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Kayir H, Jenkins BW, Alural B, Khokhar JY. Clozapine Increases Nestin Concentration in the Adult Male Rat Hippocampus: A Preliminary Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073436. [PMID: 35408792 PMCID: PMC8998718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia, and rodent models of the disease, both exhibit suppressed neurogenesis, with antipsychotics possibly enhancing neurogenesis in pre-clinical models. Nestin, a cytoskeletal protein, is implicated in neuronal differentiation and adult neurogenesis. We hypothesized that schizophrenia pathogenesis involves nestin downregulation; however, few studies have related nestin to schizophrenia. We assessed nestin protein concentration, prepulse inhibition (PPI), and social interaction in the MK-801 model of schizophrenia, with or without antipsychotic (clozapine) treatment. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were intraperitoneally administered saline or MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) to produce a schizophrenia-like phenotype, with concomitant subcutaneous injections of vehicle or clozapine (5 mg/kg). PPI was assessed on days 1, 8, and 15, and social interaction was assessed on day 4. Hippocampus tissue samples were dissected for Western blotting of nestin concentration. MK-801 alone did not alter nestin concentration, while clozapine alone enhanced hippocampal nestin concentration; this effect was not apparent in animals with MK-801 and clozapine co-administration. MK-801 also produced schizophrenia-like PPI disruptions, some of which were reversed by clozapine. Social interaction deficits were not detected in this model. This is the first report of clozapine-induced enhancements of hippocampal nestin concentration that might be mediated by NMDA receptors. Future studies will explore the impact of neurodevelopmental nestin concentration on symptom onset and antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Kayir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (H.K.); (B.W.J.)
| | - Bryan W. Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (H.K.); (B.W.J.)
| | - Begüm Alural
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Jibran Y. Khokhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (H.K.); (B.W.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 54239)
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Rodrigues RS, Paulo SL, Moreira JB, Tanqueiro SR, Sebastião AM, Diógenes MJ, Xapelli S. Adult Neural Stem Cells as Promising Targets in Psychiatric Disorders. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 29:1099-1117. [PMID: 32723008 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new therapies for psychiatric disorders is of utmost importance, given the enormous toll these disorders pose to society nowadays. This should be based on the identification of neural substrates and mechanisms that underlie disease etiopathophysiology. Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) have been emerging as a promising platform to counteract brain damage. In this perspective article, we put forth a detailed view of how NSCs operate in the adult brain and influence brain homeostasis, having profound implications at both behavioral and functional levels. We appraise evidence suggesting that adult NSCs play important roles in regulating several forms of brain plasticity, particularly emotional and cognitive flexibility, and that NSC dynamics are altered upon brain pathology. Furthermore, we discuss the potential therapeutic value of utilizing adult endogenous NSCs as vessels for regeneration, highlighting their importance as targets for the treatment of multiple mental illnesses, such as affective disorders, schizophrenia, and addiction. Finally, we speculate on strategies to surpass current challenges in neuropsychiatric disease modeling and brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui S Rodrigues
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara L Paulo
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João B Moreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara R Tanqueiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria J Diógenes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Ding J, Zhang C, Zhang YW, Ma QR, Liu YM, Sun T, Liu J. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 regulates neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of schizophrenia-like mice. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:2112-2117. [PMID: 31397349 PMCID: PMC6788228 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.262597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction is the basis of pathophysiology in schizophrenia. Blocking the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor impairs learning and memory abilities and induces pathological changes in the brain. Previous studies have paid little attention to the role of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 (NR1) in neurogenesis in the hippocampus of schizophrenia. A mouse model of schizophrenia was established by intraperitoneal injection of 0.6 mg/kg MK-801, once a day, for 14 days. In N-methyl-D-aspartate-treated mice, N-methyl-D-aspartate was administered by intracerebroventricular injection in schizophrenia mice on day 15. The number of NR1-, Ki67- or BrdU-immunoreactive cells in the dentate gyrus was measured by immunofluorescence staining. Our data showed the number of NR1-immunoreactive cells increased along with the decreasing numbers of BrdU- and Ki67-immunoreactive cells in the schizophrenia groups compared with the control group. N-methyl-D-aspartate could reverse the above changes. These results indicated that NR1 can regulate neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of schizophrenia mice, supporting NR1 as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of schizophrenia. This study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of the Ningxia Medical University, China (approval No. 2014-014) on March 6, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ding
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yi-Wei Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Quan-Rui Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yin-Ming Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
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Ding J, Shao Y, Zhou HH, Ma QR, Zhang YW, Ding YX, He YQ, Liu J. Effect of NMDA on proliferation and apoptosis in hippocampal neural stem cells treated with MK-801. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:1137-1142. [PMID: 30116364 PMCID: PMC6090289 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on proliferation and apoptosis of hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) treated with dizocilpine (MK-801). Cultures of hippocampal NSCs were randomly divided into four groups consisting of an untreated control, cells treated with MK-801, NMDA and a combination of MK801 and NMDA (M+N). Proliferative and apoptotic responses for each of the experimental groups were determined by MTS and flow cytometry. The results revealed that MK-801 and NMDA exerted significant effects on hippocampal NSCs proliferation. Cell survival rates decreased in MK-801, NMDA and M+N treated groups compared with the control group. Cells survival rates in NMDA and M+N treated groups increased compared with the MK-801 treated group. MK-801 and NMDA were demonstrated to significantly affect apoptosis in hippocampal NSCs. Total and early stages of apoptosis in MK-801 and NMDA groups significantly increased compared with the control group. Total and early apoptosis of NSCs in the M+N group significantly decreased compared with MK-801 and NMDA groups. Late apoptosis of NSCs in MK-801 and NMDA groups significantly decreased compared with the control group. Late apoptosis of NSCs in the M+N group significantly increased compared with MK-801 and NMDA groups. The present study revealed that MK-801 inhibited proliferation and increased apoptosis in hippocampal NSCs. NMDA may reduce the neurotoxicity induced by MK-801, which may be associated with its activity towards NMDA receptors and may describe a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ding
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yu Shao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Hui Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Quan-Rui Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Wei Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Xiu Ding
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qing He
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Juan Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
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Cheung JSC, Chan JNM, Lau BWM, Ngai SPC. Purposeful Activity in Psychiatric Rehabilitation: Is Neurogenesis a Key Player? Hong Kong J Occup Ther 2016; 27:42-47. [PMID: 30186060 PMCID: PMC6091993 DOI: 10.1016/j.hkjot.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, defined as the generation of new neurons in adulthood, has
been a fascinating discovery in neuroscience, as the continuously replenishing
neuronal population provides a new perspective to understand neuroplasticity.
Besides maintaining normal physiological function, neurogenesis also plays a key
role in pathophysiology and symptomatology for psychiatric conditions. In the
past decades, extensive effort has been spent on the understanding of the
functional significance of neurogenesis in psychiatric conditions, mechanisms of
pharmacological treatment, and discovery of novel drug candidates for different
conditions. In a clinical situation, however, long-term rehabilitation
treatment, in which occupational therapy is the key discipline, is a valuable,
economical, and commonly used treatment alternative to psychotropic medications.
Surprisingly, comparatively few studies have investigated the biological and
neurogenic effects of different psychiatric rehabilitative treatments. To
address the possible linkage between psychiatric rehabilitation and
neurogenesis, this review discusses the role of neurogenesis in schizophrenia,
major depression, and anxiety disorders. The review also discusses the potential
neurogenic effect of currently used psychiatric rehabilitation treatments. With
a better understanding of the biological effect of psychiatric rehabilitation
methods and future translational studies, it is hoped that the therapeutic
effect of psychiatric rehabilitation methods could be explained with a novel
perspective. Furthermore, this knowledge will benefit future formulation of
treatment methods, especially purposeful activities in occupational therapy, for
the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Siu-Chong Cheung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jackie Ngai-Man Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Benson Wui-Man Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Shirley Pui-Ching Ngai
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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7
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Adrover E, Pallarés ME, Baier CJ, Monteleone MC, Giuliani FA, Waagepetersen HS, Brocco MA, Cabrera R, Sonnewald U, Schousboe A, Antonelli MC. Glutamate neurotransmission is affected in prenatally stressed offspring. Neurochem Int 2015; 88:73-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Lee H, Kang E, GoodSmith D, Yoon DY, Song H, Knierim JJ, Ming GL, Christian KM. DISC1-mediated dysregulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:93. [PMID: 26161071 PMCID: PMC4479724 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis, the constitutive generation of new granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the mature brain, is a robust model of neural development and its dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Previous studies in mice have shown that altered expression of Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (Disc1), the mouse homolog of a risk gene for major psychiatric disorders, results in several distinct morphological phenotypes during neuronal development. Although there are advantages to using rats over mice for neurophysiological studies, genetic manipulations have not been widely utilized in rat models. Here, we used a retroviral-mediated approach to knockdown DISC1 expression in dividing cells in the rat dentate gyrus and characterized the morphological development of adult-born granule neurons. Consistent with earlier findings in mice, we show that DISC1 knockdown in adult-born dentate granule cells in rats resulted in accelerated dendritic growth, soma hypertrophy, ectopic dendrites, and mispositioning of new granule cells due to overextended migration. Our study thus demonstrates that the Disc1 genetic manipulation approach used in prior mouse studies is feasible in rats and that there is a conserved biological function of this gene across species. Extending gene-based studies of adult hippocampal neurogenesis from mice to rats will allow for the development of additional models that may be more amenable to behavioral and in vivo electrophysiological investigations. These models, in turn, can generate additional insight into the systems-level mechanisms of how risk genes for complex psychiatric disorders may impact adult neurogenesis and hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyung Lee
- Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eunchai Kang
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Douglas GoodSmith
- Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Do Yeon Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James J Knierim
- Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA ; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kusumi I, Boku S, Takahashi Y. Psychopharmacology of atypical antipsychotic drugs: From the receptor binding profile to neuroprotection and neurogenesis. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 69:243-58. [PMID: 25296946 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The original definition of atypical antipsychotic drugs (APD) was drugs that are effective against positive symptoms in schizophrenia with no or little extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). However, atypical APD have been reported to be more effective for cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms in schizophrenia than typical APD, which expands the definition of 'atypicality'. This article provides a critical review of the pharmacology of atypical APD, especially from the viewpoint of receptor binding profiles and neurotransmitter regulations as well as neuroprotection and neurogenesis. A variety of serotonin (5-HT) receptors, such as 5-HT2A / 2C , 5-HT1A , 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors, may contribute to the mechanisms of action of 'atypicality'. The dopaminergic modulations, including a low affinity for dopamine D2 receptors and a partial D2 receptor agonistic action, and glutamatergic regulations may also be involved in the pharmacological backgrounds of 'atypicality'. Atypical APD, but not typical APD, may facilitate cortical neuroprotection and hippocampal neurogenesis, which might be a part of the action mechanisms of atypical APD. The facilitation of cortical neuroprotection and hippocampal neurogenesis induced by atypical APD might be mediated by an increase in the Ser9 phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). The stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors and/or the blockade of 5-HT2 receptors, which is characteristic of atypical APD, might increase Ser9 phosphorylation of GSK-3β. Moreover, atypical APD increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. BDNF increases Ser9 phosphorylation of GSK-3β and has neuroprotective and neurogenic effects, as in the case of atypical APD. These findings suggest that GSK-3β might play a role in the action mechanisms of atypical APD, in both the 5-HT-dependent and BDNF-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kusumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Zhang Z, van Praag H. Maternal immune activation differentially impacts mature and adult-born hippocampal neurons in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 45:60-70. [PMID: 25449671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with deficits in the hippocampus, a brain area important for learning and memory. The dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus develops both before and after birth. To study the relative contribution of mature and adult-born DG granule cells to disease etiology, we compared both cell populations in a mouse model of psychiatric illness resulting from maternal immune activation. Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid (PolyIC, 5mg/kg) or saline was given on gestation day 15 to pregnant female C57Bl/6 mice. Male offspring (n=105), was administered systemic bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, 50mg/kg) (n=52) or intracerebral retroviral injection into the DG (n=53), to label dividing cells at one month of age. Two months later behavioral tests were performed to evaluate disease phenotype. Immunohistochemistry and whole-cell patch clamping were used to assess morphological and physiological characteristics of DG cells. Three-month-old PolyIC exposed male offspring exhibited deficient pre-pulse inhibition, spatial maze performance and motor coordination, as well as increased depression-like behavior. Histological analysis showed reduced DG volume and parvalbumin positive interneuron number. Both mature and new hippocampal neurons showed modifications in intrinsic properties such as increased input resistance and lower current threshold, and decreased action potential number. Reduced GABAergic inhibitory transmission was observed only in mature DG neurons. Differential impairments in mature DG cells and adult-born new neurons may have implications for behavioral deficits associated with maternal immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Henriette van Praag
- Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Yamada M, Clark J, McClelland C, Capaldo E, Ray A, Iulianella A. Cux2 activity defines a subpopulation of perinatal neurogenic progenitors in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2014; 25:253-67. [PMID: 25252086 PMCID: PMC4312975 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus arises from the medial region of the subventricular (SVZ) within the telencephalon. It is one of two regions in the postnatal brain that harbors neural progenitors (NPs) capable of giving rise to new neurons. Neurogenesis in the hippocampus is restricted to the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) where it contributes to the generation of granule cell layer (gcl) neurons. It is thought that SGZ progenitors are heterogeneous, differing in their morphology, expression profiles, and developmental potential, however it is currently unknown whether they display differences in their developmental origins and cell fate-restriction in the DG. Here we demonstrate that Cux2 is a marker for SGZ progenitors and nascent granule cell neurons in the perinatal brain. Cux2 was expressed in the presumptive hippocampal forming region of the embryonic forebrain from E14.5 onwards. At fetal stages, Cux2 was expressed in early-forming Prox1+ granule cell neurons as well as the SVZ of the DG germinal matrix. In the postnatal brain, Cux2 was expressed in several types of progenitors in the SGZ of the DG, including Nestin/Sox2 double-positive radial glia, Sox2+ cells that lacked a radial glial process, DCX+ neuroblasts, and Calretinin-expressing nascent neurons. Another domain characterized by a low level of Cux2 expression emerged in Calbindin+ neurons of the developing DG blades. We used Cux2-Cre mice in genetic fate-mapping studies and showed almost exclusive labeling of Calbindin-positive gcl neurons, but not in any progenitor cell types or astroglia. This suggests that Cux2+ progenitors directly differentiate into gcl neurons and do not self-renew. Interestingly, developmental profiling of cell fate revealed an outside-in formation of gcl neurons in the DG, likely reflecting the activity of Cux2 in the germinative matrices during DG formation and maturation. However, DG morphogenesis proceeded largely normally in hypomorphic Cux2 mutants lacking Cux2 expression. Taken together we conclude that Cux2 expression reflects hippocampal neurogenesis and identifies non-self-renewing NPs in the SGZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Yamada
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Life Science Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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12
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Taupin P. Adult neurogenesis pharmacology in neurological diseases and disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 8:311-20. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.2.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ruan L, Lau BWM, Wang J, Huang L, Zhuge Q, Wang B, Jin K, So KF. Neurogenesis in neurological and psychiatric diseases and brain injury: from bench to bedside. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 115:116-37. [PMID: 24384539 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Researchers who have uncovered the presence of stem cells in an adult's central nervous system have not only challenged the dogma that new neurons cannot be generated during adulthood, but also shed light on the etiology and disease mechanisms underlying many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Brain trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric disorders pose enormous burdens at both personal and societal levels. Although medications for these disorders are widely used, the treatment mechanisms underlying the illnesses remain largely elusive. In the past decade, an increasing amount of evidence indicate that adult neurogenesis (i.e. generating new CNS neurons during adulthood) may be involved in the pathology of different CNS disorders, and thus neurogenesis may be a potential target area for treatments. Although new neurons were shown to be a major player in mediating treatment efficacy of neurological and psychotropic drugs on cognitive functions, it is still debatable if the altered production of new neurons can cause the disorders. This review hence seeks to discuss pre and current clinical studies that demonstrate the functional impact adult neurogenesis have on neurological and psychiatric illnesses while examining the related underlying disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Ruan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Benson Wui-Man Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jixian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Lijie Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Brian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; GMH Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Chambers RA. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the pathogenesis of addiction and dual diagnosis disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 130:1-12. [PMID: 23279925 PMCID: PMC3640791 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As knowledge deepens about how new neurons are born, differentiate, and wire into the adult mammalian brain, growing evidence depicts hippocampal neurogenesis as a special form of neuroplasticity that may be impaired across psychiatric disorders. This review provides an integrated-evidence based framework describing a neurogenic basis for addictions and addiction vulnerability in mental illness. METHODS Basic studies conducted over the last decade examining the effects of addictive drugs on adult neurogenesis and the impact of neurogenic activity on addictive behavior were compiled and integrated with relevant neurocomputational and human studies. RESULTS While suppression of hippocampal neurogenic proliferation appears to be a universal property of addictive drugs, the pathophysiology of addictions involves neuroadaptative processes within frontal-cortical-striatal motivation circuits that the neurogenic hippocampus regulates via direct projections. States of suppressed neurogenic activity may simultaneously underlie psychiatric and cognitive symptoms, but also confer or signify hippocampal dysfunction that heightens addiction vulnerability in mental illness as a basis for dual diagnosis disorders. CONCLUSIONS Research on pharmacological, behavioral and experiential strategies that enhance adaptive regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis holds potential in advancing preventative and integrative treatment strategies for addictions and dual diagnosis disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Andrew Chambers
- Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis & Development, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 791 Union Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
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Monji A, Kato TA, Mizoguchi Y, Horikawa H, Seki Y, Kasai M, Yamauchi Y, Yamada S, Kanba S. Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia especially focused on the role of microglia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 42:115-21. [PMID: 22192886 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An accumulating body of evidence point to the significance of neuroinflammation and immunogenetics also in schizophrenia. Recent genome-wide studies in schizophrenia suggest immune involvement in schizophrenia. Microglia are the resident macrophage of the brain and major players in innate immunity in the CNS. They respond rapidly to even minor pathological changes in the brain and may contribute directly to the neuronal degeneration by producing various pro-inflammatory cytokines and free radicals. In many aspects, the neuropathology of schizophrenia is closely associated with microglial activation. We and other researchers have shown the inhibitory effects of some typical or atypical antipsychotics on the release of inflammatory cytokines and free radicals from activated microglia, both of which are not only directly toxic to neurons but also cause a decrease in neurogenesis as well as white matter abnormalities in the brains of the patients with schizophrenia. The treatment through the inhibition of microglial activation may shed new light on the therapeutic strategy of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Monji
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University Hospital, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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Abstract
New neurons are produced within the hippocampus of the mammalian brain throughout life. Evidence from animal studies has suggested that the function of these adult-born neurons is linked to cognition and emotion. Until we are able to detect and measure levels of adult neurogenesis in living human brains-a formidable challenge for now-we cannot establish its functional importance in human health, disease and new treatment development. Current non-invasive neuroimaging modalities can provide live snapshots of the brain's structure, chemistry, activity and connectivity. This review explores whether existing macroscopic imaging methods can be used to understand the microscopic dynamics of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in living individuals. We discuss recent studies that have found correlations between neuroimaging measures of human hippocampal biology and levels of pro- or anti-neurogenic stimuli, weigh whether these correlations reflect changes in adult neurogenesis, detail the conceptual and technical limitations of these studies and elaborate on what will be needed to validate in vivo neuroimaging measures of adult neurogenesis for future investigations.
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Nakamura K, Ito M, Liu Y, Seki T, Suzuki T, Arai H. Effects of single and repeated electroconvulsive stimulation on hippocampal cell proliferation and spontaneous behaviors in the rat. Brain Res 2013; 1491:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bussey TJ, Holmes A, Lyon L, Mar AC, McAllister KAL, Nithianantharajah J, Oomen CA, Saksida LM. New translational assays for preclinical modelling of cognition in schizophrenia: the touchscreen testing method for mice and rats. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:1191-203. [PMID: 21530550 PMCID: PMC3168710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe a touchscreen method that satisfies a proposed 'wish-list' of desirables for a cognitive testing method for assessing rodent models of schizophrenia. A number of tests relevant to schizophrenia research are described which are currently being developed and validated using this method. These tests can be used to study reward learning, memory, perceptual discrimination, object-place associative learning, attention, impulsivity, compulsivity, extinction, simple Pavlovian conditioning, and other constructs. The tests can be deployed using a 'flexible battery' approach to establish a cognitive profile for a particular mouse or rat model. We have found these tests to be capable of detecting not just impairments in function, but enhancements as well, which is essential for testing putative cognitive therapies. New tests are being continuously developed, many of which may prove particularly valuable for schizophrenia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Bussey
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
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Lazar NL, Neufeld RWJ, Cain DP. Contribution of nonprimate animal models in understanding the etiology of schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2011; 36:E5-29. [PMID: 21247514 PMCID: PMC3120891 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder that is characterized by positive and negative symptoms and cognitive impairments. The etiology of the disorder is complex, and it is thought to follow a multifactorial threshold model of inheritance with genetic and neurodevelop mental contributions to risk. Human studies are particularly useful in capturing the richness of the phenotype, but they are often limited to the use of correlational approaches. By assessing behavioural abnormalities in both humans and rodents, nonprimate animal models of schizophrenia provide unique insight into the etiology and mechanisms of the disorder. This review discusses the phenomenology and etiology of schizophrenia and the contribution of current nonprimate animal models with an emphasis on how research with models of neuro transmitter dysregulation, environmental risk factors, neurodevelopmental disruption and genetic risk factors can complement the literature on schizophrenia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah L Lazar
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.
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Prenatal exposure to PCP produces behavioral deficits accompanied by the overexpression of GLAST in the prefrontal cortex of postpubertal mice. Behav Brain Res 2011; 220:132-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ito M, Seki T, Liu J, Nakamura K, Namba T, Matsubara Y, Suzuki T, Arai H. Effects of repeated electroconvulsive seizure on cell proliferation in the rat hippocampus. Synapse 2011; 64:814-21. [PMID: 20340175 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is known as a successful treatment for severe depression. Despite great efforts, the biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of ECT remain largely unclear. In this study, animals received a single, 10, or 20 applications of electroconvulsive seizure (ECS), and then cell proliferation and apoptosis were investigated in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus. We analyzed whether a series of ECSs could induce changes in the dentate gyrus in a dose-response fashion. A single-ECS seizure significantly increased cell proliferation in the SGZ by ∼2.3-fold compared to sham treatment. After 10 ECSs, a significant increase in cell proliferation was observed in the SGZ by ∼2.4-fold compared to sham treatment. Moreover, 10 ECSs induced a significant increase in cell proliferation by 1.3-fold compared to a single-ECS group. However, cell proliferation did not differ between the group with 20 ECSs and sham group. In addition, a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells was found in the group with 10 ECSs, whereas no significant change in it was found in either a single ECS or 20 ECSs group compared to sham treatment. These findings indicate that the optimal number of treatments and duration of stimulation requires investigation. Further studies are needed to elucidate the intracellular mechanisms underlying both effective and excessive ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Ito
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Acrylamide induces cell death in neural progenitor cells and impairs hippocampal neurogenesis. Toxicol Lett 2010; 193:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Risperidone and haloperidol promote survival of stem cells in the rat hippocampus. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 260:151-62. [PMID: 19579000 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-009-0033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Altered neuroplasticity contributes to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, the idea that antipsychotics may act, at least in part, by normalizing neurogenesis has not been consistently supported. Our study seeks to determine whether hippocampal cell proliferation is altered in adult rats pretreated with ketamine, a validated model of schizophrenia, and whether chronic administration with neuroleptic drugs (haloperidol and risperidone) affect changes of cell genesis/survival. Ketamine per se has no effect on cell proliferation. Its withdrawal, however, significantly induced cell proliferation/survival in the hippocampus. Risperidone and haloperidol supported cell genesis/survival as well. During ketamine withdrawal, however, their application did not affect cell proliferation/survival additionally. TUNEL staining indicated a cell-protective potency of both neuroleptics with respect to a ketamine-induced cell death. As RT-PCR and Western blot revealed that the treatment effects of risperidone and haloperidol seemed to be mediated through activation of VEGF and MMP2. The mRNA expression of NGF, BDNF, and NT3 was unaffected. From the respective receptors, only TrkA was enhanced when ketamine withdrawal was combined with risperidone or haloperidol. Risperidone also induced BCL-2. Ketamine withdrawal has no effect on the expression of VEGF, MMP2, or BCL-2. It activated the expression of BDNF. This effect was normalized by risperidone or haloperidol. The findings indicate a promoting effect of risperidone and haloperidol on survival of young neurons in the hippocampus by enhancing the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 and by activation of VEGF/MMP2, whereby an interference with ketamine and thus a priority role of the NMDA system was not evident.
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DeCarolis NA, Eisch AJ. Hippocampal neurogenesis as a target for the treatment of mental illness: a critical evaluation. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58:884-93. [PMID: 20060007 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over one-quarter of adult Americans are diagnosed with a mental illness like Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's Disease. In addition to the exceptional personal burden these disorders exert on patients and their families, they also have enormous cost to society. Although existing pharmacological and psychosocial treatments alleviate symptoms in many patients, the comorbidity, severity, and intractable nature of mental disorders strongly underscore the need for novel strategies. As the hippocampus is a site of structural and functional pathology in most mental illnesses, a hippocampal-based treatment approach has been proposed to counteract the cognitive deficits and mood dysregulation that are hallmarks of psychiatric disorders. In particular, preclinical and clinical research suggests that hippocampal neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons in the adult dentate gyrus, may be harnessed to treat mental illness. There are obvious applications and allures of this approach; for example, perhaps stimulating hippocampal neurogenesis would reverse the overt and noncontroversial hippocampal atrophy and functional deficits observed in Alzheimer's Disease and schizophrenia, or the more controversial hippocampal deficits seen in MDD and PTSD. However, critical examination suggests that neurogenesis may only correlate with mental illness and treatment, suggesting targeting neurogenesis alone is not a sufficient treatment strategy. Here we review the classic and causative links between adult hippocampal neurogenesis and mental disorders, and provide a critical evaluation of how (and if) our basic knowledge of new neurons in the adult hippocampus might eventually help combat or even prevent mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A DeCarolis
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9070, USA
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Tanimura A, Liu J, Namba T, Seki T, Matsubara Y, Itoh M, Suzuki T, Arai H. Prenatal phencyclidine exposure alters hippocampal cell proliferation in offspring rats. Synapse 2009; 63:729-36. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
The etiology of schizophrenia remains unclear, while there has been a growing amount of evidence for the neuroinflammation and immunogenetics, which are characterized by an increased serum concentration of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Despite the fact that microglia comprise only <10% of the total brain cells, microglia respond rapidly to even minor pathological changes in the brain and may contribute directly to the neuronal degeneration by producing various pro-inflammatory cytokines and free radicals. In many aspects, the neuropathology of schizophrenia has recently been reported to be closely associatedwith microglial activation. Previous studies have shown the inhibitory effects of some typical/atypical antipsychotics on the release of inflammatory cytokines and free radicals from activated microglia, both of which have recently been known to cause a decrease in neurogenesis as well as white matter abnormalities in the brains of patients with schizophrenia. The microglia hypothesis of schizophrenia may shed new light on the therapeutic strategy for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Monji
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Cayre M, Canoll P, Goldman JE. Cell migration in the normal and pathological postnatal mammalian brain. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 88:41-63. [PMID: 19428961 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the developing brain, cell migration is a crucial process for structural organization, and is therefore highly regulated to allow the correct formation of complex networks, wiring neurons, and glia. In the early postnatal brain, late developmental processes such as the production and migration of astrocyte and oligodendrocyte progenitors still occur. Although the brain is completely formed and structured few weeks after birth, it maintains a degree of plasticity throughout life, including axonal remodeling, synaptogenesis, but also neural cell birth, migration and integration. The subventricular zone (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus are the two main neurogenic niches in the adult brain. Neural stem cells reside in these structures and produce progenitors that migrate toward their ultimate location: the olfactory bulb and granular cell layer of the DG respectively. The aim of this review is to synthesize the increasing information concerning the organization, regulation and function of cell migration in a mature brain. In a normal brain, proteins involved in cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions together with secreted proteins acting as chemoattractant or chemorepellant play key roles in the regulation of neural progenitor cell migration. In addition, recent data suggest that gliomas arise from the transformation of neural stem cells or progenitor cells and that glioma cell infiltration recapitulates key aspects of glial progenitor migration. Thus, we will consider glioma migration in the context of progenitor migration. Finally, many observations show that brain lesions and neurological diseases trigger neural stem/progenitor cell activation and migration toward altered structures. The factors involved in such cell migration/recruitment are just beginning to be understood. Inflammation which has long been considered as thoroughly disastrous for brain repair is now known to produce some positive effects on stem/progenitor cell recruitment via the regulation of growth factor signaling and the secretion of a number of chemoattractant cytokines. This knowledge is crucial for the development of new therapeutic strategies. One of these strategies could consist in increasing the mobilization of endogenous progenitor cells that could replace lost cells and improve functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Cayre
- Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille Luminy (IBDML), Parc scientifique de Luminy, case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France.
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Iwata Y, Suzuki K, Wakuda T, Seki N, Thanseem I, Matsuzaki H, Mamiya T, Ueki T, Mikawa S, Sasaki T, Suda S, Yamamoto S, Tsuchiya KJ, Sugihara G, Nakamura K, Sato K, Takei N, Hashimoto K, Mori N. Irradiation in adulthood as a new model of schizophrenia. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2283. [PMID: 18509473 PMCID: PMC2386242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies suggest that radiation exposure may be a potential risk factor for schizophrenia in adult humans. Here, we investigated whether adult irradiation in rats caused behavioral abnormalities relevant to schizophrenia. Methodology/Principal Findings A total dose of 15-Gy irradiation in six fractionations during 3 weeks was exposed to the forebrain including the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ) with male rats in the prone position. Behavioral, immunohistochemical, and neurochemical studies were performed three months after fractionated ionizing irradiation. Three months after fractionated ionizing irradiation, the total numbers of BrdU-positive cells in both the SVZ and SGZ zones of irradiated rats were significantly lower than those of control (sham-irradiated) rats. Hyperactivity after administration of the dopaminergic agonist methamphetamine, but not the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist dizocilpine, was significantly enhanced in the irradiated rats although spontaneous locomotion in the irradiated rats was significantly lower than that of controls. Behavioral abnormalities including auditory sensory gating deficits, social interaction deficits, and working memory deficits were observed in the irradiated rats. Conclusion/Significance The present study suggests that irradiation in adulthood caused behavioral abnormalities relevant to schizophrenia, and that reduction of adult neurogenesis by irradiation may be associated with schizophrenia-like behaviors in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (YI); (KH)
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Wakuda
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Norihito Seki
- Mental Development Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ismail Thanseem
- Mental Development Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Mental Development Research Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Mamiya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Ueki
- Department of Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sumiko Mikawa
- Department of Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shiro Suda
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yamamoto
- Mental Development Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji J. Tsuchiya
- Mental Development Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Genichi Sugihara
- Mental Development Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kohji Sato
- Department of Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nori Takei
- Mental Development Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail: (YI); (KH)
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Failing adult neurogenesis is increasingly considered a factor in the pathogenesis and course of psychiatric disorders. The level of evidence in favor of such hypotheses varies, but disturbed cellular plasticity in the hippocampus may be a common aspect of several neuropsychiatric diseases. RECENT FINDINGS This review covers the literature from mid-2006 to the end of 2007. We discuss studies and theoretical papers dealing with the contribution of adult neurogenesis to dementias and neurodegeneration, major depression, schizophrenia, and alcohol and drug abuse. Of these disorders, most progress has recently been made with schizophrenia for which, in contrast to the other conditions, suggestive genetic evidence exists (e.g. Disc1, Npas3). SUMMARY Failing adult hippocampal neurogenesis may not explain major depression, addiction or schizophrenia, but contributes to the hippocampal aspects of the disease. We propose that the key to a more thorough understanding of this contribution will come from increased knowledge on the functional relevance of new neurons in the hippocampus and better clinical data relating to symptoms possibly related to such function. Research on the molecular basis of adult hippocampal neurogenesis may help to explain how hippocampal aspects of these disorders develop.
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Seo T, Sumiyoshi T, Tsunoda M, Tanaka K, Uehara T, Matsuoka T, Itoh H, Kurachi M. T-817MA, a novel neurotrophic compound, ameliorates phencyclidine-induced disruption of sensorimotor gating. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 197:457-64. [PMID: 18251012 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-1057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neurodegenerative changes have been suggested to provide a basis for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. T-817MA (1-{3-[2-(1-benzothiophen-5-yl) ethoxy] propyl} azetidin-3-ol maleate) is a novel compound with neuroprotective and neurite-outgrowth effects, as elicited in rat primary cultured neurons. OBJECTIVES We examined the effect of T-817MA on phencyclidine (PCP)-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition (PPI), a measure of sensorimotor gating, in male Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In chronic experiments, male Wistar rats were injected intermittently with PCP (2.0 mg/kg, i.p., three times per week) or vehicle (saline, 2.0 ml/kg) for 1 month. T-817MA (0.21 or 0.07 mg/ml, p.o.) or distilled water was administered throughout the study period. In an acute experiment, T-817MA (8.4 mg/kg, p.o.) or distilled water was administered, followed by treatment with PCP (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (saline, 2.0 ml/kg), before PPI measurements. RESULTS Intermittent administration of PCP for 1 month induced persistent disruption of PPI. Coadministration of T-817MA at 0.21 mg/ml but not 0.07 mg/ml completely blocked PCP-induced disruption of PPI, whereas T-817MA (0.21 mg/ml) by itself did not show a significant effect on PPI in control rats. On the other hand, single administration of T-817MA did not affect PPI disruption by acute treatment with PCP. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that T-817MA is effective in ameliorating sensorimotor gating deficits caused by chronic PCP treatment, possibly via neuroprotective actions. Our findings provide a novel therapeutic approach for patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Seo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
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Bian Q, Kato T, Monji A, Hashioka S, Mizoguchi Y, Horikawa H, Kanba S. The effect of atypical antipsychotics, perospirone, ziprasidone and quetiapine on microglial activation induced by interferon-gamma. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:42-8. [PMID: 17716796 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An accumulating body of evidences point to the significance of neuroinflammation and immunogenetics in schizophrenia, characterized by increased serum concentration of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the central nervous system (CNS), the microglial cells are the major immunocompetent cells which release pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species to mediate the inflammatory process. In the present study, we investigated whether or not atypical antipsychotics, namely perospirone, quetiapine and ziprasidone, would have anti-inflammatory effects on the activated microglia which may potentiate neuroprotection. All three atypical antipsychotics significantly inhibited NO generation from activated microglia while perospirone and quetiapine significantly inhibited the TNF-alpha release from activated microglia. Antipsychotics, especially perospirone and quetiapine may have an anti-inflammatory effect via the inhibition of microglial activation, which is not only directly toxic to neurons but also has an inhibitory effect on neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis, both of which have been reported to play a crucial role in the pathology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Bian
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Barbon A, Fumagalli F, La Via L, Caracciolo L, Racagni G, Riva MA, Barlati S. Chronic phencyclidine administration reduces the expression and editing of specific glutamate receptors in rat prefrontal cortex. Exp Neurol 2007; 208:54-62. [PMID: 17706642 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP) induces a form of psychosis that mimics naturally occurring schizophrenia in the most relevant domains of the psychopathology. In this report, we investigated the effect of chronic treatment with PCP on expression and RNA editing of alpha-amino-propionic acid (AMPA) and kainate (KA) glutamate receptor (GluR), in the rat prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. We found that chronic, but not acute, PCP treatment decreased GluRs expression in the rat prefrontal cortex but not in the hippocampus. In particular, the mRNA coding for GluR2 and GluR3 subunits were reduced by 50%, whereas those coding for KA GluR5 and GluR6 were decreased by 30%. In addition, we observed a decrease of the editing levels of the R/G site in the flop form of both GluR2 and GluR3 and a significant increase in the editing level of GluR6 Q/R site. The variation in the editing level of the R/G sites suggests that chronic PCP treatment induced the formation of glutamate receptor subunits with slower resensitization kinetics and, with respect to kainate receptors, an increase in the Q/R editing level might generate receptor channels with a lower permeability to cations. Combining all the data, it can be inferred that the PCP treatment induced a specific and site-selective reduction of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex but not in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Barbon
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Reif A, Schmitt A, Fritzen S, Lesch KP. Neurogenesis and schizophrenia: dividing neurons in a divided mind? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007; 257:290-9. [PMID: 17468935 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-007-0733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Forty years after the initial discovery of neurogenesis in the postnatal brain of the rat, convincing evidence has been accrued that functional neurons are generated throughout the entire lifespan, particularly in the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). This phenomenon has been termed adult neurogenesis (AN) and while it was detected in all examined mammalian species including humans, the physiological role of this process remains unknown. Although a plethora of animal studies indicate an involvement of AN in the pathophysiology of depression, this view has recently kindled considerable controversy. Pertinent studies in humans failed to confirm a role of reduced hippocampal neural stem cell proliferation (NSP) in depression but suggest a contribution to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The functional relevance of disturbed AN may encompass erroneous temporal encoding of new memory traces, thereby contributing to cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia. This AN-hypothesis of schizophrenia is supported by neuroimaging, as well as by several genetically modified rodent models, e.g. reelin and NPAS3 knockout mice. Furthermore, several genes impacting on AN, including NPAS3, were also found to be associated with schizophrenia by case-control studies. In conclusion, several lines of evidence suggest that reduced AN may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenic disorders, whereas it does not seem to be a critical risk factor for affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reif
- Molecular and Clinical Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Füchsleinstr. 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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Kato T, Monji A, Hashioka S, Kanba S. Risperidone significantly inhibits interferon-gamma-induced microglial activation in vitro. Schizophr Res 2007; 92:108-15. [PMID: 17363222 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microglia has recently been regarded to be a mediator of neuroinflammation via the release of proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia has thus been reported to play an important role in the pathology of neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The pathological mechanisms of schizophrenia remain unclear while some recent neuroimaging studies suggest even schizophrenia may be a kind of neurodegenerative disease. Risperidone has been reported to decrease the reduction of MRI volume during the clinical course of schizophrenia. Many recent studies have demonstrated that immunological mechanisms via such as interferon (IFN)-gamma and cytokines might be relevant to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In the present study, we thus investigated the effects of risperidone on the generation of nitric oxide, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression and inflammatory cytokines: interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha by IFN-gamma-activated microglia by using Griess assay, Western blotting and ELISA, respectively. In comparison with haloperidol, risperidone significantly inhibited the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines by activated microglia. The iNOS levels of risperidone-treated cells were much lower than those of the haloperidol-treated cells. Antipsychotics, especially risperidone may have an anti-inflammatory effect via the inhibition of microglial activation, which is not only directly toxic to neurons but also has an inhibitory effect on neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis, both of which have been reported to play a crucial role in the pathology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Maeda K, Sugino H, Hirose T, Kitagawa H, Nagai T, Mizoguchi H, Takuma K, Yamada K. Clozapine Prevents a Decrease in Neurogenesis in Mice Repeatedly Treated With Phencyclidine. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 103:299-308. [PMID: 17341843 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0061424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been suggested that neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus is decreased in schizophrenia and this phenomenon may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disorder. Since repeated administration of psychostimulants such as phencyclidine (PCP), MK-801, and methamphetamine (METH) induces schizophrenia-like behavioral changes in animals, we investigated whether repeated administration of these psychostimulants affects neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of mice. Newborn cells were labeled by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and detected by immunohistochemistry. Repeated administration of PCP and MK-801, but not METH, resulted in a decrease in the number of BrdU-labeled cells in the dentate gyrus. PCP-induced decrease in the number of BrdU-labeled cells was negated by co-administration of clozapine, but not haloperidol, although repeated antipsychotics treatment by themselves had no effect. Furthermore, co-administration of D-serine and glycine, but not L-serine, inhibited the PCP-induced decrease in the number of BrdU-labeled cells. These results suggest that chronic dysfunction of NMDA receptors causes a decrease in neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Maeda
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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