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Blasco-Chamarro L, Fariñas I. Fine-tuned rest: unveiling the regulatory landscape of adult quiescent neural stem cells. Neuroscience 2023:S0306-4522(23)00298-1. [PMID: 37437796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell quiescence is an essential mechanism that allows cells to temporarily halt proliferation while preserving the potential to resume it at a later time. The molecular mechanisms underlying cell quiescence are complex and involve the regulation of various signaling pathways, transcription factors and epigenetic modifications. The importance of unveiling the mechanisms regulating the quiescent state is undeniable, as its long-term maintenance is key to sustain tissue homeostasis throughout life. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are maintained in the subependymal zone (SEZ) niche of adult mammalian brains mostly as long-lasting quiescent cells, owing to multiple intrinsic and extrinsic cues that actively regulate this state. Differently from other non-proliferative states, quiescence is a reversible and tightly regulated condition that can re-activate to support the formation of new neurons throughout adult lifespan. Decoding its regulatory mechanisms in homeostasis and unveiling how it is modulated in the context of the aged brain or during tumorigenesis, could bring us closer to the development of new potential strategies to intervene in adult neurogenesis with therapeutic purposes. Starting with a general conceptualization of the quiescent state in different stem cell niches, we here review what we have learned about NSC quiescence in the SEZ, encompassing the experimental strategies used for its study, to end up discussing the modulation of quiescence in the context of a physiology or pathological NSC dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Blasco-Chamarro
- Biomedical Research Network on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); Department of Cell Biology; Biotechnology and Biomedicine Institute (BioTecMed), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Fariñas
- Biomedical Research Network on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); Department of Cell Biology; Biotechnology and Biomedicine Institute (BioTecMed), University of Valencia, Spain.
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2
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Shukla M, Vincent B. Melatonin as a Harmonizing Factor of Circadian Rhythms, Neuronal Cell Cycle and Neurogenesis: Additional Arguments for Its Therapeutic Use in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1273-1298. [PMID: 36918783 PMCID: PMC10286584 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230314142505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and release of melatonin in the brain harmonize various physiological functions. The apparent decline in melatonin levels with advanced aging is an aperture to the neurodegenerative processes. It has been indicated that down regulation of melatonin leads to alterations of circadian rhythm components, which further causes a desynchronization of several genes and results in an increased susceptibility to develop neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, as circadian rhythms and memory are intertwined, such rhythmic disturbances influence memory formation and recall. Besides, cell cycle events exhibit a remarkable oscillatory system, which is downstream of the circadian phenomena. The linkage between the molecular machinery of the cell cycle and complex fundamental regulatory proteins emphasizes the conjectural regulatory role of cell cycle components in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Among the mechanisms intervening long before the signs of the disease appear, the disturbances of the circadian cycle, as well as the alteration of the machinery of the cell cycle and impaired neurogenesis, must hold our interest. Therefore, in the present review, we propose to discuss the underlying mechanisms of action of melatonin in regulating the circadian rhythm, cell cycle components and adult neurogenesis in the context of AD pathogenesis with the view that it might further assist to identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Shukla
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Present Address: Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 10210, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560, Valbonne, France
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3
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De Luca C, Virtuoso A, Papa M, Certo F, Barbagallo GMV, Altieri R. Regional Development of Glioblastoma: The Anatomical Conundrum of Cancer Biology and Its Surgical Implication. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081349. [PMID: 35456027 PMCID: PMC9025763 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) are among the most common malignant central nervous system (CNS) cancers, they are relatively rare. This evidence suggests that the CNS microenvironment is naturally equipped to control proliferative cells, although, rarely, failure of this system can lead to cancer development. Moreover, the adult CNS is innately non-permissive to glioma cell invasion. Thus, glioma etiology remains largely unknown. In this review, we analyze the anatomical and biological basis of gliomagenesis considering neural stem cells, the spatiotemporal diversity of astrocytes, microglia, neurons and glutamate transporters, extracellular matrix and the peritumoral environment. The precise understanding of subpopulations constituting GBM, particularly astrocytes, is not limited to glioma stem cells (GSC) and could help in the understanding of tumor pathophysiology. The anatomical fingerprint is essential for non-invasive assessment of patients’ prognosis and correct surgical/radiotherapy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network Morphology and Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network Morphology and Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network Morphology and Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.V.)
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE-IT, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Francesco Certo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Policlinico “G. Rodolico-S. Marco” University Hospital, 95121 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.V.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Vincenzo Barbagallo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Policlinico “G. Rodolico-S. Marco” University Hospital, 95121 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.V.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Altieri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Policlinico “G. Rodolico-S. Marco” University Hospital, 95121 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.V.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (R.A.)
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4
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Stamp C, Whitehall JC, Smith ALM, Houghton D, Bradshaw C, Stoll EA, Blain AP, Turnbull DM, Greaves LC. Age-associated mitochondrial complex I deficiency is linked to increased stem cell proliferation rates in the mouse colon. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13321. [PMID: 33626245 PMCID: PMC7963326 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of aging is an accumulation of cells with defects in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) due to mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Rapidly dividing tissues maintained by stem cells, such as the colonic epithelium, are particularly susceptible to accumulation of OXPHOS defects over time; however, the effects on the stem cells are unknown. We have crossed a mouse model in which intestinal stem cells are labelled with EGFP (Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-creERT2) with a model of accelerated mtDNA mutagenesis (PolgAmut/mut ) to investigate the effect of OXPHOS dysfunction on colonic stem cell proliferation. We show that a reduction in complex I protein levels is associated with an increased rate of stem cell cycle re-entry. These changes in stem cell homeostasis could have significant implications for age-associated intestinal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Stamp
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Julia C. Whitehall
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Anna L. M. Smith
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - David Houghton
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Carla Bradshaw
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Elizabeth A. Stoll
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Alasdair P. Blain
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Doug M. Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Laura C. Greaves
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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5
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Bacigaluppi M, Sferruzza G, Butti E, Ottoboni L, Martino G. Endogenous neural precursor cells in health and disease. Brain Res 2019; 1730:146619. [PMID: 31874148 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists in the adult brain of mammals in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG). The complex interactions between intrinsic and extrinsic signals provided by cells in the niche but also from distant sources regulate the fate of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) in these sites. This fine regulation is perturbed in aging and in pathological conditions leading to a different NPC behavior, tailored to the specific physio-pathological features. Indeed, NPCs exert in physiological and pathological conditions important neurogenic and non-neurogenic regulatory functions and participate in maintaining and protecting brain tissue homeostasis. In this review, we discuss intrinsic and extrinsic signals that regulate NPC activation and NPC functional role in various homeostatic and non-homeostatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bacigaluppi
- Neuroimmunology Unit and Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Hospital and Università Vita- Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Sferruzza
- Neuroimmunology Unit and Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Hospital and Università Vita- Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Erica Butti
- Neuroimmunology Unit and Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Hospital and Università Vita- Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Linda Ottoboni
- Neuroimmunology Unit and Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Hospital and Università Vita- Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Neuroimmunology Unit and Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Hospital and Università Vita- Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
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6
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Lupo G, Gioia R, Nisi PS, Biagioni S, Cacci E. Molecular Mechanisms of Neurogenic Aging in the Adult Mouse Subventricular Zone. J Exp Neurosci 2019; 13:1179069519829040. [PMID: 30814846 PMCID: PMC6381424 DOI: 10.1177/1179069519829040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult rodent brain, the continuous production of new neurons by neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) residing in specialized neurogenic niches and their subsequent integration into pre-existing cerebral circuitries supports odour discrimination, spatial learning, and contextual memory capabilities. Aging is recognized as the most potent negative regulator of adult neurogenesis. The neurogenic process markedly declines in the aged brain, due to the reduction of the NSPC pool and the functional impairment of the remaining NSPCs. This decline has been linked to the progressive cognitive deficits of elderly individuals and it may also be involved in the onset/progression of neurological disorders. Since the human lifespan has been dramatically extended, the incidence of age-associated neuropsychiatric conditions in the human population has increased. This has prompted efforts to shed light on the mechanisms underpinning the age-related decline of adult neurogenesis, whose knowledge may foster therapeutic approaches to prevent or delay cognitive alterations in elderly patients. In this review, we summarize recent progress in elucidating the molecular causes of neurogenic aging in the most abundant NSPC niche of the adult mouse brain: the subventricular zone (SVZ). We discuss the age-associated changes occurring both in the intrinsic NSPC molecular networks and in the extrinsic signalling pathways acting in the complex environment of the SVZ niche, and how all these changes may steer young NSPCs towards an aged phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lupo
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gioia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Serena Nisi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Biagioni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cacci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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7
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Lupo G, Nisi PS, Esteve P, Paul YL, Novo CL, Sidders B, Khan MA, Biagioni S, Liu HK, Bovolenta P, Cacci E, Rugg-Gunn PJ. Molecular profiling of aged neural progenitors identifies Dbx2 as a candidate regulator of age-associated neurogenic decline. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12745. [PMID: 29504228 PMCID: PMC5946077 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis declines with aging due to the depletion and functional impairment of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). An improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms that drive age‐associated neurogenic deficiency could lead to the development of strategies to alleviate cognitive impairment and facilitate neuroregeneration. An essential step towards this aim is to investigate the molecular changes that occur in NSPC aging on a genomewide scale. In this study, we compare the transcriptional, histone methylation and DNA methylation signatures of NSPCs derived from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of young adult (3 months old) and aged (18 months old) mice. Surprisingly, the transcriptional and epigenomic profiles of SVZ‐derived NSPCs are largely unchanged in aged cells. Despite the global similarities, we detect robust age‐dependent changes at several hundred genes and regulatory elements, thereby identifying putative regulators of neurogenic decline. Within this list, the homeobox gene Dbx2 is upregulated in vitro and in vivo, and its promoter region has altered histone and DNA methylation levels, in aged NSPCs. Using functional in vitro assays, we show that elevated Dbx2 expression in young adult NSPCs promotes age‐related phenotypes, including the reduced proliferation of NSPC cultures and the altered transcript levels of age‐associated regulators of NSPC proliferation and differentiation. Depleting Dbx2 in aged NSPCs caused the reverse gene expression changes. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the molecular programmes that are affected during mouse NSPC aging, and uncover a new functional role for Dbx2 in promoting age‐related neurogenic decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lupo
- Department of Chemistry; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Paola S. Nisi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Pilar Esteve
- Centro de Biologia Molecular “Severo Ochoa”; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
- CIBER of Rare Diseases; ISCIII; Madrid Spain
| | - Yu-Lee Paul
- Epigenetics Programme; The Babraham Institute; Cambridge UK
| | | | - Ben Sidders
- Bioscience; Oncology; IMED Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Cambridge UK
| | - Muhammad A. Khan
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics; German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ); DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Stefano Biagioni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Hai-Kun Liu
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics; German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ); DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biologia Molecular “Severo Ochoa”; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
- CIBER of Rare Diseases; ISCIII; Madrid Spain
| | - Emanuele Cacci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Peter J. Rugg-Gunn
- Epigenetics Programme; The Babraham Institute; Cambridge UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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8
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Apostolopoulou M, Kiehl TR, Winter M, Cardenas De La Hoz E, Boles NC, Bjornsson CS, Zuloaga KL, Goderie SK, Wang Y, Cohen AR, Temple S. Non-monotonic Changes in Progenitor Cell Behavior and Gene Expression during Aging of the Adult V-SVZ Neural Stem Cell Niche. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1931-1947. [PMID: 29129683 PMCID: PMC5785674 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell activity in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) decreases with aging, thought to occur by a unidirectional decline. However, by analyzing the V-SVZ transcriptome of male mice at 2, 6, 18, and 22 months, we found that most of the genes that change significantly over time show a reversal of trend, with a maximum or minimum expression at 18 months. In vivo, MASH1+ progenitor cells decreased in number and proliferation between 2 and 18 months but increased between 18 and 22 months. Time-lapse lineage analysis of 944 V-SVZ cells showed that age-related declines in neurogenesis were recapitulated in vitro in clones. However, activated type B/type C cell clones divide slower at 2 to 18 months, then unexpectedly faster at 22 months, with impaired transition to type A neuroblasts. Our findings indicate that aging of the V-SVZ involves significant non-monotonic changes that are programmed within progenitor cells and are observable independent of the aging niche. RNA sequencing analysis of the adult V-SVZ NSC niche at 2, 6, 18, and 22 months During aging, most V-SVZ niche genes show max/min expression at 18 months In vivo MASH1+ cells cycle slowest at 18 months but at 22 months return to 2-month rate Time-lapse analyses of isolated SVZ cells show that age-associated changes are programmed
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Winter
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kristen L Zuloaga
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | | | - Yue Wang
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Andrew R Cohen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sally Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
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9
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Laszczyk AM, Fox-Quick S, Vo HT, Nettles D, Pugh PC, Overstreet-Wadiche L, King GD. Klotho regulates postnatal neurogenesis and protects against age-related spatial memory loss. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 59:41-54. [PMID: 28837861 PMCID: PMC5612914 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the absence of the age-regulating klotho protein causes klotho-deficient mice to rapidly develop cognitive impairment and increasing klotho enhances hippocampal-dependent memory, the cellular effects of klotho that mediate hippocampal-dependent memory function are unknown. Here, we show premature aging of the klotho-deficient hippocampal neurogenic niche as evidenced by reduced numbers of neural stem cells, decreased proliferation, and impaired maturation of immature neurons. Klotho-deficient neurospheres show reduced proliferation and size that is rescued by supplementation with shed klotho protein. Conversely, 6-month-old klotho-overexpressing mice exhibit increased numbers of neural stem cells, increased proliferation, and more immature neurons with enhanced dendritic arborization. Protection from normal age-related loss of object location memory with klotho overexpression and loss of spatial memory when klotho is reduced by even half suggests direct, local effects of the protein. Together, these data show that klotho is a novel regulator of postnatal neurogenesis affecting neural stem cell proliferation and maturation sufficient to impact hippocampal-dependent spatial memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Laszczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephanie Fox-Quick
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hai T Vo
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dailey Nettles
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Phyllis C Pugh
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Gwendalyn D King
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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10
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Lin H, Patel S, Affleck VS, Wilson I, Turnbull DM, Joshi AR, Maxwell R, Stoll EA. Fatty acid oxidation is required for the respiration and proliferation of malignant glioma cells. Neuro Oncol 2016; 19:43-54. [PMID: 27365097 PMCID: PMC5193020 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma is the most common form of primary malignant brain tumor in adults, with approximately 4 cases per 100 000 people each year. Gliomas, like many tumors, are thought to primarily metabolize glucose for energy production; however, the reliance upon glycolysis has recently been called into question. In this study, we aimed to identify the metabolic fuel requirements of human glioma cells. METHODS We used database searches and tissue culture resources to evaluate genotype and protein expression, tracked oxygen consumption rates to study metabolic responses to various substrates, performed histochemical techniques and fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based mitotic profiling to study cellular proliferation rates, and employed an animal model of malignant glioma to evaluate a new therapeutic intervention. RESULTS We observed the presence of enzymes required for fatty acid oxidation within human glioma tissues. In addition, we demonstrated that this metabolic pathway is a major contributor to aerobic respiration in primary-cultured cells isolated from human glioma and grown under serum-free conditions. Moreover, inhibiting fatty acid oxidation reduces proliferative activity in these primary-cultured cells and prolongs survival in a syngeneic mouse model of malignant glioma. CONCLUSIONS Fatty acid oxidation enzymes are present and active within glioma tissues. Targeting this metabolic pathway reduces energy production and cellular proliferation in glioma cells. The drug etomoxir may provide therapeutic benefit to patients with malignant glioma. In addition, the expression of fatty acid oxidation enzymes may provide prognostic indicators for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lin
- M.Sc. Programme in Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (H.L., V.S.A.); Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (H.L., V.S.A.); B.Sc. Programme in Physiology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (S.P.); Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (I.W., R.M.); Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T., E.A.S.); Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T.); Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T.); Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (A.R.J.)
| | - Shaan Patel
- M.Sc. Programme in Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (H.L., V.S.A.); Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (H.L., V.S.A.); B.Sc. Programme in Physiology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (S.P.); Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (I.W., R.M.); Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T., E.A.S.); Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T.); Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T.); Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (A.R.J.)
| | - Valerie S Affleck
- M.Sc. Programme in Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (H.L., V.S.A.); Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (H.L., V.S.A.); B.Sc. Programme in Physiology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (S.P.); Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (I.W., R.M.); Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T., E.A.S.); Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T.); Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T.); Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (A.R.J.)
| | - Ian Wilson
- M.Sc. Programme in Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (H.L., V.S.A.); Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (H.L., V.S.A.); B.Sc. Programme in Physiology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (S.P.); Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (I.W., R.M.); Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T., E.A.S.); Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T.); Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T.); Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (A.R.J.)
| | - Douglass M Turnbull
- M.Sc. Programme in Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (H.L., V.S.A.); Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (H.L., V.S.A.); B.Sc. Programme in Physiology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (S.P.); Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (I.W., R.M.); Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T., E.A.S.); Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T.); Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T.); Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (A.R.J.)
| | - Abhijit R Joshi
- M.Sc. Programme in Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (H.L., V.S.A.); Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (H.L., V.S.A.); B.Sc. Programme in Physiology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (S.P.); Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (I.W., R.M.); Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T., E.A.S.); Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T.); Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T.); Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (A.R.J.)
| | - Ross Maxwell
- M.Sc. Programme in Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (H.L., V.S.A.); Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (H.L., V.S.A.); B.Sc. Programme in Physiology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (S.P.); Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (I.W., R.M.); Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T., E.A.S.); Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T.); Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T.); Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (A.R.J.)
| | - Elizabeth A Stoll
- M.Sc. Programme in Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (H.L., V.S.A.); Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (H.L., V.S.A.); B.Sc. Programme in Physiology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (S.P.); Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (I.W., R.M.); Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T., E.A.S.); Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T.); Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (D.M.T.); Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (A.R.J.)
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11
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Capilla-Gonzalez V, Herranz-Pérez V, García-Verdugo JM. The aged brain: genesis and fate of residual progenitor cells in the subventricular zone. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:365. [PMID: 26441536 PMCID: PMC4585225 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist in the adult mammalian brain through life. The subventricular zone (SVZ) is the largest source of stem cells in the nervous system, and continuously generates new neuronal and glial cells involved in brain regeneration. During aging, the germinal potential of the SVZ suffers a widespread decline, but the causes of this turn down are not fully understood. This review provides a compilation of the current knowledge about the age-related changes in the NSC population, as well as the fate of the newly generated cells in the aged brain. It is known that the neurogenic capacity is clearly disrupted during aging, while the production of oligodendroglial cells is not compromised. Interestingly, the human brain seems to primarily preserve the ability to produce new oligodendrocytes instead of neurons, which could be related to the development of neurological disorders. Further studies in this matter are required to improve our understanding and the current strategies for fighting neurological diseases associated with senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Capilla-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, University of Valencia, CIBERNED Valencia, Spain ; Department of Stem Cells, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Seville, Spain
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, University of Valencia, CIBERNED Valencia, Spain ; Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroregeneration Mixed Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, University of Valencia, CIBERNED Valencia, Spain ; Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroregeneration Mixed Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe Valencia, Spain
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12
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Stoll EA, Makin R, Sweet IR, Trevelyan AJ, Miwa S, Horner PJ, Turnbull DM. Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Subventricular Zone Oxidize Fatty Acids to Produce Energy and Support Neurogenic Activity. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2306-19. [PMID: 25919237 PMCID: PMC4478223 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neural activity is tightly coupled to energy consumption, particularly sugars such as glucose. However, we find that, unlike mature neurons and astrocytes, neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) do not require glucose to sustain aerobic respiration. NSPCs within the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) express enzymes required for fatty acid oxidation and show sustained increases in oxygen consumption upon treatment with a polyunsaturated fatty acid. NSPCs also demonstrate sustained decreases in oxygen consumption upon treatment with etomoxir, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation. In addition, etomoxir decreases the proliferation of SVZ NSPCs without affecting cellular survival. Finally, higher levels of neurogenesis can be achieved in aged mice by ectopically expressing proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), a factor that increases cellular aerobic capacity by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic gene transcription. Regulation of metabolic fuel availability could prove a powerful tool in promoting or limiting cellular proliferation in the central nervous system. Stem Cells2015;33:2306–2319
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Stoll
- Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Makin
- Undergraduate Programme in Biomedical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Sweet
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Andrew J Trevelyan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Satomi Miwa
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Horner
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Douglass M Turnbull
- Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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13
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Soriano‐Cantón R, Perez‐Villalba A, Morante‐Redolat JM, Marqués‐Torrejón MÁ, Pallás M, Pérez‐Sánchez F, Fariñas I. Regulation of the p19(Arf)/p53 pathway by histone acetylation underlies neural stem cell behavior in senescence-prone SAMP8 mice. Aging Cell 2015; 14:453-62. [PMID: 25728253 PMCID: PMC4406674 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is associated with increased neurodegeneration and reduced neurogenesis. B1/neural stem cells (B1-NSCs) of the mouse subependymal zone (SEZ) support the ongoing production of olfactory bulb interneurons, but their neurogenic potential is progressively reduced as mice age. Although age-related changes in B1-NSCs may result from increased expression of tumor suppressor proteins, accumulation of DNA damage, metabolic alterations, and microenvironmental or systemic changes, the ultimate causes remain unclear. Senescence-accelerated-prone mice (SAMP8) relative to senescence-accelerated-resistant mice (SAMR1) exhibit signs of hastened senescence and can be used as a model for the study of aging. We have found that the B1-NSC compartment is transiently expanded in young SAMP8 relative to SAMR1 mice, resulting in disturbed cytoarchitecture of the SEZ, B1-NSC hyperproliferation, and higher yields of primary neurospheres. These unusual features are, however, accompanied by premature loss of B1-NSCs. Moreover, SAMP8 neurospheres lack self-renewal and enter p53-dependent senescence after only two passages. Interestingly, in vitro senescence of SAMP8 cells could be prevented by inhibition of histone acetyltransferases and mimicked in SAMR1 cells by inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDAC). Our data indicate that expression of the tumor suppressor p19, but not of p16, is increased in SAMP8 neurospheres, as well as in SAMR1 neurospheres upon HDAC inhibition, and suggest that the SAMP8 phenotype may, at least in part, be due to changes in chromatin status. Interestingly, acute HDAC inhibition in vivo resulted in changes in the SEZ of SAMR1 mice that resembled those found in young SAMP8 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Soriano‐Cantón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
| | - Ana Perez‐Villalba
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
| | - José Manuel Morante‐Redolat
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
| | - María Ángeles Marqués‐Torrejón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
| | - Mercé Pallás
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Química Terapéutica Instituto de Biomedicina de la Universidad de Barcelona Barcelona 08028Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez‐Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
| | - Isabel Fariñas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
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14
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Capilla-Gonzalez V, Cebrian-Silla A, Guerrero-Cazares H, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Quiñones-Hinojosa A. Age-related changes in astrocytic and ependymal cells of the subventricular zone. Glia 2014; 62:790-803. [PMID: 24677590 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) of the mammalian brain. During aging, the SVZ neurogenic capacity undergoes a progressive decline, which is attributed to a decrease in the population of neural stem cells (NSCs). However, the behavior of the NSCs that remain in the aged brain is not fully understood. Here we performed a comparative ultrastructural study of the SVZ niche of 2-month-old and 24-month-old male C57BL/6 mice, focusing on the NSC population. Using thymidine-labeling, we showed that residual NSCs in the aged SVZ divide less frequently than those in young mice. We also provided evidence that ependymal cells are not newly generated during senescence, as others studies suggest. Remarkably, both astrocytes and ependymal cells accumulated a high number of intermediate filaments and dense bodies during aging, resembling reactive cells. A better understanding of the changes occurring in the neurogenic niche during aging will allow us to develop new strategies for fighting neurological disorders linked to senescence.
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15
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Bauer R, Kaiser M, Stoll E. A computational model incorporating neural stem cell dynamics reproduces glioma incidence across the lifespan in the human population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111219. [PMID: 25409511 PMCID: PMC4237327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common form of primary brain tumor. Demographically, the risk of occurrence increases until old age. Here we present a novel computational model to reproduce the probability of glioma incidence across the lifespan. Previous mathematical models explaining glioma incidence are framed in a rather abstract way, and do not directly relate to empirical findings. To decrease this gap between theory and experimental observations, we incorporate recent data on cellular and molecular factors underlying gliomagenesis. Since evidence implicates the adult neural stem cell as the likely cell-of-origin of glioma, we have incorporated empirically-determined estimates of neural stem cell number, cell division rate, mutation rate and oncogenic potential into our model. We demonstrate that our model yields results which match actual demographic data in the human population. In particular, this model accounts for the observed peak incidence of glioma at approximately 80 years of age, without the need to assert differential susceptibility throughout the population. Overall, our model supports the hypothesis that glioma is caused by randomly-occurring oncogenic mutations within the neural stem cell population. Based on this model, we assess the influence of the (experimentally indicated) decrease in the number of neural stem cells and increase of cell division rate during aging. Our model provides multiple testable predictions, and suggests that different temporal sequences of oncogenic mutations can lead to tumorigenesis. Finally, we conclude that four or five oncogenic mutations are sufficient for the formation of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Bauer
- Interdisciplinary Computing and Complex BioSystems Research Group (ICOS), School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Kaiser
- Interdisciplinary Computing and Complex BioSystems Research Group (ICOS), School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Stoll
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
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16
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Pelissier FA, Garbe JC, Ananthanarayanan B, Miyano M, Lin C, Jokela T, Kumar S, Stampfer MR, Lorens JB, LaBarge MA. Age-related dysfunction in mechanotransduction impairs differentiation of human mammary epithelial progenitors. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1926-39. [PMID: 24910432 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional progenitor and luminal cells with acquired basal cell properties accumulate during human mammary epithelial aging for reasons not understood. Multipotent progenitors from women aged <30 years were exposed to a physiologically relevant range of matrix elastic modulus (stiffness). Increased stiffness causes a differentiation bias towards myoepithelial cells while reducing production of luminal cells and progenitor maintenance. Lineage representation in progenitors from women >55 years is unaffected by physiological stiffness changes. Efficient activation of Hippo pathway transducers YAP and TAZ is required for the modulus-dependent myoepithelial/basal bias in younger progenitors. In older progenitors, YAP and TAZ are activated only when stressed with extraphysiologically stiff matrices, which bias differentiation towards luminal-like phenotypes. In vivo YAP is primarily active in myoepithelia of younger breasts, but localization and activity increases in luminal cells with age. Thus, aging phenotypes of mammary epithelia may arise partly because alterations in Hippo pathway activation impair microenvironment-directed differentiation and lineage specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny A Pelissier
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway
| | - James C Garbe
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Masaru Miyano
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - ChunHan Lin
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Comparative Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tiina Jokela
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Martha R Stampfer
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James B Lorens
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway
| | - Mark A LaBarge
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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17
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Stoll EA. Advances toward regenerative medicine in the central nervous system: challenges in making stem cell therapy a viable clinical strategy. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:12. [PMID: 26056581 PMCID: PMC4452056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in the prospects of stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of nervous system disorders. The eagerness of scientists, clinicians, and spin-out companies to develop new therapies led to premature clinical trials in human patients, and now the initial excitement has largely turned to skepticism. Rather than embracing a defeatist attitude or pressing blindly ahead, I argue it is time to evaluate the challenges encountered by regenerative medicine in the central nervous system and the progress that is being made to solve these problems. In the twenty years since the adult brain was discovered to have an endogenous regenerative capacity, much basic research has been done to elucidate mechanisms controlling proliferation and cellular identity; how stem cells may be directed into neuronal lineages; genetic, pharmacological, and behavioral interventions that modulate neurogenic activity; and the exact nature of limitations to regeneration in the adult, aged, diseased and injured CNS. These findings should prove valuable in designing realistic clinical strategies to improve the prospects of stem cell-based therapies. In this review, I discuss how basic research continues to play a critical role in identifying both barriers and potential routes to regenerative therapy in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Stoll
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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18
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Stoll EA. Advances toward regenerative medicine in the central nervous system: challenges in making stem cell therapy a viable clinical strategy. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:12. [PMID: 26056581 PMCID: PMC4452056 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in the prospects of stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of nervous system disorders. The eagerness of scientists, clinicians, and spin-out companies to develop new therapies led to premature clinical trials in human patients, and now the initial excitement has largely turned to skepticism. Rather than embracing a defeatist attitude or pressing blindly ahead, I argue it is time to evaluate the challenges encountered by regenerative medicine in the central nervous system and the progress that is being made to solve these problems. In the twenty years since the adult brain was discovered to have an endogenous regenerative capacity, much basic research has been done to elucidate mechanisms controlling proliferation and cellular identity; how stem cells may be directed into neuronal lineages; genetic, pharmacological, and behavioral interventions that modulate neurogenic activity; and the exact nature of limitations to regeneration in the adult, aged, diseased and injured CNS. These findings should prove valuable in designing realistic clinical strategies to improve the prospects of stem cell-based therapies. In this review, I discuss how basic research continues to play a critical role in identifying both barriers and potential routes to regenerative therapy in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Stoll
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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19
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Raveh-Amit H, Berzsenyi S, Vas V, Ye D, Dinnyes A. Tissue resident stem cells: till death do us part. Biogerontology 2013; 14:573-90. [PMID: 24085521 PMCID: PMC3879821 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-013-9469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by reduced regenerative capacity of all tissues and organs and dysfunction of adult stem cells. Notably, these age-related alterations contribute to distinct pathophysiological characteristics depending on the tissue of origin and function and thus require special attention in a type by type manner. In this paper, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms leading to tissue-specific adult stem cell dysfunction and reduced regenerative capacity with age. A comprehensive investigation of the hematopoietic, the neural, the mesenchymal, and the skeletal stem cells in age-related research highlights that distinct mechanisms are associated with the different types of tissue stem cells. The link between age-related stem cell dysfunction and human pathologies is discussed along with the challenges and the future perspectives in stem cell-based therapies in age-related diseases.
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20
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Stoll EA, Horner PJ, Rostomily RC. The impact of age on oncogenic potential: tumor-initiating cells and the brain microenvironment. Aging Cell 2013; 12:733-41. [PMID: 23711239 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paradoxically, aging leads to both decreased regenerative capacity in the brain and an increased risk of tumorigenesis, particularly the most common adult-onset brain tumor, glioma. A shared factor contributing to both phenomena is thought to be age-related alterations in neural progenitor cells (NPCs), which function normally to produce new neurons and glia, but are also considered likely cells of origin for malignant glioma. Upon oncogenic transformation, cells acquire characteristics known as the hallmarks of cancer, including unlimited replication, altered responses to growth and anti-growth factors, increased capacity for angiogenesis, potential for invasion, genetic instability, apoptotic evasion, escape from immune surveillance, and an adaptive metabolic phenotype. The precise molecular pathogenesis and temporal acquisition of these malignant characteristics is largely a mystery. Recent studies characterizing NPCs during normal aging, however, have begun to elucidate mechanisms underlying the age-associated increase in their malignant potential. Aging cells are dependent upon multiple compensatory pathways to maintain cell cycle control, normal niche interactions, genetic stability, programmed cell death, and oxidative metabolism. A few multi-functional proteins act as 'critical nodes' in the coordination of these various cellular activities, although both intracellular signaling and elements within the brain environment are critical to maintaining a balance between senescence and tumorigenesis. Here, we provide an overview of recent progress in our understanding of how mechanisms underlying cellular aging inform on glioma pathogenesis and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Stoll
- Institute for Aging and Health; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne; UK
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21
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Mikheev AM, Stoll EA, Ramakrishna R, Mikheeva SA, Horner PJ, Rostomily RC. Geropotency: increased malignant potential of aging neural progenitors. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 4:854-5. [PMID: 23257545 PMCID: PMC3615151 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Hamilton LK, Joppé SE, M. Cochard L, Fernandes KJL. Aging and neurogenesis in the adult forebrain: what we have learned and where we should go from here. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1978-86. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Hamilton
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC); Centre of Excellence in Neuroscience of the Université de Montréal (CENUM); Université de Montréal; Montréal; Canada
| | - Sandra E. Joppé
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC); Centre of Excellence in Neuroscience of the Université de Montréal (CENUM); Université de Montréal; Montréal; Canada
| | - Loїc M. Cochard
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC); Centre of Excellence in Neuroscience of the Université de Montréal (CENUM); Université de Montréal; Montréal; Canada
| | - Karl J. L. Fernandes
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC); Centre of Excellence in Neuroscience of the Université de Montréal (CENUM); Université de Montréal; Montréal; Canada
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23
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Poon A, Goldowitz D. Effects of age and strain on cell proliferation in the mouse rostral migratory stream. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:1712.e15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Through adulthood, the rodent subventricular zone (SVZ) stem cell niche generates new olfactory bulb interneurons. We had previously reported that the number of new neurons produced in the SVZ declines through aging; however, age-related changes attributable specifically to the SVZ neural stem cell (NSC) population have not been fully characterized. Here, we conducted a spatiotemporal evaluation of adult SVZ NSCs. We assessed ventricle-contacting NSCs, which together with ependymal cells form regenerative units (pinwheels) along the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle. Based on their apical GFAP-expressing process, individual NSCs were identified across the ventricle surface using serial reconstruction of the SVZ. We observed an 86% decline in total NSCs/mm² of intact ependyma in 2-year old versus 3-month-old mice, with fewer NSC processes within each aged pinwheel. This resulted in an associated 78% decline in total pinwheel units/mm². Regional analysis along the lateral ventricle surface revealed that the age-dependent decline of NSCs and pinwheels is spatially uniform and ultimately maintains the conserved ratio of olfactory bulb interneuron subtypes generated in young mice. However, the overall neurogenic output of the aged SVZ is reduced. Surprisingly, we found no significant change in the number of actively proliferating NSCs per mm² of ventricle surface. Instead, our data reveal that, although the total NSC number, pinwheel units and NSCs per pinwheel decline with age, the percentage of actively, mitotic NSCs increases, indicating that age-related declines in SVZ-mediated olfactory bulb neurogenesis occur downstream of NSC proliferation.
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Zong H, Verhaak RGW, Canoll P. The cellular origin for malignant glioma and prospects for clinical advancements. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2012; 12:383-94. [PMID: 22616703 PMCID: PMC3368274 DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioma remains incurable despite great advancements in medicine. Targeting the cell of origin for gliomas could bring great hope for patients. However, as a collection of diverse diseases, each subtype of glioma could derive from a distinct cell of origin. To resolve such a complex problem, one must use multiple research approaches to gain deep insights. Here we review current evidence regarding the cell of origin from clinical observations, whole-genome molecular pathology and glioma animal models. We conclude that neural stem cells, glial progenitors (including oligodendrocyte progenitor cells) and astrocytes could all serve as cells of origin for gliomas, and that cells incurring initial mutations (cells of mutation) might not transform, while their progeny cells could instead transform and act as cells of origin. Further studies with multidisciplinary approaches are needed to link each subtype to a particular cell of origin, and to develop effective therapies that target the signaling network within these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zong
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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Artegiani B, Calegari F. Age-related cognitive decline: can neural stem cells help us? Aging (Albany NY) 2012; 4:176-86. [PMID: 22466406 PMCID: PMC3348478 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies suggest that an increase in adult neurogenesis has beneficial effects on emotional behavior and cognitive performance including learning and memory. The observation that aging has a negative effect on the proliferation of neural stem cells has prompted several laboratories to investigate new systems to artificially increase neurogenesis in senescent animals as a means to compensate for age-related cognitive decline. In this review we will discuss the systemic, cellular, and molecular changes induced by aging and affecting the neurogenic niche at the level of neural stem cell proliferation, their fate change, neuronal survival, and subsequent integration in the neuronal circuitry. Particular attention will be given to those manipulations that increase neurogenesis in the aged brain as a potential avenue towards therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Artegiani
- DFG-Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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