confidence intervals of an effect size. If reported, the effect size is usually measured with the difference of medians or the shift of the two distribution locations. Neither of these two measures directly coincides with the test statistic of the Mann–Whitney test, so the interpretation of the test results and the confidence intervals may be importantly different. In this paper, we focus on the probability that random variable X is lower than random variable Y. This measure is often referred to as the degree of overlap or the probabilistic index; it is in one-to-one relationship with the Mann–Whitney test statistic. The measure equals the area under the ROC curve. Several methods have been proposed for the construction of the confidence interval for this measure, and we review the most promising ones and explain their ideas. We study the properties of different variance estimators and small sample problems of confidence intervals construction. We identify scenarios in which the existing approaches yield inadequate coverage probabilities. We conclude that the DeLong variance estimator is a reliable option regardless of the scenario, but confidence intervals should be constructed using the logit scale to avoid values above 1 or below 0 and the poor coverage probability that follows. A correction is needed for the case when all values from one sample are smaller than the values of the other. We propose a method that improves the coverage probability also in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Pohar Perme
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjan Manevski
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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26
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Whitwell JL, Tosakulwong N, Schwarz CG, Botha H, Senjem ML, Spychalla AJ, Ahlskog JE, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Jack CR, Lowe VJ, Josephs KA. MRI Outperforms [18F]AV-1451 PET as a Longitudinal Biomarker in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. Mov Disord 2018; 34:105-113. [PMID: 30468693 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated uptake of the [18 F]AV-1451 tau-PET ligand has been observed cross-sectionally in subjects with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). However, it is unknown how the ligand performs longitudinally in PSP. We aimed to determine how regional measures of change on [18 F]AV-1451 PET perform as longitudinal biomarkers of PSP compared with the more established biomarker of rate of midbrain atrophy. METHODS Sixteen subjects with PSP underwent 2 serial [18 F]AV-1451 tau-PET scans and 3-Tesla MRI over 12 months and were age- and sex-matched to 39 healthy controls with longitudinal [18 F]AV-1451 PET. Median [18 F]AV-1451 uptake was calculated for each scan for regions of interest across the brain and divided by uptake in cerebellar crus to create standard uptake value ratios. Midbrain volume on MRI was also calculated for each scan. Sample sizes required to power placebo-controlled treatment trials were calculated. RESULTS Rate of midbrain atrophy was significantly increased in PSP compared with controls. [18 F]AV-1451 regional change measures were significantly increased in PSP compared with controls in the pallidum, precentral cortex, dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, and midbrain. Change over time in the PSP Rating Scale correlated with change in midbrain volume but did not correlate with change in the [18 F]AV-1451 measures. Smallest sample-size estimates were obtained with rate of midbrain atrophy, followed by the PSP Rating Scale, with both outperforming [18 F]AV-1451 measures. CONCLUSIONS [18 F]AV-1451 tau-PET measures increase over time in subjects with PSP, but longitudinal [18 F]AV-1451 measures may not perform as well as rate of midbrain atrophy as biomarkers for PSP clinical trials. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nirubol Tosakulwong
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Hugo Botha
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew L Senjem
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Information Technology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - J Eric Ahlskog
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Keith A Josephs
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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27
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Ginns P, Kim T, Zervos E. Chewing gum while studying: Effects on alertness and test performance. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ginns
- Sydney School of Education and Social Work; The University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Theresa Kim
- Sydney School of Education and Social Work; The University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Eleni Zervos
- Sydney School of Education and Social Work; The University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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28
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Hansen JS, Simonsen E. Probable Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Self-harming Behaviour: Potential Barriers to Employment? Community Ment Health J 2018; 54:823-830. [PMID: 29138960 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-017-0180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The current study screened for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and self-harming behaviours, often related to borderline personality disorder (BPD), among individuals in a job centre considered unemployable primarily for psychological reasons. Participants (N = 112) filled in questionnaires on PTSD symptoms (n = 62) and self-harming behaviours (n = 59) as part of participating in team-meetings providing the individuals with a return-to-work plan. Differences in demographic variables between individuals with and without valid protocols were small to moderate. Of the individuals filling in the PTSD questionnaire 40% fulfilled criteria for probable PTSD and 31% of the individuals filling in the questionnaire on self-harming behaviours reported five or more types of self-harming behaviours. Only a minority of these individuals had PTSD or BPD respectively mentioned in their case records. Further investigation of the prevalence of PTSD and self-harming behaviour among individuals considered unemployable is warranted as well as an enhanced focus in jobcentres and other institutions supporting employability on detection and treatment of PTSD and early signs of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Hansen
- Psychotherapeutic Outpatient Clinic, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Brøndbyøstervej 160, 2605, Brøndby, Denmark.
| | - E Simonsen
- Psychiatric Research Unit, The Psychiatry Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fay MP, Malinovsky Y. Confidence intervals of the Mann-Whitney parameter that are compatible with the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. Stat Med 2018; 37:3991-4006. [PMID: 29984411 DOI: 10.1002/sim.7890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
For the two-sample problem, the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney (WMW) test is used frequently: it is simple to explain (a permutation test on the difference in mean ranks), it handles continuous or ordinal responses, it can be implemented for large or small samples, it is robust to outliers, it requires few assumptions, and it is efficient in many cases. Unfortunately, the WMW test is rarely presented with an effect estimate and confidence interval. A natural effect parameter associated with this test is the Mann-Whitney parameter, φ = Pr[ X<Y ] + 0.5 Pr[X = Y ]. Ideally, we desire confidence intervals on φ that are compatible with the WMW test, meaning the test rejects at level α if and only if the 100(1 - α)% confidence interval on the Mann-Whitney parameter excludes 1/2. Existing confidence interval procedures on φ are not compatible with the usual asymptotic implementation of the WMW test that uses a continuity correction nor are they compatible with exact WMW tests. We develop compatible confidence interval procedures for the asymptotic WMW tests and confidence interval procedures for some exact WMW tests that appear to be compatible. We discuss assumptions and interpretation of the resulting tests and confidence intervals. We provide the wmwTest function of the asht R package to calculate all of the developed confidence intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Fay
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Yaakov Malinovsky
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
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Abdelrahman AM, Yu D, Lowndes BR, Buckarma EH, Gas BL, Farley DR, Bingener J, Hallbeck MS. Validation of a Novel Inverted Peg Transfer Task: Advancing Beyond the Regular Peg Transfer Task for Surgical Simulation-Based Assessment. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2018; 75:836-843. [PMID: 29037821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the validity of a novel inverted peg transfer (iPT) task for assessing laparoscopic skills of novices and experts and compare iPT to the regular PT (rPT) task to ensure surgical trainee acquisition of an adequate advanced laparoscopic skills level for safe laparoscopic practice in the operating room. DESIGN Prospective crossover study. SETTING Multidisciplinary simulation center and motion analysis laboratory, Mayo Clinic. PARTICIPANTS Novices were medical students and surgical interns without laparoscopic experience. Experts were surgeons with at least 3 years of experience in laparoscopic surgery. METHODS This was the first exposure to iPT for both groups. Completion time and performance metrics were recorded. A scoring rubric was used to calculate a normalized performance score between 0 and 100. Wilcoxon rank sum and Mann-Whitney tests were performed with α = 0.05. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were graphed for the 2 task scores to assess the tasks' sensitivity and specificity in differentiating laparoscopic experience level. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Performance measures of completion time, transferred triangles, dropped triangles (errors), and the overall performance score on both tasks between- and within-subjects (i.e., novices and experts). RESULTS Thirty-six novices and eight experts participated. Both experts and novices had longer completion time and lower scores during iPT than rPT (p < 0.05). Within iPT, novice completion times were 144 seconds longer (p = 0.04), and performance score was 35 points lower than experts (p < 0.01). No differences between novices and experts were observed for completion time or performance scores (p > 0.05) for rPT. The iPT scores had a higher sensitivity and specificity than the rPT (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve: iPT = 0.91; rPT = 0.69). CONCLUSIONS iPT is a valid assessment of advanced laparoscopic skills for surgical trainees with higher specificity and sensitivity than rPT. As advanced minimally invasive surgery becomes more common, it is important that tasks such as iPT be included in surgical simulation curricula and training assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro M Abdelrahman
- Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Denny Yu
- Healthcare Ergonomics Analytics Lab, School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Bethany R Lowndes
- Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Becca L Gas
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David R Farley
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - M Susan Hallbeck
- Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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31
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Wilcox RR, Rousselet GA. A Guide to Robust Statistical Methods in Neuroscience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 82:8.42.1-8.42.30. [PMID: 29357109 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a vast array of new and improved methods for comparing groups and studying associations that offer the potential for substantially increasing power, providing improved control over the probability of a Type I error, and yielding a deeper and more nuanced understanding of data. These new techniques effectively deal with four insights into when and why conventional methods can be unsatisfactory. But for the non-statistician, the vast array of new and improved techniques for comparing groups and studying associations can seem daunting, simply because there are so many new methods that are now available. This unit briefly reviews when and why conventional methods can have relatively low power and yield misleading results. The main goal is to suggest some general guidelines regarding when, how, and why certain modern techniques might be used. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand R Wilcox
- Deptartment of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Guillaume A Rousselet
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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32
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De Neve J, Thas O. A Mann–Whitney type effect measure of interaction for factorial designs. COMMUN STAT-THEOR M 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/03610926.2016.1263739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan De Neve
- Department of Data Analysis, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Thas
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia (NIASRA), School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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33
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The effect of active toe movement (AToM) on calf pump function and deep vein thrombosis in patients with acute foot and ankle trauma treated with cast - A prospective randomized study. Foot Ankle Surg 2017; 23:183-188. [PMID: 28865588 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with foot and ankle trauma treated with cast are advised to perform toe movements to prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE). Our aim was to determine the effect of active toe movement on asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and venous calf pump function. METHODS Patients aged 18-60 years with acute foot and ankle trauma requiring below knee non weight bearing cast were randomized to intervention (regular active toe movement) or control groups (n=100). Patients had bilateral lower limb venous ultrasound to assess for DVT on discharge from clinic. Patients requiring chemical thromboprophylaxis were excluded. RESULTS 78 completed the study. 27% sustained asymptomatic DVT, with no statistically significant difference in calf pump function or DVT incidence between groups. All DVT's occurred in the injured lower limb. CONCLUSION Active toe movement is not a viable strategy for thromboprophylaxis in patients with acute foot and ankle trauma treated with cast.
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34
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Do patent citations indicate knowledge linkage? The evidence from text similarities between patents and their citations. J Informetr 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joi.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Orimaye SO, Wong JSM, Golden KJ, Wong CP, Soyiri IN. Predicting probable Alzheimer's disease using linguistic deficits and biomarkers. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:34. [PMID: 28088191 PMCID: PMC5237556 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The manual diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related Dementias has been a challenge. Currently, these disorders are diagnosed using specific clinical diagnostic criteria and neuropsychological examinations. The use of several Machine Learning algorithms to build automated diagnostic models using low-level linguistic features resulting from verbal utterances could aid diagnosis of patients with probable AD from a large population. For this purpose, we developed different Machine Learning models on the DementiaBank language transcript clinical dataset, consisting of 99 patients with probable AD and 99 healthy controls. RESULTS Our models learned several syntactic, lexical, and n-gram linguistic biomarkers to distinguish the probable AD group from the healthy group. In contrast to the healthy group, we found that the probable AD patients had significantly less usage of syntactic components and significantly higher usage of lexical components in their language. Also, we observed a significant difference in the use of n-grams as the healthy group were able to identify and make sense of more objects in their n-grams than the probable AD group. As such, our best diagnostic model significantly distinguished the probable AD group from the healthy elderly group with a better Area Under the Receiving Operating Characteristics Curve (AUC) using the Support Vector Machines (SVM). CONCLUSIONS Experimental and statistical evaluations suggest that using ML algorithms for learning linguistic biomarkers from the verbal utterances of elderly individuals could help the clinical diagnosis of probable AD. We emphasise that the best ML model for predicting the disease group combines significant syntactic, lexical and top n-gram features. However, there is a need to train the diagnostic models on larger datasets, which could lead to a better AUC and clinical diagnosis of probable AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester O. Orimaye
- Intelligent Health Research Group, School of Information Technology, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Malaysia
| | - Jojo S-M. Wong
- Intelligent Health Research Group, School of Information Technology, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Malaysia
| | - Karen J. Golden
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Malaysia
| | - Chee P. Wong
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Malaysia
| | - Ireneous N. Soyiri
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences & Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
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Brown PM, Ezekowitz JA. Composite End Points in Clinical Trials of Heart Failure Therapy. Circ Heart Fail 2017; 10:CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003222. [DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.116.003222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Composite end points are popular outcomes in clinical trials of heart failure therapies. For example, a global rank composite is typically analyzed using a Mann–Whitney U test, and the results are summarized by the mean of ranks and a corresponding
P
value. The mean of ranks is uninformative, and a clinically meaningful estimate of the treatment effect is needed to communicate study results and facilitate an assessment of heterogeneity (the consistency of the effect across outcomes). The probability index is intuitive for clinicians, easy to calculate, and may be applied to various composites. We suggest a simple and familiar plot to assess heterogeneity across outcomes, which should be routine when analyzing composites. We think that the probability index provides an immediate and simple solution to an overt problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Brown
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (P.M.B.); and Canadian VIGOUR Centre, Edmonton, Canada (P.M.B., J.A.E.)
| | - Justin A. Ezekowitz
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (P.M.B.); and Canadian VIGOUR Centre, Edmonton, Canada (P.M.B., J.A.E.)
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37
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Qiu SF, Poon WY, Tang ML. Confidence intervals for an ordinal effect size measure based on partially validated series. Comput Stat Data Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csda.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Rajwa B. Effect-Size Measures as Descriptors of Assay Quality in High-Content Screening: A Brief Review of Some Available Methodologies. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 15:15-29. [PMID: 27788017 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of high-content screening (HCS) typically uses measures of screen quality conceived for fairly straightforward high-throughput screening (HTS) scenarios. However, in contrast to HTS, image-based HCS systems rely on multidimensional readouts reporting biological responses associated with complex cellular phenotypes. Not only is the dimensionality in which the screens operate higher, but also the scale of the individual features describing the quantified phenotypic changes is often smaller than what is seen in one-dimensional HTS platforms. Therefore, the use of HTS-type quality measures to characterize HCS screens may severely underestimate the detection power of the assays used, and it may mislead the screening scientists regarding the necessary screen optimization. Also, traditional HTS-based measures are typically reported without any estimation of precision, which makes them unsuitable for computation of confidence intervals or for meta-analysis. This review summarizes the well-established statistical techniques for reporting effect sizes and argues that this broadly accepted methodology could be seamlessly integrated into HCS quality reporting, supplanting or even replacing measures such as Z' or Sw (assay window).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartek Rajwa
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
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39
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Cox TF, Czanner G. A practical divergence measure for survival distributions that can be estimated from Kaplan-Meier curves. Stat Med 2016; 35:2406-21. [PMID: 26842429 DOI: 10.1002/sim.6868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces a new simple divergence measure between two survival distributions. For two groups of patients, the divergence measure between their associated survival distributions is based on the integral of the absolute difference in probabilities that a patient from one group dies at time t and a patient from the other group survives beyond time t and vice versa. In the case of non-crossing hazard functions, the divergence measure is closely linked to the Harrell concordance index, C, the Mann-Whitney test statistic and the area under a receiver operating characteristic curve. The measure can be used in a dynamic way where the divergence between two survival distributions from time zero up to time t is calculated enabling real-time monitoring of treatment differences. The divergence can be found for theoretical survival distributions or can be estimated non-parametrically from survival data using Kaplan-Meier estimates of the survivor functions. The estimator of the divergence is shown to be generally unbiased and approximately normally distributed. For the case of proportional hazards, the constituent parts of the divergence measure can be used to assess the proportional hazards assumption. The use of the divergence measure is illustrated on the survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor F Cox
- Cancer Research UK Liverpool Cancer Trials Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
| | - Gabriela Czanner
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, U.K
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40
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Weiser M, Koubek T, Herben T. Root Foraging Performance and Life-History Traits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:779. [PMID: 27375639 PMCID: PMC4899455 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants use their roots to forage for nutrients in heterogeneous soil environments, but different plant species vastly differ in the intensity of foraging they perform. This diversity suggests the existence of constraints on foraging at the species level. We therefore examined the relationships between the intensity of root foraging and plant body traits across species in order to estimate the degree of coordination between plant body traits and root foraging as a form of plant behavior. We cultivated 37 perennial herbaceous Central European species from open terrestrial habitats in pots with three different spatial gradients of nutrient availability (steep, shallow, and no gradient). We assessed the intensity of foraging as differences in root placement inside pots with and without a spatial gradient of resource supply. For the same set of species, we retrieved data about body traits from available databases: maximum height at maturity, mean area of leaf, specific leaf area, shoot lifespan, ability to self-propagate clonally, maximal lateral spread (in clonal plants only), realized vegetative growth in cultivation, and realized seed regeneration in cultivation. Clonal plants and plants with extensive vegetative growth showed considerably weaker foraging than their non-clonal or slow-growing counterparts. There was no phylogenetic signal in the amount of expressed root foraging intensity. Since clonal plants foraged less than non-clonals and foraging intensity did not seem to be correlated with species phylogeny, we hypothesize that clonal growth itself (i.e., the ability to develop at least partly self-sustaining ramets) may be an answer to soil heterogeneity. Whereas unitary plants use roots as organs specialized for both resource acquisition and transport to overcome spatial heterogeneity in resource supply, clonal plants separate these two functions. Becoming a clonal plant allows higher specialization at the organ level, since a typical clonal plant can be viewed as a network of self-sustainable harvesting units connected together with specialized high-throughput connection organs. This may be an effective alternative for coping with spatial heterogeneity in resource availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Weiser
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Koubek
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Herben
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany of the ASCRPrůhonice, Czech Republic
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Watts HE, Edley B, Hahn TP. A potential mate influences reproductive development in female, but not male, pine siskins. Horm Behav 2016; 80:39-46. [PMID: 26836771 PMCID: PMC4818704 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of photoperiod in avian reproductive timing has been well studied, and we are increasingly recognizing the roles of other environmental cues such as social cues. However, few studies have evaluated the extent to which males and females of the same species respond similarly to the same type of cue. Moreover, previous studies have rarely examined how variation in the quality or nature of a given social cue might modulate its effect. Here, we examine the sensitivity of male and female pine siskins (Spinus pinus) to a potential mate as a stimulatory cue for gonadal recrudescence, and we investigate whether variation in the relationship between a bird and its potential mate modulates the effect of that potential mate. Birds were initially housed without opposite sex birds on a 12L:12D photoperiod with ad libitum food. After gonadal recrudescence had begun males and females were randomly paired with an opposite sex bird or housed alone. An additional group of males was paired with estradiol-implanted females. In males, these social treatments had no effect on testis length, cloacal protuberance length, luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, or testosterone levels. In females, presence of a potential mate had a significant and positive effect on ovary score, defeathering of the brood patch, and LH levels. Among paired birds, the degree of affiliation within a pair corresponded to the extent of reproductive development in females, but not males. Thus, reproductive timing in females appears to be sensitive to both the presence of a potential mate and her relationship with him.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Watts
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA.
| | - Bruce Edley
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | - Thomas P Hahn
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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42
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Abstract
There is growing frustration with the concept of the p-value. Besides having an ambiguous interpretation, the p-value can be made as small as desired by increasing the sample size, n. The p-value is outdated and does not make sense with big data: Everything becomes statistically significant. The root of the problem with the p-value is in the mean comparison. We argue that statistical uncertainty should be measured on the individual, not the group, level. Consequently, standard deviation (SD), not standard error (SE), error bars should be used to graphically present the data on two groups. We introduce a new measure based on the discrimination of individuals/objects from two groups, and call it the D-value. The D-value can be viewed as the n-of-1 p-value because it is computed in the same way as p while letting n equal 1. We show how the D-value is related to discrimination probability and the area above the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The D-value has a clear interpretation as the proportion of patients who get worse after the treatment, and as such facilitates to weigh up the likelihood of events under different scenarios. [Received January 2015. Revised June 2015.].
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43
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Dahlqvist HZ, Landstedt E, Gådin KG. What students do schools allocate to a cognitive-behavioural intervention? Characteristics of adolescent participants in Northern Sweden. Int J Circumpolar Health 2015; 74:29805. [PMID: 26538463 PMCID: PMC4633408 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v74.29805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents are a vulnerable group when it comes to the risk of developing depression. Preventing the onset of depressive episodes in this group is therefore a major public health priority. In the last decades, school-based cognitive-behavioural interventions have been a common primary prevention approach. However, evidence on what girls actually are allocated to such interventions when no researchers are involved is scarce. OBJECTIVE To explore how a selective cognitive-behavioural program (Depression In Swedish Adolescents) developed to prevent depression in adolescents, was implemented in a naturalistic setting in schools in northern part of Sweden. The focus was on characteristics of participants allocated to the intervention. DESIGN Cross-sectional baseline data on depressive symptoms, school environment and socio-economic factors were collected in 2011 by means of questionnaires in schools in a municipality in the northern part of Sweden. Intervention participants were identified in a follow-up questionnaire in 2012. Students (n=288) included in the analyses were in the ages of 14-15. RESULTS Sixty-six girls and no boys were identified as intervention participants. They reported higher levels of depressive symptoms, lower personal relative affluence, more sexual harassment victimization and less peer support compared to female non-participants (n=222). Intervention participants were more likely to attend schools with a higher proportion of low parental education levels and a lower proportion of students graduating with a diploma. CONCLUSIONS The developers of the intervention originally intended the program to be universal or selective, but it was implemented as targeted in these schools. It is important for school administrations to adhere to program fidelity when it comes to what students it is aimed for. Implications for effectivenss trials of cognitive-behavioural interventions in the school setting is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelina Landstedt
- Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
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Whitwell JL, Duffy JR, Strand EA, Machulda MM, Tosakulwong N, Weigand SD, Senjem ML, Spychalla AJ, Gunter JL, Petersen RC, Jack CR, Josephs KA. Sample size calculations for clinical trials targeting tauopathies: a new potential disease target. J Neurol 2015; 262:2064-72. [PMID: 26076744 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disease-modifying therapies are being developed to target tau pathology, and should, therefore, be tested in primary tauopathies. We propose that progressive apraxia of speech should be considered one such target group. In this study, we investigate potential neuroimaging and clinical outcome measures for progressive apraxia of speech and determine sample size estimates for clinical trials. We prospectively recruited 24 patients with progressive apraxia of speech who underwent two serial MRI with an interval of approximately 2 years. Detailed speech and language assessments included the Apraxia of Speech Rating Scale and Motor Speech Disorders severity scale. Rates of ventricular expansion and rates of whole brain, striatal and midbrain atrophy were calculated. Atrophy rates across 38 cortical regions were also calculated and the regions that best differentiated patients from controls were selected. Sample size estimates required to power placebo-controlled treatment trials were calculated. The smallest sample size estimates were obtained with rates of atrophy of the precentral gyrus and supplementary motor area, with both measures requiring less than 50 subjects per arm to detect a 25% treatment effect with 80% power. These measures outperformed the other regional and global MRI measures and the clinical scales. Regional rates of cortical atrophy, therefore, provide the best outcome measures in progressive apraxia of speech. The small sample size estimates demonstrate feasibility for including progressive apraxia of speech in future clinical treatment trials targeting tau.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph R Duffy
- Division of Speech Pathology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Edythe A Strand
- Division of Speech Pathology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mary M Machulda
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nirubol Tosakulwong
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen D Weigand
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew L Senjem
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Department of Information Technology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey L Gunter
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Department of Information Technology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ronald C Petersen
- Division of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Keith A Josephs
- Division of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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APOE ε4 moderates amyloid-related memory decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1239-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vermeulen K, Thas O, Vansteelandt S. Increasing the power of the Mann-Whitney test in randomized experiments through flexible covariate adjustment. Stat Med 2014; 34:1012-30. [PMID: 25475954 DOI: 10.1002/sim.6386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Mann-Whitney U test is frequently used to evaluate treatment effects in randomized experiments with skewed outcome distributions or small sample sizes. It may lack power, however, because it ignores the auxiliary baseline covariate information that is routinely collected. Wald and score tests in so-called probabilistic index models generalize the Mann-Whitney U test to enable adjustment for covariates, but these may lack robustness by demanding correct model specification and do not lend themselves to small sample inference. Using semiparametric efficiency theory, we here propose an alternative extension of the Mann-Whitney U test, which increases its power by exploiting covariate information in an objective way and which lends itself to permutation inference. Simulation studies and an application to an HIV clinical trial show that the proposed permutation test attains the nominal Type I error rate and can be drastically more powerful than the classical Mann-Whitney U test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Vermeulen
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Gent 9000, Belgium
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Effects of augmented visual feedback during balance training in Parkinson's disease: A pilot randomized clinical trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20:1352-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Gottlieb JC, Cohen LM, Haslam AK. Comparing college smokers' and dual users' expectancies towards cigarette smoking. Addict Behav 2014; 39:1784-8. [PMID: 25123347 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As no agreed upon definition exists for dual use (i.e., individuals who concurrently use more than one form of tobacco), this population remains largely unstudied in the substance use literature, despite increases in smokeless tobacco use among young adults. Individuals 18-25years of age report the highest rates of smokeless tobacco use, dual use, and cigarette use. The current study compared the smoking outcome expectancies of college student dual users to those who reported only smoking cigarettes. METHODS The Short Form of the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire was used to examine potential differences in positive or negative expectations regarding cigarette use. RESULTS Data from this study suggest that smokers believe that smoking will lead to greater positive consequences ("cigarettes taste good"), negative reinforcement ("cigarettes help me deal with anger"), and weight/appetite reduction ("smoking controls my appetite") when compared to dual users. Conversely, dual users believed that smoking would lead to greater negative consequences (e.g., "smoking is taking years off of my life"). DISCUSSION These results may help to explain why some smokers choose not to use smokeless tobacco products for harm reduction or smoking cessation purposes, as well as why increases are being observed in smokeless tobacco rates among young adults.
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Zhang F, Miyaoka E, Huang F, Tanaka Y. Test Statistics and Confidence Intervals to Establish Noninferiority between Treatments with Ordinal Categorical Data. J Biopharm Stat 2014; 25:921-38. [PMID: 24919157 DOI: 10.1080/10543406.2014.920865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The problem for establishing noninferiority is discussed between a new treatment and a standard (control) treatment with ordinal categorical data. A measure of treatment effect is used and a method of specifying noninferiority margin for the measure is provided. Two Z-type test statistics are proposed where the estimation of variance is constructed under the shifted null hypothesis using U-statistics. Furthermore, the confidence interval and the sample size formula are given based on the proposed test statistics. The proposed procedure is applied to a dataset from a clinical trial. A simulation study is conducted to compare the performance of the proposed test statistics with that of the existing ones, and the results show that the proposed test statistics are better in terms of the deviation from nominal level and the power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghong Zhang
- a Biomedical Data Sciences Department , GlaxoSmithKline K.K. , Tokyo , Japan
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50
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Zhao Y, Preisser JS, Koch GG. Sensitivity Analysis for Withdrawals in Grouped Time-to-Event Data. Stat Biopharm Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19466315.2013.836984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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