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Khandelwal M, Choudhary S, Harish, Kumawat A, Misra KP, Vyas Y, Singh B, Rathore DS, Soni K, Bagaria A, Khangarot RK. An Eco-Friendly Synthesis Approach for Enhanced Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Properties of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Coelastrella terrestris Algal Extract. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:4137-4162. [PMID: 38756417 PMCID: PMC11096669 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s452889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In the current scenario, the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using environmentally benign methods has gained significant attention due to their facile processes, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendly nature. Methods In the present study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using aqueous extract of Coelastrella terrestris algae as a reducing, stabilizing, and capping agent. The synthesized CuO NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results XRD investigation revealed that the biosynthesized CuO NPs were nanocrystalline with high-phase purity and size in the range of 4.26 nm to 28.51 nm. FTIR spectra confirmed the existence of secondary metabolites on the surface of the synthesized CuO NPs, with characteristic Cu-O vibrations being identified around 600 cm-1, 496 cm-1, and 440 cm-1. The FE-SEM images predicted that the enhancement of the algal extract amount converted the flattened rice-like structures of CuO NPs into flower petal-like structures. Furthermore, the degradation ability of biosynthesized CuO NPs was investigated against Amido black 10B (AB10B) dye. The results displayed that the optimal degradation efficacy of AB10B dye was 94.19%, obtained at 6 pH, 50 ppm concentration of dye, and 0.05 g dosage of CuO NPs in 90 min with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.0296 min-1. The CuO-1 NPs synthesized through algae exhibited notable antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 22 mm and against P. aeruginosa with a ZOI of 17 mm. Conclusion Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that utilizing Coelastrella terrestris algae for the synthesis of CuO NPs presents a promising solution for addressing environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Khandelwal
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Sunita Choudhary
- Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Harish
- Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Ashok Kumawat
- Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India
| | - Kamakhya Prakash Misra
- Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India
| | - Yogeshwari Vyas
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Bhavya Singh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Devendra Singh Rathore
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Kanchan Soni
- Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India
| | - Ashima Bagaria
- Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India
| | - Rama Kanwar Khangarot
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
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Zhang D, Hu Z, Vlaic S, Xin C, Pons S, Billot L, Aigouy L, Chen Z. Synergetic Exterior and Interfacial Approaches by Colloidal Carbon Quantum Dots for More Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Against UV. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401505. [PMID: 38678539 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The achievement of both efficiency and stability in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) remains a challenging and actively researched topic. In particular, among different environmental factors, ultraviolet (UV) photons play a pivotal role in contributing to device degradation. In this work, by harvesting simultaneously both the optical and the structural properties of bottom-up-synthesized colloidal carbon quantum dots (CQDs), a cost-effective means is provided to circumvent the UV-induced degradation in PSCs without scarification on their power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). By exploring and optimizing the number of CQDs and the different locations/interfaces of the solar cells where CQDs are applied, a synergetic configuration is achieved where the photovoltaic performance drop due to optical loss is completely compensated by the increased perovskite crystallinity due to interfacial modification. As a result, on the optimized configurations where CQDs are applied both on the exterior front side as an optical layer and at the interface between the electron transport layer and the perovskite absorber, unencapsulated PSCs with PCEs >20% are fabricated which can maintain up to ≈94% of their initial PCE after 100 h of degradation in ambient air under continuous UV illumination (5 mW cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjiu Zhang
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (LPEM), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 Rue Vauquelin, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Zhelu Hu
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (LPEM), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 Rue Vauquelin, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Sergio Vlaic
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (LPEM), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 Rue Vauquelin, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Chenghao Xin
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (LPEM), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 Rue Vauquelin, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Stéphane Pons
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (LPEM), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 Rue Vauquelin, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Laurent Billot
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (LPEM), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 Rue Vauquelin, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Lionel Aigouy
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (LPEM), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 Rue Vauquelin, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Zhuoying Chen
- Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (LPEM), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8213, 10 Rue Vauquelin, Paris, F-75005, France
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Ghasemi L, Ahmadi A, Abedini R, Kazemi F, Kaboudin B. Practical photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic reduction of nitroarenes in water under blue LED irradiation using β-CD modified TiO 2 as a green nest photocatalyst. RSC Adv 2023; 13:34733-34738. [PMID: 38035234 PMCID: PMC10683045 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06530h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysis using natural photosynthesis is a green technology that is gaining popularity in a number of industries due to its potential for environmental applications and the use of solar energy. Focus is being placed on using inexpensive materials and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of various wavelengths in photocatalytic reactions in order to improve the performance of solar-driven photocatalysts at a lower cost. In this study, a scalable, highly efficient photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic method was investigated for the reduction of nitro-compounds by a water/titania/β-cyclodextrin system under sunlight and blue LED irradiation, using sodium sulfide as a sacrificial electron donor. β-Cyclodextrin, chemically bound to TiO2 nanoparticles as an encapsulating agent, hosted nitro compounds in aqueous media and formed an inclusion complex. In addition, this method was used to successfully carry out one-pot reduction-amidation of nitroarene compounds in the presence of acetic anhydride. Interestingly, it was found that ultrasound has a synergistic effect on photocatalytic reduction and considerably reduces the duration time. In this regard, a fast, practical sonophotocatalytic reduction of nitroarenes was carried out in an ultrasound bath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
| | - Ayub Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
| | - Raheleh Abedini
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
| | - Foad Kazemi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
- Center of Climate Change and Global Warming, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan Iran
| | - Babak Kaboudin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
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Anagbonu P, Ghali M, Allam A. Low-temperature green synthesis of few-layered graphene sheets from pomegranate peels for supercapacitor applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15627. [PMID: 37730708 PMCID: PMC10511523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42029-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene presents practical applications in energy storage devices, especially supercapacitors. However, mainstream synthesis of graphene includes toxic chemical usage, which threatens the environment. With the recent attention shift to synthesizing nanomaterials from agro-waste due to their easy availability, cost-effectiveness, and, most importantly, their environmental friendliness, we present, in this work for the first time, a novel and green synthesis of few-layered graphene sheets using pomegranate peels as a precursor at a low temperature of 80 °C. The surface morphology and microstructural properties are determined by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and the electrical properties determined by Hall Effect Measurement. The application as a supercapacitor is also examined using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Charge-Discharge Cycling (GCD), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The resulting supercapacitor delivers an areal capacitance of [Formula: see text] at a current density of 15.6 μA [Formula: see text], making our synthesized graphene a good choice for electrochemical storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Anagbonu
- Basic and Applied Sciences Institute, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohsen Ghali
- Basic and Applied Sciences Institute, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Allam
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
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Vyas Y, Chundawat P, Dharmendra D, Chaubisa P, Kumar M, Punjabi PB, Ameta C. Revolutionizing fuel production through biologically synthesized zero-dimensional nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:4833-4851. [PMID: 37705808 PMCID: PMC10496885 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00268c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable management of wastewater and the production of clean fuel with a reduced carbon footprint require innovative methods, including photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and hydrogen generation. To achieve this, biosynthesized photocatalysts are necessary, with carbon quantum dots (CQDs) being a promising candidate for achieving this goal. In this study, CQDs were prepared from water caltrop peels and a composite of greenly synthesized CQDs with copper selenide (CuSe) was used for the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and production of fuel. Thymol blue (TB) and Congo red (CR) were chosen as model dyes for degradation studies, with optimized reaction conditions being determined by varying the dose, pH, intensity, and concentration of dyes. The composite (CuSe@CQDs) showed a degradation rate of 99.4% and 97.8% for TB and CR, respectively, within 60 minutes, with a corresponding hydrogen production rate of 2360 and 1875 μmol g-1 h-1. The yield of hydrogen production using the composite was 35.7 and 29 times greater than that of CuSe alone for TB and CR, respectively. Spectroscopic techniques such as XRD, UV-Vis, FESEM, HRTEM, XPS, FTIR, BET, and TGA were used to characterize the composite, and the results revealed that the composite had superior degradation rates compared to CuSe alone, with the degradation rate being enhanced by about three times. GCMS analysis was used to investigate the intermediate and possible degradation pathways. Overall, this study highlights the potential of biosynthesized CQDs as effective photocatalysts for the sustainable management of wastewater and production of fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeshwari Vyas
- Photochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, M.L. Sukhadia University Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Priyanka Chundawat
- Photochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, M.L. Sukhadia University Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Dharmendra Dharmendra
- Photochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, M.L. Sukhadia University Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Purnima Chaubisa
- Photochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, M.L. Sukhadia University Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Sahu Jain Degree College, Affiliated toM. J. P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly Najibabad Bijnor-246763 India
| | - Pinki B Punjabi
- Photochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, M.L. Sukhadia University Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Chetna Ameta
- Photochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, M.L. Sukhadia University Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
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6
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Gautam N, Singh KB, Snigdha, Upadhyay DD, Pandey G. Structural and optical properties of silver supported α-Fe 2O 3 nanocomposite fabricated by Saraca asoca leaf extract for the effective photo-degradation of cationic dye Azure B. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23181-23196. [PMID: 37533787 PMCID: PMC10391326 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03315e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, several nanocomposites developed by chemical synthetic routes, have been demonstrated as efficient photocatalysts for the photodegradation of hazardous organic dyes. The present investigation reports the sonochemical-assisted fabrication of silver-supported α-Fe2O3 nanocomposites (SA@Ag@IONCs) using the Saraca asoca leaf extract. The magnetic nanocomposites can be easily removed from the reaction mixture. The morphology of these materials was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), XPS, BET surface area analyzer, UV-visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and VSM techniques. The XRD and electron microscopy analyses revealed the small size and well-crystalline SA@Ag@IONC particles with spherical and buckyball structures. The large surface area of SA@Ag@IONCs was confirmed by BET analysis. The absorption edge in UV-visible spectra appeared to migrate towards high wavelengths for the SA@Ag@IONC composite, causing a change in the bandgap energy. In the case of the sonication assisted composite, the bandgap energy was 2.1 eV, making it easier for the electron to transfer from the valence band to conduction band. The decoration of ultrasmall silver onto the surfaces of the α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite, which considerably increases the capacity to absorb sunlight, enhances the efficiency of charge carrier separation, and inhibits the electron-hole recombination rate as confirmed by the reduced PL intensity, is responsible for the excellent photocatalytic degradation performance. Outcomes shown SA@Ag@IONCs have a high photodegradation rate as well as high-rate constant value at an optimized condition that is at pH 9 and 0.5 g L-1 dose of nanocomposite, photodegradation rate of Azure B is ∼94%. Trap experiment results indicated that O2˙- and h+ are the active species responsible for the photodegradation of AzB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Lucknow India
| | - Kijay Bahadur Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Lucknow India
| | - Snigdha
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Lucknow India
| | - Deen Dayal Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Lucknow India
| | - Gajanan Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Lucknow India
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CuO/ZnO/CQDs@PAN Nanocomposites with Ternary Heterostructures for Enhancing Photocatalytic Performance. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysis is a green technology. In this paper, CuO/ZnO/carbon quantum dots (CQDs)@PAN nanocomposites with ternary heterostructures (CZC@PAN)—as high-performance environmentally friendly nanophotocatalysts—were prepared by electrospinning, heat treatment, and hydrothermal synthesis in sequence, and their practical applications were investigated by degrading methylene blue (MB). The synergistic effects of components in ternary heterostructures on the morphology, structure, and photocatalytic performance of CZC@PAN were analyzed, and their photocatalytic mechanism was further discussed. The results showed that due to the formation of p-n heterojunctions and the loading of CQDs and CZC@PAN had excellent photocatalytic degradation performance, and its photocatalytic degradation rate for MB reached 99.56% under natural sunlight for 4 h.
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Kang H, Wang T, Liu W, Tian D. Folic Acid Modified Graphene Quantum Dots from Konjac Glucomannan for Cell Imaging and Targeted Drug Delivery. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Kang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Hubei Minzu University Enshi 445000 People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Hubei Minzu University Enshi 445000 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Hubei Minzu University Enshi 445000 People's Republic of China
| | - Dating Tian
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Hubei Minzu University Enshi 445000 People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization Hubei Minzu University Enshi 445000 People's Republic of China
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Rezaei A, Mohammadi Y, Ramazani A, Zheng H. Ultrasound-assisted pseudohomogeneous tungstate catalyst for selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3367. [PMID: 35233016 PMCID: PMC8888602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06874-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea of applying ultrasound (US) as a green activation method in chemical transformations, especially in catalytic alcohol oxidations, technically and ecologically appeals to chemists. In the present work, as an attempt to fulfill the idea of designing an eco-friendly system to oxidize alcoholic substrates into corresponding aldehydes, we developed multifunctional tungstate-decorated CQD base catalyst, A-CQDs/W, and examined its sonooxidation performance in presence of H2O2 as a green oxidant in aqua media. By comparing the catalyst performance in oxidize benzyl alcohol as a testing model to benzaldehyde (BeOH) prior and after US irradiation—trace vs 93%- the key role of ultrasonic irradiation in achieving high yield is completely appreciated. Exceptional thermal and compression condition that is created as a result of acoustic waves is in charge of unparalleled yield results in this type of activation method. The immense degree of reagent interaction in this method, ensures the maximum yield in notably low time, which in turn leads to decrease in the number of unreacted reagents and by-products. Meanwhile, the need for using toxic organic solvents and hazardous oxidants, auxiliaries and phase transfer catalyst (PTC) is completely obviated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Rezaei
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | | | - Ali Ramazani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Huajun Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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Kang H, Zhang L, Hu S, Guan L, Liu W, Tian D. Synthesis and Cell Imaging of Graphene Quantum Dots from Konjac Glucomannan. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Kang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Hubei Minzu University Enshi 445000 People's Republic of China
| | - Lilei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Luoyang Normal University Luoyang 471934 People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Hubei Minzu University Enshi 445000 People's Republic of China
| | - Lianxiong Guan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Hubei Minzu University Enshi 445000 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Hubei Minzu University Enshi 445000 People's Republic of China
| | - Dating Tian
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Hubei Minzu University Enshi 445000 People's Republic of China
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