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Fu Z, Zhang Z, Chu M, Kan N, Xiao Y, Peng H. A starch-binding domain of α-amylase (AmyPG) disrupts the structure of raw starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128673. [PMID: 38070806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Most raw starch-digesting enzymes possess at least one non-catalytic starch-binding domain (SBD), which enhances enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble starch granules. Previous studies of SBD-starch interaction mainly focus on binding affinity for substrates, while the mechanism involved disruption of starch granules remains partially understood. Raw starch-digesting α-amylases AmyPG and AmyP were from Photobacterium gaetbulicola and an uncultured marine bacterium, respectively. Here, comparative studies on the two α-amylases and their SBDs (SBDPG and SBDAmyP) with high sequence identity were carried out. The degradation capacity of AmyPG towards raw starch was approximately 2-fold higher than that of AmyP, which was due to the stronger disruptive ability of SBDPG rather than the binding ability. Two non-binding amino acids (K626, T618) of SBDPG that specifically support the disruptive ability were first identified using affinity gel electrophoresis, amylose‑iodine absorbance spectra, and differential scanning calorimetry. The mutants SBDPG-K626A and SBDPG-T618A exhibited stronger disruptive ability, while the corresponding mutants of AmyPG enhanced the final hydrolysis degree of raw starch. The results confirmed that the disruptive ability of SBD can independently affect raw starch hydrolysis. This advancement in the functional characterization of SBDs contributes to a better understanding of enzyme-starch granule interactions, pushing forward designs of raw starch-digesting enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Fu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, PR China
| | - Zhenbiao Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, PR China
| | - Mingyue Chu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, PR China
| | - Naimeng Kan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hui Peng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, PR China.
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2
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Sidar A, Voshol GP, Vijgenboom E, Punt PJ. Novel Design of an α-Amylase with an N-Terminal CBM20 in Aspergillus niger Improves Binding and Processing of a Broad Range of Starches. Molecules 2023; 28:5033. [PMID: 37446690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the starch processing industry including the food and pharmaceutical industries, α-amylase is an important enzyme that hydrolyses the α-1,4 glycosidic bonds in starch, producing shorter maltooligosaccharides. In plants, starch molecules are organised in granules that are very compact and rigid. The level of starch granule rigidity affects resistance towards enzymatic hydrolysis, resulting in inefficient starch degradation by industrially available α-amylases. In an approach to enhance starch hydrolysis, the domain architecture of a Glycoside Hydrolase (GH) family 13 α-amylase from Aspergillus niger was engineered. In all fungal GH13 α-amylases that carry a carbohydrate binding domain (CBM), these modules are of the CBM20 family and are located at the C-terminus of the α-amylase domain. To explore the role of the domain order, a new GH13 gene encoding an N-terminal CBM20 domain was designed and found to be fully functional. The starch binding capacity and enzymatic activity of N-terminal CBM20 α-amylase was found to be superior to that of native GH13 without CBM20. Based on the kinetic parameters, the engineered N-terminal CBM20 variant displayed surpassing activity rates compared to the C-terminal CBM20 version for the degradation on a wide range of starches, including the more resistant raw potato starch for which it exhibits a two-fold higher Vmax underscoring the potential of domain engineering for these carbohydrate active enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andika Sidar
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Gerben P Voshol
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- GenomeScan, 2333 BZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Vijgenboom
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Punt
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Ginkgo Bioworks, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
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3
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Ding N, Zhao B, Han X, Li C, Gu Z, Li Z. Starch-Binding Domain Modulates the Specificity of Maltopentaose Production at Moderate Temperatures. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9057-9065. [PMID: 35829707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Maltooligosaccharide-forming amylases (MFAs) hydrolyze starch into maltooligosaccharides with a defined degree of polymerization. However, the enzymatic mechanism underlying the product specificity remains partially understood. Here, we show that Saccharophagus degradans MFA (SdMFA) contains a noncatalytic starch-binding domain (SBD), which belongs to the carbohydrate-binding module family 20 and enables modulation of the product specificity. Removal of SBD from SdMFA resulted in a 3.5-fold lower production of the target maltopentaose. Conversely, appending SBD to another MFA from Bacillus megaterium improved the specificity for maltopentaose. SdMFA exhibited a higher level of exo-action and greater product specificity when reacting with amylopectin than with amylose. Our structural analysis and molecular dynamics simulation suggested that SBD could promote the recognition of nonreducing ends of substrates and delivery of the substrate chain to a groove end toward the active site in the catalytic domain. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a moderate temperature could mediate SBD to interact with the substrate with loose affinity, which facilitates the substrate to slide toward the active site. Together, our study reveals the structural and conditional bases for the specificity of MFAs, providing generalizable strategies to engineer MFAs and optimize the biosynthesis of maltooligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Boyang Zhao
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Xu Han
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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4
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Han X, Ding N, Ban X, Gu Z, Cheng L, Hong Y, Li C, Li Z. Fusion of maltooligosaccharide-forming amylases from two origins for the improvement of maltopentaose synthesis. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110735. [PMID: 34865754 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Maltopentaose-forming amylases are promising enzymes for their ability to hydrolyze starch and produce functional maltooligosaccharides. Two maltopentaose-forming amylase genes from Bacillus megaterium (BmMFA) and Saccharophagus degradans (SdMFA) were expressed heterologously and their characteristics were analyzed. BmMFA has substantial thermostability and SdMFA owns superior product specificity. The carbohydrate-binding module of SdMFA was fused with BmMFA and the fused protein showed ideal enzymatic properties and displayed potential for industrial production of maltopentaose. Under the optimized conditions, the final product containing 47.41% maltopentaose was obtained with a conversion rate of 92.67% from starch. This study provides a novel strategy for the directed modification of MFAses through protein fusion approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Ning Ding
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Li Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Yan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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5
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Ngo ST, Tran-Le PD, Ho GT, Le LQ, Bui LM, Vu BK, Thu Phung HT, Nguyen HD, Vo TS, Vu VV. Interaction of carbohydrate binding module 20 with starch substrates. RSC Adv 2019; 9:24833-24842. [PMID: 35528656 PMCID: PMC9069913 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01981b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CBM20s are starch-binding domains found in many amylolytic enzymes, including glucoamylase, alpha-amylase, beta-amylases, and a new family of starch-active polysaccharide monooxygenases (AA13 PMOs). Previous studies of CBM20–substrate interaction only concerned relatively small or soluble amylose molecules, while amylolytic enzymes often work on extended chains of insoluble starch molecules. In this study, we utilized molecular simulation techniques to gain further insights into the interaction of CBM20 with substrates of various sizes via its two separate binding sites, termed as BdS1 and BdS2. Results show that substrate binding at BdS1 involving two conserved tryptophan residues is about 2–4 kcal mol−1 stronger than that at BdS2. CBM20 exhibits about two-fold higher affinity for helical substrates than for the amylose random coils. The affinity for amylose individual double helices does not depend on the helices' length. At least three parallel double helices are required for optimal binding. The binding affinity for a substrate containing 3 or more double helices is ∼−15 kcal mol−1, which is 2–3 kcal mol−1 larger than that for individual double helices. 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for the binding of CBM20 to an extended substrate containing 3 layers of 9 60-unit double helices (A3L). A stable conformation of CBM20–A3L was found at BdS1. However, when CBM20 binds A3L viaBdS2, it moves across the surface of the substrate and does not form a stable complex. MD simulations show that small amylose helices are quickly disrupted upon binding to CBM20. Our results provide some important molecular insights into the interactions of CBM20 with starch substrates, which will serve as the basis for further studies of CBM20-containing enzymes, including AA13 PMOs. CBM20 quickly disrupts small helical amylose substrates and exhibits optimal binding affinity when the substrate has three or more parallel double helices.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Tung Ngo
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics
- Ton Duc Thang University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences
| | | | - Giap T. Ho
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
| | - Loan Q. Le
- Institute of Tropical Biology
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
| | - Le Minh Bui
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
| | - Bao Khanh Vu
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
| | | | - Hoang-Dung Nguyen
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
- Institute of Tropical Biology
| | - Thanh-Sang Vo
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
| | - Van V. Vu
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
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6
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Gunning AP, Morris VJ. Getting the feel of food structure with atomic force microscopy. Food Hydrocoll 2018; 78:62-76. [PMID: 29725154 PMCID: PMC5873460 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the progress in the development of the atomic force microscope as an imaging tool and a force transducer, with particular reference to applications in food science. Use as an imaging tool has matured and emphasis is placed on the novel insights gained from the use of the technique to study food macromolecules and food colloids, and the subsequent applications of this new knowledge in food science. Use as a force transducer is still emerging and greater emphasis is given on the methodology and analysis. Where available, applications of force measurements between molecules or between larger colloidal particles are discussed, where they have led to new insights or solved problems related to food science. The future prospects of the technique in imaging or through force measurements are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Patrick Gunning
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK1
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7
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Huang XF, Nazarian F, Vincken JP, Visser RGF, Trindade LM. A tandem CBM25 domain of α-amylase from Microbacterium aurum as potential tool for targeting proteins to starch granules during starch biosynthesis. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:86. [PMID: 29202734 PMCID: PMC5715617 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch-binding domains from carbohydrate binding module family 20 have been used as a tool for starch engineering. Previous studies showed that expression of starch binding domain fusion proteins in planta resulted in modified starch granule structures and physicochemical properties. However, although 13 carbohydrate binding module families have been reported to contain starch-binding domains, only starch-binding domains from carbohydrate binding module family 20 have been well studied and introduced into plants successfully. In this study, two fragments, the tandem CBM25 domain and the tandem CBM25 with multiple fibronectin type III (FN3) domains of the α-amylase enzyme from Microbacterium aurum, were expressed in the tubers of a wild type potato cultivar (cv. Kardal) and an amylose-free (amf) potato mutant. RESULTS The (CBM25)2 and FN3 protein were successfully accumulated in the starch granules of both Kardal and amf transformants. The accumulation of (CBM25)2 protein did not result in starch morphological alterations in Kardal but gave rise to rough starch granules in amf, while the FN3 resulted in morphological changes of starch granules (helical starch granules in Kardal and rough surface granules in amf) but only at a very low frequency. The starches of the different transformants did not show significant differences in starch size distribution, apparent amylose content, and physico-chemical properties in comparison to that of untransformed controls. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the starch-binding domains from carbohydrate binding module family 25 can be used as a novel tool for targeting proteins to starch granules during starch biosynthesis without side-effects on starch morphology, composition and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Feng Huang
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Campus delivery 1370, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Farhad Nazarian
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Agronomy and plant breeding group, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lorestan, P.O.Box 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luisa M. Trindade
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Zhang D, Tu T, Wang Y, Li Y, Luo X, Zheng F, Wang X, Bai Y, Huang H, Su X, Yao B, Zhang T, Luo H. Improving the Catalytic Performance of a Talaromyces leycettanus α-Amylase by Changing the Linker Length. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5041-5048. [PMID: 28573852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel α-amylase, Amy13A, that consists of these domains was identified in Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802: catalytic TIM-barrel fold, domain B, domain C, Thr/Ser-rich linker region, and C-terminal CBM20 domain. The wild type and three mutant enzymes were then expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 to identify the roles of linker length (Amy13A21 and Amy13A33) and CBM20 (Amy13A-CBM) in catalysis. All enzymes had similar enzymatic properties, exhibiting optimal activities at pH 4.5-5.0 and 55-60 °C, but varied in catalytic performance. When using soluble starch as the substrate, Amy13A21 and Amy13A33 showed specific activities (926.3 and 537.8 units/mg, respectively, vs 252.1 units/mg) and catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km, 25.7 and 22.0 mL s-1 mg-1, respectively, vs 15.4 mL s-1 mg-1) higher than those of the wild type, while Amy13A-CBM performed worse during catalysis. This study reveals the key roles of the CBM and linker length in the catalysis of GH13 α-amylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tao Tu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yeqing Li
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yingguo Bai
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
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9
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Humbert P, Vemmer M, Giampà M, Bednarz H, Niehaus K, Patel AV. Co-encapsulation of amyloglucosidase with starch and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as basis for a long-lasting CO 2 release. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:71. [PMID: 28289929 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
CO2 is known as a major attractant for many arthropod pests which can be exploited for pest control within novel attract-and-kill strategies. This study reports on the development of a slow-release system for CO2 based on calcium alginate beads containing granular corn starch, amyloglucosidase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our aim was to evaluate the conditions which influence the CO2 release and to clarify the biochemical reactions taking place within the beads. The amyloglucosidase was immobilized with a high encapsulation efficiency of 87% in Ca-alginate beads supplemented with corn starch and S. cerevisiae biomass. The CO2 release from the beads was shown to be significantly affected by the concentration of amyloglucosidase and corn starch within the beads as well as by the incubation temperature. Beads prepared with 0.1 amyloglucosidase units/g matrix solution led to a long-lasting CO2 emission at temperatures between 6 and 25 °C. Starch degradation data correlated well with the CO2 release from beads during incubation and scanning electron microscopy micrographs visualized the degradation of corn starch granules by the co-encapsulated amyloglucosidase. By implementing MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry imaging for the analysis of Ca-alginate beads, we verified that the encapsulated amyloglucosidase converts starch into glucose which is immediately consumed by S. cerevisiae cells. When applied into the soil, the beads increased the CO2 concentration in soil significantly. Finally, we demonstrated that dried beads showed a CO2 production in soil comparable to the moist beads. The long-lasting CO2-releasing beads will pave the way towards novel attract-and-kill strategies in pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Humbert
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Interaktion 1, 33619, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marina Vemmer
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Interaktion 1, 33619, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marco Giampà
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Proteome and Metabolome Research, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hanna Bednarz
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Proteome and Metabolome Research, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Proteome and Metabolome Research, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anant V Patel
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Interaktion 1, 33619, Bielefeld, Germany.
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10
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High throughput screening of starch structures using carbohydrate microarrays. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30551. [PMID: 27468930 PMCID: PMC4965820 DOI: 10.1038/srep30551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we introduce the starch-recognising carbohydrate binding module family 20 (CBM20) from Aspergillus niger for screening biological variations in starch molecular structure using high throughput carbohydrate microarray technology. Defined linear, branched and phosphorylated maltooligosaccharides, pure starch samples including a variety of different structures with variations in the amylopectin branching pattern, amylose content and phosphate content, enzymatically modified starches and glycogen were included. Using this technique, different important structures, including amylose content and branching degrees could be differentiated in a high throughput fashion. The screening method was validated using transgenic barley grain analysed during development and subjected to germination. Typically, extreme branching or linearity were detected less than normal starch structures. The method offers the potential for rapidly analysing resistant and slowly digested dietary starches.
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11
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Reyes I, Cruz-Sosa F, Roman-Guerrero A, Vernon-Carter EJ, Alvarez-Ramirez J. Structural changes of corn starch duringSaccharomyces cerevisiaefermentation. STARCH-STARKE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Reyes
- Departamento de Biotecnologia; Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa; Iztapalapa Mexico
| | - Francisco Cruz-Sosa
- Departamento de Biotecnologia; Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa; Iztapalapa Mexico
| | - Angelica Roman-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biotecnologia; Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa; Iztapalapa Mexico
| | - E. Jaime Vernon-Carter
- Departamento de Ingenieria de Procesos e Hidraulica; Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa; Iztapalapa Mexico
| | - Jose Alvarez-Ramirez
- Departamento de Ingenieria de Procesos e Hidraulica; Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa; Iztapalapa Mexico
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12
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Valk V, Lammerts van Bueren A, Kaaij RM, Dijkhuizen L. Carbohydrate‐binding module 74 is a novel starch‐binding domain associated with large and multidomain α‐amylase enzymes. FEBS J 2016; 283:2354-68. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Valk
- Microbial Physiology Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB) The Netherlands
| | | | - Rachel M. Kaaij
- Microbial Physiology Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB) The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB) The Netherlands
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13
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Bertrand E, Vandenberghe LPS, Soccol CR, Sigoillot JC, Faulds C. First Generation Bioethanol. GREEN FUELS TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30205-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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14
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15
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Zhang B, Dhital S, Gidley MJ. Densely packed matrices as rate determining features in starch hydrolysis. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Zhang B, Dhital S, Gidley MJ. Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects of α-Amylase and Amyloglucosidase on Starch Digestion. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1945-54. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Centre for
Nutrition and Food Sciences, ARC Centre
of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture
and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sushil Dhital
- Centre for
Nutrition and Food Sciences, ARC Centre
of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture
and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J. Gidley
- Centre for
Nutrition and Food Sciences, ARC Centre
of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture
and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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17
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Waduge RN, Xu S, Bertoft E, Seetharaman K. Exploring the surface morphology of developing wheat starch granules by using Atomic Force Microscopy. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201200172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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18
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Park H, Xu S, Seetharaman K. A novel in situ atomic force microscopy imaging technique to probe surface morphological features of starch granules. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:847-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Wei W, Qu K, Ren J, Qu X. Chiral detection using reusable fluorescent amylose-functionalized graphene. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00308a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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A Review of the Application of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in Food Science and Technology. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2011; 62:201-40. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385989-1.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Waduge R, Xu S, Seetharaman K. Iodine absorption properties and its effect on the crystallinity of developing wheat starch granules. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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23
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Blennow A, Svensson B. Dynamics of starch granule biogenesis – the role of redox-regulated enzymes and low-affinity carbohydrate-binding modules. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242420903408211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Kumar P, Satyanarayana T. Microbial glucoamylases: characteristics and applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2009; 29:225-55. [DOI: 10.1080/07388550903136076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Christiansen C, Abou Hachem M, Janecek S, Viksø-Nielsen A, Blennow A, Svensson B. The carbohydrate-binding module family 20--diversity, structure, and function. FEBS J 2009; 276:5006-29. [PMID: 19682075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Starch-active enzymes often possess starch-binding domains (SBDs) mediating attachment to starch granules and other high molecular weight substrates. SBDs are divided into nine carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) families, and CBM20 is the earliest-assigned and best characterized family. High diversity characterizes CBM20s, which occur in starch-active glycoside hydrolase families 13, 14, 15, and 77, and enzymes involved in starch or glycogen metabolism, exemplified by the starch-phosphorylating enzyme glucan, water dikinase 3 from Arabidopsis thaliana and the mammalian glycogen phosphatases, laforins. The clear evolutionary relatedness of CBM20s to CBM21s, CBM48s and CBM53s suggests a common clan hosting most of the known SBDs. This review surveys the diversity within the CBM20 family, and makes an evolutionary comparison with CBM21s, CBM48s and CBM53s, discussing intrafamily and interfamily relationships. Data on binding to and enzymatic activity towards soluble ligands and starch granules are summarized for wild-type, mutant and chimeric fusion proteins involving CBM20s. Noticeably, whereas CBM20s in amylolytic enzymes confer moderate binding affinities, with dissociation constants in the low micromolar range for the starch mimic beta-cyclodextrin, recent findings indicate that CBM20s in regulatory enzymes have weaker, low millimolar affinities, presumably facilitating dynamic regulation. Structures of CBM20s, including the first example of a full-length glucoamylase featuring both the catalytic domain and the SBD, are summarized, and distinct architectural and functional features of the two SBDs and roles of pivotal amino acids in binding are described. Finally, some applications of SBDs as affinity or immobilization tags and, recently, in biofuel and in planta bioengineering are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Christiansen
- VKR Research Centre Pro-Active Plants, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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26
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Nielsen MM, Seo ES, Dilokpimol A, Andersen J, Abou Hachem M, Naested H, Willemoës M, Bozonnet S, Kandra L, Gyémánt G, Haser R, Aghajari N, Svensson B. Roles of multiple surface sites, long substrate binding clefts, and carbohydrate binding modules in the action of amylolytic enzymes on polysaccharide substrates. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420701789528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Hachem MA, Bozonnet S, Willemoës M, Kramhøft B, Fukuda K, Bønsager BC, Jensen MT, Nøhr J, Tranier S, Juge N, Robert X, Haser R, Aghajari N, Svensson B. Interactions of barley α-amylase isozymes with Ca2 + , substrates and proteinaceous inhibitors. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420500516163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Viksø-Nielsen A, Andersen C, Hoff T, Pedersen S. Development of new α-amylases for raw starch hydrolysis. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420500519191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Christiansen C, Hachem MA, Glaring MA, Viksø-Nielsen A, Sigurskjold BW, Svensson B, Blennow A. A CBM20 low-affinity starch-binding domain from glucan, water dikinase. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1159-63. [PMID: 19275898 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The family 20 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM20) of the Arabidopsis starch phosphorylator glucan, water dikinase 3 (GWD3) was heterologously produced and its properties were compared to the CBM20 from a fungal glucoamylase (GA). The GWD3 CBM20 has 50-fold lower affinity for cyclodextrins than that from GA. Homology modelling identified possible structural elements responsible for this weak binding of the intracellular CBM20. Differential binding of fluorescein-labelled GWD3 and GA modules to starch granules in vitro was demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy and yellow fluorescent protein-tagged GWD3 CBM20 expressed in tobacco confirmed binding to starch granules in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Christiansen
- VKR Research Centre, Pro-Active Plants, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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30
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Kobori T, Matsumoto A, Sugiyama S. pH-Dependent interaction between sodium caseinate and xanthan gum. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Burey P, Bhandari B, Rutgers R, Halley P, Torley P. Confectionery Gels: A Review on Formulation, Rheological and Structural Aspects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910802223404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Effects of heating modes and sources on nanostructure of gelatinized starch molecules using atomic force microscopy. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2007.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Ramachandran N, Joubert L, Gundlapalli SB, Cordero Otero RR, Pretorius IS. The effect of flocculation on the efficiency of raw-starch fermentation bySaccharomyces cerevisiae producing theLipomyces kononenkoae LKA1-encoded α-amylase. ANN MICROBIOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03179452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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34
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Firouzabadi FN, Vincken JP, Ji Q, Suurs LCJM, Buléon A, Visser RGF. Accumulation of multiple-repeat starch-binding domains (SBD2-SBD5) does not reduce amylose content of potato starch granules. PLANTA 2007; 225:919-33. [PMID: 17039369 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates whether it is possible to produce an amylose-free potato starch by displacing the amylose enzyme, granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), from the starch granule by engineered, high-affinity, multiple-repeat family 20 starch-binding domains (SBD2, SBD3, SBD4, and SBD5). The constructs were introduced in the amylose-containing potato cultivar (cv. Kardal), and the starches of the resulting transformants were compared with those of SBD2-expressing amylose-free (amf) potato clones. It is shown that a correctly sized protein accumulated in the starch granules of the various transformants. The amount of SBD accumulated in starch increased progressively from SBD to SBD3; however, it seemed as if less SBD4 and SBD5 was accumulated. A reduction in amylose content was not achieved in any of the transformants. However, it is shown that SBDn expression can affect physical processes underlying granule assembly, in both genetic potato backgrounds, without altering the primary structure of the constituent starch polymers and the granule melting temperature. Granule size distribution of the starches obtained from transgenic Kardal plants were similar to those from untransformed controls, irrespective of the amount of SBDn accumulated. In the amf background, granule size is severely affected. In both the Kardal and amf background, apparently normal oval-shaped starch granules were composed of multiple smaller ones, as evidenced from the many "Maltese crosses" within these granules. The results are discussed in terms of different binding modes of SBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Nazarian Firouzabadi
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
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35
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Wong DWS, Robertson GH, Lee CC, Wagschal K. Synergistic Action of Recombinant α-Amylase and Glucoamylase on the Hydrolysis of Starch Granules. Protein J 2007; 26:159-64. [PMID: 17203391 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-006-9057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Barley alpha-amylase 1 mutant (AMY) and Lentinula edodes glucoamylase (GLA) were cloned and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The purified recombinant AMY hydrolyzed corn and wheat starch granules, respectively, at rates 1.7 and 2.5 times that of GLA under the same reaction conditions. AMY and GLA synergistically enhanced the rate of hydrolysis by approximately 3x for corn and wheat starch granules, compared to the sum of the individual activities. The exo-endo synergism did not change by varying the ratio of the two enzymes when the total concentration was kept constant. A yield of 4% conversion was obtained after 25 min 37 degrees C incubation (1 unit total enzyme, 15 mg raw starch granules, pH 5.3). The temperature stability of the enzyme mixtures was < or =50 degrees C, but the initial rate of hydrolysis continued to increase with higher temperatures. Ca(++) enhanced the stability of the free enzymes at 50 degrees C incubation. Inhibition was observed with the addition of 10 mM Fe(++) or Cu(++), while Mg(++ )and EDTA had lesser effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W S Wong
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-ARS, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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36
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Nazarian Firouzabadi F, Vincken JP, Ji Q, Suurs LCJM, Visser RGF. Expression of an engineered granule-bound Escherichia coli maltose acetyltransferase in wild-type and amf potato plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2007; 5:134-45. [PMID: 17207263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Starch is used in many industrial applications, but often requires chemical derivatization to enhance its properties before use. In particular, the stability of starch polymers in solution is improved by acetylation. A drawback of this treatment is the use of pollutant chemicals. A biological alternative to chemical derivatization was investigated by the expression of an amyloplast-targeted Escherichia coli maltose acetyltransferase (MAT) gene in tubers of wild-type (Kardal) and mutant amylose-free (amf) potato plants. MAT was expressed as such, or fused to the N- or C-terminus of a non-catalytic starch-binding domain (SBD) to target the starch granule. Starch granules derived from transgenic plants were found to contain acetyl groups, although their content was low, opening up an avenue to move away from the post-harvest chemical derivatization of starch. MAT inside starch granules was found to be active post-harvest when supplied with acetyl-coenzyme A and glucose or maltose, but it did not acetylate starch polymers in vitro. Starch granules from transformants in which MAT alone was expressed also showed MAT activity, indicating that MAT is accumulated in starch granules, and has affinity for starch by itself. Furthermore, starch granule morphology was altered, and fusion proteins containing MAT and SBD seemed to have a higher affinity for starch granules than two appended SBDs. These results are discussed against the background of the quaternary structure of MAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Nazarian Firouzabadi
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, the Netherlands
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37
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Schäfer T, Borchert TW, Nielsen VS, Skagerlind P, Gibson K, Wenger K, Hatzack F, Nilsson LD, Salmon S, Pedersen S, Heldt-Hansen HP, Poulsen PB, Lund H, Oxenbøll KM, Wu GF, Pedersen HH, Xu H. Industrial Enzymes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 105:59-131. [PMID: 17408082 DOI: 10.1007/10_2006_039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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38
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Abstract
Morphological and structural features of starch from potato (Solanum tuberosa) and rice (Oryza sativa) have been examined using atomic force microscopy. Amylose from potato and rice was observed in aggregated structures, which are suggested to be a result of retrogradation during sample preparation. The degrees of polymerization of amylose from potato and rice starches were calculated from the mean contour lengths of the observed structures to be approximately 1440 and 1860, respectively. Potato amylopectin appeared as a highly branched and extended molecule. Our results show that atomic force microscopy provides a useful method for examining the fine structural features and estimating the dimensions of starch molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M C Dang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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39
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40
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Juge N, Nøhr J, Le Gal-Coëffet MF, Kramhøft B, Furniss CSM, Planchot V, Archer DB, Williamson G, Svensson B. The activity of barley α-amylase on starch granules is enhanced by fusion of a starch binding domain from Aspergillus niger glucoamylase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1764:275-84. [PMID: 16403494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High affinity for starch granules of certain amylolytic enzymes is mediated by a separate starch binding domain (SBD). In Aspergillus niger glucoamylase (GA-I), a 70 amino acid O-glycosylated peptide linker connects SBD with the catalytic domain. A gene was constructed to encode barley alpha-amylase 1 (AMY1) fused C-terminally to this SBD via a 37 residue GA-I linker segment. AMY1-SBD was expressed in A. niger, secreted using the AMY1 signal sequence at 25 mg x L(-1) and purified in 50% yield. AMY1-SBD contained 23% carbohydrate and consisted of correctly N-terminally processed multiple forms of isoelectric points in the range 4.1-5.2. Activity and apparent affinity of AMY1-SBD (50 nM) for barley starch granules of 0.034 U x nmol(-1) and K(d) = 0.13 mg x mL(-1), respectively, were both improved with respect to the values 0.015 U x nmol(-1) and 0.67 mg x mL(-1) for rAMY1 (recombinant AMY1 produced in A. niger). AMY1-SBD showed a 2-fold increased activity for soluble starch at low (0.5%) but not at high (1%) concentration. AMY1-SBD hydrolysed amylose DP440 with an increased degree of multiple attack of 3 compared to 1.9 for rAMY1. Remarkably, at low concentration (2 nM), AMY1-SBD hydrolysed barley starch granules 15-fold faster than rAMY1, while higher amounts of AMY-SBD caused molecular overcrowding of the starch granule surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Juge
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
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41
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Robertson GH, Wong DWS, Lee CC, Wagschal K, Smith MR, Orts WJ. Native or raw starch digestion: a key step in energy efficient biorefining of grain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:353-65. [PMID: 16417291 DOI: 10.1021/jf051883m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Improved molecular disassembly and depolymerization of grain starch to glucose are key to reducing energy use in the bioconversion of glucose to chemicals, ingredients, and fuels. In fuel ethanol production, these biorefining steps use 10-20% of the energy content of the fuel ethanol. The need to minimize energy use and to raise the net yield of energy can be met by replacing high-temperature, liquid-phase, enzymatic digestion with low temperature, solid-phase, enzymatic digestion. Also called cold hydrolysis, the approach is a step toward a "green" method for the production of fuel ethanol. There has been substantial prior and increased recent interest in this approach that is presented in this first review of the subject. We include incentives, developmental research, fundamental factors of raw starch digestion, and novel approaches in enzymology and processing. The discussion draws on resources found in enzymology, engineering, plant physiology, cereal chemistry, and kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George H Robertson
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service/Pacific West Area, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA.
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