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Qi Q, Li Z, Yin H, Feng Y, Zhou Z, Rong D. Analysis of Transient Thermoacoustic Characteristics and Performance in Carbon Nanotube Sponge Underwater Transducers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:817. [PMID: 38786774 PMCID: PMC11123856 DOI: 10.3390/nano14100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in marine technology have highlighted the urgent need for enhanced underwater acoustic applications, from sonar detection to communication and noise cancellation, driving the pursuit of innovative transducer technologies. In this paper, a new underwater thermoacoustic (TA) transducer made from carbon nanotube (CNT) sponge is designed to achieve wide bandwidth, high energy conversion efficiency, simple structure, good transient response, and stable sound response, utilizing the TA effect through electro-thermal modulation. The transducer has potential application in underwater acoustic communication. An electro-thermal-acoustic coupled simulation for the open model, sandwich model, and encapsulated model is presented to analyze the transient behaviors of CNT sponge TA transducers in liquid environments. The effects of key design parameters on the acoustic performances of both systems are revealed. The results demonstrate that a short pulse excitation with a low duty cycle could greatly improve the heat dissipation of the encapsulated transducer, especially when the thermoacoustic response time becomes comparable to thermal relaxation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianshou Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Analysis of Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Q.Q.); (Z.L.); (H.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Analysis of Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Q.Q.); (Z.L.); (H.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Huilin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Analysis of Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Q.Q.); (Z.L.); (H.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yanxia Feng
- Jiangxi Copper Technology Institute Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China;
| | - Zhenhuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Analysis of Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Q.Q.); (Z.L.); (H.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Dalun Rong
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
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2
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Hou W, Wei Y, Wang Y, Duan S, Guo Z, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL. A Large-Scale and Low-Cost Thermoacoustic Loudspeaker Based on Three-Dimensional Graphene Foam. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38683903 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Graphene is a promising material for thermoacoustic sources due to its extremely low heat capacity per unit area and high thermal conductivity. However, current graphene thermoacoustic devices have limited device area and relatively high cost, which limit their applications of daily use. Here, we adopt a dip-coating method to fabricate a large-scale and cost-effective graphene sound source. This sound source has the three-dimensional (3D) porous structure that can increase the contact area between graphene and air, thus assisting heat to release into the air. In this method, polyurethane (PU) is used as a support, and graphene nanoplates are attached onto the PU skeleton so that a highly flexible graphene foam (GrF) device is obtained. At a measuring distance of 1 mm, it can emit sound at up to 70 dB under the normalized input power of 1 W. Considering its unique porous structure, we establish a thermoacoustic analysis model to simulate the acoustic performance of GrF. Furthermore, the obtained GrF can be made up to 44 in. (100 cm × 50 cm) in size, and it has good flexibility and processability, which broadens the application fields of GrF loudspeakers. It can be attached to the surfaces of objects with different shapes, making it suitable to be used as a large-area speaker in automobiles, houses, and other application scenarios, such as neck mounted speaker. In addition, it can also be widely used as a fully flexible in-ear earphone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Hou
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuhong Wei
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunfan Wang
- Electrical Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shuwen Duan
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhanfeng Guo
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - He Tian
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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3
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Kim J, Jung G, Jung S, Bae MH, Yeom J, Park J, Lee Y, Kim YR, Kang DH, Oh JH, Park S, An KS, Ko H. Shape-Configurable MXene-Based Thermoacoustic Loudspeakers with Tunable Sound Directivity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306637. [PMID: 37740254 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Film-type shape-configurable speakers with tunable sound directivity are in high demand for wearable electronics. Flexible, thin thermoacoustic (TA) loudspeakers-which are free from bulky vibrating diaphragms-show promise in this regard. However, configuring thin TA loudspeakers into arbitrary shapes is challenging because of their low sound pressure level (SPL) under mechanical deformations and low conformability to other surfaces. By carefully controlling the heat capacity per unit area and thermal effusivity of an MXene conductor and substrates, respectively, it fabricates an ultrathin MXene-based TA loudspeaker exhibiting high SPL output (74.5 dB at 15 kHz) and stable sound performance for 14 days. Loudspeakers with the parylene substrate, whose thickness is less than the thermal penetration depth, generated bidirectional and deformation-independent sound in bent, twisted, cylindrical, and stretched-kirigami configurations. Furthermore, it constructs parabolic and spherical versions of ultrathin, large-area (20 cm × 20 cm) MXene-based TA loudspeakers, which display sound-focusing and 3D omnidirectional-sound-generating attributes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonyoung Jung
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhee Jung
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hwan Bae
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghee Yeom
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngoh Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ryul Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Kang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan Oh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyoung Park
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Seok An
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919, Republic of Korea
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4
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Tian H, Gu W, Li XS, Ren TL. Stretchable Ink Printed Graphene Device with Weft-Knitted Fabric Substrate Based on Thermal-Acoustic Effect. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20334-20345. [PMID: 37040205 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Thermal-acoustic devices have great potential as flexible ultrathin sound sources. However, stretchable sound sources based on a thermal-acoustic mechanism remain elusive, as realizing stable resistance in a reasonable range is challenging. In this study, a stretchable thermal-acoustic device based on graphene ink is fabricated on a weft-knitted fabric. After optimization of the graphene ink concentration, the device resistance changes by 8.94% during 4000 cycles of operation in the unstretchable state. After multiple cycles of bending, folding, prodding, and washing, the sound pressure level (SPL) change of the device is within 10%. Moreover, the SPL has an increase with the strain in a specific range, showing a phenomenon similar to the negative differential resistance (NDR) effect. This study sheds light on the use of stretchable thermal-acoustic devices for e-skin and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wen Gu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Shi Li
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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5
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Feng Y, Zhang Q, Li H, Qi Q, Tong Z, Rong D, Zhou Z. Design and characteristic analysis of flexible CNT film patch for potential application in ultrasonic therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:195502. [PMID: 36753751 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acba1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic therapy has drawn increasing attention due to its noninvasiveness, great sensitivity and strong penetration capabilities. However, most of traditional rigid ultrasonic probes cannot achieve a solid interfacial contact with irregular nonplanar surfaces, which leads to unstable therapeutic effects and limitations of widespread use in practical applications. In this paper, a new flexible ultrasonic patch based on carbon nanotube (CNT) films is designed and fabricated to achieve a potential application in ultrasonic therapy. This patch is composed of a CNT film, a thermal protective layer and a heat sinking layer, and has the advantages of simple structure, soft, ultrathin and completely conforming to the treatment area. Theoretical and experimental studies are performed to investigate the acoustic and temperature fields before and after deformation. Effects of key design parameters of the patch on acoustic performances and temperature distributions are revealed. Numerical results indicate that the CNT film patch can produce ultrasounds over a wide frequency range and temperatures under the threshold of burn injury whether it is bent or not. Furthermore, it is also noted that the sound waves emitted from the bending patch are focused at the center of the bending patch, which demonstrates that the target treatment area can be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Analysis of Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Qilin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Analysis of Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Houyang Li
- CAEP Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation, Chengdu, 610203, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianshou Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Analysis of Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Tong
- College of Locomotive and Rolling Stock Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, People's Republic of China
| | - Dalun Rong
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Analysis of Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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6
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Carvalho AF, Kulyk B, Fernandes AJS, Fortunato E, Costa FM. A Review on the Applications of Graphene in Mechanical Transduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101326. [PMID: 34288155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A pressing need to develop low-cost, environmentally friendly, and sensitive sensors has arisen with the advent of the always-connected paradigm of the internet-of-things (IoT). In particular, mechanical sensors have been widely studied in recent years for applications ranging from health monitoring, through mechanical biosignals, to structure integrity analysis. On the other hand, innovative ways to implement mechanical actuation have also been the focus of intense research in an attempt to close the circle of human-machine interaction, and move toward applications in flexible electronics. Due to its potential scalability, disposability, and outstanding properties, graphene has been thoroughly studied in the field of mechanical transduction. The applications of graphene in mechanical transduction are reviewed here. An overview of sensor and actuator applications is provided, covering different transduction mechanisms such as piezoresistivity, capacitive sensing, optically interrogated displacement, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, electrostatic actuation, chemomechanical and thermomechanical actuation, as well as thermoacoustic emission. A critical review of the main approaches is presented within the scope of a wider discussion on the future of this so-called wonder material in the field of mechanical transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F Carvalho
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Bohdan Kulyk
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Elvira Fortunato
- I3N/CENIMAT, Materials Science Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Florinda M Costa
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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7
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Zhao ZJ, Ahn J, Lee D, Jeong CB, Kang M, Choi J, Bok M, Hwang S, Jeon S, Park S, Ko J, Chang KS, Choi JW, Park I, Jeong JH. Wafer-scale, highly uniform, and well-arrayed suspended nanostructures for enhancing the performance of electronic devices. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:1136-1143. [PMID: 34989389 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07375c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Suspended nanostructures play an important role in enhancing the performance of a diverse group of nanodevices. However, realizing a good arrangement and suspension for nanostructures of various shapes remains a significant challenge. Herein, a rapid and simple method for fabricating wafer-scale, highly uniform, well-arrayed suspended nanostructures via nanowelding lithography is reported. Suspended nanostructures with various shapes (nanowires, nanoholes, nanomesh, and nanofilms) and materials (gold, silver, and palladium metals) were employed to demonstrate the applicability of our method. Moreover, gas sensors and thermoacoustic speakers with suspended nanowires outperformed those with unsuspended nanostructures. The proposed method is expected to help advance the development of future nanodevices based on suspended nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhao
- Institute of Smart City and Intelligent Transportation, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 999 Pidu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junseong Ahn
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongheon Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Bae Jeong
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejion 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingu Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungrak Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moonjeong Bok
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soonhyoung Hwang
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sohee Jeon
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sooyeon Park
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Ko
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Soo Chang
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejion 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun-Ho Jeong
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Qiao Y, Li X, Jian J, Wu Q, Wei Y, Shuai H, Hirtz T, Zhi Y, Deng G, Wang Y, Gou G, Xu J, Cui T, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL. Substrate-Free Multilayer Graphene Electronic Skin for Intelligent Diagnosis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49945-49956. [PMID: 33090758 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Current wearable sensors are fabricated with substrates, which limits the comfort, flexibility, stretchability, and induces interface mismatch. In addition, the substrate prevents the evaporation of sweat and is harmful to skin health. In this work, we have enabled the substrate-free laser scribed graphene (SFG) electronic skin (e-skin) with multifunctions. Compared with the e-skin with the substrate, the SFG has good gas permeability, low impedance, and flexibility. Only assisted using water, the SFG can be transferred to almost any objects including silicon and human skin and it can even be suspended. Many through-holes like stomas in leaf can be formed in the SFG, which make it breathable. After designing the pattern, the gauge factor (GF) of graphene electronic skin (GES) can be designed as the strain sensor. Physiological signals such as respiration, human motion, and electrocardiogram (ECG) can be detected. Moreover, the suspended SFG detect vibrations with high sensitivity. Due to the substrate-free structure, the impedance between SFG e-skin and the human body decreases greatly. Finally, an ECG detecting system has been designed based on the GES, which can monitor the body condition in real time. To analyze the ECG signals automatically, a convolutional neural network (CNN) was built and trained successfully. This work has high potential in the field of health telemonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Qiao
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoshi Li
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinming Jian
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuhong Wei
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hua Shuai
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Thomas Hirtz
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yao Zhi
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ge Deng
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunfan Wang
- Institute of Electronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangyang Gou
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiandong Xu
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - He Tian
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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9
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Qiao Y, Gou G, Wu F, Jian J, Li X, Hirtz T, Zhao Y, Zhi Y, Wang F, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL. Graphene-Based Thermoacoustic Sound Source. ACS NANO 2020; 14:3779-3804. [PMID: 32186849 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b10020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermoacoustic (TA) effect has been discovered for more than 130 years. However, limited by the material characteristics, the performance of a TA sound source could not be compared with magnetoelectric and piezoelectric loudspeakers. Recently, graphene, a two-dimensional material with the lowest heat capacity per unit area, was discovered to have a good TA performance. Compared with a traditional sound source, graphene TA sound sources (GTASSs) have many advantages, such as small volume, no diaphragm vibration, wide frequency range, high transparency, good flexibility, and high sound pressure level (SPL). Therefore, graphene has a great potential as a next-generation sound source. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging can also be applied to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases using the photothermo-acoustic (PTA) effect. Therefore, in this review, we will introduce the history of TA devices. Then, the theory and simulation model of TA will be analyzed in detail. After that, we will talk about the graphene synthesis method. To improve the performance of GTASSs, many strategies such as lowering the thickness and using porous or suspended structures will be introduced. With a good PTA effect and large specific area, graphene PA imaging and drug delivery is a promising prospect in cancer treatment. Finally, the challenges and prospects of GTASSs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Qiao
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangyang Gou
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinming Jian
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoshi Li
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Thomas Hirtz
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunfei Zhao
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yao Zhi
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - He Tian
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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10
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Gou GY, Jin ML, Lee BJ, Tian H, Wu F, Li YT, Ju ZY, Jian JM, Geng XS, Ren J, Wei Y, Jiang GY, Qiao Y, Li X, Kim SJ, Gao M, Jung HT, Ahn CW, Yang Y, Ren TL. Flexible Two-Dimensional Ti 3C 2 MXene Films as Thermoacoustic Devices. ACS NANO 2019; 13:12613-12620. [PMID: 31525030 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MXenes have attracted great attention for their potential applications in electrochemical and electronic devices due to their excellent characteristics. Traditional sound sources based on the thermoacoustic effect demonstrated that a conductor needs to have an extremely low heat capacity and high thermal conductivity. Hence, a thin MXene film with a low heat capacity per unit area (HCPUA) and special layered structure is emerging as a promising candidate to build loudspeakers. However, the use of MXenes in a sound source device has not been explored. Herein, we have successfully prepared sound source devices on an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) and a flexible polyimide (PI) substrates by using the prepared Ti3C2 MXene nanoflakes. Due to the larger interlayer distance of MXene, the MXene-based sound source device has a higher sound pressure level (SPL) than that of graphene of the same thickness. High-quality Ti3C2 MXene nanoflakes were fabricated by selectively etching the Ti3AlC2 powder. The as-fabricated MXene sound source device on an AAO substrate exhibits a higher SPL of 68.2 dB (f = 15 kHz) and has a very stable sound spectrum output with frequency varying from 100 Hz to 20 kHz. A theoretical model has been built to explain the mechanism of the sound source device on an AAO substrate, matching well with the experimental results. Furthermore, the MXene sound source device based on a flexible PI substrate has been attached to the arms, back of the hand, and fingers, indicating an excellent acoustic wearability. Then, the MXene film is packaged successfully into a commercial earphone case and shows an excellent performance at high frequencies, which is very suitable for human audio equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ming Liang Jin
- Global Nanotechnology Development Team , National Nanofab Center (NNFC) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
- Institute for Future , Qingdao University , Shandong 266071 , China
| | - Byeong-Joo Lee
- Global Nanotechnology Development Team , National Nanofab Center (NNFC) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Seon Joon Kim
- Materials Architecturing Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Chi Won Ahn
- Global Nanotechnology Development Team , National Nanofab Center (NNFC) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
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11
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Qiao Y, Li X, Hirtz T, Deng G, Wei Y, Li M, Ji S, Wu Q, Jian J, Wu F, Shen Y, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL. Graphene-based wearable sensors. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18923-18945. [PMID: 31532436 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05532k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The human body is a "delicate machine" full of sensors such as the fingers, nose, and mouth. In addition, numerous physiological signals are being created every moment, which can reflect the condition of the body. The quality and the quantity of the physiological signals are important for diagnoses and the execution of therapies. Due to the incompact interface between the sensors and the skin, the signals obtained by commercial rigid sensors do not bond well with the body; this decreases the quality of the signal. To increase the quantity of the data, it is important to detect physiological signals in real time during daily life. In recent years, there has been an obvious trend of applying graphene devices with excellent performance (flexibility, biocompatibility, and electronic characters) in wearable systems. In this review, we will first provide an introduction about the different methods of synthesis of graphene, and then techniques for graphene patterning will be outlined. Moreover, wearable graphene sensors to detect mechanical, electrophysiological, fluid, and gas signals will be introduced. Finally, the challenges and prospects of wearable graphene devices will be discussed. Wearable graphene sensors can improve the quality and quantity of the physiological signals and have great potential for health-care and telemedicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Qiao
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xiaoshi Li
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Thomas Hirtz
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Ge Deng
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yuhong Wei
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Mingrui Li
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Shourui Ji
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. and School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jinming Jian
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Fan Wu
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - He Tian
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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12
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Nicola FD, Tenuzzo LD, Viola I, Zhang R, Zhu H, Marcelli A, Lupi S. Ultimate Photo-Thermo-Acoustic Efficiency of Graphene Aerogels. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13386. [PMID: 31527751 PMCID: PMC6746718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to generate, amplify, mix, and modulate sound with no harmonic distortion in a passive opto-acoustic device would revolutionize the field of acoustics. The photo-thermo-acoustic (PTA) effect allows to transduce light into sound without any bulk electro-mechanically moving parts and electrical connections, as for conventional loudspeakers. Also, PTA devices can be integrated with standard silicon complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication techniques. Here, we demonstrate that the ultimate PTA efficiency of graphene aerogels, depending on their particular thermal and optical properties, can be experimentally achieved by reducing their mass density. Furthermore, we illustrate that the aerogels behave as an omnidirectional pointsource throughout the audible range with no harmonic distortion. This research represents a breakthrough for audio-visual consumer technologies and it could pave the way to novel opto-acoustic sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Nicola
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Donato Tenuzzo
- Department of Physics, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Viola
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, S.Li.M Lab, Department of Physics, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Rujing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Augusto Marcelli
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044, Frascati, Italy.,RICMASS, Rome International Center for Materials Science Superstripes, Via dei Sabelli 119A, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Lupi
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.,Department of Physics, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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13
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Wei Y, Qiao Y, Jiang G, Wang Y, Wang F, Li M, Zhao Y, Tian Y, Gou G, Tan S, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL. A Wearable Skinlike Ultra-Sensitive Artificial Graphene Throat. ACS NANO 2019; 13:8639-8647. [PMID: 31268667 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Most mute people cannot speak due to their vocal cord lesion. Herein, to assist mute people to "speak", we proposed a wearable skinlike ultrasensitive artificial graphene throat (WAGT) that integrated both sound/motion detection and sound emission in single device. In this work, the growth and patterning of graphene can be realized at the same time, and a thin poly(vinyl alcohol) film with laser-scribed graphene was obtained by a water-assisted transferring process. In virtue of the skinlike and low-resistant substrate, the WAGT has a high detection sensitivity (relative resistance changes up to 150% at 133 Ω) and an excellent sound-emitting ability (up to 75 dB at 0.38 W power and 2 mm distance). On the basis of the excellent mechanical-electrical performance of graphene structure, the sound detecting and emitting mechanisms of WAGT are realized and discussed. For sound detection, both the motion of larynx and vibration of vocal cord contribute to throat movements. For sound emission, a thermal acoustic model for WAGT was established to reveal the principle of sound emitting. More importantly, a homemade circuit board was fabricated to build a dual-mode system, combining the detection and emitting systems. Meanwhile, different human motions, such as strong and small throat movements, were also detected and transformed into different sounds like "OK" and "NO". Therefore, the implementation of these sound/motion detection acoustic systems enable graphene to achieve device-level applications to system-level applications, and those graphene acoustic systems are wearable for its miniaturization and light weight.
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14
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Koshida N, Nakamura T. Emerging Functions of Nanostructured Porous Silicon-With a Focus on the Emissive Properties of Photons, Electrons, and Ultrasound. Front Chem 2019; 7:273. [PMID: 31069217 PMCID: PMC6491725 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent topics of application studies on porous silicon (PS) are reviewed here with a focus on the emissive properties of visible light, quasiballistic hot electrons, and acoustic wave. By exposing PS in solvents to pulse laser, size-controlled nc-Si dot colloids can be formed through fragmentation of the PS layer with a considerably higher yield than the conventional techniques such as laser ablation of bulk silicon and sol-gel precursor process. Fabricated colloidal samples show strong visible photoluminescence (~40% in quantum efficiency in the red band). This provides an energy- and cost-effective route for production of nc-Si quantum dots. A multiple-tunneling transport mode through nc-Si dot chain induces efficient quasiballistic hot electron emission from an nc-Si diode. Both the efficiency and the output electron energy dispersion are remarkably improved by using monolayer graphene as a surface electrode. Being a relatively low operating voltage device compatible with silicon planar fabrication process, the emitter is applicable to mask-less parallel lithography under an active matrix drive. It has been demonstrated that the integrated 100 × 100 emitter array is useful for multibeam lithography and that the selected emission pattern is delineated with little distortion. Highly reducing activity of emitted electrons is applicable to liquid-phase thin film deposition of metals (Cu) and semiconductors (Si, Ge, and SiGe). Due to an extremely low thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of nc-Si layer, on the other hand, thermo-acoustic conversion is enhanced to a practical level. A temperature fluctuation produced at the surface of nc-Si layer is quickly transferred into air, and then an acoustic wave is emitted without any mechanical vibrations. The non-resonant and broad-band emissivity with low harmonic distortions makes it possible to use the emitter for generating audible sound under a full digital drive and reproducing complicated ultrasonic communication calls between mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Koshida
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakamura
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Ding H, Shu X, Jin Y, Fan T, Zhang H. Recent advances in nanomaterial-enabled acoustic devices for audible sound generation and detection. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:5839-5860. [PMID: 30892308 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09736d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic devices are widely applied in telephone communication, human-computer voice interaction systems, medical ultrasound examination, and other applications. However, traditional acoustic devices are hard to integrate into a flexible system and therefore it is necessary to fabricate light weight and flexible acoustic devices for audible sound generation and detection. Recent advances in acoustic devices have greatly overcome the limitations of conventional acoustic sensors in terms of sensitivity, tunability, photostability, and in vivo applicability by employing nanomaterials. In this review, light weight and flexible nanomaterial-enabled acoustic devices (NEADs) including sound generators and sound detectors are covered. Additionally, the fundamental concepts of acoustic as well as the working principle of the NEAD are introduced in detail. Also, the structures of future acoustic devices, such as flexible earphones and microphones, are forecasted. Further exploration of flexible acoustic devices is a key priority and will have a great impact on the advancement of intelligent robot-human interaction and flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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16
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On the Frequency Response of Nanostructured Thermoacoustic Loudspeakers. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8100833. [PMID: 30322201 PMCID: PMC6215159 DOI: 10.3390/nano8100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the thermal and acoustic frequency responses of nanostructured thermoacoustic loudspeakers. An opposite frequency dependence of thermal and acoustic responses was found independently of the device substrate (Kapton and glass) and the nanometric active film (silver nanowires and nm-thick metal films). The experimental results are interpreted with the support of a comprehensive electro-thermo-acoustic model, allowing for the separation of the purely thermal effects from the proper thermoacoustic (TA) transduction. The thermal interactions causing the reported opposite trends are understood, providing useful insights for the further development of the TA loudspeaker technology.
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17
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Kang S, Cho S, Shanker R, Lee H, Park J, Um DS, Lee Y, Ko H. Transparent and conductive nanomembranes with orthogonal silver nanowire arrays for skin-attachable loudspeakers and microphones. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaas8772. [PMID: 30083604 PMCID: PMC6070362 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aas8772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate ultrathin, transparent, and conductive hybrid nanomembranes (NMs) with nanoscale thickness, consisting of an orthogonal silver nanowire array embedded in a polymer matrix. Hybrid NMs significantly enhance the electrical and mechanical properties of ultrathin polymer NMs, which can be intimately attached to human skin. As a proof of concept, we present a skin-attachable NM loudspeaker, which exhibits a significant enhancement in thermoacoustic capabilities without any significant heat loss from the substrate. We also present a wearable transparent NM microphone combined with a micropyramid-patterned polydimethylsiloxane film, which provides excellent acoustic sensing capabilities based on a triboelectric voltage signal. Furthermore, the NM microphone can be used to provide a user interface for a personal voice-based security system in that it can accurately recognize a user's voice. This study addressed the NM-based conformal electronics required for acoustic device platforms, which could be further expanded for application to conformal wearable sensors and health care devices.
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18
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Dzikowicz BR, Tressler JF, Baldwin JW. Cylindrical heat conduction and structural acoustic models for enclosed fiber array thermophones. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 142:3187. [PMID: 29195457 DOI: 10.1121/1.5011160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Calculation of the heat loss for thermophone heating elements is a function of their geometry and the thermodynamics of their surroundings. Steady-state behavior is difficult to establish or evaluate as heat is only flowing in one direction in the device. However, for a heating element made from an array of carbon fibers in a planar enclosure, several assumptions can be made, leading to simple solutions of the heat equation. These solutions can be used to more carefully determine the efficiency of thermophones of this geometry. Acoustic response is predicted with the application of a Helmholtz resonator and thin plate structural acoustics models. A laboratory thermophone utilizing a sparse horizontal array of fine (6.7 μm diameter) carbon fibers is designed and tested. Experimental results are compared with the model. The model is also used to examine the optimal array density for maximal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Dzikowicz
- Naval Research Laboratory, Physical Acoustics Branch, Code 7130, 4555 Overlook Avenue Southwest, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - James F Tressler
- Naval Research Laboratory, Physical Acoustics Branch, Code 7130, 4555 Overlook Avenue Southwest, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Baldwin
- Naval Research Laboratory, Physical Acoustics Branch, Code 7130, 4555 Overlook Avenue Southwest, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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19
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Heath MS, Horsell DW. Multi-frequency sound production and mixing in graphene. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1363. [PMID: 28465601 PMCID: PMC5430977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to generate, amplify, mix and modulate sound in one simple electronic device would open up a new world in acoustics. Here we show how to build such a device. It generates sound thermoacoustically by Joule heating in graphene. A rich sonic palette is created by controlling the composition and flow of the electric current through the graphene. This includes frequency mixing (heterodyning), which results exclusively from the Joule mechanism. It also includes shaping of the sound spectrum by a dc current and modulating its amplitude with a transistor gate. We show that particular sounds are indicators of nonlinearity and can be used to quantify nonlinear contributions to the conduction. From our work, we expect to see novel uses of acoustics in metrology, sensing and signal processing. Together with the optical qualities of graphene, its acoustic capabilities should inspire the development of the first combined audio-visual nanotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Heath
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - D W Horsell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
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20
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Kim CS, Lee KE, Lee JM, Kim SO, Cho BJ, Choi JW. Application of N-Doped Three-Dimensional Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogel to Thin Film Loudspeaker. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:22295-22300. [PMID: 27532328 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We built a thermoacoustic loudspeaker employing N-doped three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide aerogel (N-rGOA) based on a simple template-free fabrication method. A two-step fabrication process, which includes freeze-drying and reduction/doping, was used to realize a three-dimensional, freestanding, and porous graphene-based loudspeaker, whose macroscopic structure can be easily modulated. The simplified fabrication process also allows the control of structural properties of the N-rGOAs, including density and area. Taking advantage of the facile fabrication process, we fabricated and analyzed thermoacoustic loudspeakers with different structural properties. The anlayses showed that a N-rGOA with lower density and larger area can produce a higher sound pressure level (SPL). Furthermore, the resistance of the proposed loudspeaker can be easily controlled through heteroatom doping, thereby helping to generate higher SPL per unit driving voltage. Our success in constructing an array of optimized N-rGOAs able to withstand input power as high as 40 W demonstrates that a practical thermoacoustic loudspeaker can be fabricated using the proposed mass-producible solution-based process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Sun Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative (CRI) Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Material Science and Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative (CRI) Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Material Science and Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Jin Cho
- School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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