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Wang HR, Hou EH, Xu N, Zhang YF, Wu JF, Yuan WJ, Kong ZG, Nie P, Chang LM, Zhang XL, Xie JW. Photoelectrochemical Solution Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Functionalized by Enzymatic Cascade Reaction for Organophosphate Detection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402655. [PMID: 38949408 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Solution Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistors (SGGT) are eagerly anticipated as an amplification platform for fabricating advanced ultra-sensitive sensors, allowing significant modulation of the drain current with minimal gate voltage. However, few studies have focused on light-matter interplay gating control for SGGT. Herein, this challenge is addressed by creating an innovative photoelectrochemical solution-gated graphene field-effect transistor (PEC-SGGT) functionalized with enzyme cascade reactions (ECR) for Organophosphorus (OPs) detection. The ECR system, consisting of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and CuBTC nanomimetic enzymes, selectively recognizes OPs and forms o-phenylenediamine (oPD) oligomers sediment on the PEC electrode, with layer thickness related to the OPs concentration, demonstrating time-integrated amplification. Under light stimulation, the additional photovoltage generated on the PEC gate electrode is influenced by the oPD oligomers sediment layer, creating a differentiated voltage distribution along the gate path. PEC-SGGT, inherently equipped with built-in amplification circuits, sensitively captures gate voltage changes and delivers output with an impressive thousandfold current gain. The seamless integration of these three amplification modes in this advanced sensor allows a good linear range and highly sensitive detection of OPs, with a detection limit as low as 0.05 pm. This work provides a proof-of-concept for the feasibility of light-assisted functionalized gate-controlled PEC-SGGT for small molecule detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials, Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, 130103, China
| | - En-Hui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials, Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, 130103, China
| | - Na Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials, Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, 130103, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials, Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, 130103, China
| | - Jian-Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wei-Jian Yuan
- MEMS Center, School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Kong
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials, Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, 130103, China
| | - Ping Nie
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials, Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, 130103, China
| | - Li-Min Chang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials, Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, 130103, China
| | - Xue-Lin Zhang
- MEMS Center, School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jian-Wei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
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2
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Zhuang W, Jang HJ, Sui X, Ryu B, Wang Y, Pu H, Chen J. Enhancing Electrochemical Sensing through Molecular Engineering of Reduced Graphene Oxide-Solution Interfaces and Remote Floating-Gate FET Analysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27961-27968. [PMID: 38749768 PMCID: PMC11145583 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional nanomaterials such as reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have captured significant attention in the realm of field-effect transistor (FET) sensors due to their inherent high sensitivity and cost-effective manufacturing. Despite their attraction, a comprehensive understanding of rGO-solution interfaces (specifically, electrochemical interfacial properties influenced by linker molecules and surface chemistry) remains challenging, given the limited capability of analytical tools to directly measure intricate solution interface properties. In this study, we introduce an analytical tool designed to directly measure the surface charge density of the rGO-solution interface leveraging the remote floating-gate FET (RFGFET) platform. Our methodology involves characterizing the electrochemical properties of rGO, which are influenced by adhesion layers between SiO2 and rGO, such as (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). The hydrophilic nature of APTMS facilitates the acceptance of oxygen-rich rGO, resulting in a noteworthy pH sensitivity of 56.8 mV/pH at the rGO-solution interface. Conversely, hydrophobic HMDS significantly suppresses the pH sensitivity from the rGO-solution interface, attributed to the graphitic carbon-rich surface of rGO. Consequently, the carbon-rich surface facilitates a denser arrangement of 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester linkers for functionalizing capturing probes on rGO, resulting in an enhanced sensitivity of lead ions by 32% in our proof-of-concept test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhuang
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Hyun-June Jang
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Sui
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Byunghoon Ryu
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Haihui Pu
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Junhong Chen
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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3
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Zhu J, Cao J, Song C, Li B, Han Z. Numerical investigation on the convergence of self-consistent Schrödinger-Poisson equations in semiconductor device transport simulation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:315001. [PMID: 38764182 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad4558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Semiconductor devices at the nanoscale with low-dimensional materials as channels exhibit quantum transport characteristics, thereby their electrical simulation relies on the self-consistent solution of the Schrödinger-Poisson equations. While the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) method is widely used for solving this quantum many-body problem, its high computational cost and convergence challenges with the Poisson equation significantly limit its applicability. In this study, we investigate the stability of the NEGF method coupled with various forms of the Poisson equation, encompassing linear, analytical nonlinear, and numerical nonlinear forms Our focus lies on simulating carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) under two distinct doping scenarios: electrostatic doping and ion implantation doping. The numerical experiments reveal that nonlinear formulas outperform linear counterpart. The numerical one demonstrates superior stability, particularly evident under high bias and ion implantation doping conditions. Additionally, we investigate different approaches for presolving potential, leveraging solutions from the Laplace equation and a piecewise guessing method tailored to each doping mode. These methods effectively reduce the number of iterations required for convergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Zhu
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Silicon Devices, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Integrated Systems Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Chen Song
- Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Silicon Devices, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengsheng Han
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Silicon Devices, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
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4
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Li Y, Wei S, Xiong E, Hu J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Yan J, Zhang Z, Yin H, Zhang Q. Ultrasensitive 3D Stacked Silicon Nanosheet Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor with Overcoming Debye Shielding Effect for Detection of DNA. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:144. [PMID: 38534249 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Silicon nanowire field effect (SiNW-FET) biosensors have been successfully used in the detection of nucleic acids, proteins and other molecules owing to their advantages of ultra-high sensitivity, high specificity, and label-free and immediate response. However, the presence of the Debye shielding effect in semiconductor devices severely reduces their detection sensitivity. In this paper, a three-dimensional stacked silicon nanosheet FET (3D-SiNS-FET) biosensor was studied for the high-sensitivity detection of nucleic acids. Based on the mainstream Gate-All-Around (GAA) fenestration process, a three-dimensional stacked structure with an 8 nm cavity spacing was designed and prepared, allowing modification of probe molecules within the stacked cavities. Furthermore, the advantage of the three-dimensional space can realize the upper and lower complementary detection, which can overcome the Debye shielding effect and realize high-sensitivity Point of Care Testing (POCT) at high ionic strength. The experimental results show that the minimum detection limit for 12-base DNA (4 nM) at 1 × PBS is less than 10 zM, and at a high concentration of 1 µM DNA, the sensitivity of the 3D-SiNS-FET is approximately 10 times higher than that of the planar devices. This indicates that our device provides distinct advantages for detection, showing promise for future biosensor applications in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglu Li
- School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
- Advanced Integrated Circuits R&D Center, Institute of Microelectronic of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuhua Wei
- School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Enyi Xiong
- School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Jiawei Hu
- School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Xufang Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Yanrong Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Jiang Yan
- School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Zhaohao Zhang
- Advanced Integrated Circuits R&D Center, Institute of Microelectronic of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huaxiang Yin
- Advanced Integrated Circuits R&D Center, Institute of Microelectronic of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Advanced Integrated Circuits R&D Center, Institute of Microelectronic of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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5
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Yang X, Liu G, He J, Wei R, Ma M, Xu J, Zhao B, Ru Y, Yang Z, Zhang G. First-principles study of the effects of doping B, N, and O on the photoelectric properties of Cr adsorbed GaS. J Mol Model 2024; 30:75. [PMID: 38376546 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT To lessen the impact of the dangerous metal Cr, this paper applies the first principles to investigate the adsorption behavior and photoelectric properties of GaS on Cr. The effects of doped GaS on Cr adsorption behavior are investigated with four GaS systems, which are pure, boron (B)-doped, nitrogen (N)-doped, and oxygen (O)-doped, in order to maximize the characteristics of GaS for use in novel sectors, to obtain understanding of the impact of doping on the electronic structure and optical properties of GaS adsorption of Cr, as well as to promote the development of the material. Four GaS adsorbed Cr systems, pure, B-doped, N-doped, and O-doped, are optimized, and the optimized results show that the stable adsorption position of Cr on both pure and doped GaS is the top position of Ga atoms, whereas doped elements B, N, and O can promote the adsorption of Cr on GaS, and the order of the strength of this promotion is B > N > O. METHOD In this paper, molecular simulation calculations and analyses using the CASTEP module in the software Materials Studio are performed to simulate the structure optimization of GaS-adsorbed Cr materials doped with B, N, and O atoms by using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) plane-wave pseudopotential approach [1] and the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) generalized function [2]. From the convergence test, it is reasonable to set the K-point network to 4 × 4 × 1 and the truncation energy to 500 eV [3]. In this paper, a 3 × 3 × 1 supercell structure with 18 S atoms and 18 Ga atoms is selected. The convergence value of the iterative accuracy is 1.0e - 5 eV/atom, and all the atomic forces are less than 0.02 eV/Å. A vacuum layer of 16 Å is also set in the C direction to avoid interlayer interactions of GaS. First, we optimize the geometry of the model and then analyze the nature of the adsorption energy and electronic structure corresponding to the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Yang
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenliao Westroad Economic and Technological Development District, No.111, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Guili Liu
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenliao Westroad Economic and Technological Development District, No.111, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianlin He
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenliao Westroad Economic and Technological Development District, No.111, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Wei
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenliao Westroad Economic and Technological Development District, No.111, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Ma
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenliao Westroad Economic and Technological Development District, No.111, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingze Xu
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenliao Westroad Economic and Technological Development District, No.111, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingcai Zhao
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenliao Westroad Economic and Technological Development District, No.111, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfan Ru
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenliao Westroad Economic and Technological Development District, No.111, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Yang
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenliao Westroad Economic and Technological Development District, No.111, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- School of Physics, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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6
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Wang C, Wang T, Gao Y, Tao Q, Ye W, Jia Y, Zhao X, Zhang B, Zhang Z. Multiplexed immunosensing of cancer biomarkers on a split-float-gate graphene transistor microfluidic biochip. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:317-326. [PMID: 38087953 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00709j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
This work reports the development of a novel microfluidic biosensor using a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) design for the parallel label-free analysis of multiple biomarkers. Overcoming the persistent challenge of constructing μm2-sized FET sensitive interfaces that incorporate multiple receptors, we implement a split-float-gate structure that enables the manipulation of multiplexed biochemical functionalization using microfluidic channels. Immunoaffinity biosensing experiments are conducted using the mixture samples containing three liver cancer biomarkers, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), α-fetoprotein (AFP), and parathyroid hormone (PTH). The results demonstrate the capability of our label-free biochip to quantitatively detect multiple target biomarkers simultaneously by observing the kinetics in 10 minutes, with the detection limit levels in the nanomolar range. This microfluidic biosensor provides a valuable analytical tool for rapid multi-target biosensing, which can be potentially utilized for domiciliary tests of cancer screening and prognosis, obviating the need for sophisticated instruments and professional operations in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, College of Artificial Intelligence, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- Department of Communication Engineering, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yujing Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, College of Artificial Intelligence, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Qiya Tao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- Department of Communication Engineering, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Weixiang Ye
- Center for Theoretical Physics, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Science and Optoelectrical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuan Jia
- Industrialization Center of Micro/Nano ICs and Devices, Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China.
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- Department of Communication Engineering, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- Department of Communication Engineering, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zhixing Zhang
- Industrialization Center of Micro/Nano ICs and Devices, Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China.
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7
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Giraldo JN, Hrubý J, Vavrečková Š, Fellner OF, Havlíček L, Henry D, de Silva S, Herchel R, Bartoš M, Šalitroš I, Santana VT, Barbara P, Nemec I, Neugebauer P. Tetracoordinate Co(II) complexes with semi-coordination as stable single-ion magnets for deposition on graphene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29516-29530. [PMID: 37901907 PMCID: PMC10631493 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01426f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical and experimental study of two tetracoordinate Co(II)-based complexes with semi-coordination interactions, i.e., non-covalent interactions involving the central atom. We argue that such interactions enhance the thermal and structural stability of the compounds, making them appropriate for deposition on substrates, as demonstrated by their successful deposition on graphene. DC magnetometry and high-frequency electron spin resonance (HF-ESR) experiments revealed an axial magnetic anisotropy and weak intermolecular antiferromagnetic coupling in both compounds, supported by theoretical predictions from complete active space self-consistent field calculations complemented by N-electron valence state second-order perturbation theory (CASSCF-NEVPT2), and broken-symmetry density functional theory (BS-DFT). AC magnetometry demonstrated that the compounds are field-induced single-ion magnets (SIMs) at applied static magnetic fields, with slow relaxation of magnetization governed by a combination of quantum tunneling, Orbach, and direct relaxation mechanisms. The structural stability under ambient conditions and after deposition was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. Theoretical modeling by DFT of different configurations of these systems on graphene revealed n-type doping of graphene originating from electron transfer from the deposited molecules, confirmed by electrical transport measurements and Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Navarro Giraldo
- Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC BUT, Purkyňova 656/123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Hrubý
- Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC BUT, Purkyňova 656/123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Šárka Vavrečková
- Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC BUT, Purkyňova 656/123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 61669 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej F Fellner
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Havlíček
- Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC BUT, Purkyňova 656/123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Physics of Materials, Czech Academy of Sciences, Žižkova 22, 61662 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - DaVonne Henry
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shehan de Silva
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Radovan Herchel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Bartoš
- Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC BUT, Purkyňova 656/123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Šalitroš
- Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC BUT, Purkyňova 656/123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava SK-81237, Slovakia
| | - Vinicius T Santana
- Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC BUT, Purkyňova 656/123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Paola Barbara
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ivan Nemec
- Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC BUT, Purkyňova 656/123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Neugebauer
- Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC BUT, Purkyňova 656/123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
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8
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Baharfar M, Lin J, Kilani M, Zhao L, Zhang Q, Mao G. Gas nanosensors for health and safety applications in mining. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:5997-6016. [PMID: 37941945 PMCID: PMC10629029 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00507k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing demand for accurate, miniaturized, and cost-effective gas sensing systems has eclipsed basic research across many disciplines. Along with the rapid progress in nanotechnology, the latest development in gas sensing technology is dominated by the incorporation of nanomaterials with different properties and structures. Such nanomaterials provide a variety of sensing interfaces operating on different principles ranging from chemiresistive and electrochemical to optical modules. Compared to thick film and bulk structures currently used for gas sensing, nanomaterials are advantageous in terms of surface-to-volume ratio, response time, and power consumption. However, designing nanostructured gas sensors for the marketplace requires understanding of key mechanisms in detecting certain gaseous analytes. Herein, we provide an overview of different sensing modules and nanomaterials under development for sensing critical gases in the mining industry, specifically for health and safety monitoring of mining workers. The interactions between target gas molecules and the sensing interface and strategies to tailor the gas sensing interfacial properties are highlighted throughout the review. Finally, challenges of existing nanomaterial-based sensing systems, directions for future studies, and conclusions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroo Baharfar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Jiancheng Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Mohamed Kilani
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Liang Zhao
- Azure Mining Technology Pty Ltd Sydney New South Wales 2067 Australia
| | - Qing Zhang
- CCTEG Changzhou Research Institute Changzhou 213015 China
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
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9
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Bai R, Tolman NL, Peng Z, Liu H. Influence of Atmospheric Contaminants on the Work Function of Graphite. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:12159-12165. [PMID: 37581604 PMCID: PMC10469443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Airborne hydrocarbon contamination occurs rapidly on graphitic surfaces and negatively impact many of their material properties, yet much of the molecular details of the contamination remains unknown. We use Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) to study the time evolution of the surface potential of graphite exposed to ambient. After exfoliation in air, the surface potential of graphite is not homogeneous and contains features that are absent in the topography image. In addition, the heterogeneity of the surface potential images increased in the first few days followed by a decrease at longer exposure times. These observations are strong support of slow conformation change, phase separation, and/or dynamic displacement of the adsorbed airborne contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Bai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Nathan L. Tolman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Zhenbo Peng
- Chemical
Engineering College, Ningbo Polytechnic, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315806, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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10
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Zhan S, Zuo H, Liu B, Xu W, Cao J, Zhang Y, Wei X. Wafer-Scale Field-Effect Transistor-Type Sensor Using a Carbon Nanotube Film as a Channel for Ppb-Level Hydrogen Sulfide Detection. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3060-3067. [PMID: 37478418 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur hexafluoride is widely used in power equipment because of its excellent insulation and arc extinguishing properties. However, severe damage to power equipment may be caused and a large-scale collapse of the power grid may occur when SF6 is decomposed into H2S, SOF2, and SO2F2. It is difficult to detect the SF6 concentration as it is a kind of inert gas. Generally, the trace gas decomposed in the early stage of SF6 is detected to achieve the function of early warning. Consequently, it is of great significance to realize the real-time detection of trace gases decomposed from SF6 for the early fault diagnosis of power equipment. In this work, a wafer-scale gate-sensing carbon-based FET gas sensor is fabricated on a four-inch carbon wafer for the detection of H2S, a decomposition product of SF6. The carbon nanotubes with semiconductor properties and the noble metal Pt are respectively used as a channel and a sensing gate of the FET-type gas sensor, and the channel transmission layer and the sensing gate layer each play an independent role and do not interfere with each other by introducing the gate dielectric layer Y2O3, giving full play to their respective advantages to forming an integrated sensor of gas detection and signal amplification. The detection limit of the as-prepared gate-sensing carbon-based FET gas sensor can reach 20 ppb, and its response deviation is not more than 3% for the different batches of gas sensors. This work provides a potentially useful solution for the industrial production of miniaturized and integrated gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiang Zhan
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics & Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Huamei Zuo
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics & Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics & Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Wangping Xu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics & Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Juexian Cao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics & Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics & Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Wei
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics & Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Electronics Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, P. R. China
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11
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Hu B, Sun H, Tian J, Mo J, Xie W, Song QM, Zhang W, Dong H. Advances in flexible graphene field-effect transistors for biomolecule sensing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1218024. [PMID: 37485314 PMCID: PMC10361656 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1218024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing demand for biomarker detection in wearable electronic devices, flexible biosensors have garnered significant attention. Additionally, graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) have emerged as key components for constructing biosensors, owing to their high sensitivity, multifunctionality, rapid response, and low cost. Leveraging the advantages of flexible substrates, such as biocompatibility, adaptability to complex environments, and fabrication flexibility, flexible GFET sensors exhibit promising prospects in detecting various biomarkers. This review provides a concise summary of design strategies for flexible GFET biosensors, including non-encapsulated gate without dielectric layer coverage and external gate designs. Furthermore, notable advancements in sensing applications of biomolecules, such as proteins, glucose, and ions, are highlighted. Finally, we discuss the future challenges and prospects in this field, aiming to inspire researchers to address these issues in their further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hao Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinpeng Tian
- Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Mo
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wantao Xie
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiu Ming Song
- Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenwei Zhang
- Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Dong
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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12
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Sánchez-Trujillo DJ, Osorio-Maldonado LV, Prías-Barragán JJ. Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity and variable hopping range mechanism on graphene oxide films. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4810. [PMID: 36959218 PMCID: PMC10036326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of optoelectronic applications for optical-to-electrical conversion has increased the interest in graphene oxide material. Here, graphene oxide films (GOF) were used as source material in an infrared photodetector configuration and the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity was studied. GOF were prepared by the double-thermal decomposition (DTD) method at 973 K, with a fixed carbonization temperature, in a pyrolysis system, under a controlled nitrogen atmosphere, over quartz substrates. Graphene oxide films were mechanically supported in a photodetector configuration on Bakelite substrates and electrically contacted with copper wires and high-purity silver paint. Morphological images from the GOF's surface were taken employing a scanning electron microscope and observed a homogeneous surface which favored the electrical contacts deposition. Vibrational characteristics were studied employing Raman spectroscopy and determined the typical graphene oxide bands. GOF were used to discuss the effect of temperature on the film's electrical conductivity. Current-voltage (I-V) curves were taken for several temperatures varying from 20 to 300 K and the electrical resistance values were obtained from 142.86 to 2.14 kΩ. The GOF electrical conductivity and bandgap energy (Eg) were calculated, and it was found that when increasing temperature, the electrical conductivity increased from 30.33 to 2023.97 S/m, similar to a semiconductor material, and Eg shows a nonlinear change from 0.33 to 0.12 eV, with the increasing temperature. Conduction mechanism was described mainly by three-dimensional variable range hopping (3D VRH). Additionally, measurements of voltage and electrical resistance, as a function of wavelength were considered, for a spectral range between 1300 and 3000 nm. It was evidenced that as the wavelength becomes longer, a greater number of free electrons are generated, which contributes to the electrical current. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) was determined for this proposed photodetector prototype, obtaining a value of 40%, similar to those reported for commercial semiconductor photodetectors. This study provides a groundwork for further development of graphene oxide films with high conductivity in large-scale preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Sánchez-Trujillo
- Electronic Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering at Universidad del Quindío, 630004, Armenia, Colombia
- Doctoral Program in Physical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Institute of Sciences, Electronic Instrumentation Technology Program, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Technology at Universidad del Quindío, 630004, Armenia, Colombia
| | - L V Osorio-Maldonado
- Electronic Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering at Universidad del Quindío, 630004, Armenia, Colombia
| | - J J Prías-Barragán
- Doctoral Program in Physical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Institute of Sciences, Electronic Instrumentation Technology Program, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Technology at Universidad del Quindío, 630004, Armenia, Colombia.
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13
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Wang H, Hou E, Xu N, Nie P, Chang L, Wu J, Zhang X. Graphene electrochemical transistors decorated by Ag nanoparticles exhibiting high sensitivity for the detection of paraquat over a wide concentration range. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:959-968. [PMID: 36723188 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01728h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a nonselective contact herbicide used in agriculture for the control of broad leaf weeds, which would cause irreversible damage to human organs even at very low concentrations. Therefore, the trace residue detection of PQ in the environment is of vital importance. Here, a novel graphene electrochemical transistor (GECT) for PQ detection is reported for the first time. The key to the device design is the application of a layer of Ag nanoparticle (Ag NP) modified monolayer graphene as the channel layer. Due to the good electrochemical activity of Ag NPs for PQ detection, the device exhibits excellent sensitivity for PQ with the detection limit of 0.068 nM and a wide linear range from 0.1 nM to 5 mM. The GECT sensor also reveals good selectivity toward several common interferents and exhibits satisfactory recoveries for PQ detection when using Chinese cabbage as a simulant to deduce the real detection situation. The GECT sensor not only provides an efficient method for the detection of PQ residues, but also provides an effective grafting platform for the construction of novel high-sensitivity electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, China.
| | - Enhui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, China.
| | - Na Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, China.
| | - Ping Nie
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, China.
| | - Limin Chang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, China.
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xuelin Zhang
- MEMS Center, School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, PR China.
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14
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Luo SXL, Yuan W, Xue M, Feng H, Bezdek MJ, Palacios T, Swager TM. Chemiresistive Hydrogen Sensing with Size-Limited Palladium Nanoparticles in Iptycene-Containing Poly(arylene ether)s. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2679-2688. [PMID: 36639134 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles have been widely employed in chemical sensing due to their high reactivity toward various gases. The size of the metal nanoparticles often dictates their reactivity and hence their performance as chemiresistive sensors. Herein, we report that iptycene-containing poly(arylene ether)s (PAEs) have been shown to limit the growth of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) and stabilize the Pd NPs dispersion. These porous PAEs also facilitate the efficient transport of analytes. Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-based chemiresistors and graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) using these PAE-supported small Pd NPs are sensitive, selective, and robust sensory materials for hydrogen gas under ambient conditions. Generalizable strategies including presorting SWCNTs with pentiptycene-containing poly(p-phenylene ethynylene)s (PPEs) and thermal annealing demonstrated significant improvements in the chemiresistive performance. The polymer:NP colloids produced in this study are readily synthesized and solution processable, and these methods are of general utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Xiong Lennon Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Weize Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mantian Xue
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Haosheng Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Máté J Bezdek
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tomás Palacios
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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15
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Wasfi A, Awwad S, Hussein M, Awwad F. Sugar Molecules Detection via C 2N Transistor-Based Sensor: First Principles Modeling. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:700. [PMID: 36839068 PMCID: PMC9967288 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Real-time detection of sugar molecules is critical for preventing and monitoring diabetes and for food quality evaluation. In this article, a field effect transistor (FET) based on two-dimensional nitrogenated holey graphene (C2N) was designed, developed, and tested to identify the sugar molecules including xylose, fructose, and glucose. Both density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green's function (DFT + NEGF) were used to study the designed device. Several electronic characteristics were studied, including work function, density of states, electrical current, and transmission spectrum. The proposed sensor is made of a pair of gold electrodes joint through a channel of C2N and a gate was placed underneath the channel. The C2N monolayer distinctive characteristics are promising for glucose sensors to detect blood sugar and for sugar molecules sensors to evaluate food quality. The electronic transport characteristics of the sensor resulted in a unique signature for each of the sugar molecules. This proposed work suggests that the developed C2N transistor-based sensor could detect sugar molecules with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Wasfi
- Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sarah Awwad
- Specialized Rehabilitation Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mousa Hussein
- Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Falah Awwad
- Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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16
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Krishnan SK, Nataraj N, Meyyappan M, Pal U. Graphene-Based Field-Effect Transistors in Biosensing and Neural Interfacing Applications: Recent Advances and Prospects. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2590-2622. [PMID: 36693046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siva Kumar Krishnan
- CONACYT-Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apdo. Postal J-48, Puebla72570, Mexico
| | - Nandini Nataraj
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei106, Taiwan
| | - M Meyyappan
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati781039, Assam, India
| | - Umapada Pal
- Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apdo. Postal J-48, Puebla72570, Mexico
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17
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Luo J, Xue N, Chen J. A Review: Research Progress of Neural Probes for Brain Research and Brain-Computer Interface. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121167. [PMID: 36551135 PMCID: PMC9775442 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Neural probes, as an invasive physiological tool at the mesoscopic scale, can decipher the code of brain connections and communications from the cellular or even molecular level, and realize information fusion between the human body and external machines. In addition to traditional electrodes, two new types of neural probes have been developed in recent years: optoprobes based on optogenetics and magnetrodes that record neural magnetic signals. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of these three kinds of neural probes. We firstly discuss the development of microelectrodes and strategies for their flexibility, which is mainly represented by the selection of flexible substrates and new electrode materials. Subsequently, the concept of optogenetics is introduced, followed by the review of several novel structures of optoprobes, which are divided into multifunctional optoprobes integrated with microfluidic channels, artifact-free optoprobes, three-dimensional drivable optoprobes, and flexible optoprobes. At last, we introduce the fundamental perspectives of magnetoresistive (MR) sensors and then review the research progress of magnetrodes based on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Shin DH, You YG, Jo SI, Jeong GH, Campbell EEB, Chung HJ, Jhang SH. Low-Power Complementary Inverter Based on Graphene/Carbon-Nanotube and Graphene/MoS 2 Barristors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3820. [PMID: 36364596 PMCID: PMC9658580 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The recent report of a p-type graphene(Gr)/carbon-nanotube(CNT) barristor facilitates the application of graphene barristors in the fabrication of complementary logic devices. Here, a complementary inverter is presented that combines a p-type Gr/CNT barristor with a n-type Gr/MoS2 barristor, and its characteristics are reported. A sub-nW (~0.2 nW) low-power inverter is demonstrated with a moderate gain of 2.5 at an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of ~15 nm. Compared to inverters based on field-effect transistors, the sub-nW power consumption was achieved at a much larger EOT, which was attributed to the excellent switching characteristics of Gr barristors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Shin
- School of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Young Gyu You
- School of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sung Il Jo
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Goo-Hwan Jeong
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Eleanor E. B. Campbell
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, Edinburgh University, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
- Department of Physics, Ehwa Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | | | - Sung Ho Jhang
- School of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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19
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Qian F, Deng J, Xu C, Dong Y, Hu L, Fu G, Xie Y, Chang P, Sun J. Graphene-silicon-graphene Schottky junction photodetector with field effect structure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:38503-38512. [PMID: 36258414 DOI: 10.1364/oe.469963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has unique advantages in ultrabroadband detection. However, nowadays graphene-based photodetectors cannot meet the requirements for practical applications due to their poor performance. Here, we report a graphene-silicon-graphene Schottky junction photodetector assisted by field effect. Two separate graphene sheets are located on both sides of the n-doped silicon to form two opposite lateral series heterojunctions with silicon, and a transparent top gate is designed to modulate the Schottky barrier. Low doping concentration of silicon and negative gate bias can significantly raise the barrier height. Under the combined action of these two measures, the barrier height increases from 0.39 eV to 0.77 eV. Accordingly, the performance of the photodetector has been greatly improved. The photoresponsivity of the optimized device is 2.6 A/W at 792 nm, 1.8 A/W at 1064 nm, and 0.42 A/W at 1550 nm, and the on/off photo-switching ratio reaches 104. Our work provides a feasible solution for the development of graphene-based optoelectronic devices.
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20
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Cao BP, Dai C, Wang X, Xiao Q, Wei D. Ultrasensitive and Regenerative Transistor Sensor Based on Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6947. [PMID: 36146305 PMCID: PMC9505547 DOI: 10.3390/s22186947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Field-effect transistor (FET) sensors require not only high sensitivity but also excellent regeneration ability before widespread applications are possible. Although some regenerative FETs have been reported, their lowest limit of detection (LoD) barely achieves 10-15 mol L-1. Here, we develop a graphene FET with a regenerative sensing interface based on dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC). The LoD down to 5.0 × 10-20 mol L-1 remains even after 10 regenerative cycles, around 4-5 orders of magnitude lower than existing transistor sensors. Owing to its ultra-sensitivity, regeneration ability, and advantages such as simplicity, low cost, label-free and real-time response, the FET sensor based on DCvC is valuable in applications such as medical diagnosis, environment monitoring, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban-Peng Cao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Changhao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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21
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Martinez-Martinez R, Islam MM, Krishnaprasad A, Roy T. Graphene-oxide interface for optoelectronic synapse application. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5880. [PMID: 35393529 PMCID: PMC8991232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09873-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Optoelectronic synapses combine the functionalities of a non-volatile memory and photodetection in the same device, paving the path for the realization of artificial retina systems which can capture, pre-process, and identify images on the same platform. Graphene/Ta2O5/graphene phototransistor exhibits synapse characteristics when visible electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 405 nm illuminates the device. The photocurrent is retained after light withdrawal when positive gate voltage is applied to the device. The device exhibits distinct conductance states, modulated by different parameters of incident light, such as pulse width and number of pulses. The conductance state can be retained for 104 s, indicating long term potentiation (LTP), similar to biological synapses. By using optical and electrical pulses, the device shows optical potentiation and electrical LTD repeatably, implying their applicability in neural networks for pattern recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Martinez-Martinez
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Molla Manjurul Islam
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Adithi Krishnaprasad
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Tania Roy
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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22
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Hao Z, Huang C, Zhao C, Kospan A, Wang Z, Li F, Wang H, Zhao X, Pan Y, Liu S. Ultrasensitive Graphene-Based Nanobiosensor for Rapid Detection of Hemoglobin in Undiluted Biofluids. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1624-1632. [PMID: 35380036 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Detection of hemoglobin (Hb), a critical part of the biological system that is responsible for oxygen transportation, is of great significance on clinical diagnosis of various diseases. Particularly, time-efficient Hb detection under nanomole levels has drawn much attention in recent years. Herein, we present a graphene field effect transistor (GFET)-based aptameric nanobiosensor for rapid detection of Hb in undiluted biofluids including serum and urine and for the first time use polyethylenimine (PEI), a kind of comparatively low-cost polymer consisting of numerous amino groups, which can be directly linked with the anchor molecule without any pretreatment as the graphene surface passivation agent. Experimental results indicate the PEI-modified graphene aptameric nanobiosensor can respond to the Hb concentration change in a few minutes (6-8 min) with estimated detection limits of 10.6 fM in 1× PBS, 14.2 fM in undiluted serum, and 11.9 fM in undiluted urine, respectively. Further, considering the potential use of our sensor for implantable and wearable applications, we also examine the sensing performance of the sensor fabricated on an ultrathin flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. The Hb detection results are almost invariable even after 100 cycles of cyclic extension by 120% or 100 cycles of bending with a radius of 1 mm. Hence, our sensor holds great potential for accurate monitoring of nanomole levels of Hb in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.,School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Cong Huang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Chenjian Zhao
- Shanghai Marine Equipment Research Institute, Shanghai 20031, China
| | - Aisara Kospan
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Ziran Wang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Feiran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.,School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Xuezeng Zhao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Yunlu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.,School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Shaoqin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
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23
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Lu YX, Lin CT, Tsai MH, Lin KC. Review-Hysteresis in Carbon Nano-Structure Field Effect Transistor. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040509. [PMID: 35457813 PMCID: PMC9029578 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the research of nano-structure devices (e.g., carbon nanotube and graphene) has experienced rapid growth. These materials have supreme electronic, thermal, optical and mechanical properties and have received widespread concern in different fields. It is worth noting that gate hysteresis behavior of field effect transistors can always be found in ambient conditions, which may influence the transmission appearance. Many researchers have put forward various views on this question. Here, we summarize and discuss the mechanisms behind hysteresis, different influencing factors and improvement methods which help decrease or eliminate unevenness and asymmetry.
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24
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Moabelo KL, Martin DR, Fadaka AO, Sibuyi NRS, Meyer M, Madiehe AM. Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Effective and Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7851. [PMID: 34947447 PMCID: PMC8703409 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has gained worldwide attention and has prompted the development of innovative diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines to mitigate the pandemic. Diagnostic methods based on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology are the gold standard in the fight against COVID-19. However, this test might not be easily accessible in low-resource settings for the early detection and diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The lack of access to well-equipped clinical laboratories, requirement for the high level of technical competence, and the cost of the RT-PCR test are the major limitations. Moreover, RT-PCR is unsuitable for application at the point-of-care testing (PoCT) as it is time-consuming and lab-based. Due to emerging mutations of the virus and the burden it has placed on the health care systems, there is a growing urgency to develop sensitive, selective, and rapid diagnostic devices for COVID-19. Nanotechnology has emerged as a versatile technology in the production of reliable diagnostic tools for various diseases and offers new opportunities for the development of COVID-19 diagnostic systems. This review summarizes some of the nano-enabled diagnostic systems that were explored for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. It highlights how the unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles were exploited in the development of novel colorimetric assays and biosensors for COVID-19 at the PoCT. The potential to improve the efficiency of the current assays, as well as the challenges associated with the development of these innovative diagnostic tools, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mervin Meyer
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Research Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Bellville 7535, South Africa; (K.L.M.); (D.R.M.); (A.O.F.); (N.R.S.S.)
| | - Abram M. Madiehe
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Research Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Bellville 7535, South Africa; (K.L.M.); (D.R.M.); (A.O.F.); (N.R.S.S.)
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25
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Kuscu M, Ramezani H, Dinc E, Akhavan S, Akan OB. Fabrication and microfluidic analysis of graphene-based molecular communication receiver for Internet of Nano Things (IoNT). Sci Rep 2021; 11:19600. [PMID: 34599208 PMCID: PMC8486847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-inspired molecular communications (MC), where molecules are used to transfer information, is the most promising technique to realise the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT), thanks to its inherent biocompatibility, energy-efficiency, and reliability in physiologically-relevant environments. Despite a substantial body of theoretical work concerning MC, the lack of practical micro/nanoscale MC devices and MC testbeds has led researchers to make overly simplifying assumptions about the implications of the channel conditions and the physical architectures of the practical transceivers in developing theoretical models and devising communication methods for MC. On the other hand, MC imposes unique challenges resulting from the highly complex, nonlinear, time-varying channel properties that cannot be always tackled by conventional information and communication tools and technologies (ICT). As a result, the reliability of the existing MC methods, which are mostly adopted from electromagnetic communications and not validated with practical testbeds, is highly questionable. As the first step to remove this discrepancy, in this study, we report on the fabrication of a nanoscale MC receiver based on graphene field-effect transistor biosensors. We perform its ICT characterisation in a custom-designed microfluidic MC system with the information encoded into the concentration of single-stranded DNA molecules. This experimental platform is the first practical implementation of a micro/nanoscale MC system with nanoscale MC receivers, and can serve as a testbed for developing realistic MC methods and IoNT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kuscu
- Internet of Everything (IoE) Group, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
- Cambridge Graphene Centre (CGC), Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey.
| | - Hamideh Ramezani
- Internet of Everything (IoE) Group, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- Cambridge Graphene Centre (CGC), Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Ergin Dinc
- Internet of Everything (IoE) Group, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- Battcock Centre for Experimental Astrophysics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Shahab Akhavan
- Cambridge Graphene Centre (CGC), Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Ozgur B Akan
- Internet of Everything (IoE) Group, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
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26
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Recent Advances in Silicon FET Devices for Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Sensing. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9090260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and selective gas and volatile organic compound (VOC) sensor platforms with fast response and recovery kinetics are in high demand for environmental health monitoring, industry, and medical diagnostics. Among the various categories of gas sensors studied to date, field effect transistors (FETs) have proved to be an extremely efficient platform due to their miniaturized form factor, high sensitivity, and ultra-low power consumption. Despite the advent of various kinds of new materials, silicon (Si) still enjoys the advantages of excellent and reproducible electronic properties and compatibility with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technologies for integrated multiplexing and signal processing. This review gives an overview of the recent developments in Si FETs for gas and VOC sensing. We categorised the Si FETs into Si nanowire (NW) FETs; planar Si FETs, in which the Si channel is either a part of the silicon on insulator (SOI) or the bulk Si, as in conventional FETs; and electrostatically formed nanowire (EFN) FETs. The review begins with a brief introduction, followed by a description of the Si NW FET gas and VOC sensors. A brief description of the various fabrication strategies of Si NWs and the several functionalisation methods to improve the sensing performances of Si NWs are also provided. Although Si NW FETs have excellent sensing properties, they are far from practical realisation due to the extensive fabrication procedures involved, along with other issues that are critically assessed briefly. Then, we describe planar Si FET sensors, which are much closer to real-world implementation. Their simpler device architecture combined with excellent sensing properties enable them as an efficient platform for gas sensing. The third category, the EFN FET sensors, proved to be another potential platform for gas sensing due to their intriguing properties, which are elaborated in detail. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities for gas sensing are addressed.
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27
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Patra L, Sachdeva G, Pandey R, Karna SP. Ozonation of Group-IV Elemental Monolayers: A First-Principles Study. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:19546-19552. [PMID: 34368540 PMCID: PMC8340093 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental effect on the physical and chemical properties of two-dimensional monolayers is a fundamental issue for their practical applications in nanoscale devices operating under ambient conditions. In this paper, we focus on the effect of ozone exposure on group-IV elemental monolayers. Using density functional theory and the climbing image nudged elastic band approach, calculations are performed to find the minimum energy path of O3-mediated oxidation of the group-IV monolayers, namely graphene, silicene, germanene, and stanene. Graphene and silicene are found to represent two end points of the ozonation process: the former showing resistance to oxidation with an energy barrier of 0.68 eV, while the latter exhibit a rapid, spontaneous dissociation of O3 into atomic oxygens accompanied by the formation of epoxide like Si-O-Si bonds. Germanene and stanene also form oxides when exposed to O3, but with a small energy barrier of about 0.3-0.4 eV. Analysis of the results via Bader's charge and density of states shows a higher degree of ionicity of the Si-O bond followed by Ge-O and Sn-O bonds relative to the C-O bond to be the primary factor leading to the distinct ozonation response of the studied group-IV monolayers. In summary, ozonation appears to open the band gap of the monolayers with semiconducting properties forming stable oxidized monolayers, which could likely affect group-IV monolayer-based electronic and photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokanath Patra
- Department
of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Geeta Sachdeva
- Department
of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Ravindra Pandey
- Department
of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Shashi P. Karna
- DEVCOM
Army Research Laboratory, Weapons, and Materials Research Directorate, ATTN: FCDD-RLW, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland 21005-5069, United States
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28
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Hao Z, Luo Y, Huang C, Wang Z, Song G, Pan Y, Zhao X, Liu S. An Intelligent Graphene-Based Biosensing Device for Cytokine Storm Syndrome Biomarkers Detection in Human Biofluids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101508. [PMID: 34110682 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal elevated levels of cytokines such as interferon (IFN), interleukin (IL), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), are considered as one of the prognosis biomarkers for indicating the progression to severe or critical COVID-19. Hence, it is of great significance to develop devices for monitoring their levels in COVID-19 patients, and thus enabling detecting COVID-19 patients that are worsening and to treat them before they become critically ill. Here, an intelligent aptameric dual channel graphene-TWEEN 80 field effect transistor (DGTFET) biosensing device for on-site detection of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6 within 7 min with limits of detection (LODs) of 476 × 10-15 , 608 × 10-15 , or 611 × 10-15 m respectively in biofluids is presented. Using the customized Android App together with this intelligent device, asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 patients can have a preliminary self-detection of cytokines and get a warning reminder while the condition starts to deteriorate. Also, the device can be fabricated on flexible substrates toward wearable applications for moderate or even critical COVID-19 cases for consistently monitoring cytokines under different deformations. Hence, the intelligent aptameric DGTFET biosensing device is promising to be used for point-of-care applications for monitoring conditions of COVID-19 patients who are in different situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Cong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Ziran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Guoli Song
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China
| | - Yunlu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xuezeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Shaoqin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
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29
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Binh NTT, Nguyen CQ, Vu TV, Nguyen CV. Interfacial Electronic Properties and Tunable Contact Types in Graphene/Janus MoGeSiN 4 Heterostructures. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3934-3940. [PMID: 33872012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional MoSi2N4 is an emerging class of 2D MA2N4 family, which has recently been synthesized in experiment. Herein, we construct ultrathin van der Waals heterostructures between graphene and a new 2D Janus MoGeSiN4 material and investigate their interfacial electronic properties and tunable Schottky barriers and contact types using first-principles calculations. The GR/MoGeSiN4 vdWHs are expected to be energetically favorable and stable. The high carrier mobility in graphene/MoGeSiN4 vdWHs makes them suitable for high-speed nanoelectronic devices. Furthermore, depending on the stacking patterns, either an n-type or a p-type Schottky contact is formed at the GR/MoGeSiN4 interface. The strain engineering and electric field can lead to the transformation from an n-type to a p-type Schottky contact or from Schottky to Ohmic contact in graphene/MoGeSiN4 heterostructure. These findings provide useful guidance for designing controllable Schottky nanodevices based on graphene/MoGeSiN4 heterostructures with high-performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T T Binh
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Cuong Q Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Department of Physics, University of Education, Hue University, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Tuan V Vu
- Division of Computational Physics, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Chuong V Nguyen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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30
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Sharma I, Papanai GS, Paul SJ, Gupta BK. Partial Pressure Assisted Growth of Single-Layer Graphene Grown by Low-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition: Implications for High-Performance Graphene FET Devices. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:22109-22118. [PMID: 32923769 PMCID: PMC7482075 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An attempt has been made to understand the thermodynamic mechanism study of the low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) process during single-layer graphene (SLG) growth as it is the most debatable part of the CVD process. The intensive studies are being carried out worldwide to enhance the quality of LPCVD-grown graphene up to the level of mechanically exfoliated SLG. The mechanism and processes have been discussed earlier by several research groups during the variation in different parameters. However, the optimization and mechanism involvement due to individual partial pressure-based effects has not been elaborately discussed so far. Hence, we have addressed this issue in detail including thermodynamics of the growth process and tried to establish the effect of the partial pressures of individual gases during the growth of SLG. Also, optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been performed to determine the quality of SLG. Furthermore, nucleation density has also been estimated to understand a plausible mechanism of graphene growth based on partial pressure. Moreover, the field-effect transistor (FET) device has been fabricated to determine the electrical properties of SLG, and the estimated mobility has been found as ∼2595 cm2 V-1 s-1 at n = -2 × 1012 cm-2. Hence, the obtained results trigger that the partial pressure is an important parameter for the growth of SLG and having various potential applications in high-performance graphene FET (GFET) devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Sharma
- Photonic
Materials Metrology Sub Division, Advanced Materials and Device Metrology
Division, CSIR—National Physical
Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Girija Shankar Papanai
- Photonic
Materials Metrology Sub Division, Advanced Materials and Device Metrology
Division, CSIR—National Physical
Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sharon Jyotika Paul
- Photonic
Materials Metrology Sub Division, Advanced Materials and Device Metrology
Division, CSIR—National Physical
Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Basic Science, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh 284128, India
| | - Bipin Kumar Gupta
- Photonic
Materials Metrology Sub Division, Advanced Materials and Device Metrology
Division, CSIR—National Physical
Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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31
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Rautela R, Scarfe S, Guay JM, Lazar P, Pykal M, Azimi S, Grenapin C, Boddison-Chouinard J, Halpin A, Wang W, Andrzejewski L, Plumadore R, Park J, Ménard JM, Otyepka M, Luican-Mayer A. Mechanistic Insight into the Limiting Factors of Graphene-Based Environmental Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:39764-39771. [PMID: 32658444 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has demonstrated great promise for technological use, yet control over material growth and understanding of how material imperfections affect the performance of devices are challenges that hamper the development of applications. In this work, we reveal new insight into the connections between the performance of the graphene devices as environmental sensors and the microscopic details of the interactions at the sensing surface. We monitor changes in the resistance of the chemical-vapor deposition grown graphene devices as exposed to different concentrations of ethanol. We perform thermal surface treatments after the devices are fabricated, use scanning probe microscopy to visualize their effects down to nanometer scale and correlate them with the measured performance of the device as an ethanol sensor. Our observations are compared to theoretical calculations of charge transfers between molecules and the graphene surface. We find that, although often overlooked, the surface cleanliness after device fabrication is responsible for the device performance and reliability. These results further our understanding of the mechanisms of sensing in graphene-based environmental sensors and pave the way to optimizing such devices, especially for their miniaturization, as with decreasing size of the active zone the potential role of contaminants will rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Rautela
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9A7, Canada
| | - Samantha Scarfe
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9A7, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Guay
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9A7, Canada
| | - Petr Lazar
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pykal
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Saied Azimi
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Cedric Grenapin
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9A7, Canada
| | | | - Alexei Halpin
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9A7, Canada
| | - Weixiang Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9A7, Canada
| | - Lukasz Andrzejewski
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9A7, Canada
| | - Ryan Plumadore
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9A7, Canada
| | - Jeongwon Park
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Ménard
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9A7, Canada
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Adina Luican-Mayer
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9A7, Canada
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32
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Elshafey R, Brisebois P, Abdulkarim H, Izquierdo R, Tavares AC, Siaj M. Effect of Graphene Oxide Sheet Size on the Response of a Label‐free Voltammetric Immunosensor for Cancer Marker VEGF. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reda Elshafey
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, NanoQAM, CQMF Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique – Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications Varennes Québec J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Patrick Brisebois
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, NanoQAM, CQMF Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Haya Abdulkarim
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, NanoQAM, CQMF Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Ricardo Izquierdo
- École de technologie supérieure Université du Québec Montreal Quebec H3C 1K3 Canada
| | - Ana C. Tavares
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique – Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications Varennes Québec J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Mohamed Siaj
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, NanoQAM, CQMF Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
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33
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Tang Z, George A, Winter A, Kaiser D, Neumann C, Weimann T, Turchanin A. Optically Triggered Control of the Charge Carrier Density in Chemically Functionalized Graphene Field Effect Transistors. Chemistry 2020; 26:6473-6478. [PMID: 32150652 PMCID: PMC7318135 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Field effect transistors (FETs) based on 2D materials are of great interest for applications in ultrathin electronic and sensing devices. Here we demonstrate the possibility to add optical switchability to graphene FETs (GFET) by functionalizing the graphene channel with optically switchable azobenzene molecules. The azobenzene molecules were incorporated to the GFET channel by building a van der Waals heterostructure with a carbon nanomembrane (CNM), which is used as a molecular interposer to attach the azobenzene molecules. Under exposure with 365 nm and 455 nm light, azobenzene molecules transition between cis and trans molecular conformations, respectively, resulting in a switching of the molecular dipole moment. Thus, the effective electric field acting on the GFET channel is tuned by optical stimulation and the carrier density is modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zian Tang
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 1007743JenaGermany
| | - Antony George
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 1007743JenaGermany
| | - Andreas Winter
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 1007743JenaGermany
| | - David Kaiser
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 1007743JenaGermany
| | - Christof Neumann
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 1007743JenaGermany
| | - Thomas Weimann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)Bundesallee 10038116BraunschweigGermany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft MatterPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
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34
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Emerging Designs of Electronic Devices in Biomedicine. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11020123. [PMID: 31979030 PMCID: PMC7074089 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing goal of nanoelectronics is the development of integrated systems to be used in medicine as sensor, therapeutic, or theranostic devices. In this review, we examine the phenomena of transport and the interaction between electro-active charges and the material at the nanoscale. We then demonstrate how these mechanisms can be exploited to design and fabricate devices for applications in biomedicine and bioengineering. Specifically, we present and discuss electrochemical devices based on the interaction between ions and conductive polymers, such as organic electrochemical transistors (OFETs), electrolyte gated field-effect transistors (FETs), fin field-effect transistor (FinFETs), tunnelling field-effect transistors (TFETs), electrochemical lab-on-chips (LOCs). For these systems, we comment on their use in medicine.
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Lin Z, Wu G, Zhao L, Lai KWC. Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors: A Review of Design and Applications. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2019.2927774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hu SK, Lo FY, Hsieh CC, Chao L. Sensing Ability and Formation Criterion of Fluid Supported Lipid Bilayer Coated Graphene Field-Effect Transistors. ACS Sens 2019; 4:892-899. [PMID: 30817891 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) have been widely used to provide native environments for membrane protein studies. In this study, we utilized graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) coated with a fluid SLB to perform label-free detection of membrane-associated ligand-receptor interactions in their native lipid bilayer environment. It is known that the analyte-binding event needs to occur within the Debye length for it to be significantly sensed by an FET sensor. However, the thickness of a lipid bilayer is around 4-5-nm-thick, which is larger than the Debye length of a solution with physiologically relevant ionic strength. There is thus a question of whether an FET sensor can detect the binding event above the bilayer. In this study, we show how the existence of an SLB can influence the effective detection distance and the formation criterion of a fluid and continuous SLB on a graphene surface. We discovered that the water intercalation between the graphene and the underlying silica substrate hinders the SLB formation but is required for the stable electrical recording by a GFET. To verify the existence of a fluid SLB on graphene, which was previously complicated by the graphene fluorescence quenching effect, we developed a modified fluorescence recovery after photobleaching method. In addition, our results showed that SLB coated GFETs can quantitatively detect ligand binding onto the receptors embedded in the SLBs. The comparison of our experimental data with a theoretical model shows that the contribution of the SLB acyl chain hydrophobic region to the screening effect can be negligible and, therefore, that the effective detection region can extend beyond the SLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Kai Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yen Lo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling Chao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Bay HH, Vo R, Dai X, Hsu HH, Mo Z, Cao S, Li W, Omenetto FG, Jiang X. Hydrogel Gate Graphene Field-Effect Transistors as Multiplexed Biosensors. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2620-2626. [PMID: 30908917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale field-effect transistors (FETs) represent a unique platform for real time, label-free transduction of biochemical signals with unprecedented sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution, yet their translation toward practical biomedical applications remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate the potential to overcome several key limitations of traditional FET sensors by exploiting bioactive hydrogels as the gate material. Spatially defined photopolymerization is utilized to achieve selective patterning of polyethylene glycol on top of individual graphene FET devices, through which multiple biospecific receptors can be independently encapsulated into the hydrogel gate. The hydrogel-mediated integration of penicillinase was demonstrated to effectively catalyze enzymatic reaction in the confined microenvironment, enabling real time, label-free detection of penicillin down to 0.2 mM. Multiplexed functionalization with penicillinase and acetylcholinesterase has been demonstrated to achieve highly specific sensing. In addition, the microenvironment created by the hydrogel gate has been shown to significantly reduce the nonspecific binding of nontarget molecules to graphene channels as well as preserve the encapsulated enzyme activity for at least one week, in comparison to free enzymes showing significant signal loss within one day. This general approach presents a new biointegration strategy and facilitates multiplex detection of bioanalytes on the same platform, which could underwrite new advances in healthcare research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Hosseini Bay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Richard Vo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Xiaochuan Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Huan-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Zhiming Mo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Siran Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Wenyi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Fiorenzo G Omenetto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Xiaocheng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
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Nguyen J, Conca DV, Stein J, Bovo L, Howard CA, Llorente Garcia I. Magnetic control of graphitic microparticles in aqueous solutions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2425-2434. [PMID: 30683726 PMCID: PMC6377480 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817989116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphite is an inexpensive material with useful electrical, magnetic, thermal, and optical properties. It is also biocompatible and used universally as a substrate. Micrometer-sized graphitic particles in solution are therefore ideal candidates for novel lab-on-a-chip and remote manipulation applications in biomedicine, biophysics, chemistry, and condensed-matter physics. However, submerged graphite is not known to be amenable to magnetic manipulation, the optimal manipulation method for such applications. Here, we exploit the diamagnetism of graphite and demonstrate contactless magnetic positioning control of graphitic microflakes in diamagnetic aqueous solutions. We develop a theoretical model for magnetic manipulation of graphite microflakes and demonstrate experimentally magnetic transport of such particles over distances [Formula: see text] with peak velocities [Formula: see text] in inhomogeneous magnetic fields. We achieve fully biocompatible transport for lipid-coated graphite in NaCl aqueous solution, paving the way for previously undiscovered biomedical applications. Our results prove that micrometer-sized graphite can be magnetically manipulated in liquid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Valter Conca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Stein
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Bovo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Innovation and Enterprise, University College London, London W1T 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Chris A Howard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Llorente Garcia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
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Liao J, Si H, Zhang X, Lin S. Functional Sensing Interfaces of PEDOT:PSS Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Chemical and Biological Sensors: A Mini Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E218. [PMID: 30634408 PMCID: PMC6359468 DOI: 10.3390/s19020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising devices for applications in in vitro and in vivo measurements. OECTs have two important sensing interfaces for signal monitoring: One is the gate electrode surface; the other is the channel surface. This mini review introduced the new developments in chemical and biological detection of the two sensing interfaces. Specific focus was given on the modification technological approaches of the gate or channel surface. In particular, some unique strategies and surface designs aiming to facilitate signal-transduction and amplification were discussed. Several perspectives and current challenges of OECTs development were also briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Hewei Si
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Shiwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Meng Z, Stolz RM, Mendecki L, Mirica KA. Electrically-Transduced Chemical Sensors Based on Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2019; 119:478-598. [PMID: 30604969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrically-transduced sensors, with their simplicity and compatibility with standard electronic technologies, produce signals that can be efficiently acquired, processed, stored, and analyzed. Two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, including graphene, phosphorene (BP), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), and others, have proven to be attractive for the fabrication of high-performance electrically-transduced chemical sensors due to their remarkable electronic and physical properties originating from their 2D structure. This review highlights the advances in electrically-transduced chemical sensing that rely on 2D materials. The structural components of such sensors are described, and the underlying operating principles for different types of architectures are discussed. The structural features, electronic properties, and surface chemistry of 2D nanostructures that dictate their sensing performance are reviewed. Key advances in the application of 2D materials, from both a historical and analytical perspective, are summarized for four different groups of analytes: gases, volatile compounds, ions, and biomolecules. The sensing performance is discussed in the context of the molecular design, structure-property relationships, and device fabrication technology. The outlook of challenges and opportunities for 2D nanomaterials for the future development of electrically-transduced sensors is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Robert M Stolz
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Lukasz Mendecki
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Katherine A Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
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Maity A, Sui X, Jin B, Pu H, Bottum KJ, Huang X, Chang J, Zhou G, Lu G, Chen J. Resonance-Frequency Modulation for Rapid, Point-of-Care Ebola-Glycoprotein Diagnosis with a Graphene-Based Field-Effect Biotransistor. Anal Chem 2018; 90:14230-14238. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Maity
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Sui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Bing Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Haihui Pu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Kai J. Bottum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Xingkang Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Jingbo Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Guihua Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Ganhua Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Junhong Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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Shang X, Park CH, Jung GY, Kwak SK, Oh JH. Highly Enantioselective Graphene-Based Chemical Sensors Prepared by Chiral Noncovalent Functionalization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:36194-36201. [PMID: 30270614 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a basic characteristic of the natural environment and living matter, chirality has been used in various scientific and technological fields. Chiral discrimination is of particular interest owing to its importance in catalysis, organic synthesis, biomedicine, and pharmaceutics. However, it is still very challenging to effectively and selectively sense and separate different enantiomers. Here, enantio-differentiating chemosensor systems have been developed through spontaneous chiral functionalization of the surface of graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs). GFET sensors functionalized using noncovalent interactions between graphene and a newly synthesized chiral-functionalized pyrene material, Boc-l-Phe-Pyrene, exhibit highly enantioselective detection of natural acryclic monoterpenoid enantiomers, that is, ( R)-(+)- and ( S)-(-)-β-citronellol. On the basis of a computational study, the origin of enantio-differentiation is assigned to the discriminable charge transfer from ( R)-(+)- or ( S)-(-)-β-citronellol into graphene with a significant difference in binding strength depending on surface morphology. The chemosensor system developed herein has great potential to be applied in miniaturized and rapid enantioselective sensing with high sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Shang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Pohang 37673 , Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Cheol Hee Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Pohang 37673 , Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Gwan Yeong Jung
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil , Ulsan 44919 , Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kwak
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil , Ulsan 44919 , Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
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43
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Reta N, Saint CP, Michelmore A, Prieto-Simon B, Voelcker NH. Nanostructured Electrochemical Biosensors for Label-Free Detection of Water- and Food-Borne Pathogens. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:6055-6072. [PMID: 29369608 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of nanostructured materials has opened new horizons in the development of next generation biosensors. Being able to control the design of the electrode interface at the nanoscale combined with the intrinsic characteristics of the nanomaterials engenders novel biosensing platforms with improved capabilities. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the latest trends in emerging nanostructured electrochemical biosensors. A detailed description and discussion of recent approaches to construct label-free electrochemical nanostructured electrodes is given with special focus on pathogen detection for environmental monitoring and food safety. This includes the use of nanoscale materials such as nanotubes, nanowires, nanoparticles, and nanosheets as well as porous nanostructured materials including nanoporous anodic alumina, mesoporous silica, porous silicon, and polystyrene nanochannels. These platforms may pave the way toward the development of point-of-care portable electronic devices for applications ranging from environmental analysis to biomedical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Beatriz Prieto-Simon
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication , Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Rojas WY, Winter AD, Grote J, Kim SS, Naik RR, Williams AD, Weiland C, Principe E, Fischer DA, Banerjee S, Prendergast D, Campo EM. Strain and Bond Length Dynamics upon Growth and Transfer of Graphene by NEXAFS Spectroscopy from First-Principles and Experiment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1783-1794. [PMID: 29286662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As the quest toward novel materials proceeds, improved characterization technologies are needed. In particular, the atomic thickness in graphene and other 2D materials renders some conventional technologies obsolete. Characterization technologies at wafer level are needed with enough sensitivity to detect strain in order to inform fabrication. In this work, NEXAFS spectroscopy was combined with simulations to predict lattice parameters of graphene grown on copper and further transferred to a variety of substrates. The strains associated with the predicted lattice parameters are in agreement with experimental findings. The approach presented here holds promise to effectively measure strain in graphene and other 2D systems at wafer levels to inform manufacturing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Rojas
- School of Electronic Engineering, Bangor University , Bangor LL57 1UT, United Kingdom
| | - A D Winter
- School of Electronic Engineering, Bangor University , Bangor LL57 1UT, United Kingdom
| | - J Grote
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - S S Kim
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - R R Naik
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - A D Williams
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - C Weiland
- Synchrotron Research, Inc. , Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - E Principe
- Synchrotron Research, Inc. , Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - D A Fischer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - S Banerjee
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - D Prendergast
- The Molecular Foundry, Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - E M Campo
- School of Electronic Engineering, Bangor University , Bangor LL57 1UT, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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Shin YC, Song SJ, Hong SW, Jeong SJ, Chrzanowski W, Lee JC, Han DW. Multifaceted Biomedical Applications of Functional Graphene Nanomaterials to Coated Substrates, Patterned Arrays and Hybrid Scaffolds. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E369. [PMID: 29113052 PMCID: PMC5707586 DOI: 10.3390/nano7110369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Because of recent research advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology, there has been a growing interest in functional nanomaterials for biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering scaffolds, biosensors, bioimaging agents and drug delivery carriers. Among a great number of promising candidates, graphene and its derivatives-including graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide-have particularly attracted plenty of attention from researchers as novel nanobiomaterials. Graphene and its derivatives, two-dimensional nanomaterials, have been found to have outstanding biocompatibility and biofunctionality as well as exceptional mechanical strength, electrical conductivity and thermal stability. Therefore, tremendous studies have been devoted to employ functional graphene nanomaterials in biomedical applications. Herein, we focus on the biological potentials of functional graphene nanomaterials and summarize some of major literature concerning the multifaceted biomedical applications of functional graphene nanomaterials to coated substrates, patterned arrays and hybrid scaffolds that have been reported in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheol Shin
- Research Center for Energy Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Su-Jin Song
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Suck Won Hong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Seung Jo Jeong
- GS Medical Co., Ltd., Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28161, Korea.
| | - Wojciech Chrzanowski
- Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Jae-Chang Lee
- Research Center for Industrial Chemical Biotechnology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44429, Korea.
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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Pandey RR, Fukumori M, TermehYousefi A, Eguchi M, Tanaka D, Ogawa T, Tanaka H. Tuning the electrical property of a single layer graphene nanoribbon by adsorption of planar molecular nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:175704. [PMID: 28367837 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa6567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple and fast approach of band gap formation in a single layer graphene nanoribbon (sGNR) is demonstrated by using hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN6) as an adsorbate molecule. sGNRs were successfully synthesized through the unzipping of double-walled carbon nanotubes followed by casting HAT-CN6 in acetone solution to alter the electronic properties of the sGNRs. Then, the electrical property of a sGNR was measured using a field effect transistor structure and also by point-contact current imaging atomic force microscopy. The results demonstrate the formation of electron trapping sites with the nanoparticles and the neck structure of the sGNR near the adsorbed region of the molecule. Therefore, the charge carriers on the sGNR can only pass through the neck region, which works similarly to a narrow sGNR. Such a narrow sGNR has a lateral confinement of charge carriers around the neck region; hence, the device becomes semiconducting. The fabricated semiconducting sGNR could be widely used in electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetu Raj Pandey
- Department of Human Intelligence Systems, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan
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Lin C, Xu M, Zhang W, Yang L, Xiang Z, Liu XY. Highly Ordered and Multiple-Responsive Graphene Oxide/Azoimidazolium Surfactant Intercalation Hybrids: A Versatile Control Platform. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:3099-3111. [PMID: 28251859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To produce graphene materials with better controllability, a new graphene oxide (GO) intercalation hybrid is fabricated with the incorporation and functionalization with the azoimidazolium (AzoIm+) surfactant. The hybrid exhibits a highly uniform lamellar structure in which a few layers of GO are stacked with AzoIm+ alternatively. Simultaneous control of the mesoscopic structures, aggregation properties, and electrochemical behavior of the hybrid is achieved by inheriting the photo, thermal, and mechanical responsiveness of azoimidazolium. Ultraviolet (UV) treatment produces a well-dispersed GO/AzoIm+ suspension aggregate and a precipitate, whereas the specific capacitance of the final hybrid decreases. The lamellar stacking becomes anisotropic by uniaxial stretching on a soft polymer. With a liquid crystal unit inserted between the layers, the d spacing of the lamella passes through transformation, disordering, and finally recovery stages, associated with the increasing and decreasing temperature. The explosive release of heat generated by the thermal reduction of GO is reduced in the GO/AzoIm+ intercalation hybrid. The release of heat is tunable by varying the relative quantity and UV treatment of AzoIm+. The physical properties of the hybrid allow the controlled preparation of ultrasmall Au nanodots between the GO layers. This represents a major step toward multiple-responsive integrated graphene applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxu Lin
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University , 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Mengchun Xu
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University , 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Long Yang
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University , 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University , 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Liu
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University , 361005 Xiamen, China
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Williams JOD, Alexander-Webber JA, Lapington JS, Roy M, Hutchinson IB, Sagade AA, Martin MB, Braeuninger-Weimer P, Cabrero-Vilatela A, Wang R, De Luca A, Udrea F, Hofmann S. Towards a Graphene-Based Low Intensity Photon Counting Photodetector. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E1351. [PMID: 27563903 PMCID: PMC5038629 DOI: 10.3390/s16091351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a highly promising material in the development of new photodetector technologies, in particular due its tunable optoelectronic properties, high mobilities and fast relaxation times coupled to its atomic thinness and other unique electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. Optoelectronic applications and graphene-based photodetector technology are still in their infancy, but with a range of device integration and manufacturing approaches emerging this field is progressing quickly. In this review we explore the potential of graphene in the context of existing single photon counting technologies by comparing their performance to simulations of graphene-based single photon counting and low photon intensity photodetection technologies operating in the visible, terahertz and X-ray energy regimes. We highlight the theoretical predictions and current graphene manufacturing processes for these detectors. We show initial experimental implementations and discuss the key challenges and next steps in the development of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie O D Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Jack A Alexander-Webber
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK.
| | - Jon S Lapington
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Mervyn Roy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Ian B Hutchinson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Abhay A Sagade
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK.
| | - Marie-Blandine Martin
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK.
| | | | - Andrea Cabrero-Vilatela
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK.
| | - Ruizhi Wang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK.
| | - Andrea De Luca
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK.
| | - Florin Udrea
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK.
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK.
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Vieira NCS, Borme J, Machado G, Cerqueira F, Freitas PP, Zucolotto V, Peres NMR, Alpuim P. Graphene field-effect transistor array with integrated electrolytic gates scaled to 200 mm. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:085302. [PMID: 26830656 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/8/085302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ten years have passed since the beginning of graphene research. In this period we have witnessed breakthroughs both in fundamental and applied research. However, the development of graphene devices for mass production has not yet reached the same level of progress. The architecture of graphene field-effect transistors (FET) has not significantly changed, and the integration of devices at the wafer scale has generally not been sought. Currently, whenever an electrolyte-gated FET (EGFET) is used, an external, cumbersome, out-of-plane gate electrode is required. Here, an alternative architecture for graphene EGFET is presented. In this architecture, source, drain, and gate are in the same plane, eliminating the need for an external gate electrode and the use of an additional reservoir to confine the electrolyte inside the transistor active zone. This planar structure with an integrated gate allows for wafer-scale fabrication of high-performance graphene EGFETs, with carrier mobility up to 1800 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). As a proof-of principle, a chemical sensor was achieved. It is shown that the sensor can discriminate between saline solutions of different concentrations. The proposed architecture will facilitate the mass production of graphene sensors, materializing the potential of previous achievements in fundamental and applied graphene research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C S Vieira
- INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal. IFSC-São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13560-970, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
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Zhang Y, Liu H, Li H, Chen M, Pang P, Wang H, Wu Z, Yang W. Determination of Ascorbic Acid by a Gold–Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1142557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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