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Zhou D, Li D, Chen Z. Recent advances in ternary Z-scheme photocatalysis on graphitic carbon nitride based photocatalysts. Front Chem 2024; 12:1359895. [PMID: 38633985 PMCID: PMC11021764 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1359895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to its excellent photocatalytic performance over the last few years, graphitic-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has garnered considerable notice as a photocatalyst. Nevertheless, several limitations, including small surface area, the rates at which photo-generated electrons and holes recombine are swift, and the inefficient separation and transport of photoexcited carriers continue to impede its solar energy utilization. To overcome those limitations in single-component g-C3N4, constructing a heterogeneous photocatalytic system has emerged as an effective way. Among the various studies involving the incorporation of hetero composite materials to design heterojunctions, among the most promising approaches is to assemble a Z-scheme photocatalytic configuration. The Z-scheme configuration is essential because it facilitates efficient photocarrier separation and exhibits superior redox ability in separated electrons and holes. Moreover, ternary composites have demonstrated enhanced photocatalytic activities and reinforced photostability. Ternary Z-scheme heterostructures constructed with g-C3N4 possess all the above-mentioned merits and provide a pioneering strategy for implementing photocatalytic systems for environmental and energy sustainability. A summary of the latest technological advancements toward design and fabrication in ternary all-solid-state Z-scheme (ASSZ) and direct Z-scheme (DZ) photocatalysts built on g-C3N4 is presented in this review. Furthermore, the review also discusses the application of ternary Z-scheme photocatalytic architecture established on g-C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dantong Zhou
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Anshun University, Anshun, China
| | - Dongxiang Li
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Anshun University, Anshun, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Chu J, Li W, Lu S, Rao X, Zheng S, Zhang Y. Benzene-Linked Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6562-6570. [PMID: 38470825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Cross-linking with functional molecular species in polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) could offer a positive strategy that tunes its molecular structure with excellent conductivity to improve photocatalytic activity. Herein, the benzene ring-cross-linked photocatalyst is obtained via the polymerization of urea, melamine, and trimesic acid. Benzene ring-cross-linked PCN narrows the band gap and augments the push-pull effect of carriers, thus enhancing visible light harvesting and transfer easiness of photogenerated electron/hole pairs. Notably, the amount of trimesic acid was optimized during the benzene ring-cross-linked photocatalyst preparation (marked as 01T/A-CN, 02T/A-CN, and 03T/A-CN). Among them, 02T/A-CN photocatalyst achieved an excellent hydrogen production rate of 1931 μmol/h·g, which is higher than that of CN under visible light and beyond most reported. Theoretical calculations further confirmed that the introduction of benzene ring significantly reduces the band gap of PCN, bringing the delocalized electron, a longer intramolecular electron transition distance, and molecular bending. All those factors made benzene ring-cross-linked PCN with improved photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Chu
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 40071, China
| | - Wencheng Li
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 40071, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Xi Rao
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 40071, China
| | - Shaohui Zheng
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 40071, China
| | - Yongping Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 40071, China
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3
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Gupta S, Kumar R. Enhanced photocatalytic performance of the N-rGO/g-C 3N 4 nanocomposite for efficient solar-driven water remediation. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:6109-6131. [PMID: 38444302 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06203a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and analysis of a photocatalyst made from a combination of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) through a simple hydrothermal process. The effectiveness of the N-rGO/g-C3N4 heterostructure in photocatalysis was examined by studying the breakdown of different types of organic pollutants, such as cationic and anionic dyes, as well as antibiotics, under simulated solar light irradiation. Due to the presence of Schottky junctions formed between rGO and g-C3N4, the electron transfer process is significantly enhanced, leading to a reduction in the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. As a result, the photocatalytic activity of the rGO/g-C3N4 photocatalyst is significantly higher compared to that of g-C3N4 alone. The photocatalytic performance was further augmented through the nitrogen doping of rGO, which led to an increase in conductivity due to electron doping and an enhancement in the charge separation process. The heterojunction of rGO/g-C3N4 with an optimum concentration of 60% rGO attained a degradation efficiency of 98.7% for rhodamine B (RhB) dye after 50 minutes of light irradiation. In comparison, the nitrogen-doped photocatalyst (N-rGO/g-C3N4) achieved a photodegradation efficiency of 99.99% within 30 minutes. The reaction rate constant of the N-rGO/g-C3N4 nanocomposite was found to be 0.11 min-1 using pseudo first-order rate kinetics. This value is about 16 times more than that of pure g-C3N4 (0.007 min-1) for the degradation of rhodamine B. Additionally, N-rGO/g-C3N4 effectively degraded various contaminants, such as methylene blue, methyl orange, and tetracycline hydrochloride. The paper also addresses the photocatalytic mechanism, which entails the facilitated movement of electrons and holes produced by light, owing to the alignment of energy bands at the interface of the N-rGO/g-C3N4 heterojunction. These findings contribute to the advancement of a metal-free and porous photocatalyst that is highly interconnected and can be used for waste water treatment and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalu Gupta
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, India.
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, India.
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Wang Y, Zou J, Zhao C, Jiang H, Song Y, Zhang L, Li X, Wang F, Fan L, Liu X, Wei M, Yang L. Building a Charge Transfer Bridge between g-C 3N 4 and Perovskite with Molecular Engineering to Achieve Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:13815-13827. [PMID: 38442230 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Effective defect passivation and efficient charge transfer within polycrystalline perovskite grains and corresponding boundaries are necessary to achieve highly efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, focusing on the boundary location of g-C3N4 during the crystallization modulation on perovskite, molecular engineering of 4-carboxyl-3-fluorophenylboronic acid (BF) on g-C3N4 was designed to obtain a novel additive named BFCN. With the help of the strong bonding ability of BF with both g-C3N4 and perovskite and favorable intramolecular charge transfer within BFCN, not only has the crystal quality of perovskite films been improved due to the effective defects passivation, but the charge transfer has also been greatly accelerated due to the formation of additional charge transfer channels on the grain boundaries. As a result, the champion BFCN-based PSCs achieve the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.71% with good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Jinhang Zou
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Congyu Zhao
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Haipeng Jiang
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yuhuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Fengyou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Lin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Maobin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
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Yang B, Xu M, Gao Y, Zhu Q, Xu B. Interfacial Engineering and Coupling of MXene/Reduced Graphene Oxide/C 3 N 4 Aerogel with Optimized d-Band Center as a Free-Standing Sulfur Carrier for High-Performance Li-S Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301102. [PMID: 37926702 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
To overcome the shuttle effect and improve the energy density of Li-S batteries, developing free-standing sulfur carriers with high capture and catalytic effect towards polysulfides is an effective strategy. Herein, a MXene/reduced graphene oxide/C3 N4 aerogel (MG/C3 N4 ) with three-dimensional architecture prepared through low-temperature hydrothermal approach followed by thermal treatment is used as sulfur carrier for free-standing cathode of Li-S batteries. In the MG/C3 N4 , MXene and rGO construct a highly conductive framework, and the MXene nanosheets offer chemical capture and catalytic activity towards lithium polysulfides, in favor of good cycling stability. The introduction of g-C3 N4 further enhances the reactivity of C-Ti-N at the hetero-interface by engineering the electronic state of Ti atoms, leading to the optimized metal d-band for expediting the multistep conversion of sulfur electrochemistry. Therefore, the free-standing sulfur cathode with MG/C3 N4 carrier achieves excellent performance with a capacity of 1315.6 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C and a capacity retention of 97.5% after 100 cycles as well as superior rate capability with 1167.4 mAh g-1 at 2 C. Even at a high sulfur loading of 4.92 mg cm-2 , the cathode remains 940.3 mAh g-1 (4.62 mAh cm-2 ) after 200 cycles, indicating its promising potential for achieving high-performance Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mengyao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qizhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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Du C, Xu J, Ding G, He D, Zhang H, Qiu W, Li C, Liao G. Recent Advances in LDH/g-C 3N 4 Heterojunction Photocatalysts for Organic Pollutant Removal. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:3066. [PMID: 38063762 PMCID: PMC10707826 DOI: 10.3390/nano13233066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Environmental pollution has been decreased by using photocatalytic technology in conjunction with solar energy. An efficient method to obtain highly efficient photocatalysts is to build heterojunction photocatalysts by combining graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with layered double hydroxides (LDHs). In this review, recent developments in LDH/g-C3N4 heterojunctions and their applications for organic pollutant removal are systematically exhibited. The advantages of LDH/g-C3N4 heterojunction are first summarized to provide some overall understanding of them. Then, a variety of approaches to successfully assembling LDH and g-C3N4 are simply illustrated. Last but not least, certain unmet research needs for the LDH/g-C3N4 heterojunction are suggested. This review can provide some new insights for the development of high-performance LDH/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts. It is indisputable that the LDH/g-C3N4 heterojunctions can serve as high-performance photocatalysts to make new progress in organic pollutant removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Du
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.D.); (J.X.); (D.H.); (W.Q.)
- Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China;
| | - Jialin Xu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.D.); (J.X.); (D.H.); (W.Q.)
- Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China;
| | - Guixiang Ding
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Dayong He
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.D.); (J.X.); (D.H.); (W.Q.)
- Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China;
| | - Hao Zhang
- Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China;
| | - Weibao Qiu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.D.); (J.X.); (D.H.); (W.Q.)
| | - Chunxue Li
- College of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China;
| | - Guangfu Liao
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.D.); (J.X.); (D.H.); (W.Q.)
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
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Ashraf M, Ali R, Khan I, Ullah N, Ahmad MS, Kida T, Wooh S, Tremel W, Schwingenschlögl U, Tahir MN. Bandgap Engineering of Melon using Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301342. [PMID: 37548517 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The uncondensed form of polymeric carbon nitrides (PCN), generally known as melon, is a stacked 2D structure of poly(aminoimino)heptazine. Melon is used as a photocatalyst in solar energy conversion applications, but suffers from poor photoconversion efficiency due to weak optical absorption in the visible spectrum, high activation energy, and inefficient separation of photoexcited charge carriers. Experimental and theoretical studies are reported to engineer the bandgap of melon with highly reduced graphene oxide (HRG). Three HRG@melon nanocomposites with different HRG:melon ratios (0.5%, 1%, and 2%) are prepared. The 1% HRG@melon nanocomposite shows higher photocurrent density (71 µA cm-2 ) than melon (24 µA cm-2 ) in alkaline conditions. The addition of a hole scavenger further increases the photocurrent density to 630 µA cm-2 relative to the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). These experimental results are validated by calculations using density functional theory (DFT), which revealed that HRG results in a significant charge redistribution and an improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashraf
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dharan, 31261, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Roshan Ali
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Khan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Nisar Ullah
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dharan, 31261, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Sohail Ahmad
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kida
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
- Department of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Sanghyuk Wooh
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Wolfgang Tremel
- Chemistry Department, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Udo Schwingenschlögl
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Nawaz Tahir
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dharan, 31261, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Xie L, Wang X, Zhang Z, Ma Y, Du T, Wang R, Wang J. Photosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide Based on g-C 3 N 4 : The Road of a Cost-Effective Clean Fuel Production. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301007. [PMID: 37066714 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Emerging artificial photosynthesis promises to offer a competitive means for solar energy conversion and further solves the energy crisis facing the world. Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), which is considered as a benign oxidant and a prospective liquid fuel, has received worldwide attention in the field of artificial photosynthesis on account of the source materials are just oxygen, water, and sunlight. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 )-based photocatalysts for H2 O2 generation have attracted extensive research interest due to the intrinsic properties of g-C3 N4 . In this review, research processes for H2 O2 generation on the basis of g-C3 N4 , including development, fabrication, merits, and disadvantages, and the state-of-the-art methods to enhance the performance are summarized after a brief introduction and the mechanism analysis of an efficient catalytic system. Also, recent applications of g-C3 N4 -based photocatalysts for H2 O2 production are reviewed, and the significance of active sites and synthetic pathways are highlighted from the view of reducing barriers. Finally, this paper ends with some concluding remarks to reveal the issues and opportunities of g-C3 N4 -based photocatalysts for producing H2 O2 in a high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxuan Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
| | - Zeyuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-6205, USA
| | - Yiyue Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Ting Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
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Mondal US, Das S, Somu P, Paul S. Silica sand-supported nano zinc oxide-graphene oxide composite induced rapid photocatalytic decolorization of azo dyes under sunlight and improved antimicrobial activity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:17226-17244. [PMID: 36194330 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Here, silica sand-supported heterojunction composite of nano zinc oxide (nZnO) and graphene oxide nanosheet (nZnO-GO@SS) was prepared, and its potential as an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) and Rhodamine-B (Rh-B) under sunlight was demonstrated. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the uniform distribution of spherically shaped nZnO of average size of approximately 8 nm over graphene oxide nanosheet (GO) in the composites. Photodegradation yields of 95.3% and 97.5% for 100 ppm of MB and Rh-B dye within 150 and 220 min, respectively, were achieved under sunlight by the prepared nanocatalyst (nZnO-GO), while sand microparticle-supported nanocatalyst (nZnO-GO@SS) demonstrated faster degradation of MB and Rh-B, i.e., within 120 and 160 min, respectively. Furthermore, when the recyclability of the photocatalyst was studied, the nZnO-GO exhibited more than 80% degradation efficiency after five cycles for both the dyes and nZnO-GO@SS demonstrated 10% higher (~90%) removal capability after five cycles of reuse. Furthermore, the antibacterial assay showed complete inactivation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strain by nZnO-GO@SS. Hence, our proposed strategy for the removal of toxic dyes from the aquatic environment under sunlight proved that sand microparticle-supported nanocatalyst (nZnO-GO@SS) might be a superior, cost-effective, and suitable photocatalytic system for industrial applications toward toxic dye removal and decontamination from industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Sankar Mondal
- Structural Biology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Sohel Das
- Structural Biology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Prathap Somu
- Structural Biology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Subhankar Paul
- Structural Biology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
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Shams M, Mansukhani N, Hersam MC, Bouchard D, Chowdhury I. Environmentally sustainable implementations of two-dimensional nanomaterials. Front Chem 2023; 11:1132233. [PMID: 36936535 PMCID: PMC10020365 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1132233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid advancement in nanotechnology has led to the development of a myriad of useful nanomaterials that have novel characteristics resulting from their small size and engineered properties. In particular, two-dimensional (2D) materials have become a major focus in material science and chemistry research worldwide with substantial efforts centered on their synthesis, property characterization, and technological, and environmental applications. Environmental applications of these nanomaterials include but are not limited to adsorbents for wastewater and drinking water treatment, membranes for desalination, and coating materials for filtration. However, it is also important to address the environmental interactions and implications of these nanomaterials in order to develop strategies that minimize their environmental and public health risks. Towards this end, this review covers the most recent literature on the environmental implementations of emerging 2D nanomaterials, thereby providing insights into the future of this fast-evolving field including strategies for ensuring sustainable development of 2D nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehnaz Shams
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Nikhita Mansukhani
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Mark C. Hersam
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Dermont Bouchard
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Indranil Chowdhury
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Indranil Chowdhury,
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Zhang J, Chen X, Chen Q, He Y, Pan M, Huang G, Bi J. Insights into Photocatalytic Degradation Pathways and Mechanism of Tetracycline by an Efficient Z-Scheme NiFe-LDH/CTF-1 Heterojunction. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4111. [PMID: 36500734 PMCID: PMC9738193 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis offers a sustainable approach for recalcitrant organic pollutants degradation, yet it is still challenging to seek robust photocatalysts for application purposes. Herein, a novel NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH)/covalent triazine framework (CTF-1) Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst was rationally designed for antibiotics degradation under visible light irradiation. The NiFe-LDH/CTF-1 nanocomposites were readily obtained via in situ loading of NiFe-LDH on CTF-1 through covalent linking. The abundant coupling interfaces between two semiconductor counterparts lay the foundation for the formation of Z-scheme heterostructure, thereby effectively promoting the transfer of photogenerated electrons, inhibiting the recombination of carriers, as well as conferring the nanocomposites with stronger redox ability. Consequently, the optimal photocatalytic activity of the LDH/CTF heterojunction was significantly boosted for the degradation of a typical antibiotic, tetracycline (TC). Additionally, the photodegradation process and the mineralization of TC were further elucidated. These results envision that the LDH/CTF-1 can be a viable photocatalyst for long-term and sustainable wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Qiaoshan Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yunhui He
- Fujian College Association Instrumental Analysis Center of Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Applied Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guocheng Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jinhong Bi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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12
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Mocci F, de Villiers Engelbrecht L, Olla C, Cappai A, Casula MF, Melis C, Stagi L, Laaksonen A, Carbonaro CM. Carbon Nanodots from an In Silico Perspective. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13709-13799. [PMID: 35948072 PMCID: PMC9413235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are the latest and most shining rising stars among photoluminescent (PL) nanomaterials. These carbon-based surface-passivated nanostructures compete with other related PL materials, including traditional semiconductor quantum dots and organic dyes, with a long list of benefits and emerging applications. Advantages of CNDs include tunable inherent optical properties and high photostability, rich possibilities for surface functionalization and doping, dispersibility, low toxicity, and viable synthesis (top-down and bottom-up) from organic materials. CNDs can be applied to biomedicine including imaging and sensing, drug-delivery, photodynamic therapy, photocatalysis but also to energy harvesting in solar cells and as LEDs. More applications are reported continuously, making this already a research field of its own. Understanding of the properties of CNDs requires one to go to the levels of electrons, atoms, molecules, and nanostructures at different scales using modern molecular modeling and to correlate it tightly with experiments. This review highlights different in silico techniques and studies, from quantum chemistry to the mesoscale, with particular reference to carbon nanodots, carbonaceous nanoparticles whose structural and photophysical properties are not fully elucidated. The role of experimental investigation is also presented. Hereby, we hope to encourage the reader to investigate CNDs and to apply virtual chemistry to obtain further insights needed to customize these amazing systems for novel prospective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mocci
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy,
| | | | - Chiara Olla
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonio Cappai
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Casula
- Department
of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, IT 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudio Melis
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Luigi Stagi
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Aatto Laaksonen
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy,Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden,State Key
Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China,Centre
of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, PetruPoni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania,Division
of Energy Science, Energy Engineering, Luleå
University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden,
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13
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Lökçü E, Kaçar N, Çayirli M, Özden RC, Anik M. Photoassisted Charging of Li-Ion Oxygen Batteries Using g-C 3N 4/rGO Nanocomposite Photocatalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:34583-34592. [PMID: 35861585 PMCID: PMC9354003 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, g-C3N4/rGO nanocomposites were synthesized to use them as photocatalysts in Li-ion oxygen batteries by aiming at the reduction of the charging potential efficiently under photoassisted conditions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed that novel C═C bonds formed between g-C3N4 and rGO during the decomposition of melamine and that the formation of these bonds was assumed to cause a red shift in the optical absorption band edge. The competition between the narrowing in the optical band gaps of the nanocomposites as a result of the red shift due to the presence of rGO and the degradation in the visible light utilization as a result of favorably absorbed incident light by rGO instead of g-C3N4 pointed out that the g-C3N4/3% rGO nanocomposite has the optimum light absorbance efficiency. The photoassisted charging tests indicated that the g-C3N4/3% rGO nanocomposite reduced the charging potential effectively, especially at higher current densities, and improved the cyclic discharge-charge performance of the Li-ion oxygen batteries considerably.
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14
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Cao Y, Yue L, He Z, Li Z, Lian J, Zhou S, Luo X. Effectively compound the heterojunction formed by flower-like Bi 2S 3 and g-C 3N 4 to enhance photocatalytic activity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:61148-61160. [PMID: 35438399 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19815-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the flower-shaped Bi2S3/g-C3N4-2.6 heterojunction obtained by solvothermal method and its photocatalytic degradation efficiency of rhodamine B (RhB) and tetracycline (TC) in aqueous solution within 40 min is as high as 98.8% and 94.6%. For RhB degradation, the photocatalytic reaction rate constant (k) of Bi2S3/g-C3N4-2.6 is approximately 1.8 and 45.5 times that of Bi2S3 and g-C3N4. For TC, k is 3.1 and 2.4 times that of Bi2S3 and g-C3N4, respectively. The key to determining the high catalytic activity of Bi2S3/g-C3N4 lies in the formation of a good heterojunction between Bi2S3 and g-C3N4, which accelerates the electron transfer rate between the heterojunction interface and effectively avoids electron-hole recombination. The effects of catalyst dosage, different pH values, inorganic anions, and capture agents on the photodegradation performance of RhB were investigated. The results show that the catalyst dosage is 1.33 g/L, and the solution pH is in the range of 5-9, which has the best removal effect on pollutants, and the isolation of holes (h+) with strong oxidizing ability promotes the collapse of pollutant molecules. Combined with electrochemical tests, a possible degradation mechanism was advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmeng Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Lin Yue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China.
| | - Zhuang He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Zaixing Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Jing Lian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Shilei Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
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15
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Liu J, Zheng J, Yue G, Li H, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Wang N, Sun C, Cui Z. Continuous g-C 3N 4 layer-coated porous TiO 2 fibers with enhanced photocatalytic activity toward H 2 evolution and dye degradation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10258-10266. [PMID: 35425007 PMCID: PMC8972099 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01093c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TiO2/g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts with various merits, including low-cost, non-toxic, and environment friendliness, have potential application for producing clean energy and removing organic pollutants to deal with the global energy shortage and environmental contamination. Coating a continuous g-C3N4 layer on TiO2 fibers to form a core/shell structure that could improve the separation and transit efficiency of photo-induced carriers in photocatalytic reactions is still a challenge. In this work, porous TiO2 (P-TiO2)@g-C3N4 fibers were prepared by a hard template-assisted electrospinning method together with the g-C3N4 precursor in an immersing and calcination process. The continuous g-C3N4 layer was fully packed around the P-TiO2 fibers tightly to form a TiO2@g-C3N4 core/shell composite with a strong TiO2/g-C3N4 heterojunction, which greatly enhanced the separation efficiency of photo-induced electrons and holes. Moreover, the great length–diameter ratio configuration of the fiber catalyst was favorable for the recycling of the catalyst. The P-TiO2@g-C3N4 core/shell composite exhibited a significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance both in H2 generation and dye degradation reactions under visible light irradiation, owing to the specific P-TiO2@g-C3N4 core/shell structure and the high-quality TiO2/g-C3N4 heterojunction in the photocatalyst. This work offers a promising strategy to produce photocatalysts with high efficiency in visible light through a rational structure design. TiO2@g-C3N4 core/shell fibers with a continuous g-C3N4 layer packing around exhibit high photocatalytic efficiency toward H2 production and RhB degradation due to the intimate core/shell structure with a high-quality TiO2/g-C3N4 heterojunction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Jinxiao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Guichu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Huaike Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Nü Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Chenghua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
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16
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Jilani A, Hussain SZ, Melaibari AA, Abu-Hamdeh NH. Development and Mechanistic Studies of Ternary Nanocomposites for Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting to Yield Sustainable/Green Energy and Environmental Remediation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071290. [PMID: 35406164 PMCID: PMC9003420 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysts lead vitally to water purifications and decarbonise environment each by wastewater treatment and hydrogen (H2) production as a renewable energy source from water-photolysis. This work deals with the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and H2 production by novel silver-nanoparticle (AgNPs) based ternary-nanocomposites of thiolated reduce-graphene oxide graphitic carbon nitride (AgNPs-S-rGO2%@g-C3N4) material. Herein, the optimised balanced ratio of thiolated reduce-graphene oxide in prepared ternary-nanocomposites played matchlessly to enhance activity by increasing the charge carriers’ movements via slowing down charge-recombination ratios. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO), >2 wt.% or <2 wt.%, rendered H2 production by light-shielding effect. As a result, CIP degradation was enhanced to 95.90% by AgNPs-S-rGO2%@g-C3N4 under the optimised pH(6) and catalyst dosage(25 mg/L) irradiating beneath visible-light (450 nm, 150 watts) for 70 min. The chemical and morphological analysis of AgNPs-S-rGO2%@g-C3N4 surface also supported the possible role of thiolation for this enhancement, assisted by surface plasmon resonance of AgNPs having size < 10 nm. Therefore, AgNPs-S-rGO2%@g-C3N4 has 3772.5 μmolg−1 h−1 H2 production, which is 6.43-fold higher than g-C3N4 having cyclic stability of 96% even after four consecutive cycles. The proposed mechanism for AgNPs-S-rGO2%@g-C3N4 revealed that the photo-excited electrons in the conduction-band of g-C3N4 react with the adhered water moieties to generate H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Jilani
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +966-599693297
| | - Syed Zajif Hussain
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, SBA-School of Science & Engineering (SBA-SSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan;
| | - Ammar A. Melaibari
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nidal H. Abu-Hamdeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power System, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Visible-Light Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol Using Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Nanocomposites. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
4-chlorophenol (4-CP), a hydroxylated aromatic compound (HAC), is a recalcitrant and toxic organic pollutant found in industrial wastewater and various environmental media. In this paper, visible-light-activated photocatalysis using graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) was used to treat 4-CP in an aqueous media. Graphitic carbon nitride from different precursors (dicyanamide, urea, and melamine), as well as GCN/silver nanocomposites (AgBr, Ag3PO4, Ag2CrO4, and Ag), were successfully synthesized and characterized by BET, XRD, SEM, EDS, and UV-Vis DRS. The band gaps of the photocatalysts were estimated using the UV-Vis DRS characterization results and Tauc plots. The evaluation of the efficacy of the GCN-based catalysts in degrading 4-CP was conducted with different photoreactors such as a royal blue light-emitting diode (LED), a UV-A LED, LUZCHEM cool white lamps, and a solar simulator. The results showed that GCNs with royal blue LED can effectively degrade 4-CP from aqueous media. Among the different precursors, urea-derived GCN showed the best performance in degrading 4-CP due to its large surface area. GCN/0.3Ag2CrO4 nanocomposite showed a synergistic effect for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of 4-CP. The degradation of 4-CP with a rate constant of 2.64 × 10−2 min−1 was achieved with a GCN/0.3Ag2CrO4 nanocomposite under royal blue LED irradiation.
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18
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Liu C, Wang YC, Yang Q, Li XY, Yi F, Liu KW, Cao HM, Wang CJ, Yan HJ. Graphene Oxide-Assisted Covalent Triazine Framework for Boosting Photocatalytic H 2 Evolution. Chemistry 2021; 27:13059-13066. [PMID: 34190368 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) with two-dimensional structures have exhibited promising visible-light-induced H2 evolution performance. However, it is still a challenge to improve their activity. Herein, we report π-conjugation-linked CTF-1/GO for boosting photocatalytic H2 evolution. The CTF-1/GO hybrid material was obtained by a facile low-temperature condensation of 1,4-dicyanobenzene in the presence of GO. The results of photocatalytic H2 evolution indicate that the optimum hybrid, CTF-1/GO-3.0, exhibited an H2 evolution rate of 2262.4 μmol ⋅ g-1 ⋅ h-1 under visible light irradiation, which was 9 times that of pure CTF-1. The enhanced photocatalytic performance could be attributed to the fact that GO in CTF-1/GO hybrids not only acts as an electron collector and transporter like a "bridge" to facilitate the separation and transfer of photogenerated charges but also shortens the electron migration path due to its thin sheet layer uniformly distribution over CTF-1. This work could help future development of novel conjugated CTF-based composite materials as high-efficiency photocatalyst for photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China.,Department Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongchao C Wang
- Department Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Y Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangli Yi
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Kewei W Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongmei M Cao
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Cuijuan J Wang
- Department Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjian J Yan
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
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19
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Construction of Electrostatic Self-Assembled 2D/2D CdIn 2S 4/g-C 3N 4 Heterojunctions for Efficient Visible-Light-Responsive Molecular Oxygen Activation. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092342. [PMID: 34578658 PMCID: PMC8468415 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen activated by visible light to generate radicals with high oxidation ability exhibits great potential in environmental remediation The efficacy of molecular oxygen activation mainly depends on the separation and migration efficiency of the photoinduced charge carriers. In this work, 2D/2D CdIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunctions with different weight ratios were successfully fabricated by a simple electrostatic self-assembled route. The optimized sample with a weight ratio of 5:2 between CdIn2S4 and g-C3N4 showed the highest photocatalytic activity for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) degradation, which also displayed good photostability. The enhancement of the photocatalytic performance could be ascribed to the 2D/2D heterostructure; this unique 2D/2D structure could promote the separation and migration of the photoinduced charge carriers, which was beneficial for molecular oxygen activation, leading to an enhancement in photocatalytic activity. This work may possibly provide a scalable way for molecular oxygen activation in photocatalysis.
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20
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Shen H, Qileng A, Yang H, Liang H, Zhu H, Liu Y, Lei H, Liu W. "Dual-Signal-On" Integrated-Type Biosensor for Portable Detection of miRNA: Cas12a-Induced Photoelectrochemistry and Fluorescence Strategy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11816-11825. [PMID: 34461727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal expression of microRNA (miRNA) can affect the RNA transcription and protein translation, leading to tumor progression and metastasis. Currently, the accurate detection of aberrant expression of miRNA, particularly using a portable detection system, remains a great challenge. Herein, a novel dual-mode biosensor with high sensitivity and robustness for miR-21 detection was developed based on the cis-cleavage and trans-cleavage activities of Cas12a. miRNA can be combined with hairpin DNA-horseradish peroxidase anchored on a CdS/g-C3N4/B-TiO2 photoelectrode, thus the nonenzymatic amplification was triggered to form numerous HRP-modified double-stranded DNA (HRP-dsDNA). Then, HRP-dsDNA can be specifically recognized and efficiently cis-cleaved by Cas12a nucleases to detach HRP from the substrate, while the remaining HRP on HRP-dsDNA can catalyze 4-chloro-1-naphthol (4-CN) to form biocatalytic precipitation (BCP) on the surface of the photoelectrode, and thus the photocurrent can be changed. Meanwhile, the trans-cleavage ability of Cas12a was activated, and nonspecifically degrade the FQ-reporter and a significant fluorescence signal can be generated. Such two different kinds of signals with independent transmission paths can mutually support to improve the performance of the detection platform. Besides, a portable device was constructed for the point-of-care (POC) detection of miR-21. Moreover, the dual-mode detection platform can be easily expanded for the specific detection of other types of biomarkers by changing the sequence of hairpin DNA, thereby promoting the establishment of POC detection for early cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Shen
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Aori Qileng
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongzhi Liang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongshuai Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yingju Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weipeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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21
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Spectroscopic Analyses of Changes in Photocatalytic and Catalytic Activities of Mn- and Ni-Ion Doped and Base-Treated Reduced Graphene Oxide. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is used widely as a catalyst, its catalytic activity can be improved significantly by modifying it with a metal. In this study, we compared the photocatalytic and catalytic properties of base-treated rGO particles and transition-metal-ion-doped rGO based on the oxidation reaction of thiophenol and the photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol. Since the two catalytic activities are related to the changes in the electronic structure of rGO, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were performed. When rGO was doped with Mn2+ ions, its catalytic properties improved with respect to both reactions. The changes in the electronic structure of rGO are attributed to the formation of defect structures on the rGO surface via a reaction between the doped Mn2+ ions and oxygen of the rGO surface. Thus, the results show that the doping of rGO with Mn ions in the +2-charge state (stable oxide form: MnO) enhances its catalytic and photocatalytic activities. Hence, this study provides new insights into the use of defect-controlled rGO as a novel catalyst.
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22
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Song X, Ye S, Zhou X, Gui W, Yang C, Yang Z. Construction of Z-scheme NiO/NiC/g-C 3N 4 composites using NiC as novel cocatalysts for the efficient photocatalytic degradation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24822-24835. [PMID: 35481003 PMCID: PMC9036862 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03562b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel composite consisting of NiO/NiC/g-C3N4 with excellent photocatalytic properties was successfully synthesized by the simple calcination of layered double metal hydroxide (LDH) and melamine. The color and chemical composition of the as-prepared composites could be tailored by changing the mass ratio of NiAl-LDH and g-C3N4. For the L4C composite at the ratio of 1 : 1, it showed the desired dark color due to the generated NiC. It also showed high photodegradation efficiency under visible light irradiation, reaching 97.5% toward Rhodamine B and 92.6% toward tetracycline. The high photodegradation efficiency could be mainly attributed to the unique formation of NiC cocatalysts coupled with g-C3N4 and NiO semiconductors, which constructed a Z-scheme system and facilitated the efficient separation of the photogenerated electron–hole pairs. The present findings provide a promising approach for fabricating the new types of composite photocatalysts for pollutant degradation. A novel composite consisting of NiO/NiC/g-C3N4 with excellent photocatalytic properties was successfully synthesized by the simple calcination of layered double metal hydroxide (LDH) and melamine.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Song
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-27-67884814
| | - Sisi Ye
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-27-67884814
| | - Xin Zhou
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-27-67884814
| | - Wanrui Gui
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-27-67884814
| | - Can Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-27-67884814
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-27-67884814
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23
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Abstract
Adjusting the structure of g-C3N4 to significantly enhance its photocatalytic activity has attracted considerable attention. Herein, a novel, sponge-like g-C3N4 with a porous structure is prepared from the annealing of protonated melamine under N2/H2 atmosphere (PH-CN). Compared to bulk g-C3N4 via calcination of melamine under ambient atmosphere (B-CN), PH-CN displays thinner nanosheets and a higher surface area (150.1 m2/g), which is a benefit for shortening the diffusion distance of photoinduced carriers, providing more active sites, and finally favoring the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity. Moreover, it can be clearly observed from the UV-vis spectrum that PH-CN displays better performance for harvesting light compared to B-CN. Additionally, the PH-CN is prepared with a larger band gap of 2.88 eV with the Fermi level and conduction band potential increased and valence band potential decreased, which could promote the water redox reaction. The application experiment results show that the hydrogen evolution rate on PH-CN was nearly 10 times higher than that of B-CN, which was roughly 4104 μmol h−1 g−1. The method shown in this work provides an effective approach to adjust the structure of g-C3N4 with considerable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity.
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24
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Rashid J, Saleemi F, Akram B, Wang L, Hussain N, Xu M. Facile Synthesis of g-C 3N 4/MoO 3 Nanohybrid for Efficient Removal of Aqueous Diclofenac Sodium. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061564. [PMID: 34198566 PMCID: PMC8231834 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride modified by molybdenum trioxide (g-C3N4/MoO3) as a nanohybrid was synthesized by co-precipitation method. Here, g-C3N4/MoO3 nanohybrid was used for the first time as an adsorbent for the pharmaceutical drug, diclofenac, (an aqueous micropollutant) from water to mitigate its possible environmental toxic effects. Compared to pristine components, the nanohybrid exhibited better adsorptive removal of diclofenac. Adsorption was enhanced with increment in MoO3 content from 1 to 3 wt %; however further increment in MoO3 content resulted in lower adsorption capacity due to agglomeration of MoO3 particles over g-C3N4. 162 mg g−1 adsorption capacity was achieved for 300 mg L−1 diclofenac in solution with 1 g L−1 adsorbent at pH = 6. Adsorption of diclofenac over g-C3N4 /MoO3 followed pseudo 2nd order kinetics. Temkin, Langmuir, Dubinin Radushkevich and Freundlich isotherm models were applied on the experimental results concluding that diclofenac adsorption over g-C3N4/MoO3 followed the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption mechanism could be explained by the π–π interaction between aromatic rings of diclofenac and g-C3N4/MoO3 (3%) nanohybrid, which is also evident by the FTIR results. This study presents the facile fabrication of a 2nd generation adsorbent for the treatment of diclofenac contaminated water that may as well help achieve the removal of other micropollutants form water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshaid Rashid
- College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Faryal Saleemi
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Bilal Akram
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Miami College, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Naveed Hussain
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences (IFFS), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China;
| | - Ming Xu
- College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Earth System Observation and Modeling, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (M.X.)
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25
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Albukhari SM, Alshaikh H, Mahmoud MHH, Ismail AA. Intense Visible-Light Absorption in SrRuO 3/C 3N 4 Heterostructures for the Highly Efficient Reduction of Hg(II). ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:14713-14725. [PMID: 34124493 PMCID: PMC8190930 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Strontium ruthenium oxide (SrRuO3) is recognized as a metallic itinerant ferromagnet and utilized as a conducting electrode in heterostructure oxides with unforeseen optical characteristics, including remarkably low-reflection and high-absorption visible-light spectrum compared to classical metals. By coupling mesoporous SrRuO3 nanoparticles (NPs) with porous g-C3N4 nanosheets for the first time, we evidence remarkably promoted visible light absorption and superior photocatalytic performances for Hg(II) reduction under illumination with visible light. The photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 increased upon boosting the SrRuO3 percentage to 1.5%, and this (1.5% SrRuO3/g-C3N4 heterostructure) is considered the optimum condition to obtain a high photocatalytic efficiency of about 100% within 50 min. It was promoted 3.68 and 5.75 times compared to SrRuO3 and g-C3N4, respectively. Also, a Hg(II) reduction rate of 1.5% SrRuO3/g-C3N4 was enhanced3.84- and 6.28-fold than those of pure SrRuO3 NPs and g-C3N4, respectively. Such a high photocatalytic performance over SrRuO3/g-C3N4 photocatalysts was explained by the characteristics of SrRuO3 NPs incorporated on porous g-C3N4 layers, which demonstrate strong absorption of visible light with a narrow band gap, a large photocurrent density of ∼9.07 mA/cm2, well-dispersed and small particle sizes, and cause facile diffusion of HCOOH and Hg(II) ions and electrons. The present work provides a dramatic novel approach to the challenge of constructing visible-light photosensitive photocatalysts for wastewater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha M. Albukhari
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz
University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Alshaikh
- Chemistry
Department, Science, and Arts College, King
Abdulaziz University, Rabigh Campus, Jeddah 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. H. H. Mahmoud
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel. A. Ismail
- Central
Metallurgical R&D Institute, CMRDI, P.O. Box 87, Helwan, Cairo 11421, Egypt
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26
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Karaman C, Karaman O, Atar N, Yola ML. Electrochemical immunosensor development based on core-shell high-crystalline graphitic carbon nitride@carbon dots and Cd 0.5Zn 0.5S/d-Ti 3C 2T x MXene composite for heart-type fatty acid-binding protein detection. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:182. [PMID: 33959811 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a significant health problem owing to its high mortality rate. Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (h-FABP) is an important biomarker in the diagnosis of AMI. In this work, an electrochemical h-FABP immunosensor was developed based on Cd0.5Zn0.5S/d-Ti3C2Tx MXene (MXene: Transition metal carbide or nitride) composite as signal amplificator and core-shell high-crystalline graphitic carbon nitride@carbon dots (hc-g-C3N4@CDs) as electrochemical sensor platform. Firstly, a facile calcination technique was applied to the preparation of hc-g-C3N4@CDs and immobilization of primary antibody was performed on hc-g-C3N4@CDs surface. Then, the conjugation of the second antibody to Cd0.5Zn0.5S/d-Ti3C2Tx MXene was carried out by strong π-π and electrostatic interactions. The prepared electrochemical h-FABP immunosensor was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) method, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The prepared electrochemical h-FABP immunosensor indicated a good sensitivity with detection limit (LOD) of 3.30 fg mL-1 in the potential range +0.1 to +0.5 V. Lastly, low-cost, satisfactory stable, and environmentally friendly immunosensor was presented for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Karaman
- Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Department of Electricity and Energy, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Onur Karaman
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Imaging Techniques, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Necip Atar
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Lütfi Yola
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
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27
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Humayun M, Ullah H, Tahir AA, Bin Mohd Yusoff AR, Mat Teridi MA, Nazeeruddin MK, Luo W. An Overview of the Recent Progress in Polymeric Carbon Nitride Based Photocatalysis. CHEM REC 2021; 21:1811-1844. [PMID: 33887089 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, polymeric carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) as a proficient photo-catalyst has been effectively employed in photocatalysis for energy conversion, storage, and pollutants degradation due to its low cost, robustness, and environmentally friendly nature. The critical review summarized the recent development, fundamentals, nanostructures design, advantages, and challenges of g-C3 N4 (CN), as potential future photoactive material. The review also discusses the latest information on the improvement of CN-based heterojunctions including Type-II, Z-scheme, metal/CN Schottky junctions, noble metal@CN, graphene@CN, carbon nanotubes (CNTs)@CN, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)/CN, layered double hydroxides (LDH)/CN heterojunctions and CN-based heterostructures for H2 production from H2 O, CO2 conversion and pollutants degradation in detail. The optical absorption, electronic behavior, charge separation and transfer, and bandgap alignment of CN-based heterojunctions are discussed elaborately. The correlations between CN-based heterostructures and photocatalytic activities are described excessively. Besides, the prospects of CN-based heterostructures for energy production, storage, and pollutants degradation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Humayun
- Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of Education, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR, China.,Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR, China
| | - Habib Ullah
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9FE, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Asif Ali Tahir
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9FE, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Abd Rashid Bin Mohd Yusoff
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Vivian Tower, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Mohd Asri Mat Teridi
- Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Wei Luo
- Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of Education, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR, China.,Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR, China
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28
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Zhang M, Sun Y, Chang X, Zhang P. Template-Free Synthesis of One-Dimensional g-C 3N 4 Chain Nanostructures for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Front Chem 2021; 9:652762. [PMID: 33791280 PMCID: PMC8005558 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.652762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of graphite-carbon nitride (g-C3N4) photocatalyst is of great significance for various visible utilization applications. Control the nanostructures of g-C3N4 can tailor its photocatalytic performance. In this paper, one-dimensional chain-like g-C3N4 was successfully synthesized by heat-induced polymerization of melamine which was saturated in ethylene glycol. The photocatalytic hydrogen production rate (HER) of the prepared g-C3N4 chain enhanced about 3 times than that of bulk g-C3N4, increasing from 9.6 μmolh-1 to 28.7 μmolh-1. The improved photocatalytic activity of the g-C3N4 chain was attributed to the advantages of porosity and nanostructure. The extraordinary nanopores result in an enlarged specific surface area for adsorption and the production of abundantly available channels for charge transfer. The one-dimensional chain-like structure can facilitate the exposure of internal/external active sites as many as possible, and induce the directional migration of charge carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Chang
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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29
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Mohamed RM, Kadi MW. Generation of Hydrogen Gas Using CuCr 2O 4-g-C 3N 4 Nanocomposites under Illumination by Visible Light. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:4485-4494. [PMID: 33623854 PMCID: PMC7893800 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this research, nanocomposites made of CuCr2O4-g-C3N4 accommodating distinct contents of CuCr2O4 (1-4 wt %) nanoparticles (NPs) were endorsed for hydrogen gas production after illumination by visible light in the presence of aqueous glycerol solution. The ultrasonication-mixture method was applied to assure the homogeneous distribution of CuCr2O4 NPs over synthesized mesoporous g-C3N4. Such nanocomposites possess suppressed recombination between the photoinduced charges. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy examinations affirmed the formation of CuCr2O4-g-C3N4 heterojunctions. The separation between the induced charges and the photocatalytic performance with the CuCr2O4 NP amount were investigated. The CuCr2O4-g-C3N4 heterojunction of 3 wt % CuCr2O4 content was documented as the optimal heterojunction. Upgraded hydrogen gas generation was attained over the optimal heterojunction with the extent of ten and thirty times as those registered for pure CuCr2O4 and g-C3N4 specimens, respectively, under illumination by visible light. The photocatalytic performance acquired by the diverse synthesized specimens was assessed not only by their effectiveness to absorb light in the visible region but also by their potential to separate the photoinduced charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda M. Mohamed
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz
University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Advanced
Materials Department, Central Metallurgical
R&D Institute, CMRDI, P.O. Box 87, Helwan, Cairo 11421, Egypt
| | - Mohammad W. Kadi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz
University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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30
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Darvishi-Farash S, Afsharpour M, Heidarian J. Novel siligraphene/g-C 3N 4 composites with enhanced visible light photocatalytic degradations of dyes and drugs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:5938-5952. [PMID: 32979180 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10969-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a novel graphene-like SiC (siligraphene) was synthesized using a natural precursor and used to improve the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4. The synthesized siligraphene has shown an excellent photocatalytic property due to its low band-gap and graphene-like structure which increases the electron transfer and reduces the electron-hole recombination rate and can improve the photocatalytic activity. Also, the positive charged Si atoms in siligraphene structure can adsorb oxygen to produce radicals that can promote the oxidation reaction. However, commercial β-SiC has exhibited very poor photocatalytic properties. As we know, g-C3N4 is a potential material for photocatalytic applications. Here, the novel siligraphene/g-C3N4 composites were successfully synthesized to enhance the photocatalytic properties of g-C3N4 in the degradation of model dyes (Congo red, Methyl red, and Methyl orange) and model drugs (Acetaminophen and Tetracycline) under visible light irradiation. Results show that siligraphene/g-C3N4 composite exhibits much better photocatalytic properties than pure g-C3N4. This enhanced photocatalytic properties can be justified by the enlarged surface area, suitable band gap, excellent electron properties, appropriate surface charge, and efficient migration of electron in siligraphene/g-C3N4 composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Darvishi-Farash
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, 14335-186, Iran
| | - Maryam Afsharpour
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, 14335-186, Iran.
| | - Javad Heidarian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, 1485733111, Iran
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31
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Cheng L, Zhang H, Li X, Fan J, Xiang Q. Carbon-Graphitic Carbon Nitride Hybrids for Heterogeneous Photocatalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005231. [PMID: 33289337 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) and various carbon materials have experienced a renaissance as viable alternates in photocatalysis due to their captivating metal-free features, favorable photoelectric properties, and economic adaptabilities. Although numerous efforts have focused on the integration of both materials with optimized photocatalytic performance in recent years, the direct parameters for this emerging enhancement are not fully summarized yet. Fully understanding the synergistic effects between g-C3 N4 and carbon materials on photocatalytic action is vital to further development of metal-free semiconductors in future studies. Here, recent advances of carbon/g-C3 N4 hybrids on various photocatalytic applications are reviewed. The dominant governing factors by inducing carbon into g-C3 N4 photocatalysts with involving photocatalytic mechanism are highlighted. Five typical carbon-induced enhancement effects are mainly discussed here, i.e., local electric modification, band structure tailoring, multiple charge carrier activation, chemical group functionalization, and abundant surface-modified engineering. Photocatalytic performance of carbon-induced g-C3 N4 photocatalysts for addressing directly both the renewable energy storage and environmental remediation is also summarized. Finally, perspectives and ongoing challenges encountered in the development of metal-free carbon-induced g-C3 N4 photocatalysts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Huaiwu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Jiajie Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Quanjun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
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32
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Pan Q, Kong Y, Chen K, Mao M, Wan X, She X, Gao Q, He Y, Song G. A Colorimetric Assay for the Detection of Glucose and H 2O 2 Based on Cu-Ag/g-C 3N 4/ZIF Hybrids with Superior Peroxidase Mimetic Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:E4432. [PMID: 32992477 PMCID: PMC7583779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report the synthesis of Cu-Ag bimetallic nanopartiles and g-C3N4 nanosheets decorated on zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) to form a Cu-Ag/g-C3N4/ZIF hybrid. The hybrid was synthesized and characterized by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Cu-Ag/g-C3N4/ZIF hybrid has intrinsic peroxidaselike catalytic activity towards the oxidation of TMB in the presence of H2O2. The situ synthesis of Cu-Ag bimetallic nanopartiles on 2D support such as g-C3N4 nanosheets would significantly enhance the peroxidaselike catalytic properties of individual Cu-Ag bimetallic nanopartiles and the g-C3N4 nanosheets. After loading of Cu-Ag bimetallic nanopartiles and g-C3N4 nanosheets on the ZIF-8, the hybrids exhibited superior peroxidaselike catalytic activity and good recyclability. Then, this method was applied for detecting glucose in human serum, owing the significant potential for detection of metabolites with H2O2-generation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Pan
- Hubei Province Fiber Inspection Bureau, Wuhan 430061, China; (Q.P.); (X.W.); (X.S.); (Q.G.)
| | - Yuelin Kong
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (Y.K.); (K.C.); (M.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Kuan Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (Y.K.); (K.C.); (M.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Mi Mao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (Y.K.); (K.C.); (M.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Xiaohui Wan
- Hubei Province Fiber Inspection Bureau, Wuhan 430061, China; (Q.P.); (X.W.); (X.S.); (Q.G.)
| | - Xiaoyan She
- Hubei Province Fiber Inspection Bureau, Wuhan 430061, China; (Q.P.); (X.W.); (X.S.); (Q.G.)
| | - Qingsong Gao
- Hubei Province Fiber Inspection Bureau, Wuhan 430061, China; (Q.P.); (X.W.); (X.S.); (Q.G.)
| | - Yu He
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (Y.K.); (K.C.); (M.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Gongwu Song
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (Y.K.); (K.C.); (M.M.); (G.S.)
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33
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Facile Fabrication of a Novel Au/Phosphorus-Doped g-C3N4 Photocatalyst with Excellent Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10060701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic disadvantages of pristine graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) significantly restrict its applications in photocatalysis field. Hence, we have demonstrated facile thermal copolymerization and in situ photodeposition methods to fabricate a novel Au/phosphorus-doped g-C3N4 (Au/P-g-C3N4) photocatalyst. The results showed that phosphorus was doped into the structure of g-C3N4 and that the surface deposition of gold was successfully accomplished. The H2 generation rate of the optimal Au/P-g-C3N4 is 8.4 times compared with the pristine g-C3N4 under visible light irradiation. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity is due to the synergic effect between gold induced surface plasmon resonance and the modified structural and electronic properties of the g-C3N4 induced by the phosphorus dopant.
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34
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Zhang L, Zhang L, Cheng S, Zhou X, Shang N, Gao S, Wang C. Pd supported on graphene modified g‐C
3
N
4
hybrid: a highly efficient catalyst for hydrogenation of nitroarenes. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Longkang Zhang
- College of Science Hebei Agricultural University Baoding 071000 China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- College of Science Hebei Agricultural University Baoding 071000 China
| | - Saisai Cheng
- College of Science Hebei Agricultural University Baoding 071000 China
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Science Hebei Agricultural University Baoding 071000 China
| | - Ningzhao Shang
- College of Science Hebei Agricultural University Baoding 071000 China
| | - Shutao Gao
- College of Science Hebei Agricultural University Baoding 071000 China
| | - Chun Wang
- College of Science Hebei Agricultural University Baoding 071000 China
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35
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Shah AP, Jain S, Shimpi NG. Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Electrospun PAN/Ag‐G NFs Under Solar Irradiation for Effective Degradation of Hazardous Organic Dyes. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akshara P. Shah
- Laboratory for Material SciencesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Mumbai, Santacruz (E) Mumbai 400098 India
| | - Shilpa Jain
- Laboratory for Material SciencesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Mumbai, Santacruz (E) Mumbai 400098 India
| | - Navinchandra G Shimpi
- Laboratory for Material SciencesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Mumbai, Santacruz (E) Mumbai 400098 India
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36
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Bi J, Zhao S, Wu J, Xu Y, Wang Z, Han Y, Zhang X. Dual cocatalysts decorated three dimensionally ordered mesoporous g‐C
3
N
4
with homogeneous wall thickness for enhanced photocatalytic performance. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingce Bi
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Junbiao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Zhuopeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Yide Han
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
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37
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Ma B, Sun S, He H, Lv R, Deng J, Huo T, Zhao Y, Yu H, Zhou L. An Efficient Metal-Free Photocatalytic System with Enhanced Activity for NADH Regeneration. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jianjun Deng
- Clinical Laboratory, Mianyang 404 Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China
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38
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Shao F, Mi L, Tian Z, Zheng C, Zhang Y, Li Q, Liu S. Promoting Photodegradation Efficiency via a Heterojunction Photocatalyst Combining with Oxygen Direct and Fast Diffusion from the Gas Phase to Active Catalytic Sites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:44922-44930. [PMID: 31697058 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The low solubility of oxygen in solution is the main obstacle for the biodegradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. To address this problem, inspired by the degradation mechanism of aerobic bacteria toward organic pollutants, a novel photodegradation system was presented and operated by a heterojunction photocatalyst combining with a hydrophobic triphase interface, allowing oxygen to directly diffuse from the gas phase to active catalytic sites submersed in polluted solutions. Especially, the heterojunction photocatalyst was fabricated by graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (C3N4 NS) sensitized with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxylphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP). The resulting photocatalyst was coated on a certain part of the commercial superhydrophobic carbon paper (CP) and submersed in the polluted wastewater, while the other part of hydrophobic CP (without coating with C3N4-TCPP nanocomposite) was exposed to air to form a gas-liquid-solid tri-phase photodegradation system. With this system, the photodegradation rate was 10-fold higher than that of a conventional liquid/solid diphase system in oxygen-saturated solutions. This was, on one hand, due to the abundant oxygen on the surface of a photocatalyst coming from the fast and direct diffusion from the gas phase through the superhydrophobic nanoporous part of CP. On the other hand, the hybrid C3N4-TCPP nanocomposite enhanced the light absorption efficiency under simulated sunlight irradiation and restrained the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole. Moreover, the triphase photodegradation system was stable in aqueous solutions for a long time and can be reused almost without attenuation for five cycles, which provided a great potential to be utilized for practical wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Shao
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Li Mi
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Zhaoyan Tian
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Sichuan Normal University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610068 , China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
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39
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Wang C, Liu G, Song K, Wang X, Wang H, Zhao N, He F. Three‐Dimensional Hierarchical Porous Carbon/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Composites for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Wang
- Research Institute of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University Tianjin 300350 P.R. China
| | - Guigao Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Kai Song
- Research Institute of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University Tianjin 300350 P.R. China
| | - Xinqian Wang
- Research Institute of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University Tianjin 300350 P.R. China
| | - Hang Wang
- Research Institute of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University Tianjin 300350 P.R. China
| | - Naiqin Zhao
- Research Institute of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University Tianjin 300350 P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of EducationTianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Fang He
- Research Institute of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University Tianjin 300350 P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of EducationTianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
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40
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Xi J, Xia H, Ning X, Zhang Z, Liu J, Mu Z, Zhang S, Du P, Lu X. Carbon-Intercalated 0D/2D Hybrid of Hematite Quantum Dots/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets as Superior Catalyst for Advanced Oxidation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902744. [PMID: 31532897 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Efficient charge separation and sufficiently exposed active sites are important for light-driving Fenton catalysts. 0D/2D hybrids, especially quantum dots (QDs)/nanosheets (NSs), offer a better opportunity for improving photo-Fenton activity due to their high charge mobility and more catalytic sites, which is highly desirable but remains a great challenge. Herein, a 0D hematite quantum dots/2D ultrathin g-C3 N4 nanosheets hybrid (Fe2 O3 QDs/g-C3 N4 NS) is developed via a facile chemical reaction and subsequent low-temperature calcination. As expected, the specially designed 0D/2D structure shows remarkable catalytic performance toward the removal of p-nitrophenol. By virtue of large surface area, adequate active sites, and strong interfacial coupling, the 0D Fe2 O3 QDs/2D g-C3 N4 nanosheets establish efficient charge transport paths by local in-plane carbon species, expediting the separation and transfer of electron/hole pairs. Simultaneously, highly efficient charge mobility can lead to continuous and fast Fe(III)/Fe(II) conversion, promoting a cooperative effect between the photocatalysis and chemical activation of H2 O2 . The developed carbon-intercalated 0D/2D hybrid provides a new insight in developing heterogeneous catalysis for a large variety of photoelectronic applications, not limited in photo-Fenton catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Hong Xia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xingming Ning
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zijie Mu
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Shouting Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Peiyao Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaoquan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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41
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Wang J, Zhou Q, Shen Y, Chen X, Liu S, Zhang Y. Carbon Nitride Co-catalyst Activation Using N-Doped Carbon with Enhanced Photocatalytic H 2 Evolution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:12366-12373. [PMID: 31464446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting holds huge potential to meet the current challenges of energy and environments. Among them, polymeric carbon nitride (CN) has drawn much attention as a promising metal-free photocatalyst. As it is known, a number of promising co-catalysts have been developed to improve catalytic reactions, Pt nanoparticles is still among the best co-catalysts for CN in photocatalytic H2 evolution, due to the suitable Fermi level to transfer excited electrons and the low overpotential for H2 reduction. Herein, we report the interface engineering of urea-derived bulk CN and Pt co-catalyst by using a small portion of N-doped carbon (N-C) as a transition layer with a boosted photocatalytic activity up to 7 times. It was revealed that the activation energy of the Pt co-catalyst for water reduction was lowered in the presence of N-C, and the intimate interaction between CN and N-C, ascribing to the similar elemental composition and crystal structure, promoted the efficient separation and migration of charge carriers. This study may open a new avenue to develop CN-based photocatalysts for solar fuel conversion with even higher activity by photocatalyst/co-catalyst interface engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Xinghua Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
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42
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Lakhera SK, Pangal RT, Hafeez HY, Neppolian B. Oxygen-Functionalized and Ni +x (x=2, 3)-Coordinated Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets with Long-Life Deep-Trap States and their Direct Solar-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution Activity. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:4293-4303. [PMID: 31276612 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride, a 2 D layered photocatalyst coupled with transition metal oxides often shows promising photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity. However, low surface area and poor charge separation greatly hinder its photocatalytic efficiency. A Ni+x (x=2, 3)/O-g-C3 N4 photocatalyst with a very high specific surface area (199 m2 g-1 ) has been prepared by thermal condensation and wet-impregnation methods. The oxygen-functionalized and Ni+x (x=2, 3)-coordinated g-C3 N4 produced 1664 μmol g-1 of hydrogen evolution from water under direct solar light irradiation in 4 h, which is 23 times higher than that over O-g-C3 N4 . This significant enhancement results from the combined effects of large surface area, the formation of long-life deep-trap states, effective charge carrier separation, and extended visible light absorption. The separation and transport behavior of the charge carriers are investigated by photoluminescence, time-resolved photoluminescence, photocurrent and Mott-Schottky measurements. Additionally, the interaction between Ni+x (x=2, 3) and O-g-C3 N4 is studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and FTIR spectroscopy. The Ni+x (x=2, 3)/O-g-C3 N4 photocatalyst shows remarkable reusability over a period of two months (six cycles). This study may provide a pathway to simultaneously overcome the challenges of low surface area and poor charge separation in g-C3 N4 -based photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Lakhera
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai-, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rugma Thekke Pangal
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai-, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hafeez Yusuf Hafeez
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai-, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bernaurdshaw Neppolian
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai-, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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43
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Bi J, Zhu L, Wu J, Xu Y, Wang Z, Zhang X, Han Y. Optimizing electronic structure and charge transport of sulfur/potassium co‐doped graphitic carbon nitride with efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingce Bi
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang Liaoning 110819 China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Physics, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang Liaoning 110819 China
| | - Junbiao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang Liaoning 110819 China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang Liaoning 110819 China
| | - Zhuopeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang Liaoning 110819 China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang Liaoning 110819 China
| | - Yide Han
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang Liaoning 110819 China
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44
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Zhou Z, Niu X, Ma L, Wang J. Revealing the pH‐Dependent Photoluminescence Mechanism of Graphitic C
3
N
4
Quantum Dots. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobo Zhou
- School of PhysicsSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Xianghong Niu
- New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory of Jiangsu Province & School of ScienceNanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing 210046 China
| | - Liang Ma
- School of PhysicsSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Jinlan Wang
- School of PhysicsSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 China
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45
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Dorraji PS, Noori M, Fotouhi L. Voltammetric determination of adefovir dipivoxil by using a nanocomposite prepared from molecularly imprinted poly(o-phenylenediamine), multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon nitride. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:427. [PMID: 31187299 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor for adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) detection was prepared by electropolymerization of o-phenylenediamine in the presence of ADV on a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon nitride. The electrode was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and differential pulse voltammetry. The performance was optimized by response surface methodology. The changes in differential pulse voltammetric peak currents of the redox probe, ferricyanide, were linear to ADV concentrations in the range from 0.1 to 9.9 μmol L-1, with the detection limit of 0.05 μmol L-1 (S/N = 3). The sensor was applied to the determination of ADV in drug formulations, human serum and urine samples. It is selective due to the use of an imprinted material, well reproducible, long-term stable, and regenerable. Graphical abstract By merging the unique properties of carbon nitride with intrinsic properties of MWCNTs, and molecularly imprinted polymers, a novel electrochemical sensor with selective binding sites was prepared for determination of adefovir dipivoxil in pharmaceutical and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Seyed Dorraji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, P.O. Box 1993891176, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Noori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, P.O. Box 1993891176, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lida Fotouhi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, P.O. Box 1993891176, Tehran, Iran.
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46
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Xue J, Huang C, Xu P, Wang M, Ma S. Facile one‐step synthesis of broken case‐like carbon‐doped g‐C
3
N
4
for photocatalytic degradation of benzene. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjuan Xue
- School of Environmental and Safety EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Chengjuan Huang
- School of Environmental and Safety EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Peng Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringJiangsu University of Technology Changzhou 213001 China
| | - Mingxin Wang
- School of Environmental and Safety EngineeringChangzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Shuaishuai Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringJiangsu University of Technology Changzhou 213001 China
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47
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Yang D, Zhao X, Chen Y, Wang W, Zhou Z, Zhao Z, Jiang Z. Synthesis of g-C3N4 Nanosheet/TiO2 Heterojunctions Inspired by Bioadhesion and Biomineralization Mechanism. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhanfeng Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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48
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Wang Y, Ding X, Zhang P, Wang Q, Zheng K, Chen L, Ding J, Tian X, Zhang X. Convenient and Recyclable TiO2/g-C3N4 Photocatalytic Coating: Layer-by-Layer Self-assembly Construction on Cotton Fabrics Leading to Improved Catalytic Activity under Visible Light. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Photovolatic and Energy Conservation Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Ding
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Photovolatic and Energy Conservation Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Photovolatic and Energy Conservation Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photovolatic and Energy Conservation Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Photovolatic and Energy Conservation Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Photovolatic and Energy Conservation Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Ding
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Photovolatic and Energy Conservation Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyou Tian
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Photovolatic and Energy Conservation Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Photovolatic and Energy Conservation Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
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49
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Ding F, Zhao Z, Yang D, Zhao X, Chen Y, Jiang Z. One-Pot Fabrication of g-C3N4/MWCNTs Nanocomposites with Superior Visible-Light Photocatalytic Performance. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhanfeng Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | | | - Xuyang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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50
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Li X, Yu J, Jaroniec M, Chen X. Cocatalysts for Selective Photoreduction of CO2 into Solar Fuels. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3962-4179. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1094] [Impact Index Per Article: 218.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Jiaguo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Mietek Jaroniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri—Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
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