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Hernández-Núñez I, Clark BS. Experimental Framework for Assessing Mouse Retinal Regeneration Through Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2848:117-134. [PMID: 39240520 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4087-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases including age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma are estimated to currently affect more than 14 million people in the United States, with an increased prevalence of retinal degenerations in aged individuals. An expanding aged population who are living longer forecasts an increased prevalence and economic burden of visual impairments. Improvements to visual health and treatment paradigms for progressive retinal degenerations slow vision loss. However, current treatments fail to remedy the root cause of visual impairments caused by retinal degenerations-loss of retinal neurons. Stimulation of retinal regeneration from endogenous cellular sources presents an exciting treatment avenue for replacement of lost retinal cells. In multiple species including zebrafish and Xenopus, Müller glial cells maintain a highly efficient regenerative ability to reconstitute lost cells throughout the organism's lifespan, highlighting potential therapeutic avenues for stimulation of retinal regeneration in humans. Here, we describe how the application of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has enhanced our understanding of Müller glial cell-derived retinal regeneration, including the characterization of gene regulatory networks that facilitate/inhibit regenerative responses. Additionally, we provide a validated experimental framework for cellular preparation of mouse retinal cells as input into scRNA-seq experiments, including insights into experimental design and analyses of resulting data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Hernández-Núñez
- John F Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian S Clark
- John F Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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2
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Taylor OB, Patel SP, Hawthorn EC, El-Hodiri HM, Fischer AJ. ID factors regulate the ability of Müller glia to become proliferating neurogenic progenitor-like cells. Glia 2024; 72:1236-1258. [PMID: 38515287 PMCID: PMC11334223 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate how ID factors regulate the ability of Müller glia (MG) to reprogram into proliferating MG-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) in the chick retina. We found that ID1 is transiently expressed by maturing MG (mMG), whereas ID4 is maintained in mMG in embryonic retinas. In mature retinas, ID4 was prominently expressed by resting MG, but following retinal damage ID4 was rapidly upregulated and then downregulated in MGPCs. By contrast, ID1, ID2, and ID3 were low in resting MG and then upregulated in MGPCs. Inhibition of ID factors following retinal damage decreased numbers of proliferating MGPCs. Inhibition of IDs, after MGPC proliferation, significantly increased numbers of progeny that differentiated as neurons. In damaged or undamaged retinas inhibition of IDs increased levels of p21Cip1 in MG. In response to damage or insulin+FGF2 levels of CDKN1A message and p21Cip1 protein were decreased, absent in proliferating MGPCs, and elevated in MG returning to a resting phenotype. Inhibition of notch- or gp130/Jak/Stat-signaling in damaged retinas increased levels of ID4 but not p21Cip1 in MG. Although ID4 is the predominant isoform expressed by MG in the chick retina, id1 and id2a are predominantly expressed by resting MG and downregulated in activated MG and MGPCs in zebrafish retinas. We conclude that ID factors have a significant impact on regulating the responses of MG to retinal damage, controlling the ability of MG to proliferate by regulating levels of p21Cip1, and suppressing the neurogenic potential of MGPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia B. Taylor
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Snehal P. Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Evan C. Hawthorn
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Heithem M. El-Hodiri
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Andy J. Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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3
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Kelly LE, El-Hodiri HM, Crider A, Fischer AJ. Protein phosphatases regulate the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the chick retina. Mol Cell Neurosci 2024; 129:103932. [PMID: 38679247 PMCID: PMC11362962 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2024.103932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Different kinase-dependent cell signaling pathways are known to play important roles in glia-mediated neuroprotection and reprogramming of Müller glia (MG) into Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) in the retina. However, very little is known about the phosphatases that regulate kinase-dependent signaling in MG. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) databases, we investigated patterns of expression of Dual Specificity Phosphatases (DUSP1/6) and other protein phosphatases in normal and damaged chick retinas. We found that DUSP1, DUSP6, PPP3CB, PPP3R1 and PPPM1A/B/D/E/G are widely expressed by many types of retinal neurons and are dynamically expressed by MG and MGPCs in retinas during the process of reprogramming. We find that inhibition of DUSP1/6 and PP2C phosphatases enhances the formation of proliferating MGPCs in damaged retinas and in retinas treated with insulin and FGF2 in the absence of damage. By contrast, inhibition of PP2B phosphatases suppressed the formation of proliferating MGPCs, but increased numbers of proliferating MGPCs in undamaged retinas treated with insulin and FGF2. In damaged retinas, inhibition of DUSP1/6 increased levels of pERK1/2 and cFos in MG whereas inhibition of PP2B's decreased levels of pStat3 and pS6 in MG. Analyses of scRNA-seq libraries identified numerous differentially activated gene modules in MG in damaged retinas versus MG in retinas treated with insulin+FGF2 suggesting significant differences in kinase-dependent signaling pathways that converge on the formation of MGPCs. Inhibition of phosphatases had no significant effects upon numbers of dying cells in damaged retinas. We conclude that the activity of different protein phosphatases acting through retinal neurons and MG "fine-tune" the cell signaling responses of MG in damaged retinas and during the reprogramming of MG into MGPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Kelly
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Heithem M El-Hodiri
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Crider
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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4
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Moyo MTG, Adali T, Tulay P. Exploring gellan gum-based hydrogels for regenerating human embryonic stem cells in age-related macular degeneration therapy: A literature review. Regen Ther 2024; 26:235-250. [PMID: 38966602 PMCID: PMC11222715 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive ocular disease marked by the deterioration of retinal photoreceptor cells, leading to central vision decline, predominantly affecting the elderly population worldwide. Current treatment modalities, such as anti-VEGF agents, laser therapy, and photodynamic therapy, aim to manage the condition, with emerging strategies like stem cell replacement therapy showing promise. However, challenges like immune rejection and cell survival hinder the efficacy of stem cell interventions. Regenerative medicine faces obstacles in maximizing stem cell potential due to limitations in mimicking the dynamic cues of the extracellular matrix (ECM) crucial for guiding stem cell behaviour. Innovative biomaterials like gellan gum hydrogels offer tailored microenvironments conducive to enhancing stem cell culture efficacy and tissue regeneration. Gellan gum-based hydrogels, renowned for biocompatibility and customizable mechanical properties, provide crucial support for cell viability, differentiation, and controlled release of therapeutic factors, making them an ideal platform for culturing human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). These hydrogels mimic native tissue mechanics, promoting optimal hESC differentiation while minimizing immune responses and facilitating localized delivery. This review explores the potential of Gellan Gum-Based Hydrogels in regenerative AMD therapy, emphasizing their role in enhancing hESC regeneration and addressing current status, treatment limitations, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mthabisi Talent George Moyo
- Near East University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, P.O. Box: 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
- Girne American University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, PO Box 99428, Karmi Campus, Karaoglanoglu, Kyrenia, Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
- Girne American University, Research and Application Center of Biomedical Sciences, PO Box 99428, Karmi Campus, Karaoglanoglu, Kyrenia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Terin Adali
- Girne American University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, PO Box 99428, Karmi Campus, Karaoglanoglu, Kyrenia, Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
- Girne American University, Research and Application Center of Biomedical Sciences, PO Box 99428, Karmi Campus, Karaoglanoglu, Kyrenia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Pinar Tulay
- Near East University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
- Near East University, DESAM Research Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
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5
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Wu D, Khan FA, Zhang K, Pandupuspitasari NS, Negara W, Guan K, Sun F, Huang C. Retinoic acid signaling in development and differentiation commitment and its regulatory topology. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 387:110773. [PMID: 37977248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the derivative of vitamin A/retinol, is a signaling molecule with important implications in health and disease. It is a well-known developmental morphogen that functions mainly through the transcriptional activity of nuclear RA receptors (RARs) and, uncommonly, through other nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Intracellular RA is under spatiotemporally fine-tuned regulation by synthesis and degradation processes catalyzed by retinaldehyde dehydrogenases and P450 family enzymes, respectively. In addition to dictating the transcription architecture, RA also impinges on cell functioning through non-genomic mechanisms independent of RAR transcriptional activity. Although RA-based differentiation therapy has achieved impressive success in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, RA also has pro-tumor activity. Here, we highlight the relevance of RA signaling in cell-fate determination, neurogenesis, visual function, inflammatory responses and gametogenesis commitment. Genetic and post-translational modifications of RAR are also discussed. A better understanding of RA signaling will foster the development of precision medicine to improve the defects caused by deregulated RA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Faheem Ahmed Khan
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Kejia Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | | | - Windu Negara
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Kaifeng Guan
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Chunjie Huang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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6
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Kelly LE, El-Hodiri HM, Crider A, Fischer AJ. Protein phosphatases regulate the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the chick retina. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.11.570629. [PMID: 38168320 PMCID: PMC10760049 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.11.570629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Different kinase-dependent cell signaling pathways are known to play important roles in glia-mediated neuroprotection and reprogramming of Müller glia (MG) into Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) in the retina. However, very little is known about the phosphatases that regulate kinase-dependent signaling in MG. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) databases, we investigated patterns of expression of Dual Specificity Phosphatases (DUSP1/6) and other protein phosphatases in normal and damaged chick retinas. We found that DUSP1, DUSP6, PPP3CB, PPP3R1 and PPPM1A/B/D/E/G are dynamically expressed by MG and MGPCs in retinas during the process of reprogramming. We find that inhibition of DUSP1/6 and PP2C phosphatases enhances the formation of proliferating MGPCs in damaged retinas and in retinas treated with insulin in FGF2 in the absence of damage. By contrast, inhibition of PP2B phosphatases suppressed the formation of proliferating MGPCs, but increased numbers of proliferating MGPCs in undamaged retinas treated with insulin and FGF2. In damaged retinas, inhibition of DUSP1/6 increased levels of pERK1/2 and cFos in MG whereas inhibition of PP2B's decreased levels of pStat3 and pS6 in MG. Analyses of scRNA-seq libraries identified numerous differentially activated gene modules in MG in damaged retinas versus MG in retinas treated with insulin+FGF2 suggesting significant differences in kinase-dependent signaling pathways that converge on the formation of MGPCs. Inhibition of phosphatases had no significant effects upon numbers of dying cells in damaged retinas. We conclude that the activity of different protein phosphatases "fine-tune" the cell signaling responses of MG in damaged retinas and during the reprogramming of MG into MGPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E. Kelly
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Heithem M. El-Hodiri
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Andrew Crider
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Andy J. Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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7
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El-Hodiri HM, Bentley JR, Reske AG, Taylor OB, Palazzo I, Campbell WA, Halloy NR, Fischer AJ. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2 rescue Müller glia-derived progenitor cell formation in microglia- and macrophage-ablated chick retinas. Development 2023; 150:dev202070. [PMID: 37971210 PMCID: PMC10730090 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the impact of pro-inflammatory signaling and reactive microglia/macrophages on the formation of Müller glial-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) in the retina. In chick retina, ablation of microglia/macrophages prevents the formation of MGPCs. Analyses of single-cell RNA-sequencing chick retinal libraries revealed that quiescent and activated microglia/macrophages have a significant impact upon the transcriptomic profile of Müller glia (MG). In damaged monocyte-depleted retinas, MG fail to upregulate genes related to different cell signaling pathways, including those related to Wnt, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HBEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and retinoic acid receptors. Inhibition of GSK3β, to simulate Wnt signaling, failed to rescue the deficit in MGPC formation, whereas application of HBEGF or FGF2 completely rescued the formation of MGPCs in monocyte-depleted retinas. Inhibition of Smad3 or activation of retinoic acid receptors partially rescued the formation of MGPCs in monocyte-depleted retinas. We conclude that signals produced by reactive microglia/macrophages in damaged retinas stimulate MG to upregulate cell signaling through HBEGF, FGF and retinoic acid, and downregulate signaling through TGFβ/Smad3 to promote the reprogramming of MG into proliferating MGPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heithem M. El-Hodiri
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA
| | - James R. Bentley
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA
| | - Alana G. Reske
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA
| | - Olivia B. Taylor
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA
| | - Isabella Palazzo
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Warren A. Campbell
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA
| | - Nicklaus R. Halloy
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA
| | - Andy J. Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA
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Krylov A, Yu S, Veen K, Newton A, Ye A, Qin H, He J, Jusuf PR. Heterogeneity in quiescent Müller glia in the uninjured zebrafish retina drive differential responses following photoreceptor ablation. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1087136. [PMID: 37575968 PMCID: PMC10413128 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1087136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Loss of neurons in the neural retina is a leading cause of vision loss. While humans do not possess the capacity for retinal regeneration, zebrafish can achieve this through activation of resident Müller glia. Remarkably, despite the presence of Müller glia in humans and other mammalian vertebrates, these cells lack an intrinsic ability to contribute to regeneration. Upon activation, zebrafish Müller glia can adopt a stem cell-like state, undergo proliferation and generate new neurons. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this activation subsequent retinal regeneration remains unclear. Methods/Results To address this, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and report remarkable heterogeneity in gene expression within quiescent Müller glia across distinct dorsal, central and ventral retina pools of such cells. Next, we utilized a genetically driven, chemically inducible nitroreductase approach to study Müller glia activation following selective ablation of three distinct photoreceptor subtypes: long wavelength sensitive cones, short wavelength sensitive cones, and rods. There, our data revealed that a region-specific bias in activation of Müller glia exists in the zebrafish retina, and this is independent of the distribution of the ablated cell type across retinal regions. Notably, gene ontology analysis revealed that injury-responsive dorsal and central Müller glia express genes related to dorsal/ventral pattern formation, growth factor activity, and regulation of developmental process. Through scRNA-seq analysis, we identify a shared genetic program underlying initial Müller glia activation and cell cycle entry, followed by differences that drive the fate of regenerating neurons. We observed an initial expression of AP-1 and injury-responsive transcription factors, followed by genes involved in Notch signaling, ribosome biogenesis and gliogenesis, and finally expression of cell cycle, chromatin remodeling and microtubule-associated genes. Discussion Taken together, our findings document the regional specificity of gene expression within quiescent Müller glia and demonstrate unique Müller glia activation and regeneration features following neural ablation. These findings will improve our understanding of the molecular pathways relevant to neural regeneration in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Krylov
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shuguang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kellie Veen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Axel Newton
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Aojun Ye
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiwen Qin
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Patricia R. Jusuf
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Campbell WA, El-Hodiri HM, Torres D, Hawthorn EC, Kelly LE, Volkov L, Akanonu D, Fischer AJ. Chromatin access regulates the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the retina. Glia 2023; 71:1729-1754. [PMID: 36971459 PMCID: PMC11335016 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin access and epigenetic control over gene expression play important roles in regulating developmental processes. However, little is known about how chromatin access and epigenetic gene silencing influence mature glial cells and retinal regeneration. Herein, we investigate the expression and functions of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH; AHCY) and histone methyltransferases (HMTs) during the formation of Müller glia (MG)-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) in the chick and mouse retinas. In chick, AHCY, AHCYL1 and AHCYL2, and many different HMTs are dynamically expressed by MG and MGPCs in damaged retinas. Inhibition of SAHH reduced levels of H3K27me3 and potently blocks the formation of proliferating MGPCs. By using a combination of single cell RNA-seq and single cell ATAC-seq, we find significant changes in gene expression and chromatin access in MG with SAHH inhibition and NMDA-treatment; many of these genes are associated with glial and neuronal differentiation. A strong correlation across gene expression, chromatin access, and transcription factor motif access in MG was observed for transcription factors known to convey glial identity and promote retinal development. By comparison, in the mouse retina, inhibition of SAHH has no influence on the differentiation of neuron-like cells from Ascl1-overexpressing MG. We conclude that in the chick the activity of SAHH and HMTs are required for the reprogramming of MG into MGPCs by regulating chromatin access to transcription factors associated with glial differentiation and retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren A. Campbell
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Heithem M. El-Hodiri
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Diego Torres
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Evan C. Hawthorn
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Lisa E. Kelly
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Leo Volkov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - David Akanonu
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Andy J. Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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El-Hodiri HM, Bentley J, Reske A, Palazzo I, Campbell WA, Halloy NR, Fischer AJ. Formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in retinas depleted of microglia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.08.544205. [PMID: 37333380 PMCID: PMC10274900 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the complex coordination of pro-inflammatory signaling and reactive microglia/macrophage on the formation Müller glial-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) in the retinas of fish, birds and mice. We generated scRNA-seq libraries to identify transcriptional changes in Müller glia (MG) that result from the depletion of microglia from the chick retina. We found significant changes in different networks of genes in MG in normal and damaged retinas when the microglia are ablated. We identified a failure of MG to upregulate Wnt-ligands, Heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HBEGF), Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), retinoic acid receptors and genes related to Notch-signaling. Inhibition of GSK3β, to simulate Wnt-signaling, failed to rescue the deficit in formation of proliferating MGPCs in damaged retinas missing microglia. By comparison, application of HBEGF or FGF2 completely rescued the formation of proliferating MGPCs in microglia-depleted retinas. Similarly, injection of a small molecule inhibitor to Smad3 or agonist to retinoic acid receptors partially rescued the formation of proliferating MGPCs in microglia-depleted damaged retinas. According to scRNA-seq libraries, patterns of expression of ligands, receptors, signal transducers and/or processing enzymes to cell-signaling via HBEGF, FGF, retinoic acid and TGFβ are rapidly and transiently upregulated by MG after neuronal damage, consistent with important roles for these cell-signaling pathways in regulating the formation of MGPCs. We conclude that quiescent and activated microglia have a significant impact upon the transcriptomic profile of MG. We conclude that signals produced by reactive microglia in damaged retinas stimulate MG to upregulate cell signaling through HBEGF, FGF and retinoic acid, and downregulate signaling through TGFβ/Smad3 to promote the reprogramming on MG into proliferating MGPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heithem M. El-Hodiri
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - James Bentley
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Alana Reske
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Isabella Palazzo
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Warren A. Campbell
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Nicklaus R. Halloy
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Andy J. Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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11
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Hooper MJ. Modification of Müller Glial Cell Fate and Proliferation with the Use of Small Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1415:473-477. [PMID: 37440074 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, reprogramming Müller glia by overexpressing Ascl1 and other transcription factors has shown promise for the regeneration of postmitotic retinal neurons, primarily bipolar cells, following injury. Müller glial proliferation and efficiency of neuronal differentiation can be modified by the use of small molecules in various systems. The molecules and pathways studied thus far share remarkable consistency with astrocytes. In this mini review, we provide an overview on the modulation of Müller glial proliferation and cell fate using small molecules in injury and reprogramming. We also compare these observations to what has been observed in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Hooper
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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12
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Grigoryan EN. Cell Sources for Retinal Regeneration: Implication for Data Translation in Biomedicine of the Eye. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233755. [PMID: 36497013 PMCID: PMC9738527 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main degenerative diseases of the retina include macular degeneration, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and glaucoma. Novel approaches for treating retinal diseases are based on cell replacement therapy using a variety of exogenous stem cells. An alternative and complementary approach is the potential use of retinal regeneration cell sources (RRCSs) containing retinal pigment epithelium, ciliary body, Müller glia, and retinal ciliary region. RRCSs in lower vertebrates in vivo and in mammals mostly in vitro are able to proliferate and exhibit gene expression and epigenetic characteristics typical for neural/retinal cell progenitors. Here, we review research on the factors controlling the RRCSs' properties, such as the cell microenvironment, growth factors, cytokines, hormones, etc., that determine the regenerative responses and alterations underlying the RRCS-associated pathologies. We also discuss how the current data on molecular features and regulatory mechanisms of RRCSs could be translated in retinal biomedicine with a special focus on (1) attempts to obtain retinal neurons de novo both in vivo and in vitro to replace damaged retinal cells; and (2) investigations of the key molecular networks stimulating regenerative responses and preventing RRCS-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora N Grigoryan
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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13
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Sharma P, Ramachandran R. Retina regeneration: lessons from vertebrates. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac012. [PMID: 38596712 PMCID: PMC10913848 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Unlike mammals, vertebrates such as fishes and frogs exhibit remarkable tissue regeneration including the central nervous system. Retina being part of the central nervous system has attracted the interest of several research groups to explore its regenerative ability in different vertebrate models including mice. Fishes and frogs completely restore the size, shape and tissue structure of an injured retina. Several studies have unraveled molecular mechanisms underlying retina regeneration. In teleosts, soon after injury, the Müller glial cells of the retina reprogram to form a proliferating population of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells capable of differentiating into various neural cell types and Müller glia. In amphibians, the transdifferentiation of retinal pigment epithelium and differentiation of ciliary marginal zone cells contribute to retina regeneration. In chicks and mice, supplementation with external growth factors or genetic modifications cause a partial regenerative response in the damaged retina. The initiation of retina regeneration is achieved through sequential orchestration of gene expression through controlled modulations in the genetic and epigenetic landscape of the progenitor cells. Several developmental biology pathways are turned on during the Müller glia reprogramming, retinal pigment epithelium transdifferentiation and ciliary marginal zone differentiation. Further, several tumorigenic pathways and gene expression events also contribute to the complete regeneration cascade of events. In this review, we address the various retinal injury paradigms and subsequent gene expression events governed in different vertebrate species. Further, we compared how vertebrates such as teleost fishes and amphibians can achieve excellent regenerative responses in the retina compared with their mammalian counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
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14
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Todd L, Reh TA. Comparative Biology of Vertebrate Retinal Regeneration: Restoration of Vision through Cellular Reprogramming. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040816. [PMID: 34580118 PMCID: PMC9248829 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of the vertebrate retina varies substantially across species. Whereas fish and amphibians can regenerate functional retina, mammals do not. In this perspective piece, we outline the various strategies nonmammalian vertebrates use to achieve functional regeneration of vision. We review key differences underlying the regenerative potential across species including the cellular source of postnatal progenitors, the diversity of cell fates regenerated, and the level of functional vision that can be achieved. Finally, we provide an outlook on the field of engineering the mammalian retina to replace neurons lost to injury or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Todd
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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15
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Zibetti C. Deciphering the Retinal Epigenome during Development, Disease and Reprogramming: Advancements, Challenges and Perspectives. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050806. [PMID: 35269428 PMCID: PMC8908986 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal neurogenesis is driven by concerted actions of transcription factors, some of which are expressed in a continuum and across several cell subtypes throughout development. While seemingly redundant, many factors diversify their regulatory outcome on gene expression, by coordinating variations in chromatin landscapes to drive divergent retinal specification programs. Recent studies have furthered the understanding of the epigenetic contribution to the progression of age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of blindness in the elderly. The knowledge of the epigenomic mechanisms that control the acquisition and stabilization of retinal cell fates and are evoked upon damage, holds the potential for the treatment of retinal degeneration. Herein, this review presents the state-of-the-art approaches to investigate the retinal epigenome during development, disease, and reprogramming. A pipeline is then reviewed to functionally interrogate the epigenetic and transcriptional networks underlying cell fate specification, relying on a truly unbiased screening of open chromatin states. The related work proposes an inferential model to identify gene regulatory networks, features the first footprinting analysis and the first tentative, systematic query of candidate pioneer factors in the retina ever conducted in any model organism, leading to the identification of previously uncharacterized master regulators of retinal cell identity, such as the nuclear factor I, NFI. This pipeline is virtually applicable to the study of genetic programs and candidate pioneer factors in any developmental context. Finally, challenges and limitations intrinsic to the current next-generation sequencing techniques are discussed, as well as recent advances in super-resolution imaging, enabling spatio-temporal resolution of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zibetti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, Building 36, 0455 Oslo, Norway
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16
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Expression of Otx Genes in Müller Cells Using an In Vitro Experimental Model of Retinal Hypoxia. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2021:6265553. [PMID: 35003791 PMCID: PMC8741358 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6265553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Müller glial cells typically activate to react to hypoxic tissue damage in several retinal diseases. We evaluated the in vitro response to a hypoxia-mimicking stimulus on the expression of a set of genes, known to contribute to eye morphogenesis and cell differentiation. Materials and Methods A MIO-M1 Müller cell line was cultured in a hypoxia-mimicking environment by the addition of cobalt chloride to the culture medium, followed by a recovery time in which we mimic restoration from the hypoxic insult. The HIF-1α protein and VEGF-A gene expression were quantified to verify the induction of a hypoxia-like state. Results Among the genes under study, we did not observe any difference in the expression levels of Otx1 and Otx2 during treatment; conversely, Otx1 was overexpressed during recovery steps. The VEGF-A gene was strongly upregulated at both the CoCl2 and recovery time points. The transactivated isoform (TA) of the TP73 gene showed an overexpression in long-term exposure to the hypoxic stimulus with a further increase after recovery. Discussion. Our molecular analysis is able to describe the activation of a set of genes, never before described, that can drive the response to a hypoxia-like status. The improved comprehension of these cellular events will be useful for designing new therapeutical approaches for retinal pathologies.
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Makrides N, Wang Q, Tao C, Schwartz S, Zhang X. Jack of all trades, master of each: the diversity of fibroblast growth factor signalling in eye development. Open Biol 2022; 12:210265. [PMID: 35016551 PMCID: PMC8753161 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A central question in development biology is how a limited set of signalling pathways can instruct unlimited diversity of multicellular organisms. In this review, we use three ocular tissues as models of increasing complexity to present the astounding versatility of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling. In the lacrimal gland, we highlight the specificity of FGF signalling in a one-dimensional model of budding morphogenesis. In the lens, we showcase the dynamics of FGF signalling in altering functional outcomes in a two-dimensional space. In the retina, we present the prolific utilization of FGF signalling from three-dimensional development to homeostasis. These examples not only shed light on the cellular basis for the perfection and complexity of ocular development, but also serve as paradigms for the diversity of FGF signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neoklis Makrides
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chenqi Tao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel Schwartz
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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18
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El-Hodiri HM, Campbell WA, Kelly LE, Hawthorn EC, Schwartz M, Jalligampala A, McCall MA, Meyer K, Fischer AJ. Nuclear Factor I in neurons, glia and during the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in avian, porcine and primate retinas. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1213-1230. [PMID: 34729776 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative potential of Müller glia (MG) is extraordinary in fish, poor in chick and terrible in mammals. In the chick model, MG readily reprogram into proliferating Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs), but neuronal differentiation is very limited. The factors that suppress the neurogenic potential of MGPCs in the chick are slowly being revealed. Isoforms of Nuclear Factor I (NFI) are cell-intrinsic factors that limit neurogenic potential; these factors are required for the formation of MG in the developing mouse retina (Clark et al., 2019) and deletion of these factors reprograms MG into neuron-like cells in mature mouse retina (Hoang et al., 2020). Accordingly, we sought to characterize the patterns of expression NFIs in the developing, mature and damaged chick retina. In addition, we characterized patterns of expression of NFIs in the retinas of large mammals, pigs and monkeys. Using a combination of single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and immunolabeling we probed for patterns of expression. In embryonic chick, levels of NFIs are very low in early E5 (embryonic day 5) retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), up-regulated in E8 RPCs, further up-regulated in differentiating MG at E12 and E15. NFIs are maintained in mature resting MG, microglia and neurons. Levels of NFIs are reduced in activated MG in retinas treated with NMDA and/or insulin+FGF2, and further down-regulated in proliferating MGPCs. However, levels of NFIs in MGPCs were significantly higher than those seen in RPCs. Immunolabeling for NFIA and NFIB closely matched patterns of expression revealed in different types of retinal neurons and glia, consistent with findings from scRNA-seq. In addition, we find expression of NFIA and NFIB through progenitors in the circumferential marginal zone at the far periphery of the retina. We find similar patterns of expression for NFIs in scRNA-seq databases for pig and monkey retinas. Patterns of expression of NFIA and NFIB were validated with immunofluorescence in pig and monkey retinas wherein these factors were predominantly detected in MG and a few types of inner retinal neurons. In summary, NFIA and NFIB are prominently expressed in developing chick retina and by mature neurons and glia in the retinas of chicks, pigs and monkeys. Although levels of NFIs are decreased in chick, in MGPCs these levels remain higher than those seen in neurogenic RPCs. We propose that the neurogenic potential of MGPCs in the chick retina is suppressed by NFIs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heithem M El-Hodiri
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Warren A Campbell
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Lisa E Kelly
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Evan C Hawthorn
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Maura Schwartz
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Archana Jalligampala
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Maureen A McCall
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Kathrin Meyer
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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19
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Todd L, Hooper MJ, Haugan AK, Finkbeiner C, Jorstad N, Radulovich N, Wong CK, Donaldson PC, Jenkins W, Chen Q, Rieke F, Reh TA. Efficient stimulation of retinal regeneration from Müller glia in adult mice using combinations of proneural bHLH transcription factors. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109857. [PMID: 34686336 PMCID: PMC8691131 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative neuroscience aims to stimulate endogenous repair in the nervous system to replace neurons lost from degenerative diseases. Recently, we reported that overexpressing the transcription factor Ascl1 in Müller glia (MG) is sufficient to stimulate MG to regenerate functional neurons in the adult mouse retina. However, this process is inefficient, and only a third of the Ascl1-expressing MG generate new neurons. Here, we test whether proneural transcription factors of the Atoh1/7 class can further promote the regenerative capacity of MG. We find that the combination of Ascl1:Atoh1 is remarkably efficient at stimulating neurogenesis, even in the absence of retinal injury. Using electrophysiology and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we demonstrate that Ascl1:Atoh1 generates a diversity of retinal neuron types, with the majority expressing characteristics of retinal ganglion cells. Our results provide a proof of principle that combinations of developmental transcription factors can substantially improve glial reprogramming to neurons and expand the repertoire of regenerated cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Todd
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marcus J Hooper
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexandra K Haugan
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Connor Finkbeiner
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nikolas Jorstad
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nicholas Radulovich
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Claire K Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Phoebe C Donaldson
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Wesley Jenkins
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 91895, USA
| | - Fred Rieke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 91895, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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20
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Sherpa RD, Hui SP. An insight on established retinal injury mechanisms and prevalent retinal stem cell activation pathways in vertebrate models. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:189-203. [PMID: 34557646 PMCID: PMC8446703 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementing different tools and injury mechanisms in multiple animal models of retina regeneration, researchers have discovered the existence of retinal stem/progenitor cells. Although they appear to be distributed uniformly across the vertebrate lineage, the reparative potential of the retina is mainly restricted to lower vertebrates. Regenerative repair post-injury requires the creation of a proliferative niche, vital for proper stem cell activation, propagation, and lineage differentiation. This seems to be lacking in mammals. Hence, in this review, we first discuss the many forms of retinal injuries that have been generated using animal models. Next, we discuss how they are utilized to stimulate regeneration and mimic eye disease pathologies. The key to driving stem cell activation in mammals relies on the information we can gather from these models. Lastly, we present a brief update about the genes, growth factors, and signaling pathways that have been brought to light using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhra Prakash Hui
- S. N. Pradhan Centre for NeurosciencesUniversity of CalcuttaKolkataIndia
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21
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Campbell WA, Blum S, Reske A, Hoang T, Blackshaw S, Fischer AJ. Cannabinoid signaling promotes the de-differentiation and proliferation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells. Glia 2021; 69:2503-2521. [PMID: 34231253 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCB) are lipid-based neurotransmitters that are known to influence synaptic function in the visual system. eCBs are also known to suppress neuroinflammation in different pathological states. However, nothing is known about the roles of the eCB system during the transition of Müller glia (MG) into proliferating progenitor-like cells in the retina. Accordingly, we used the chick and mouse model to characterize expression patterns of eCB-related genes and applied pharmacological agents to investigate how the eCB system impacts glial reactivity and the capacity of MG to become Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs). We queried single cell RNA-seq libraries to identify eCB-related genes and identify cells with dynamic patterns of expression in damaged retinas. MG and inner retinal neurons expressed the eCB receptor CNR1, as well as enzymes involved in eCB metabolism. In the chick, intraocular injections of cannabinoids, 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and Anandamide (AEA), stimulated the formation of MGPCs. Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CNR1)-agonists and Monoglyceride Lipase-inhibitor promoted the formation of MGPCs, whereas CNR1-antagonist and inhibitors of eCB synthesis suppressed this process. In damaged mouse retinas where MG activate NFkB-signaling, activation of CNR1 decreased and inhibition of CNR1 increased NFkB, whereas levels of neuronal cell death were unaffected. Surprisingly, retinal microglia were largely unaffected by increases or decreases in eCB-signaling in both chick and mouse retinas. We conclude that the eCB system in the retina influences the reactivity of MG and the formation of proliferating MGPCs, but does not influence the reactivity of immune cells in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren A Campbell
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sydney Blum
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alana Reske
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Thanh Hoang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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22
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Flach H, Basten T, Schreiner C, Dietmann P, Greco S, Nies L, Roßmanith N, Walter S, Kühl M, Kühl SJ. Retinol binding protein 1 affects Xenopus anterior neural development via all-trans retinoic acid signaling. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1096-1112. [PMID: 33570783 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinol binding protein 1 (Rbp1) acts as an intracellular regulator of vitamin A metabolism and retinoid transport. In mice, Rbp1 deficiency decreases the capacity of hepatic stellate cells to take up all-trans retinol and sustain retinyl ester stores. Furthermore, Rbp1 is crucial for visual capacity. Although the function of Rbp1 has been studied in the mature eye, its role during early anterior neural development has not yet been investigated in detail. RESULTS We showed that rbp1 is expressed in the eye, anterior neural crest cells (NCCs) and prosencephalon of the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. Rbp1 knockdown led to defects in eye formation, including microphthalmia and disorganized retinal lamination, and to disturbed induction and differentiation of the eye field, as shown by decreased rax and pax6 expression. Furthermore, it resulted in reduced rax expression in the prosencephalon and affected cranial cartilage. Rbp1 inhibition also interfered with neural crest induction and migration, as shown by twist and slug. Moreover, it led to a significant reduction of the all-trans retinoic acid target gene pitx2 in NCC-derived periocular mesenchyme. The Rbp1 knockdown phenotypes were rescued by pitx2 RNA co-injection. CONCLUSION Rbp1 is crucial for the development of the anterior neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Flach
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Basten
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Corinna Schreiner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Petra Dietmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sara Greco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lea Nies
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nathalie Roßmanith
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Svenja Walter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne J Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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23
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Campbell WA, Fritsch-Kelleher A, Palazzo I, Hoang T, Blackshaw S, Fischer AJ. Midkine is neuroprotective and influences glial reactivity and the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in chick and mouse retinas. Glia 2021; 69:1515-1539. [PMID: 33569849 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest midkine (MDK) is involved in the development and regeneration of the zebrafish retina. We investigate the expression patterns of MDK and related factors, roles in neuronal survival, and influence upon the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) in chick and mouse model systems. By using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we find that MDK and pleiotrophin (PTN), a MDK-related cytokine, are upregulated by Müller glia (MG) during later stages of development in chick. While PTN is downregulated, MDK is dramatically upregulated in mature MG after retinal damage or FGF2 and insulin treatment. By comparison, MDK and PTN are downregulated by MG in damaged mouse retinas. In both chick and mouse retinas, exogenous MDK induces expression of cFos and pS6 in MG. In the chick, MDK significantly decreases numbers dying neurons, reactive microglia, and proliferating MGPCs, whereas PTN has no effect. Inhibition of MDK-signaling with Na3 VO4 blocks neuroprotective effects with an increase in the number of dying cells and negates the pro-proliferative effects on MGPCs in damaged retinas. Inhibitors of PP2A and Pak1, which are associated with MDK-signaling through integrin β1, suppressed the formation of MGPCs in damaged chick retinas. In mice, MDK promotes a small but significant increase in proliferating MGPCs in damaged retinas and potently decreases the number of dying cells. We conclude that MDK expression is dynamically regulated in Müller glia during embryonic maturation, following retinal injury, and during reprogramming into MGPCs. MDK mediates glial activity, neuronal survival, and the re-programming of Müller glia into proliferating MGPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren A Campbell
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amanda Fritsch-Kelleher
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Isabella Palazzo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Thanh Hoang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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24
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Ghorbani F, Ghalandari B, Ghorbani F, Zamanian A. Effects of lamellar microstructure of retinoic acid loaded-matrixes on physicochemical properties, migration, and neural differentiation of P19 embryonic carcinoma cells. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2020-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, retinoic acid loaded-PLGA-gelatin matrixes were prepared with both freeze-casting and freeze-drying techniques. Herein, the effect of unidirectional microstructure with tunable pores on release profile, cellular adhesion, migration, and differentiation was compared. Morphological observation determined that highly interconnected porous structure can be formed, but lamellar pore channels were observed in freeze-casting prepared constructs. The absorption ratio was increased, and the biodegradation rate was decreased as a function of the orientation of microstructure. The in-vitro release study illustrated non-Fickian release mechanism in both methods, so that erosion has predominated over diffusion. Accordingly, PLGA-gelatin scaffolds prepared with freeze-drying technique showed no adequate erosion due to the rigid structure, while freeze-casting one presented more favorable erosion. Microscopic observations of adhered P19 embryonic cells on the scaffolds showed that the freeze-casting matrixes with unidirectional pores provide a more compatible microenvironment for cell attachments and spreading. Besides, it facilitated cell migration and penetration inside the structure and may act as guidance for neuron growth. Improvement in the expression of neural genes in unidirectionally oriented pores proved the decisive role of contact guidance for nerve healing. It seems that the freeze-cast PLGA-gelatin-retinoic acid scaffolds have initial features for nerve tissue regeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Ghorbani
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital , Fudan University Pudong Medical Center , 2800 Gongwei Road , Pudong , Shanghai, 201399 , China
| | - Behafarid Ghalandari
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200030 , China
| | - Farimah Ghorbani
- Faculty of Medicine , Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ali Zamanian
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Materials and Energy Research Center , Karaj , Iran
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25
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Grigoryan EN. Potential Endogenous Cell Sources for Retinal Regeneration in Vertebrates and Humans: Progenitor Traits and Specialization. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E208. [PMID: 32664635 PMCID: PMC7400588 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal diseases often cause the loss of photoreceptor cells and, consequently, impairment of vision. To date, several cell populations are known as potential endogenous retinal regeneration cell sources (RRCSs): the eye ciliary zone, the retinal pigment epithelium, the iris, and Müller glia. Factors that can activate the regenerative responses of RRCSs are currently under investigation. The present review considers accumulated data on the relationship between the progenitor properties of RRCSs and the features determining their differentiation. Specialized RRCSs (all except the ciliary zone in low vertebrates), despite their differences, appear to be partially "prepared" to exhibit their plasticity and be reprogrammed into retinal neurons due to the specific gene expression and epigenetic landscape. The "developmental" characteristics of RRCS gene expression are predefined by the pathway by which these cell populations form during eye morphogenesis; the epigenetic features responsible for chromatin organization in RRCSs are under intracellular regulation. Such genetic and epigenetic readiness is manifested in vivo in lower vertebrates and in vitro in higher ones under conditions permissive for cell phenotype transformation. Current studies on gene expression in RRCSs and changes in their epigenetic landscape help find experimental approaches to replacing dead cells through recruiting cells from endogenous resources in vertebrates and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora N Grigoryan
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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García-García D, Locker M, Perron M. Update on Müller glia regenerative potential for retinal repair. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 64:52-59. [PMID: 32619816 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Retinal regeneration efficiency from Müller glia varies tremendously among vertebrate species, being extremely limited in mammals. Efforts towards the identification of molecular mechanisms underlying Müller cell proliferative and neurogenic potential should help finding strategies to awake them and ensure regeneration in mammals. We provide here an update on the most recent and original progresses made in the field. These include remarkable discoveries regarding (i) unprecedented cross-species comparison of Müller cell transcriptome using single-cell technologies, (ii) the identification of new strategies to promote both the proliferative and the neurogenic potential of mammalian Müller cells, (iii) the role of the epigenome in regulating Müller glia plasticity, (iv) miRNA-based regulatory mechanisms of Müller cell response to injury, and (v) the influence of inflammatory signals on the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana García-García
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Retina France, Institut des Neurosciences Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Morgane Locker
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Retina France, Institut des Neurosciences Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Muriel Perron
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Retina France, Institut des Neurosciences Paris Saclay, Orsay, France.
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Palazzo I, Deistler K, Hoang TV, Blackshaw S, Fischer AJ. NF-κB signaling regulates the formation of proliferating Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the avian retina. Development 2020; 147:dev.183418. [PMID: 32291273 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinal regeneration is robust in some cold-blooded vertebrates, but this process is ineffective in warm-blooded vertebrates. Understanding the mechanisms that suppress the reprogramming of Müller glia into neurogenic progenitors is key to harnessing the regenerative potential of the retina. Inflammation and reactive microglia are known to influence the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs), but the mechanisms underlying this interaction are unknown. We used a chick in vivo model to investigate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, a critical regulator of inflammation, during the reprogramming of Müller glia into proliferating progenitors. We find that components of the NF-κB pathway are dynamically regulated by Müller glia after neuronal damage or treatment with growth factors. Inhibition of NF-κB enhances, whereas activation suppresses, the formation of proliferating MGPCs. Following microglia ablation, the effects of NF-κB-agonists on MGPC-formation are reversed, suggesting that signals provided by reactive microglia influence how NF-κB impacts Müller glia reprogramming. We propose that NF-κB is an important signaling 'hub' that suppresses the reprogramming of Müller glia into proliferating MGPCs and this 'hub' coordinates signals provided by reactive microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Palazzo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kyle Deistler
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thanh V Hoang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Abstract
In humans, various genetic defects or age-related diseases, such as diabetic retinopathies, glaucoma, and macular degeneration, cause the death of retinal neurons and profound vision loss. One approach to treating these diseases is to utilize stem and progenitor cells to replace neurons in situ, with the expectation that new neurons will create new synaptic circuits or integrate into existing ones. Reprogramming non-neuronal cells in vivo into stem or progenitor cells is one strategy for replacing lost neurons. Zebrafish have become a valuable model for investigating cellular reprogramming and retinal regeneration. This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding spontaneous reprogramming of Müller glia in zebrafish and compares this knowledge to research efforts directed toward reprogramming Müller glia in mammals. Intensive research using these animal models has revealed shared molecular mechanisms that make Müller glia attractive targets for cellular reprogramming and highlighted the potential for curing degenerative retinal diseases from intrinsic cellular sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Lahne
- Center for Zebrafish Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA; , .,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Mikiko Nagashima
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA; ,
| | - David R Hyde
- Center for Zebrafish Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA; , .,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Peter F Hitchcock
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA; , .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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Markitantova YV, Simirskii VN. Role of the Redox System in Initiation of a Regenerative Response of Neural Eye Tissues in Vertebrates. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s106236042001004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fleming T, Balderas-Márquez JE, Epardo D, Ávila-Mendoza J, Carranza M, Luna M, Harvey S, Arámburo C, Martínez-Moreno CG. Growth Hormone Neuroprotection Against Kainate Excitotoxicity in the Retina is Mediated by Notch/PTEN/Akt Signaling. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4532-4547. [PMID: 31675424 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In the retina, growth hormone (GH) promotes axonal growth, synaptic restoration, and protective actions against excitotoxicity. Notch signaling pathway is critical for neural development and participates in the retinal neuroregenerative process. We investigated the interaction of GH with Notch signaling pathway during its neuroprotective effect against excitotoxic damage in the chicken retina. Methods Kainate (KA) was used as excitotoxic agent and changes in the mRNA expression of several signaling markers were determined by qPCR. Also, changes in phosphorylation and immunoreactivity were determined by Western blotting. Histology and immunohistochemistry were performed for morphometric analysis. Overexpression of GH was performed in the quail neuroretinal-derived immortalized cell line (QNR/D) cell line. Exogenous GH was administered to retinal primary cell cultures to study the activation of signaling pathways. Results KA disrupted the retinal cytoarchitecture and induced significant cell loss in several retinal layers, but the coaddition of GH effectively prevented these adverse effects. We showed that GH upregulates the Notch signaling pathway during neuroprotection leading to phosphorylation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathways through downregulation of PTEN. In contrast, cotreatment of GH with the Notch signaling inhibitor, DAPT, prevented its neuroprotective effect against KA. We identified binding sites in Notch1 and Notch2 genes for STAT5. Also, GH prevented Müller cell transdifferentiation and downregulated Sox2, FGF2, and PCNA after cotreatment with KA. Additionally, GH modified TNF receptors immunoreactivity suggesting anti-inflammatory actions. Conclusions Our data indicate that the neuroprotective effects of GH against KA injury in the retina are mediated through the regulation of Notch signaling. Additionally, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fleming
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jerusa E Balderas-Márquez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - David Epardo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - José Ávila-Mendoza
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Martha Carranza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Maricela Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Carlos G Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
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Xia QQ, Zhang LM, Zhou YY, Wu YL, Li J. All-trans-retinoic acid generation is an antidotal clearance pathway for all-trans-retinal in the retina. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 20:960-971. [PMID: 31749343 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to analyze the metabolites of all-trans-retinal (atRal) and compare the cytotoxicity of atRal versus its derivative all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. We confirmed that atRA was produced in normal pig neural retina and RPE. The amount of all-trans-retinol (atROL) converted from atRal was about 2.7 times that of atRal-derived atRA after incubating RPE cells with 10 μmol/L atRal for 24 h, whereas atRA in medium supernatant is more plentiful (91 vs. 29 pmol/mL), suggesting that atRA conversion facilitates elimination of excess atRal in the retina. Moreover, we found that mRNA expression of retinoic acid-specific hydroxylase CYP26b1 was dose-dependently up-regulated by atRal exposure in RPE cells, indicating that atRA inactivation may be also initiated in atRal-accumulated RPE cells. Our data show that atRA-caused viability inhibition was evidently reduced compared with the equal concentration of its precursor atRal. Excess accumulation of atRal provoked intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, and increased cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) expression in RPE cells. In contrast, comparable dosage of atRA-induced oxidative stress was much weaker, and it could not activate apoptosis in RPE cells. These results suggest that atRA generation is an antidotal metabolism pathway for atRal in the retina. Moreover, we found that in the eyes of ABCA4-/-RDH8-/- mice, a mouse model with atRal accumulation in the retina, the atRA content was almost the same as that in the wild type. It is possible that atRal accumulation simultaneously and equally promotes atRA synthesis and clearance in eyes of ABCA4-/-RDH8-/- mice, thus inhibiting the further increase of atRA in the retina. Our present study provides further insights into atRal clearance in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Xia
- Central Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huangyan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou 318020, China
| | - Ling-Min Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huangyan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou 318020, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huangyan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou 318020, China
| | - Ya-Lin Wu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jie Li
- Central Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huangyan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou 318020, China
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32
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Drowley L, McPheat J, Nordqvist A, Peel S, Karlsson U, Martinsson S, Müllers E, Dellsén A, Knight S, Barrett I, Sánchez J, Magnusson B, Greber B, Wang QD, Plowright AT. Discovery of retinoic acid receptor agonists as proliferators of cardiac progenitor cells through a phenotypic screening approach. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 9:47-60. [PMID: 31508905 PMCID: PMC6954720 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of small molecules with the potential to selectively proliferate cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) will aid our understanding of the signaling pathways and mechanisms involved and could ultimately provide tools for regenerative therapies for the treatment of post‐MI cardiac dysfunction. We have used an in vitro human induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived CPC model to screen a 10,000‐compound library containing molecules representing different target classes and compounds reported to modulate the phenotype of stem or primary cells. The primary readout of this phenotypic screen was proliferation as measured by nuclear count. We identified retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists as potent proliferators of CPCs. The CPCs retained their progenitor phenotype following proliferation and the identified RAR agonists did not proliferate human cardiac fibroblasts, the major cell type in the heart. In addition, the RAR agonists were able to proliferate an independent source of CPCs, HuES6. The RAR agonists had a time‐of‐differentiation‐dependent effect on the HuES6‐derived CPCs. At 4 days of differentiation, treatment with retinoic acid induced differentiation of the CPCs to atrial cells. However, after 5 days of differentiation treatment with RAR agonists led to an inhibition of terminal differentiation to cardiomyocytes and enhanced the proliferation of the cells. RAR agonists, at least transiently, enhance the proliferation of human CPCs, at the expense of terminal cardiac differentiation. How this mechanism translates in vivo to activate endogenous CPCs and whether enhancing proliferation of these rare progenitor cells is sufficient to enhance cardiac repair remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Drowley
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jane McPheat
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anneli Nordqvist
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Ulla Karlsson
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Martinsson
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Müllers
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anita Dellsén
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Ian Barrett
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - José Sánchez
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Boris Greber
- Human Stem Cell Pluripotency Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Qing-Dong Wang
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alleyn T Plowright
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wohl SG, Hooper MJ, Reh TA. MicroRNAs miR-25, let-7 and miR-124 regulate the neurogenic potential of Müller glia in mice. Development 2019; 146:dev179556. [PMID: 31383796 PMCID: PMC6765125 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Müller glial cells (MG) generate retinal progenitor (RPC)-like cells after injury in non-mammalian species, although this does not occur in the mammalian retina. Studies have profiled gene expression in these cells to define genes that may be relevant to their differences in neurogenic potential. However, less is known about differences in micro-RNA (miRNA) expression. In this study, we compared miRNAs from RPCs and MG to identify miRNAs more highly expressed in RPCs, and others more highly expressed in MG. To determine whether these miRNAs are relevant to the difference in neurogenic potential between these two cell types, we tested them in dissociated cultures of MG using either mimics or antagomiRs to increase or reduce expression, respectively. Among the miRNAs tested, miR-25 and miR-124 overexpression, or let-7 antagonism, induced Ascl1 expression and conversion of ∼40% of mature MG into a neuronal/RPC phenotype. Our results suggest that the differences in miRNA expression between MG and RPCs contribute to their difference in neurogenic potential, and that manipulations in miRNAs provide a new tool with which to reprogram MG for retinal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie G Wohl
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, The State University of New York, College of Optometry, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Marcus J Hooper
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Liu Y, Wang C, Su G. Cellular Signaling in Müller Glia: Progenitor Cells for Regenerative and Neuroprotective Responses in Pharmacological Models of Retinal Degeneration. J Ophthalmol 2019; 2019:5743109. [PMID: 31016037 PMCID: PMC6444254 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5743109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases are a leading cause of visual impairment or blindness. There are many therapies for delaying the progression of vision loss but no curative strategies currently. Stimulating intrinsic neuronal regeneration is a potential approach to therapy in retinal degenerative diseases. In contrast to stem cells, as embryonic/pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal progenitor cell or mesenchymal stem cells, Müller glia provided an endogenous cellular source for regenerative therapy in the retina. Müller glia are a major component of the retina and considerable evidence suggested these cells can be induced to produce the lost neurons in several species. Understanding the specific characteristic of Müller glia to generate lost neurons will inspire an attractive and alternative therapeutic strategy for treating visual impairment with regenerative research. This review briefly provides the different signal transduction mechanisms which are underlying Müller cell-mediated neuroprotection and neuron regeneration and discusses recent advances about regeneration from Müller glia-derived progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Guanfang Su
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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35
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Liu Y, Li Y, Wang C, Zhang Y, Su G. Morphologic and histopathologic change of sodium iodate-induced retinal degeneration in adult rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:443-454. [PMID: 31933849 PMCID: PMC6945090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adult teleost fish are capable of regenerating their retinas following injury. In contrast, the adult mammalian retina has little capacity for regeneration. Here, we describe the morphologic and histopathologic course of sodium iodate (NaIO3) injection on rat retinas. A single dose of NaIO3 (50 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to adult Sprague-Dawley male rats. Control animals received sodium chloride. Morphologic and molecular changes following NaIO3 injection were monitored by histological and gene expression analysis. We observed retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell death began at 6 h PI. After 3 and 7 days, we found local tissue repair by RPE cell regeneration. This was further confirmed by a significant decrease in photoreceptor cell apoptosis in the outer nuclear layer. Protein-level analysis demonstrated the attenuated regulation of cellular markers specially related to active gliosis in retinal Müller cells, including cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) and glutamine synthetase (GS), after NaIO3 treatment for 3rd and 7th days. The Müller cells exhibited signs of dedifferentiation, as paired box 6 (PAX6) and SRY box 2 (SOX2) were expressed by NaIO3 stimulated Müller glia proliferation and overexpression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). We concluded that NaIO3 injection can result in significant and progressive damage to RPE and photoreceptor cells. Our observations suggest that Müller cell transient differentiation and RPE recovery is induced in the mammalian retina by relatively high doses of NaIO3. Transient change in Müller cell differentiation and RPE cell recovery may result in photoreceptor apoptosis decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guanfang Su
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, Jilin, China
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36
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Zhao H, Zuo X, Ren L, Li Y, Tai H, Du J, Xie X, Zhang X, Han Y, Wu Y, Yang C, Xu Z, Hong H, Li S, Su B. Combined use of bFGF/EGF and all-trans-retinoic acid cooperatively promotes neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth in neural stem cells. Neurosci Lett 2018; 690:61-68. [PMID: 30300683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) as sources of new neurons in brain injuries or diseases are required to not only elicit neurons for neuronal repair, but also to enhance neurite outgrowth for neuronal network reestablishment. Various trophic or chemotropic factors have been shown to cooperatively improve NSC neurogenesis. However, effects of combined treatment of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) with GF (Basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor, bFGF/EGF) on neurogenesis of NSCs are poorly understood. To address this question, NSCs were isolated from the forebrains of embryonic mice, and treated with GF and RA either alone or in combination for differentiation in vitro. Neurons and astrocytes differentiated from NSCs were stained for MAP2 and GFAP separately by immunofluorescence. The results indicated that GF displayed superior efficacy in promoting neuronal differentiation, and RA showed better efficacy in advancing neurite outgrowth by increasing both neurite length and number. In addition, higher differentiation efficiency of neurons to astrocytes in RA or GF, or both acted at the early stage. However, more importantly, compared with RA alone, GF and RA in combination enhanced neuronal differentiation. Moreover, the combined use of GF and RA increased the length and number of neurites compared with GF, as well as the relative expression level of Smurf1. In addition, astrocytes induced by GF, RA, or both exhibited a radial glia-like morphology with long processes differing from serum effects, which might in part attribute to the total numbers of neurons. These findings for the first time unveil the roles of combined use of GF and RA on the neurogenesis of NSCs, suggesting that the use of this combination could be a comprehensive strategy for the functional repair of the nervous system through promoting neuronal differentiation, and advancing neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zhao
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuan Zuo
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Liyi Ren
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunzhu Li
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Haoran Tai
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Jipei Du
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuemin Xie
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuping Han
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongmei Wu
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Chan Yang
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Huarong Hong
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Shurong Li
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bingyin Su
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; Chengdu Medical College Infertility Hospital, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, China.
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