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Albano GA, Hackam AS. Repurposing development genes for axonal regeneration following injury: Examining the roles of Wnt signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1417928. [PMID: 38882059 PMCID: PMC11176474 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1417928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we explore the connections between developmental embryology and axonal regeneration. Genes that regulate embryogenesis and central nervous system (CNS) development are discussed for their therapeutic potential to induce axonal and cellular regeneration in adult tissues after neuronal injury. Despite substantial differences in the tissue environment in the developing CNS compared with the injured CNS, recent studies have identified multiple molecular pathways that promote axonal growth in both scenarios. We describe various molecular cues and signaling pathways involved in neural development, with an emphasis on the versatile Wnt signaling pathway. We discuss the capacity of developmental factors to initiate axonal regrowth in adult neural tissue within the challenging environment of the injured CNS. Our discussion explores the roles of Wnt signaling and also examines the potential of other embryonic genes including Pax, BMP, Ephrin, SOX, CNTF, PTEN, mTOR and STAT3 to contribute to axonal regeneration in various CNS injury model systems, including spinal cord and optic crush injuries in mice, Xenopus and zebrafish. Additionally, we describe potential contributions of Müller glia redifferentiation to neuronal regeneration after injury. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the state of the field, and highlights promising research directions for the potential therapeutic applications of specific embryologic molecular pathways in axonal regeneration in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle A Albano
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Abigail S Hackam
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Faria Assoni A, Giove Mitsugi T, Wardenaar R, Oliveira Ferreira R, Farias Jandrey EH, Machado Novaes G, Fonseca de Oliveira Granha I, Bakker P, Kaid C, Zatz M, Foijer F, Keith Okamoto O. Neurodegeneration-associated protein VAPB regulates proliferation in medulloblastoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19481. [PMID: 37945695 PMCID: PMC10636017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
VAMP (Vesicle-associated membrane protein)-associated protein B and C (VAPB) has been widely studied in neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS, but little is known about its role in cancer. Medulloblastoma is a common brain malignancy in children and arises from undifferentiated cells during neuronal development. Therefore, medulloblastoma is an interesting model to investigate the possible relationship between VAPB and tumorigenesis. Here we demonstrate that high VAPB expression in medulloblastoma correlates with decreased overall patient survival. Consistent with this clinical correlation, we find that VAPB is required for normal proliferation rates of medulloblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Knockout of VAPB (VAPBKO) delayed cell cycle progression. Furthermore, transcript levels of WNT-related proteins were decreased in the VAPBKO. We conclude that VAPB is required for proliferation of medulloblastoma cells, thus revealing VAPB as a potential therapeutic target for medulloblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Faria Assoni
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106, Rua do Matão, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil.
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, 1, Antonius Deusinglaan, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Thiago Giove Mitsugi
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106, Rua do Matão, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - René Wardenaar
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, 1, Antonius Deusinglaan, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raiane Oliveira Ferreira
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106, Rua do Matão, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Elisa Helena Farias Jandrey
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106, Rua do Matão, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Machado Novaes
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106, Rua do Matão, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Isabela Fonseca de Oliveira Granha
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106, Rua do Matão, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Petra Bakker
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, 1, Antonius Deusinglaan, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolini Kaid
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106, Rua do Matão, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Mayana Zatz
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106, Rua do Matão, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, 1, Antonius Deusinglaan, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Oswaldo Keith Okamoto
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106, Rua do Matão, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil.
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Capuz A, Osien S, Cardon T, Karnoub MA, Aboulouard S, Raffo-Romero A, Duhamel M, Cizkova D, Trerotola M, Devos D, Kobeissy F, Vanden Abeele F, Bonnefond A, Fournier I, Rodet F, Salzet M. Heimdall, an alternative protein issued from a ncRNA related to kappa light chain variable region of immunoglobulins from astrocytes: a new player in neural proteome. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:526. [PMID: 37587118 PMCID: PMC10432539 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The dogma "One gene, one protein" is clearly obsolete since cells use alternative splicing and generate multiple transcripts which are translated into protein isoforms, but also use alternative translation initiation sites (TISs) and termination sites on a given transcript. Alternative open reading frames for individual transcripts give proteins originate from the 5'- and 3'-UTR mRNA regions, frameshifts of mRNA ORFs or from non-coding RNAs. Longtime considered as non-coding, recent in-silico translation prediction methods enriched the protein databases allowing the identification of new target structures that have not been identified previously. To gain insight into the role of these newly identified alternative proteins in the regulation of cellular functions, it is crucial to assess their dynamic modulation within a framework of altered physiological modifications such as experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we carried out a longitudinal proteomic study on rat SCI from 12 h to 10 days. Based on the alternative protein predictions, it was possible to identify a plethora of newly predicted protein hits. Among these proteins, some presented a special interest due to high homology with variable chain regions of immunoglobulins. We focus our interest on the one related to Kappa variable light chains which is similarly highly produced by B cells in the Bence jones disease, but here expressed in astrocytes. This protein, name Heimdall is an Intrinsically disordered protein which is secreted under inflammatory conditions. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the Heimdall interactome contained proteins related to astrocyte fate keepers such as "NOTCH1, EPHA3, IPO13" as well as membrane receptor protein including "CHRNA9; TGFBR, EPHB6, and TRAM". However, when Heimdall protein was neutralized utilizing a specific antibody or its gene knocked out by CRISPR-Cas9, sprouting elongations were observed in the corresponding astrocytes. Interestingly, depolarization assays and intracellular calcium measurements in Heimdall KO, established a depolarization effect on astrocyte membranes KO cells were more likely that the one found in neuroprogenitors. Proteomic analyses performed under injury conditions or under lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation, revealed the expression of neuronal factors, stem cell proteins, proliferation, and neurogenesis of astrocyte convertor factors such as EPHA4, NOTCH2, SLIT3, SEMA3F, suggesting a role of Heimdall could regulate astrocytic fate. Taken together, Heimdall could be a novel member of the gatekeeping astrocyte-to-neuroprogenitor conversion factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Capuz
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sylvain Osien
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Tristan Cardon
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Mélodie Anne Karnoub
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Soulaimane Aboulouard
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Antonella Raffo-Romero
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Marie Duhamel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Dasa Cizkova
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre for Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy
| | - David Devos
- Université de Lille, INSERM, U1172, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience Cognition Research Centre, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fabien Vanden Abeele
- Université de Lille, INSERM U1003, Laboratory of Cell Physiology, 59650, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- Univ. Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU de Lille, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Franck Rodet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Michel Salzet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France.
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Zhu RL, Fang Y, Yu HH, Chen DF, Yang L, Cho KS. Absence of ephrin-A2/A3 increases retinal regenerative potential for Müller cells in Rhodopsin knockout mice. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1317-1322. [PMID: 33318411 PMCID: PMC8284269 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.301034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Müller cells (MC) are considered dormant retinal progenitor cells in mammals. Previous studies demonstrated ephrin-As act as negative regulators of neural progenitor cells in the retina and brain. It remains unclear whether the lack of ephrin-A2/A3 is sufficient to promote the neurogenic potential of MC. Here we investigated whether the MC is the primary retinal cell type expressing ephrin-A2/A3 and their role on the neurogenic potential of Müller cells. In this study, we showed that ephrin-A2/A3 and their receptor EphA4 were expressed in retina and especially enriched in MC. The level of ephrinAs/EphA4 expression increased as the retina matured that is correlated with the reduced proliferative and progenitor cell potential of MC. Next, we investigated the proliferation in primary MC cultures isolated from wild-type and A2-/- A3-/- mice by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation. We detected a significant increase of EdU+ cells in MC derived from A2-/- A3-/- mice. Next, we investigated the role of ephrin-A2/A3 in mice undergoing photoreceptor degeneration such as Rhodopsin knockout (Rho-/-) mice. To further evaluate the role of ephrin-A2/A3 in MC proliferation in vivo, EdU was injected intraperitoneally to adult wild-type, A2-/- A3-/- , Rho-/- and Rho-/- A2-/- A3-/- mice and the numbers of EdU+ cells distributed among different layers of the retina. EphrinAs/EphA4 expression was upregulated in the retina of Rho-/- mice compared to the wild-type mice. In addition, cultured MC derived from ephrin-A2-/- A3-/- mice also expressed higher levels of progenitor cell markers and exhibited higher proliferation potential than those from wild-type mice. Interestingly, we detected a significant increase of EdU+ cells in the retinas of adult ephrin-A2-/- A3-/- mice mainly in the inner nuclear layer; and these EdU+ cells were co-localized with MC marker, cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein, suggesting some proliferating cells are from MC. In Rhodopsin knockout mice (Rho-/- A2-/- A3-/- mice), a significantly greater amount of EdU+ cells were located in the ciliary body, retina and RPE than that of Rho-/- mice. Comparing between 6 and 12 weeks old Rho-/- A2-/- A3-/- mice, we recorded more EdU+ cells in the outer nuclear layer in the 12-week-old mice undergoing severe retinal degeneration. Taken together, Ephrin-A2/A3 are negative regulators of the proliferative and neurogenic potentials of MC. Absence of ephrin-A2/A3 promotes the migration of proliferating cells into the outer nuclear layer and may lead to retinal cell regeneration. All experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at Schepens Eye Research Institute, USA (approval No. S-353-0715) on October 24, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Lin Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Hua Yu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dong F. Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kin-Sang Cho
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Balaji S, Kim U, Muthukkaruppan V, Vanniarajan A. Emerging role of tumor microenvironment derived exosomes in therapeutic resistance and metastasis through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Life Sci 2021; 280:119750. [PMID: 34171378 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) constitutes multiple cell types including cancerous and non-cancerous cells. The intercellular communication between these cells through TME derived exosomes may either enhance or suppress the tumorigenic processes. The tumor-derived exosomes could convert an anti-tumor environment into a pro-tumor environment by inducing the differentiation of stromal cells into tumor-associated cells. The exosomes from tumor-associated stromal cells reciprocally trigger epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells, which impose therapeutic resistance and metastasis. It is well known that these exosomes contain the signals of EMT, but how these signals execute chemoresistance and metastasis in tumors remains elusive. Understanding the significance and molecular signatures of exosomes transmitting EMT signals would aid in developing appropriate methods of inhibiting them. In this review, we focus on molecular signatures of exosomes that shuttle between cancer cells and their stromal populations in TME to explicate their impact on therapeutic resistance and metastasis through EMT. Especially Wnt signaling is found to be involved in multiple ways of exosomal transport and hence we decipher the biomolecules of Wnt signaling trafficked through exosomes and their potential in serving as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekaran Balaji
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 020, India
| | - Usha Kim
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 020, India
| | - Veerappan Muthukkaruppan
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 020, India
| | - Ayyasamy Vanniarajan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 020, India.
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Retinal Stem Cell 'Retirement Plans': Growth, Regulation and Species Adaptations in the Retinal Ciliary Marginal Zone. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126528. [PMID: 34207050 PMCID: PMC8234741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate retina develops from a specified group of precursor cells that adopt distinct identities and generate lineages of either the neural retina, retinal pigmented epithelium, or ciliary body. In some species, including teleost fish and amphibians, proliferative cells with stem-cell-like properties capable of continuously supplying new retinal cells post-embryonically have been characterized and extensively studied. This region, termed the ciliary or circumferential marginal zone (CMZ), possibly represents a conserved retinal stem cell niche. In this review, we highlight the research characterizing similar CMZ-like regions, or stem-like cells located at the peripheral margin, across multiple different species. We discuss the proliferative parameters, multipotency and growth mechanisms of these cells to understand how they behave in vivo and how different molecular factors and signalling networks converge at the CMZ niche to regulate their activity. The evidence suggests that the mature retina may have a conserved propensity for homeostatic growth and plasticity and that dysfunction in the regulation of CMZ activity may partially account for dystrophic eye growth diseases such as myopia and hyperopia. A better understanding of the properties of CMZ cells will enable important insight into how an endogenous generative tissue compartment can adapt to altered retinal physiology and potentially even restore vision loss caused by retinal degenerative conditions.
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Niu L, Fang Y, Yao X, Zhang Y, Wu J, Chen DF, Sun X. TNFα activates MAPK and Jak-Stat pathways to promote mouse Müller cell proliferation. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108353. [PMID: 33171193 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mouse Müller cells, considered as dormant retinal progenitors, often respond to retinal injury by undergoing reactive gliosis rather than displaying neural regenerative responses. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a key cytokines induced after injury and implicated in mediating inflammatory and neural regenerative responses in zebrafish. To investigate the involvement of TNFα in mouse retinal injury, adult C57BL/6J mice were subjected to light damage for 14 consecutive days. TNFα was elevated in the retina of mice exposed to light damage, which induced Müller cell proliferation in vitro. Affymetrix microarray showed that, in Müller cells, TNFα induces up-regulation of inflammatory and proliferation-related genes, including NFKB2, leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin-6, janus kinase (Jak) 1, Jak2, signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 1, Stat2, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 7, and MAP4K4 but down-regulation of neuroprogenitor genes, including Sox9, Ascl1, Wnt2 and Hes1. Blocking the Jak/Stat and MAPK pathways attenuated TNFα-induced Müller cell proliferation. These results suggest that TNFα may drive the proliferation and inflammatory response, rather than the neural regenerative potential, of mouse Müller cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Niu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jin Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200540, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dong Feng Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Fudan University), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Yu H, Enayati S, Chang K, Cho K, Lee SW, Talib M, Zihlavnikova K, Xie J, Achour H, Fried SI, Utheim TP, Chen DF. Noninvasive Electrical Stimulation Improves Photoreceptor Survival and Retinal Function in Mice with Inherited Photoreceptor Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:5. [PMID: 32271885 PMCID: PMC7401948 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Neurons carry electrical signals and communicate via electrical activities. The therapeutic potential of electrical stimulation (ES) for the nervous system, including the retina, through improvement of cell survival and function has been noted. Here we investigated the neuroprotective and regenerative potential of ES in a mouse model of inherited retinal degeneration. Methods Rhodopsin-deficient (Rho−/−) mice received one or two sessions of transpalpebral ES or sham treatments for 7 consecutive days. Intraperitoneal injection of 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine was used to label proliferating cells. Weekly electroretinograms were performed to monitor retinal function. Retinal morphology, photoreceptor survival, and regeneration were evaluated in vivo using immunohistochemistry and genetic fate-mapping techniques. Müller cell (MC) cultures were employed to further define the optimal conditions of ES application. Results Noninvasive transpalpebral ES in Rho−/− mice improved photoreceptor survival and electroretinography function in vivo. ES also triggered residential retinal progenitor-like cells such as MCs to reenter the cell cycle, possibly producing new photoreceptors, as shown by immunohistochemistry and genetic fate-mapping techniques. ES directly stimulated cell proliferation and the expression of progenitor cell markers in MC cultures, at least partially through bFGF signaling. Conclusions Our study showed that transpalpebral ES improved photoreceptor survival and retinal function and induced the proliferation, probably photoreceptor regeneration, of MCs; this occurs via stimulation of the bFGF pathways. These results suggest the exciting possibility of applying noninvasive ES as a versatile tool for preventing photoreceptor loss and mobilizing endogenous progenitors for reversing vision loss in patients with photoreceptor degeneration.
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OSCC Exosomes Regulate miR-210-3p Targeting EFNA3 to Promote Oral Cancer Angiogenesis through the PI3K/AKT Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2125656. [PMID: 32695810 PMCID: PMC7368228 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2125656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed at determining how oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) regulates the angiogenesis of HUVECs through miR-210-3p expression and exploring the relationship among miR-210-3p, its target protein, and the possible mechanism of angiogenesis regulation. miR-210-3p expression was detected in OSCC tissues and juxta cancerous tissues (JCT), and the relationship among miR-210-3p, microvessel density (MVD), and histopathologic features was analyzed. A conditioned medium (CM) of the OSCC cell line CAL27 was collected to stimulate human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and the miR-210-3p levels and tube formation capability of HUVECs were measured. The target protein level of miR-210-3p was altered; then, PI3K/AKT pathway activation in HUVECs was detected. miR-210-3p was tested in exosomes separated from CAL27 CM, and the transfer of miR-210-3p from OSCC exosomes to HUVECs was verified. Then, we found that the OSCC tissues had higher miR-210-3p levels than the JCT, and miR-210-3p level was positively correlated with MVD and tumor grade. CAL27 CM was able to elevate miR-210-3p levels in HUVECs and promoted tube formation. EFNA3 was the target gene of miR-210-3p, and ephrinA3 protein level was able to influence the migration and proliferation of HUVECs. The levels of phosphorylated AKT in the HUVECs increased when ephrinA3 was downregulated, and the upregulation of ephrinA3 resulted in the suppression of the PI3K/AKT pathway. miR-210-3p was detected in exosomes isolated from the CM of CAL27 cells, and miR-210-3p level in the HUVECs was elevated after absorbing the OSCC exosomes. In conclusion, miR-210-3p was more overexpressed in OSCC tissues than in the JCT. The exosomes secreted by OSCC cells were able to upregulate miR-210-3p expression and reduce ephrinA3 expression in HUVECs and promoted tube formation through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Baudet S, Bécret J, Nicol X. Approaches to Manipulate Ephrin-A:EphA Forward Signaling Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13070140. [PMID: 32629797 PMCID: PMC7407804 DOI: 10.3390/ph13070140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma A (EphA) receptors and their ephrin-A ligands are key players of developmental events shaping the mature organism. Their expression is mostly restricted to stem cell niches in adults but is reactivated in pathological conditions including lesions in the heart, lung, or nervous system. They are also often misregulated in tumors. A wide range of molecular tools enabling the manipulation of the ephrin-A:EphA system are available, ranging from small molecules to peptides and genetically-encoded strategies. Their mechanism is either direct, targeting EphA receptors, or indirect through the modification of intracellular downstream pathways. Approaches enabling manipulation of ephrin-A:EphA forward signaling for the dissection of its signaling cascade, the investigation of its physiological roles or the development of therapeutic strategies are summarized here.
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Enayati S, Chang K, Achour H, Cho KS, Xu F, Guo S, Z. Enayati K, Xie J, Zhao E, Turunen T, Sehic A, Lu L, Utheim TP, Chen DF. Electrical Stimulation Induces Retinal Müller Cell Proliferation and Their Progenitor Cell Potential. Cells 2020; 9:E781. [PMID: 32210151 PMCID: PMC7140850 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive electrical stimulation (ES) is increasingly applied to improve vision in untreatable eye conditions, such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. Our previous study suggested that ES promoted retinal function and the proliferation of progenitor-like glial cells in mice with inherited photoreceptor degeneration; however, the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Müller cells (MCs) are thought to be dormant residential progenitor cells that possess a high potential for retinal neuron repair and functional plasticity. Here, we showed that ES with a ramp waveform of 20 Hz and 300 µA of current was effective at inducing mouse MC proliferation and enhancing their expression of progenitor cell markers, such as Crx (cone-rod homeobox) and Wnt7, as well as their production of trophic factors, including ciliary neurotrophic factor. RNA sequencing revealed that calcium signaling pathway activation was a key event, with a false discovery rate of 5.33 × 10-8 (p = 1.78 × 10-10) in ES-mediated gene profiling changes. Moreover, the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, abolished the observed effects of ES on MC proliferation and progenitor cell gene induction, supporting a central role of ES-induced Ca2+ signaling in the MC changes. Our results suggest that low-current ES may present a convenient tool for manipulating MC behavior toward neuroregeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Enayati
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.E.); (K.C.); (H.A.); (K.-S.C.); (S.G.); (K.Z.E.); (J.X.); (E.Z.); (T.T.); (T.P.U.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, 3004 Drammen, Norway
- Institute of clinical medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karen Chang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.E.); (K.C.); (H.A.); (K.-S.C.); (S.G.); (K.Z.E.); (J.X.); (E.Z.); (T.T.); (T.P.U.)
| | - Hamida Achour
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.E.); (K.C.); (H.A.); (K.-S.C.); (S.G.); (K.Z.E.); (J.X.); (E.Z.); (T.T.); (T.P.U.)
- Institute of clinical medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kin-Sang Cho
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.E.); (K.C.); (H.A.); (K.-S.C.); (S.G.); (K.Z.E.); (J.X.); (E.Z.); (T.T.); (T.P.U.)
| | - Fuyi Xu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (F.X.); (L.L.)
| | - Shuai Guo
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.E.); (K.C.); (H.A.); (K.-S.C.); (S.G.); (K.Z.E.); (J.X.); (E.Z.); (T.T.); (T.P.U.)
| | - Katarina Z. Enayati
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.E.); (K.C.); (H.A.); (K.-S.C.); (S.G.); (K.Z.E.); (J.X.); (E.Z.); (T.T.); (T.P.U.)
| | - Jia Xie
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.E.); (K.C.); (H.A.); (K.-S.C.); (S.G.); (K.Z.E.); (J.X.); (E.Z.); (T.T.); (T.P.U.)
| | - Eric Zhao
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.E.); (K.C.); (H.A.); (K.-S.C.); (S.G.); (K.Z.E.); (J.X.); (E.Z.); (T.T.); (T.P.U.)
| | - Tytteli Turunen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.E.); (K.C.); (H.A.); (K.-S.C.); (S.G.); (K.Z.E.); (J.X.); (E.Z.); (T.T.); (T.P.U.)
| | - Amer Sehic
- Department of Oral Biology; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (F.X.); (L.L.)
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.E.); (K.C.); (H.A.); (K.-S.C.); (S.G.); (K.Z.E.); (J.X.); (E.Z.); (T.T.); (T.P.U.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, 3004 Drammen, Norway
- Department of Oral Biology; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dong Feng Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.E.); (K.C.); (H.A.); (K.-S.C.); (S.G.); (K.Z.E.); (J.X.); (E.Z.); (T.T.); (T.P.U.)
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12
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Baakdhah T, van der Kooy D. Expansion of retinal stem cells and their progeny using cell microcarriers in a bioreactor. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2800. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tahani Baakdhah
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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13
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Khalili S, Ballios BG, Belair-Hickey J, Donaldson L, Liu J, Coles BLK, Grisé KN, Baakdhah T, Bader GD, Wallace VA, Bernier G, Shoichet MS, van der Kooy D. Induction of rod versus cone photoreceptor-specific progenitors from retinal precursor cells. Stem Cell Res 2018; 33:215-227. [PMID: 30453152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, multipotent progenitors undergo temporally-restricted differentiation into post-mitotic retinal cells; however, the mechanisms of progenitor division that occurs during retinogenesis remain controversial. Using clonal analyses (lineage tracing and single cell cultures), we identify rod versus cone lineage-specific progenitors derived from both adult retinal stem cells and embryonic neural retinal precursors. Taurine and retinoic acid are shown to act in an instructive and lineage-restricted manner early in the progenitor lineage hierarchy to produce rod-restricted progenitors from stem cell progeny. We also identify an instructive, but lineage-independent, mechanism for the specification of cone-restricted progenitors through the suppression of multiple differentiation signaling pathways. These data indicate that exogenous signals play critical roles in directing lineage decisions and resulting in fate-restricted rod or cone photoreceptor progenitors in culture. Additional factors may be involved in governing photoreceptor fates in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Khalili
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Brian G Ballios
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, 340 College Street, Suite 400, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3A9, Canada
| | - Justin Belair-Hickey
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Laura Donaldson
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 2757 King Street East, Hamilton, Ontario L8G 4X3, Canada
| | - Jeff Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Brenda L K Coles
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kenneth N Grisé
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tahani Baakdhah
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Valerie A Wallace
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, 340 College Street, Suite 400, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3A9, Canada; Donald K Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave., Rm 8KD413, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Gilbert Bernier
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. l'Assomption, Montréal H1T 2M4, Canada; Faculté de Médecine, Départment de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Molly S Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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14
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Yang JS, Wei HX, Chen PP, Wu G. Roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in central nervous system injury and recovery. Exp Ther Med 2018. [PMID: 29456630 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5702.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cellular components are involved in the complex pathological process following central nervous system (CNS) injury, including neurons, glial cells and endothelial cells. Previous studies and neurotherapeutic clinical trials have assessed the molecular mechanisms that underlie neuronal cell death following CNS injury. However, this approach has largely failed to reduce CNS damage or improve the functional recovery of patients. Erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular (Eph) receptors and ephrin ligands have attracted considerable attention since their discovery, due to their extensive distribution and unique bidirectional signaling between astrocytes and neurons. Previous studies have investigated the roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in the developing central nervous system. It was determined that Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling is expressed in various CNS regions and cell types, and that it serves diverse roles in the adult CNS. In the present review, the roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in CNS injuries are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Xing Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
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15
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Yang JS, Wei HX, Chen PP, Wu G. Roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in central nervous system injury and recovery. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:2219-2227. [PMID: 29456630 PMCID: PMC5795627 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cellular components are involved in the complex pathological process following central nervous system (CNS) injury, including neurons, glial cells and endothelial cells. Previous studies and neurotherapeutic clinical trials have assessed the molecular mechanisms that underlie neuronal cell death following CNS injury. However, this approach has largely failed to reduce CNS damage or improve the functional recovery of patients. Erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular (Eph) receptors and ephrin ligands have attracted considerable attention since their discovery, due to their extensive distribution and unique bidirectional signaling between astrocytes and neurons. Previous studies have investigated the roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in the developing central nervous system. It was determined that Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling is expressed in various CNS regions and cell types, and that it serves diverse roles in the adult CNS. In the present review, the roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in CNS injuries are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Xing Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
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16
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Garcia AL, Udeh A, Kalahasty K, Hackam AS. A growing field: The regulation of axonal regeneration by Wnt signaling. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:43-52. [PMID: 29451203 PMCID: PMC5840987 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.224359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway is a highly conserved signaling cascade that plays critical roles during embryogenesis. Wnt ligands regulate axonal extension, growth cone guidance and synaptogenesis throughout the developing central nervous system (CNS). Recently, studies in mammalian and fish model systems have demonstrated that Wnt/β-catenin signaling also promotes axonal regeneration in the adult optic nerve and spinal cord after injury, raising the possibility that Wnt could be developed as a therapeutic strategy. In this review, we summarize experimental evidence that reveals novel roles for Wnt signaling in the injured CNS, and discuss possible mechanisms by which Wnt ligands could overcome molecular barriers inhibiting axonal growth to promote regeneration. A central challenge in the neuroscience field is developing therapeutic strategies that induce robust axonal regeneration. Although adult axons have the capacity to respond to axonal guidance molecules after injury, there are several major obstacles for axonal growth, including extensive neuronal death, glial scars at the injury site, and lack of axonal guidance signals. Research in rodents demonstrated that activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in retinal neurons and radial glia induced neuronal survival and axonal growth, but that activation within reactive glia at the injury site promoted proliferation and glial scar formation. Studies in zebrafish spinal cord injury models confirm an axonal regenerative role for Wnt/β-catenin signaling and identified the cell types responsible. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that Wnt induces axonal and neurite growth through transcription-dependent effects of its central mediator β-catenin, potentially by inducing regeneration-promoting genes. Canonical Wnt signaling may also function through transcription-independent interactions of β-catenin with cytoskeletal elements, which could stabilize growing axons and control growth cone movement. Therefore, these studies suggest that Wnt-induced pathways responsible for regulating axonal growth during embryogenesis could be repurposed to promote axonal growth after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando L Garcia
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Adanna Udeh
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Karthik Kalahasty
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Abigail S Hackam
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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17
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Wan Y, Yang JS, Xu LC, Huang XJ, Wang W, Xie MJ. Roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling during injury and recovery of the central nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1313-1321. [PMID: 30106032 PMCID: PMC6108204 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cellular components, including neuronal, glial and endothelial cells, are involved in the sophisticated pathological processes following central nervous system injury. The pathological process cannot reduce damage or improve functional recovery by merely targeting the molecular mechanisms of neuronal cell death after central nerve system injuries. Eph receptors and ephrin ligands have drawn wide attention since the discovery of their extensive distribution and unique bidirectional signaling between astrocytes and neurons. The roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in the developmental processes have been reported in previous research. Recent observations suggest that Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling continues to be expressed in most regions and cell types in the adult central nervous system, playing diverse roles. The Eph/ephrin complex mediates neurogenesis and angiogenesis, promotes glial scar formation, regulates endocrine levels, inhibits myelin formation and aggravates inflammation and nerve pain caused by injury. The interaction between Eph and ephrin is also considered to be the key to angiogenesis. This review focuses on the roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in the repair of central nervous system injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wan
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jin-Shan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province; Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Li-Cai Xu
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation Center, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Min-Jie Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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18
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P-Cadherin is necessary for retinal stem cell behavior in vitro, but not in vivo. Stem Cell Res 2017; 21:141-147. [PMID: 28494434 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult retinal stem cells (RSCs) are rare quiescent cells within the ciliary epithelium of the eye, which is made up of non-pigmented N-Cadherin+ve inner and pigmented P-Cadherin+ve outer cell layers. Through FACs and single cell analyses, we have shown that RSCs arise from single cells from within the pigmented CE and express P-Cadherin. However, whether the expression of P-Cadherin is required for maintenance of the stem cell in vivo or in the formation of the clonal stem cell spheres in vitro is not known. Using cadherin functional blocking antibody experiments and a P-Cadherin -/- mouse to test whether the RSC population is affected by the loss of P-Cadherin expression, our experiments demonstrate that the RSCs reside in the pigmented CE layer and express P-Cadherin, which is important to the formation of adherent sphere colonies in vitro, however P-Cadherin is not required for maintenance of RSCs in vivo.
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19
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Grigoryan EN, Markitantova YV. Cellular and Molecular Preconditions for Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Natural Reprogramming during Retinal Regeneration in Urodela. Biomedicines 2016; 4:E28. [PMID: 28536395 PMCID: PMC5344269 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many regeneration processes in animals are based on the phenomenon of cell reprogramming followed by proliferation and differentiation in a different specialization direction. An insight into what makes natural (in vivo) cell reprogramming possible can help to solve a number of biomedical problems. In particular, the first problem is to reveal the intrinsic properties of the cells that are necessary and sufficient for reprogramming; the second, to evaluate these properties and, on this basis, to reveal potential endogenous sources for cell substitution in damaged tissues; and the third, to use the acquired data for developing approaches to in vitro cell reprogramming in order to obtain a cell reserve for damaged tissue repair. Normal cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in newts (Urodela) can change their specialization and transform into retinal neurons and ganglion cells (i.e., actualize their retinogenic potential). Therefore, they can serve as a model that provides the possibility to identify factors of the initial competence of vertebrate cells for reprogramming in vivo. This review deals mainly with the endogenous properties of native newt RPE cells themselves and, to a lesser extent, with exogenous mechanisms regulating the process of reprogramming, which are actively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora N Grigoryan
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
| | - Yuliya V Markitantova
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
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20
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Transitional Progenitors during Vertebrate Retinogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3565-3576. [PMID: 27194297 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9899-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The retina is a delicate neural tissue responsible for light signal capturing, modulating, and passing to mid-brain. The brain then translated the signals into three-dimensional vision. The mature retina is composed of more than 50 subtypes of cells, all of which are developed from a pool of early multipotent retinal progenitors, which pass through sequential statuses of oligopotent, bipotent, and unipotent progenitors, and finally become terminally differentiated retinal cells. A transitional progenitor model is proposed here to describe how intrinsic developmental programs, along with environmental cues, control the step-by-step differentiation during retinogenesis. The model could elegantly explain many current findings as well as predict roles of intrinsic factors during retinal development.
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21
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Rothe M, Kanwal N, Dietmann P, Seigfried F, Hempel A, Schütz D, Reim D, Engels R, Linnemann A, Schmeisser MJ, Bockmann J, Kühl M, Boeckers TM, Kühl SJ. An Epha4/Sipa1l3/Wnt pathway regulates eye development and lens maturation. Development 2016; 144:321-333. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.147462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The signal-induced proliferation associated family of proteins comprises four members, SIPA1 and SIPA1L1-1L3. Mutations of the human SIPA1L3 gene result in congenital cataracts. In Xenopus, loss of Sipa1l3 function led to a severe eye phenotype that was distinguished by smaller eyes and lenses including lens fiber cell maturation defects. We found a direct interaction between Sipa1l3 and Epha4, building a functional platform for proper ocular development. Epha4 deficiency phenocopied loss of Sipa1l3 and rescue experiments demonstrated that Epha4 acts up-stream of Sipa1l3 during eye development. Both, Sipa1l3 and Epha4 are required for early eye specification. The ocular phenotype, upon loss of either Epha4 or Sipa1l3, was partially mediated by rax. We demonstrated that canonical Wnt signaling is inhibited downstream of Epha4/Sipa1l3 during normal eye development. Depletion of either Sipa1l3 or Epha4 resulted in an up-regulation of axin2 expression, a direct Wnt/β-catenin target gene. In line with this, Sipa1l3 or Epha4 depletion could be rescued by blocking Wnt/β-catenin or activating non-canonical Wnt signaling. We therefore conclude that this pathomechanism prevents proper eye development and maturation of lens fiber cells resulting in congenital cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rothe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, 89081 Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Noreen Kanwal
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, 89081 Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Petra Dietmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Franziska Seigfried
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, 89081 Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annemarie Hempel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, 89081 Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Desiree Schütz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dominik Reim
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, 89081 Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rebecca Engels
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Linnemann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael J. Schmeisser
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Juergen Bockmann
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M. Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne J. Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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22
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Abstract
Eph:ephrin signaling plays an important role in embryonic development as well as tissue homeostasis in the adult. At the cellular level, this transduction pathway is best known for its role in the control of cell adhesion and repulsion, cell migration and morphogenesis. Yet, a number of publications have also implicated Eph:ephrin signaling in the control of adult and embryonic neurogenesis. As is the case for other biological processes, these studies have reported conflicting and sometimes opposite roles for Eph:ephrin signaling in neurogenesis. Herein, we review these studies and we discuss existing mathematical models of stem cell dynamics and neurogenesis that provide a coherent framework and may help reconcile conflicting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laussu
- a Centre de Biologie du Développement; CNRS; Université de Toulouse ; Toulouse , France
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Yu D, Zheng J, Zhu R, Wu N, Guan A, Cho KS, Chen DF, Luo G. Computer-aided analyses of mouse retinal OCT images - an actual application report. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2015; 35:442-9. [PMID: 25959043 PMCID: PMC5905425 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a need for automated retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) image analysis tools for quantitative measurements in small animals. Some image processing techniques for retinal layer analysis have been developed, but reports about how useful those techniques are in actual animal studies are rare. This paper presents the use of a retinal layer detection method we developed in an actual mouse study that involves wild type and mutated mice carrying photoreceptor degeneration. METHODS Spectral domain OCT scanning was performed by four experimenters over 12 months on 45 mouse eyes that were wild-type, deficient for ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A3, deficient for rhodopsin, or deficient for rhodopsin, ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A3. The thickness of photoreceptor complex between the outer plexiform layer and retinal pigment epithelium was measured on two sides of the optic disc as the biomarker of retinal degeneration. All the layer detection results were visually confirmed. RESULTS Overall, 96% (8519 out of 9000) of the half-side images were successfully processed using our technique in a semi-automatic manner. There was no significant difference in success rate between mouse lines (p = 0.91). Based on a human observer's rating of image quality for images successfully and unsuccessfully processed, the odds ratios for 'easily visible' images and 'not clear' images to be successfully processed is 62 and 4, respectively, against 'indistinguishable' images. Thickness of photoreceptor complex was significantly different across the quadrants compared (p < 0.001). It was also found that the average thickness based on 4-point sparse sampling was not significantly different from the full analysis, while the range of differences between the two methods could be up to about 6 μm or 16% for individual eyes. Differences between mouse lines and progressive thickness reduction were revealed by both sampling measures. CONCLUSIONS Although the thickness of the photoreceptor complex layer is not even, manual sparse sampling may be as sufficiently accurate as full analysis in some studies such as ours, where the error of sparse sampling was much smaller than the effect size of rhodopsin deficiency. It is also suggested that the image processing method can be useful in actual animal studies. Even for images poorly visible to human eyes the image processing method still has a good chance to extract the complex layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekuang Yu
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Zheng
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Zhu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Alex Guan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Kin-Sang Cho
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Dong Feng Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, USA
| | - Gang Luo
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Ren X, Mi J, Jia H, Gao H, Bai Y, Wang W. Reduced Wnt3a expression correlates with poor development of the hindgut in rats with anorectal malformations. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:81-5. [PMID: 26024594 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is orchestrated by the wingless-type MMTV integration site family (WNT) signaling pathways, including Wnt3a. This study was performed to investigate the expression of Wnt3a in the terminal hindgut in ethylenethiourea (ETU)-exposed rat embryos with anorectal malformations (ARMs) and its potential association between Wnt3a and the maldevelopment of the terminal hindgut in ARMs. ARM rat embryos were induced by ethylenethiourea on embryonic day 10 (E10). The expression levels of protein and mRNA of Wnt3a were confirmed using immunohistochemistry staining, Western blotting analyses, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in normal rat and ARM embryos. Immunostaining revealed a variation in the expression of Wnt3a in the developing terminal hindgut of ARM embryos. The expression of Wnt3a in the terminal hindgut of ARM rat embryos decreased at both the mRNA level and protein level (P<0.05) compared with normal tissues. This study demonstrated that the expression of Wnt3a in the ARMs of ETU-exposed rat embryos was remarkably reduced, which indicated its potential role in the pathogenesis of the terminal hindgut maldevelopment in ARMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiantian Ren
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, PR China
| | - Jie Mi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, PR China
| | - Huimin Jia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, PR China.
| | - Hong Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Yuzuo Bai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, PR China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, PR China
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Yang J, Luo X, Huang X, Ning Q, Xie M, Wang W. Ephrin-A3 reverse signaling regulates hippocampal neuronal damage and astrocytic glutamate transport after transient global ischemia. J Neurochem 2014; 131:383-94. [PMID: 25040798 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands are involved in the regulation of interactions between neurons and astrocytes. Moreover, astrocytic ephrin-A3 reverse signaling mediated by EphA4 receptors is necessary for controlling the abundance of glial glutamate transporters. However, the role of ephrin-A3 reverse signaling in astrocytic function and neuronal death under ischemic conditions remains unclear. In the present study, we found that the EphA4 receptor and its ephrin-A3 ligand, which were distributed in neurons and astrocytes, respectively, in the hippocampus showed a coincident up-regulation of protein expression in the early stage of ischemia. Application of clustered EphA4 decreased the expressions of astrocytic glutamate transporters together with astrocytic glutamate uptake capacity through activating ephrin-A3 reverse signaling. In consequence, neuronal loss was aggravated in the CA1 region of the hippocampus accompanied by impaired hippocampus-dependent spatial memory when clustered EphA4 treatment was administered prior to transient global ischemia. These findings indicate that EphA4-mediated ephrin-A3 reverse signaling is a crucial mechanism for astrocytes to control glial glutamate transporters and prevent glutamate excitotoxicity under pathological conditions. Astrocytic ephrin-A3 reverse signaling mediated by EphA4 receptor is necessary for controlling the abundance of glial glutamate transporters under physiological conditions. However, the role of ephrin-A3 reverse signaling in astrocytic function and neuronal death under ischemic conditions remains unclear. We found EphA4-mediated ephrin-A3 reverse signaling to be a crucial mechanism for astrocytes to control glial glutamate transporters and protect hippocampal neurons from glutamate excitotoxicity under ischemic conditions, this cascade representing a potential therapeutic target for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Müller glia are the major glial component of the retina. They are one of the last retinal cell types to be born during development, and they function to maintain retinal homeostasis and integrity. In mammals, Müller glia respond to retinal injury in various ways that can be either protective or detrimental to retinal function. Although these cells can be coaxed to proliferate and generate neurons under special circumstances, these responses are meagre and insufficient for repairing a damaged retina. By contrast, in teleost fish (such as zebrafish), the response of Müller glia to retinal injury involves a reprogramming event that imparts retinal stem cell characteristics and enables them to produce a proliferating population of progenitors that can regenerate all major retinal cell types and restore vision. Recent studies have revealed several important mechanisms underlying Müller glial cell reprogramming and retina regeneration in fish that may lead to new strategies for stimulating retina regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of
Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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27
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Balenci L, Wonders C, Coles BLK, Clarke L, van der Kooy D. Bone morphogenetic proteins and secreted frizzled related protein 2 maintain the quiescence of adult mammalian retinal stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 31:2218-30. [PMID: 23843349 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rare retinal stem cells (RSCs) within the ciliary epithelium at the retinal margin of the adult mouse and human eyes can divide in vitro in the absence of growth factors to generate clonal, self-renewing spheres which can generate all the retinal cell types. Since no regenerative properties are seen in situ in the adult mammalian eye, we sought to determine the factors that are involved in the repression of endogenous RSCs. We discovered that factors secreted by the adult lens and cornea block the proliferation of adult RSCs in vitro. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)2, BMP4, and secreted frizzled related protein 2 were identified as principal effectors of the anti-proliferative effects on RSCs. As a similar induced quiescence was observed in vitro on both mouse and human RSCs, targeting these molecules in vivo may reactivate RSCs directly in situ in the eyes of the blind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Balenci
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Yu H, Vu THK, Cho KS, Guo C, Chen DF. Mobilizing endogenous stem cells for retinal repair. Transl Res 2014; 163:387-98. [PMID: 24333552 PMCID: PMC3976683 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Irreversible vision loss is most often caused by the loss of function and subsequent death of retinal neurons, such as photoreceptor cells-the cells that initiate vision by capturing and transducing signals of light. One reason why retinal degenerative diseases are devastating is that, once retinal neurons are lost, they don't grow back. Stem cell-based cell replacement strategy for retinal degenerative diseases are leading the way in clinical trials of transplantation therapy, and the exciting findings in both human and animal models point to the possibility of restoring vision through a cell replacement regenerative approach. A less invasive method of retinal regeneration by mobilizing endogenous stem cells is, thus, highly desirable and promising for restoring vision. Although many obstacles remain to be overcome, the field of endogenous retinal repair is progressing at a rapid pace, with encouraging results in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Liuhuaqiao Hospital, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Thi Hong Khanh Vu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kin-Sang Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Chenying Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Dong Feng Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass.
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Janssen SF, Gorgels TG, Ten Brink JB, Jansonius NM, Bergen AA. Gene expression-based comparison of the human secretory neuroepithelia of the brain choroid plexus and the ocular ciliary body: potential implications for glaucoma. Fluids Barriers CNS 2014; 11:2. [PMID: 24472183 PMCID: PMC3909915 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-11-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The neuroepithelia of the choroid plexus (CP) in the brain and the ciliary body (CB) of the eye have common embryological origins and share similar micro-structure and functions. The CP epithelium (CPE) and the non-pigmented epithelium (NPE) of the CB produce the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the aqueous humor (AH) respectively. Production and outflow of the CSF determine the intracranial pressure (ICP); production and outflow of the AH determine the intraocular pressure (IOP). Together, the IOP and ICP determine the translaminar pressure on the optic disc which may be involved in the pathophysiology of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). The aim of this study was to compare the molecular machinery of the secretory neuroepithelia of the CP and CB (CPE versus NPE) and to determine their potential role in POAG. Methods We compared the transcriptomes and functional annotations of healthy human CPE and NPE. Microarray and bioinformatic studies were performed using an Agilent platform and the Ingenuity Knowledge Database (IPA). Results Based on gene expression profiles, we found many similar functions for the CPE and NPE including molecular transport, neurological disease processes, and immunological functions. With commonly-used selection criteria (fold-change > 2.5, p-value < 0.05), 14% of the genes were expressed significantly differently between CPE and NPE. When we used stricter selection criteria (fold-change > 5, p-value < 0.001), still 4.5% of the genes were expressed differently, which yielded specific functions for the CPE (ciliary movement and angiogenesis/hematopoiesis) and for the NPE (neurodevelopmental properties). Apart from a few exceptions (e.g. SLC12A2, SLC4A4, SLC4A10, KCNA5, and SCN4B), all ion transport protein coding genes involved in CSF and AH production had similar expression profiles in CPE and NPE. Three POAG disease genes were expressed significantly higher in the CPE than the NPE, namely CDH1, CDKN2B and SIX1. Conclusions The transcriptomes of the CPE and NPE were less similar than we previously anticipated. High expression of CSF/AH production genes and candidate POAG disease genes in the CPE and NPE suggest that both might be involved in POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Arthur Ab Bergen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam 1105 BA, The Netherlands.
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Pearson RA. Advances in repairing the degenerate retina by rod photoreceptor transplantation. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:485-91. [PMID: 24412415 PMCID: PMC4070022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite very different aetiologies, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and most inherited retinal disorders culminate in the same final common pathway, loss of the light-sensitive photoreceptors. There are few clinical treatments and none can reverse the loss of vision. Photoreceptor replacement by transplantation is proposed as a broad treatment strategy applicable to all degenerations. The past decade has seen a number of landmark achievements in this field, which together provide strong justification for continuing investigation into photoreceptor replacement strategies. These include proof of principle for restoring vision by rod-photoreceptor transplantation in mice with congenital stationary night blindness and advances in stem cell biology, which have led to the generation of complete optic structures in vitro from embryonic stem cells. The latter represents enormous potential for generating suitable and renewable donor cells with which to achieve the former. However, there are still challenges presented by the degenerating recipient retinal environment that must be addressed as we move to translating these technologies towards clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Pearson
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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Balenci L, van der Kooy D. Notch signaling induces retinal stem-like properties in perinatal neural retina progenitors and promotes symmetric divisions in adult retinal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:230-44. [PMID: 24050115 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms regulating retinal stem cell (RSC) activity is fundamental for future stem cell-based therapeutic purposes. By combining gain and loss of function approaches, we addressed whether Notch signaling may play a selective role in retinal stem versus retinal progenitor cells in both developing and adult eyes. Inhibition of either Notch or fibroblast growth factor signaling reduced proliferation of retinal stem and retinal progenitor cells, and inhibited RSC self-renewal. Conversely, exogenous Delta-like 3 and direct intrinsic Notch activation stimulated expansionary symmetric divisions in adult RSCs with the concomitant upregulation of Hes5. Knocking down Hes5 expression specifically decreased the numbers, but not the diameters, of adult RSC primary spheres, indicating that HES5 is the downstream effector of Notch receptor in controlling adult RSC proliferation. In addition, constitutive Notch activation induced retinal stem-like asymmetric self-renewal properties, with no expansion (no symmetrical division) in perinatal neural retina progenitor cells. These findings highlight central roles of Notch signaling activity in regulating the modes of division of retinal stem and retinal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Balenci
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
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Gire DH, Restrepo D, Sejnowski TJ, Greer C, De Carlos JA, Lopez-Mascaraque L. Temporal processing in the olfactory system: can we see a smell? Neuron 2013; 78:416-32. [PMID: 23664611 PMCID: PMC3694266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sensory processing circuits in the visual and olfactory systems receive input from complex, rapidly changing environments. Although patterns of light and plumes of odor create different distributions of activity in the retina and olfactory bulb, both structures use what appears on the surface similar temporal coding strategies to convey information to higher areas in the brain. We compare temporal coding in the early stages of the olfactory and visual systems, highlighting recent progress in understanding the role of time in olfactory coding during active sensing by behaving animals. We also examine studies that address the divergent circuit mechanisms that generate temporal codes in the two systems, and find that they provide physiological information directly related to functional questions raised by neuroanatomical studies of Ramon y Cajal over a century ago. Consideration of differences in neural activity in sensory systems contributes to generating new approaches to understand signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Gire
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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