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Gong J, Jin Z, Chen H, He J, Zhang Y, Yang X. Super-resolution fluorescence microscopic imaging in pathogenesis and drug treatment of neurological disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114791. [PMID: 37004939 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Since super-resolution fluorescence microscopic technology breaks the diffraction limit that has existed for a long time in optical imaging, it can observe the process of synapses formed between nerve cells and the protein aggregation related to neurological disease. Thus, super-resolution fluorescence microscopic imaging has significantly impacted several industries, including drug development and pathogenesis research, and it is anticipated that it will significantly alter the future of life science research. Here, we focus on several typical super-resolution fluorescence microscopic technologies, introducing their benefits and drawbacks, as well as applications in several common neurological diseases, in the hope that their services will be expanded and improved in the pathogenesis and drug treatment of neurological diseases.
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Massengill CI, Day-Cooney J, Mao T, Zhong H. Genetically encoded sensors towards imaging cAMP and PKA activity in vivo. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 362:109298. [PMID: 34339753 PMCID: PMC8659126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a universal second messenger that plays a crucial role in diverse biological functions, ranging from transcription to neuronal plasticity, and from development to learning and memory. In the nervous system, cAMP integrates inputs from many neuromodulators across a wide range of timescales - from seconds to hours - to modulate neuronal excitability and plasticity in brain circuits during different animal behavioral states. cAMP signaling events are both cell-specific and subcellularly compartmentalized. The same stimulus may result in different, sometimes opposite, cAMP dynamics in different cells or subcellular compartments. Additionally, the activity of protein kinase A (PKA), a major cAMP effector, is also spatiotemporally regulated. For these reasons, many laboratories have made great strides toward visualizing the intracellular dynamics of cAMP and PKA. To date, more than 80 genetically encoded sensors, including original and improved variants, have been published. It is starting to become possible to visualize cAMP and PKA signaling events in vivo, which is required to study behaviorally relevant cAMP/PKA signaling mechanisms. Despite significant progress, further developments are needed to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and practical utility of these sensors. This review summarizes the recent advances and challenges in genetically encoded cAMP and PKA sensors with an emphasis on in vivo imaging in the brain during behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian Day-Cooney
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Tianyi Mao
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Haining Zhong
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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3
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Bączyńska E, Pels KK, Basu S, Włodarczyk J, Ruszczycki B. Quantification of Dendritic Spines Remodeling under Physiological Stimuli and in Pathological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4053. [PMID: 33919977 PMCID: PMC8070910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous brain diseases are associated with abnormalities in morphology and density of dendritic spines, small membranous protrusions whose structural geometry correlates with the strength of synaptic connections. Thus, the quantitative analysis of dendritic spines remodeling in microscopic images is one of the key elements towards understanding mechanisms of structural neuronal plasticity and bases of brain pathology. In the following article, we review experimental approaches designed to assess quantitative features of dendritic spines under physiological stimuli and in pathological conditions. We compare various methodological pipelines of biological models, sample preparation, data analysis, image acquisition, sample size, and statistical analysis. The methodology and results of relevant experiments are systematically summarized in a tabular form. In particular, we focus on quantitative data regarding the number of animals, cells, dendritic spines, types of studied parameters, size of observed changes, and their statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bączyńska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (K.K.P.); (J.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Karolina Pels
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (K.K.P.); (J.W.)
| | - Subhadip Basu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadvapur University, Kolkata 700032, India;
| | - Jakub Włodarczyk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (K.K.P.); (J.W.)
| | - Błażej Ruszczycki
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (K.K.P.); (J.W.)
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4
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Harper CB, Smillie KJ. Current molecular approaches to investigate pre-synaptic dysfunction. J Neurochem 2021; 157:107-129. [PMID: 33544872 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of the last few decades it has become clear that many neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders have a synaptic defect, which contributes to pathogenicity. A rise in new techniques, and in particular '-omics'-based methods providing large datasets, has led to an increase in potential proteins and pathways implicated in synaptic function and related disorders. Additionally, advancements in imaging techniques have led to the recent discovery of alternative modes of synaptic vesicle recycling. This has resulted in a lack of clarity over the precise role of different pathways in maintaining synaptic function and whether these new pathways are dysfunctional in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. A greater understanding of the molecular detail of pre-synaptic function in health and disease is key to targeting new proteins and pathways for novel treatments and the variety of new techniques currently available provides an ideal opportunity to investigate these functions. This review focuses on techniques to interrogate pre-synaptic function, concentrating mainly on synaptic vesicle recycling. It further examines techniques to determine the underlying molecular mechanism of pre-synaptic dysfunction and discusses methods to identify molecular targets, along with protein-protein interactions and cellular localization. In combination, these techniques will provide an expanding and more complete picture of pre-synaptic function. With the application of recent technological advances, we are able to resolve events with higher spatial and temporal resolution, leading research towards a greater understanding of dysfunction at the presynapse and the role it plays in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callista B Harper
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Karen J Smillie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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5
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Abstract
When neuroscience’s focus moves from molecular and cellular level to systems level, information technology mixes in and cultivates a new branch neuroinformatics. Especially under the investments of brain initiatives all around the world, brain atlases and connectomics are identified as the substructure to understand the brain. We think it is time to call for a potential interdisciplinary subject, brainsmatics, referring to brain-wide spatial informatics science and emphasizing on precise positioning information affiliated to brain-wide connectome, genome, proteome, transcriptome, metabolome, etc. Brainsmatics methodology includes tracing, surveying, visualizing, and analyzing brain-wide spatial information. Among all imaging techniques, optical imaging is the most appropriate solution to achieve whole-brain connectome in consistent single-neuron resolution. This review aims to introduce contributions of optical imaging to brainsmatics studies, especially the major strategies applied in tracing and surveying processes. After discussions on the state-of-the-art technology, the development objectives of optical imaging in brainsmatics field are suggested. We call for a global contribution to the brainsmatics field from all related communities such as neuroscientists, biologists, engineers, programmers, chemists, mathematicians, physicists, clinicians, pharmacists, etc. As the leading approach, optical imaging will, in turn, benefit from the prosperous development of brainsmatics.
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6
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Turcotte R, Liang Y, Tanimoto M, Zhang Q, Li Z, Koyama M, Betzig E, Ji N. Dynamic super-resolution structured illumination imaging in the living brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9586-9591. [PMID: 31028150 PMCID: PMC6511017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819965116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells in the brain act as components of extended networks. Therefore, to understand neurobiological processes in a physiological context, it is essential to study them in vivo. Super-resolution microscopy has spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit, thus promising to provide structural and functional insights that are not accessible with conventional microscopy. However, to apply it to in vivo brain imaging, we must address the challenges of 3D imaging in an optically heterogeneous tissue that is constantly in motion. We optimized image acquisition and reconstruction to combat sample motion and applied adaptive optics to correcting sample-induced optical aberrations in super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) in vivo. We imaged the brains of live zebrafish larvae and mice and observed the dynamics of dendrites and dendritic spines at nanoscale resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Turcotte
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Yajie Liang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147
| | - Masashi Tanimoto
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147
| | - Qinrong Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ziwei Li
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Minoru Koyama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147
| | - Eric Betzig
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147;
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Na Ji
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147;
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
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7
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Gao R, Asano SM, Upadhyayula S, Pisarev I, Milkie DE, Liu TL, Singh V, Graves A, Huynh GH, Zhao Y, Bogovic J, Colonell J, Ott CM, Zugates C, Tappan S, Rodriguez A, Mosaliganti KR, Sheu SH, Pasolli HA, Pang S, Xu CS, Megason SG, Hess H, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Hantman A, Rubin GM, Kirchhausen T, Saalfeld S, Aso Y, Boyden ES, Betzig E. Cortical column and whole-brain imaging with molecular contrast and nanoscale resolution. Science 2019; 363:eaau8302. [PMID: 30655415 PMCID: PMC6481610 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optical and electron microscopy have made tremendous inroads toward understanding the complexity of the brain. However, optical microscopy offers insufficient resolution to reveal subcellular details, and electron microscopy lacks the throughput and molecular contrast to visualize specific molecular constituents over millimeter-scale or larger dimensions. We combined expansion microscopy and lattice light-sheet microscopy to image the nanoscale spatial relationships between proteins across the thickness of the mouse cortex or the entire Drosophila brain. These included synaptic proteins at dendritic spines, myelination along axons, and presynaptic densities at dopaminergic neurons in every fly brain region. The technology should enable statistically rich, large-scale studies of neural development, sexual dimorphism, degree of stereotypy, and structural correlations to behavior or neural activity, all with molecular contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan Gao
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Shoh M Asano
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Igor Pisarev
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Daniel E Milkie
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Tsung-Li Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ved Singh
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Austin Graves
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Grace H Huynh
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John Bogovic
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Jennifer Colonell
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Carolyn M Ott
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Christopher Zugates
- arivis AG, 1875 Connecticut Avenue NW, 10th floor, Washington, DC 20009, USA
| | - Susan Tappan
- MBF Bioscience, 185 Allen Brook Lane, Suite 101, Williston, VT 05495, USA
| | - Alfredo Rodriguez
- MBF Bioscience, 185 Allen Brook Lane, Suite 101, Williston, VT 05495, USA
| | - Kishore R Mosaliganti
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shu-Hsien Sheu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - H Amalia Pasolli
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Song Pang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - C Shan Xu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Sean G Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Harald Hess
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | | | - Adam Hantman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Gerald M Rubin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephan Saalfeld
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Yoshinori Aso
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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8
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Kelbauskas L, Shetty R, Cao B, Wang KC, Smith D, Wang H, Chao SH, Gangaraju S, Ashcroft B, Kritzer M, Glenn H, Johnson RH, Meldrum DR. Optical computed tomography for spatially isotropic four-dimensional imaging of live single cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602580. [PMID: 29226240 PMCID: PMC5721812 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) imaging of living single cells enables orientation-independent morphometric analysis of the intricacies of cellular physiology. Since its invention, x-ray CT has become indispensable in the clinic for diagnostic and prognostic purposes due to its quantitative absorption-based imaging in true 3D that allows objects of interest to be viewed and measured from any orientation. However, x-ray CT has not been useful at the level of single cells because there is insufficient contrast to form an image. Recently, optical CT has been developed successfully for fixed cells, but this technology called Cell-CT is incompatible with live-cell imaging due to the use of stains, such as hematoxylin, that are not compatible with cell viability. We present a novel development of optical CT for quantitative, multispectral functional 4D (three spatial + one spectral dimension) imaging of living single cells. The method applied to immune system cells offers truly isotropic 3D spatial resolution and enables time-resolved imaging studies of cells suspended in aqueous medium. Using live-cell optical CT, we found a heterogeneous response to mitochondrial fission inhibition in mouse macrophages and differential basal remodeling of small (0.1 to 1 fl) and large (1 to 20 fl) nuclear and mitochondrial structures on a 20- to 30-s time scale in human myelogenous leukemia cells. Because of its robust 3D measurement capabilities, live-cell optical CT represents a powerful new tool in the biomedical research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laimonas Kelbauskas
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rishabh Shetty
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Bin Cao
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Kuo-Chen Wang
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Dean Smith
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shi-Hui Chao
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sandhya Gangaraju
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Brian Ashcroft
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Margaret Kritzer
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Honor Glenn
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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9
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Monday HR, Castillo PE. Closing the gap: long-term presynaptic plasticity in brain function and disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 45:106-112. [PMID: 28570863 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is critical for experience-dependent adjustments of brain function. While most research has focused on the mechanisms that underlie postsynaptic forms of plasticity, comparatively little is known about how neurotransmitter release is altered in a long-term manner. Emerging research suggests that many of the features of canonical 'postsynaptic' plasticity, such as associativity, structural changes and bidirectionality, also characterize long-term presynaptic plasticity. Recent studies demonstrate that presynaptic plasticity is a potent regulator of circuit output and function. Moreover, aberrant presynaptic plasticity is a convergent factor of synaptopathies like schizophrenia, addiction, and Autism Spectrum Disorders, and may be a potential target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Monday
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Pablo E Castillo
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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10
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Cristino L, Imperatore R, Di Marzo V. Techniques for the Cellular and Subcellular Localization of Endocannabinoid Receptors and Enzymes in the Mammalian Brain. Methods Enzymol 2017; 593:61-98. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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11
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Fahrbach SE, Van Nest BN. Synapsin-based approaches to brain plasticity in adult social insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 18:27-34. [PMID: 27939707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of the mushroom bodies continues after adult eclosion in social insects. Synapsins, phosphoproteins abundant in presynaptic boutons, are not required for development of the nervous system but have as their primary function modulation of synaptic transmission. A monoclonal antibody against a conserved region of Drosophila synapsin labels synaptic structures called microglomeruli in the mushroom bodies of adult social insects, permitting studies of microglomerular volume, density, and number. The results point to multiple forms of brain plasticity in social insects: age-based and experience-based maturation that results in a decrease in density coupled with an increase in volume of individual microglomeruli in simultaneous operation with shorter term changes in density produced by specific life experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Fahrbach
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, United States.
| | - Byron N Van Nest
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, United States
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12
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Henstridge CM, Pickett E, Spires-Jones TL. Synaptic pathology: A shared mechanism in neurological disease. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 28:72-84. [PMID: 27108053 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic proteomes have evolved a rich and complex diversity to allow the exquisite control of neuronal communication and information transfer. It is therefore not surprising that many neurological disorders are associated with alterations in synaptic function. As technology has advanced, our ability to study the anatomical and physiological function of synapses in greater detail has revealed a critical role for both central and peripheral synapses in neurodegenerative disease. Synapse loss has a devastating effect on cellular communication, leading to wide ranging effects such as network disruption within central neural systems and muscle wastage in the periphery. These devastating effects link synaptic pathology to a diverse range of neurological disorders, spanning Alzheimer's disease to multiple sclerosis. This review will highlight some of the current literature on synaptic integrity in animal models of disease and human post-mortem studies. Synaptic changes in normal brain ageing will also be discussed and finally the current and prospective treatments for neurodegenerative disorders will be summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleanor Pickett
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, 1 George Square, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, 1 George Square, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK; Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, EH10 5HF, UK.
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13
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Stahley SN, Bartle EI, Atkinson CE, Kowalczyk AP, Mattheyses AL. Molecular organization of the desmosome as revealed by direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2897-904. [PMID: 27505428 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are macromolecular junctions responsible for providing strong cell-cell adhesion. Because of their size and molecular complexity, the precise ultrastructural organization of desmosomes is challenging to study. Here, we used direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) to resolve individual plaque pairs for inner and outer dense plaque proteins. Analysis methods based on desmosomal mirror symmetry were developed to measure plaque-to-plaque distances and create an integrated map. We quantified the organization of desmoglein 3, plakoglobin and desmoplakin (N-terminal, rod and C-terminal domains) in primary human keratinocytes. Longer desmosome lengths correlated with increasing plaque-to-plaque distance, suggesting that desmoplakin is arranged with its long axis at an angle within the plaque. We next examined whether plaque organization changed in different adhesive states. Plaque-to-plaque distance for the desmoplakin rod and C-terminal domains decreased in PKP-1-mediated hyperadhesive desmosomes, suggesting that protein reorganization correlates with function. Finally, in human epidermis we found a difference in plaque-to-plaque distance for the desmoplakin C-terminal domain, but not the desmoplakin rod domain or plakoglobin, between basal and suprabasal cells. Our data reveal the molecular organization of desmosomes in cultured keratinocytes and skin as defined by dSTORM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Stahley
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Emily I Bartle
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Claire E Atkinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Coumans JVF, Palanisamy SKA, McFarlane J, Moens PDJ. Proteomic and Microscopic Strategies towards the Analysis of the Cytoskeletal Networks in Major Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E581. [PMID: 27104521 PMCID: PMC4849037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental health disorders have become worldwide health priorities. It is estimated that in the next 20 years they will account for a 16 trillion United State dollars (US$) loss. Up to now, the underlying pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders remains elusive. Altered cytoskeleton proteins expression that may influence the assembly, organization and maintenance of cytoskeletal integrity has been reported in major depressive disorders, schizophrenia and to some extent bipolar disorders. The use of quantitative proteomics, dynamic microscopy and super-resolution microscopy to investigate disease-specific protein signatures holds great promise to improve our understanding of these disorders. In this review, we present the currently available quantitative proteomic approaches use in neurology, gel-based, stable isotope-labelling and label-free methodologies and evaluate their strengths and limitations. We also reported on enrichment/subfractionation methods that target the cytoskeleton associated proteins and discuss the need of alternative methods for further characterization of the neurocytoskeletal proteome. Finally, we present live cell imaging approaches and emerging dynamic microscopy technology that will provide the tools necessary to investigate protein interactions and their dynamics in the whole cells. While these areas of research are still in their infancy, they offer huge potential towards the understanding of the neuronal network stability and its modification across neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle V F Coumans
- School of Rural Medicine, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Suresh K A Palanisamy
- Center for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Aging, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Jim McFarlane
- Center for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Aging, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Pierre D J Moens
- Center for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Aging, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Heller JP, Rusakov DA. Morphological plasticity of astroglia: Understanding synaptic microenvironment. Glia 2015; 63:2133-51. [PMID: 25782611 PMCID: PMC4737250 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Memory formation in the brain is thought to rely on the remodeling of synaptic connections which eventually results in neural network rewiring. This remodeling is likely to involve ultrathin astroglial protrusions which often occur in the immediate vicinity of excitatory synapses. The phenomenology, cellular mechanisms, and causal relationships of such astroglial restructuring remain, however, poorly understood. This is in large part because monitoring and probing of the underpinning molecular machinery on the scale of nanoscopic astroglial compartments remains a challenge. Here we briefly summarize the current knowledge regarding the cellular organisation of astroglia in the synaptic microenvironment and discuss molecular mechanisms potentially involved in use-dependent astroglial morphogenesis. We also discuss recent observations concerning morphological astroglial plasticity, the respective monitoring methods, and some of the newly emerging techniques that might help with conceptual advances in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janosch P Heller
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitri A Rusakov
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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