1
|
Liu HM, Cheng J, Wang XY, Jiang Y, Ni J, Zhang Y, Wang W. Structure Identification of Ganoderma lucidum Spore Polysaccharides and Their Antitumor Activity In Vivo. Molecules 2024; 29:2348. [PMID: 38792209 PMCID: PMC11124482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, valued for its nutritional and medicinal properties, contains polysaccharides crucial for its efficacy. However, the complex structural nature of these polysaccharides necessitates further investigation to fully realize their potential. This study aimed to investigate the effects of acid heat treatment on Ganoderma lucidum spore polysaccharides (GLSPs) to enhance their properties and application in antitumor activity. The GLSP was obtained via acid heat treatment, concentration, and centrifugal separation. This process led to a notable reduction in polysaccharide molecular weight, increasing water solubility and bioavailability. Analytical techniques including NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis revealed a polysaccharide composition comprising four distinct monosaccharides, with molecular weights of 3291 Da (Mw) and 3216 Da (Mn). Six different linkage modes were identified, with a molar ratio of 1:5:2:3:4:3. In vivo experiments demonstrated the GLSP's significant inhibitory effect on the growth of four tumor models (sarcoma S180, Lewis lung cancer, liver cancer H22, and colon cancer C26) in mice, with no observed toxicity. These findings suggest the GLSP's potential as an antitumor therapeutic agent for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Liu
- School of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
- Engineering Research Center of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- School of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Wang
- School of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia Ni
- School of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
- Engineering Research Center of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201418, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du Y, Tian L, Wang Y, Li Z, Xu Z. Chemodiversity, pharmacological activity, and biosynthesis of specialized metabolites from medicinal model fungi Ganoderma lucidum. Chin Med 2024; 19:51. [PMID: 38519991 PMCID: PMC10958966 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a precious fungus, particularly valued for its dual use as both medicine and food. Ganoderic acids (GAs), the distinctive triterpenoids found in the Ganoderma genus, exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, the limited resources of GAs restrict their clinic usage and drug discovery. In this review, we presented a comprehensive summary focusing on the diverse structures and pharmacological activity of GAs in G. lucidum. Additionally, we discussed the latest advancements in the elucidation of GA biosynthesis, as well as the progress in heterosynthesis and liquid fermentation methods aimed at further increasing GA production. Furthermore, we summarized the omics data, genetic transformation system, and cultivation techniques of G. lucidum, described as medicinal model fungi. The understanding of Ganoderic acids chemodiversity and biosynthesis in medicinal model fungi Ganoderma lucidum will provide important insights into the exploration and utilization of natural products in medicinal fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Du
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Lixia Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhenhao Li
- ShouXianGu Botanical Drug Institute, Hangzhou, 311100, China.
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China.
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li F, Fan H, Sun Q, Di Y, Xia H. Effects of Medium Additives on the Mycelial Growth and Polysaccharide Biosynthesis in Submerged Culture of Bjerkandera fumosa. Molecules 2024; 29:422. [PMID: 38257335 PMCID: PMC10818688 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Medium additives have been shown to affect the synthesis of active products in fungi. This study investigated the effects of corn stalk, poplar sawdust, Tween-80, and oleic acid on mycelial biomass and physicochemical properties, as well as the bioactivity of polysaccharides, including exopolysaccharides (EPS) and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS), in the submerged culture of Bjerkandera fumosa. Results showed that the addition of corn stalk or poplar sawdust increased the production of EPS but decreased the production of IPS; Tween-80 had less effect on the production of EPS and IPS; and oleic acid stimulated polysaccharide production significantly. Polysaccharide property analysis showed that the addition of corn stalk or poplar sawdust promoted the production of high-molecular-weight components in polysaccharides and changed the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides, as well as increased the mannose, glucuronic acid, and xylose contents of IPS. Tween-80 and oleic acid also changed the molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides but only slightly affected the composition of monosaccharides. The bioactivity assay indicated that the polysaccharides obtained by adding corn stalk possessed high hydroxyl radical scavenging and antitumor activities. The effect of poplar sawdust was slightly weaker than that of corn stalk. EPS and IPS obtained from a culture with Tween-80 and oleic acid possessed low antioxidant activity. Moreover, their antitumor activity was improved and lost, respectively. The results obtained in this work are useful for improving the understanding of the optimization and regulation of bioactive polysaccharide production in the submerged culture of B. fumosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hongmei Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (F.L.); (H.F.); (Q.S.); (Y.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Adotey G, Alolga RN, Quarcoo A, Yerenkyi P, Otu P, Anang AK, Okine LKN, Gbewonyo WSK, Holliday JC, Lombardi VC. Molecular Identification and Characterization of Five Ganoderma Species from the Lower Volta River Basin of Ghana Based on Nuclear Ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) Sequences. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 10:6. [PMID: 38276022 PMCID: PMC10817336 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma is a genus of biomedical fungus that is used in the development of numerous health products throughout the world. The Lower Volta River Basin of Ghana is an undulating land surface covered by extensive vegetation and water bodies and is rich in polypore mushrooms resembling various members of the Ganoderma genus. Despite the extensive biopharmaceutical benefits of Ganoderma spp., the isolates from the Lower Volta River Basin have not been properly characterized, thus limiting their use in the development of biotechnological products. In this study, Ganoderma spp. collected from the Lower Volta River Basin were genetically analyzed using the nuclear ribosomal sequences, the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS 2), the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and the nuclear large subunit (nLSU). Blastn search and sequence analysis revealed that the sample we coded as Ganoderma LVRB-2 belongs to G. mbrekobenum, whereas Ganoderma LVRB-1, Ganoderma LVRB-14, and Ganoderma LVRB-16 belong to the species G. enigmaticum. Our analysis further demonstrates that Ganoderma LVRB-17 belongs to the species G. resinaceum. Thus, the five samples collected in the present study were positioned in three different distinct groups, namely G. mbrekobenum, G. enigmaticum, and G. resinaceum. The current data may serve as reference points for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Adotey
- Science Laboratory Department, Accra Technical University, Barnes Road, P.O. Box GP 561, Accra 00233, Ghana; (A.Q.); (P.Y.); (P.O.)
| | - Raphael N. Alolga
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Abraham Quarcoo
- Science Laboratory Department, Accra Technical University, Barnes Road, P.O. Box GP 561, Accra 00233, Ghana; (A.Q.); (P.Y.); (P.O.)
| | - Paul Yerenkyi
- Science Laboratory Department, Accra Technical University, Barnes Road, P.O. Box GP 561, Accra 00233, Ghana; (A.Q.); (P.Y.); (P.O.)
| | - Phyllis Otu
- Science Laboratory Department, Accra Technical University, Barnes Road, P.O. Box GP 561, Accra 00233, Ghana; (A.Q.); (P.Y.); (P.O.)
| | - Abraham K. Anang
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana;
| | - Laud K. N. Okine
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology (BCMB), University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana; (L.K.N.O.); (W.S.K.G.)
| | - Winfred S. K. Gbewonyo
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology (BCMB), University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana; (L.K.N.O.); (W.S.K.G.)
| | | | - Vincent C. Lombardi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, 1664 N Virginia St. MS 0320, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Teng L, Wang C, Cui B, Zhang J, Zhou S, Pan X, Pan F, Dai Y, Feng N. Lanostane triterpenoids from mycelia-associated Ganoderma sinense and their anti-inflammatory activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 215:113870. [PMID: 37734511 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Seven previously undescribed lanostane triterpenoids, ganoderic acid M1 (1), M2 (2), M3 (3), M4 (4), M5 (5), M6 (6), and M7 (7), together with eight known compounds, were isolated from mycelia of the basidiomycete Ganoderma sinense (Ganodermataceae). The structures of all compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The possible biosynthetic pathway of these fifteen triterpenoids was proposed. Some of the compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and IL-6 in RAW264.7 macrophage cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. Lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3β,15α,22β-triacetoxy-26-oic acid (14) exhibited the strongest inhibition of NO production with an IC50 of 0.6 ± 0.1 μM and completely inhibited the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 at 10 μM. The structure-activity relationship of the anti-inflammatory activity is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Teng
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Wang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China; School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Baokai Cui
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Pan
- Jiangxi Xiankelai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jiujiang, 332000, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Pan
- Jiangxi Xiankelai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jiujiang, 332000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucheng Dai
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Na Feng
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen CS, So EC, Wu SN. Modulating Hyperpolarization-Activated Cation Currents through Small Molecule Perturbations: Magnitude and Gating Control. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2177. [PMID: 37626674 PMCID: PMC10452073 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) exhibits a slowly activating time course of the current (Ih) when the cell membrane is hyperpolarized for an extended duration. It is involved in generating electrical activity in various excitable cells. Numerous structurally distinct compounds or herbal drugs have the potential to impact both the magnitude and gating kinetics of this current. Brivaracetam, a chemical analog of levetiracetam known to be a ligand for synaptic vesicle protein 2A, could directly suppress the Ih magnitude. Carisbamate, an anticonvulsant agent, not only inhibited the Ih amplitude but also reduced the strength of voltage-dependent hysteresis (Hys(V)) associated with Ih. Cilobradine, similar to ivabradine, inhibited the amplitude of Ih; however, it also suppressed the amplitude of delayed-rectifier K+ currents. Dexmedetomidine, an agonist of α2-adrenergic receptor, exerted a depressant action on Ih in a concentration-dependent fashion. Suppression of Ih amplitude was observed when GAL-021, a breathing control modulator, was present at a concentration exceeding 30 μM. Lutein, one of the few xanthophyll carotenoids, was able to suppress the Ih amplitude as well as to depress Hys(V)'s strength of Ih. Pirfenidone, a pyridine derivative known to be an anti-fibrotic agent, depressed the Ih magnitude in a concentration- and voltage-dependent fashion. Tramadol, a synthetic centrally active analgesic, was shown to reduce the Ih magnitude, independent of its interaction with opioid receptors. Various herbal drugs, including ent-kaurane-type diterpenoids from Croton tonkinensis, Ganoderma triterpenoids, honokiol, and pterostilbene, demonstrated efficacy in reducing the magnitude of Ih. Conversely, oxaliplatin, a platinum-based chemotherapeutic compound, was observed to effectively increase the Ih amplitude. Collectively, the regulatory effects of these compounds or herbal drugs on cellular function can be partly attributed to their perturbations on Ih.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Shih Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 70965, Taiwan; (C.-S.C.); (E.C.S.)
| | - Edmund Cheung So
- Department of Anesthesia, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 70965, Taiwan; (C.-S.C.); (E.C.S.)
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- School of Medicine, National Sun Yat Sen University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education & Research, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 70965, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang X, Sun J, Wang S, Sun T, Zou L. Salicylic acid promotes terpenoid synthesis in the fungi Sanghuangporus baumii. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:1360-1372. [PMID: 37096757 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sanghuangporus baumii is a medicinal fungi with anti-inflammatory, liver protection and antitumour effects. Terpenoids are one of the main medicinal ingredients of S. baumii. However, terpenoid production by wild-type S. baumii cannot meet the market demand, which affects its application in medical care. Therefore, exploring how to increase terpenoid content in S. baumii is a promising path in this research field. Salicylic acid (SA) is a secondary metabolite. In this study, a concentration of 350 μmol/L SA was added into fungal cultivations for 2 and 4 days, and then the transcriptome and metabolome of untreated mycelia and treated with SA were analysed. The expression of some genes in the terpenoids biosynthesis pathway increased in SA-induced cultivations, and the content of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and geranylgeranyl-PP (GGPP) increased significantly as well as the contents of triterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and carotenoids. The gene FPS was considered to be a key gene regulating terpenoid biosynthesis. Therefore, FPS was overexpressed in S. baumii by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation. The gene FPS and its downstream gene (LS) expression levels were confirmed to be increased in the FPS overexpressing transformant, and terpenoid content was 36.98% higher than that of the wild-type strain in the evaluated cultivation conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xutong Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shixin Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Department of Food Engineering, Harbin University, Zhongxing Road 109, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Zou
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bondzie-Quaye P, Swallah MS, Acheampong A, Elsherbiny SM, Acheampong EO, Huang Q. Advances in the biosynthesis, diversification, and hyperproduction of ganoderic acids in Ganoderma lucidum. Mycol Prog 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01881-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
|
9
|
Liu YN, Wu FY, Tian RY, Shi YX, Xu ZQ, Liu JY, Huang J, Xue FF, Liu BY, Liu GQ. The bHLH-zip transcription factor SREBP regulates triterpenoid and lipid metabolisms in the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lingzhi. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1. [PMID: 36596887 PMCID: PMC9810662 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs) are well recognized as important pharmacological components of the medicinal species belonging to the basidiomycete genus Ganoderma. However, transcription factors directly regulating the expression of GA biosynthesis genes remain poorly understood. Here, the genome of Ganoderma lingzhi is de novo sequenced. Using DNA affinity purification sequencing, we identify putative targets of the transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP), including the genes of triterpenoid synthesis and lipid metabolism. Interactions between SREBP and the targets are verified by electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay. RNA-seq shows that SREBP targets, mevalonate kinase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthetase in mevalonate pathway, sterol isomerase and lanosterol 14-demethylase in ergosterol biosynthesis, are significantly upregulated in the SREBP overexpression (OE::SREBP) strain. In addition, 3 targets involved in glycerophospholipid/glycerolipid metabolism are upregulated. Then, the contents of mevalonic acid, lanosterol, ergosterol and 13 different GAs as well as a variety of lipids are significantly increased in this strain. Furthermore, the effects of SREBP overexpression on triterpenoid and lipid metabolisms are recovered when OE::SREBP strain are treated with exogenous fatostatin, a specific inhibitor of SREBP. Taken together, our genome-wide study clarify the role of SREBP in triterpenoid and lipid metabolisms of G. lingzhi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Nan Liu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Feng-Yuan Wu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Ren-Yuan Tian
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Yi-Xin Shi
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Zi-Qi Xu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Ji-Ye Liu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Jia Huang
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Fei-Fei Xue
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Bi-Yang Liu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Gao-Qiang Liu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
A Review of Ganoderma Triterpenoids and Their Bioactivities. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010024. [PMID: 36671409 PMCID: PMC9856212 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, Ganoderma has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to prevent and treat various diseases. Numerous publications are stating that Ganoderma species have a variety of beneficial medicinal properties, and investigations on different metabolic regulations of Ganoderma species, extracts or isolated compounds have been performed both in vitro and in vivo. However, it has frequently been questioned whether Ganoderma is simply a dietary supplement for health or just a useful "medication" for restorative purposes. More than 600 chemical compounds including alkaloids, meroterpenoids, nucleobases, nucleosides, polysaccharides, proteins, steroids and triterpenes were extracted and identified from Ganoderma, with triterpenes serving as the primary components. In recent years, Ganoderma triterpenes and other small molecular constituents have aroused the interest of chemists and pharmacologists. Meanwhile, considering the significance of the triterpene constituents in the development of new drugs, this review describes 495 compounds from 25 Ganoderma species published between 1984 and 2022, commenting on their source, biosynthetic pathway, identification, biological activities and biosynthesis, together with applications of advanced analytical techniques to the characterization of Ganoderma triterpenoids.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hattori K, Takagi H, Ogata Y, Yamada T, Horiba H, Fukata K, Sakaida T, Yashiro Y, Hasegawa S, Tanaka H. Immunostimulatory effects of a subcritical water extract of Ganoderma. Biomed Rep 2022; 18:1. [PMID: 36544853 PMCID: PMC9756285 DOI: 10.3892/br.2022.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma, a medicinal mushroom with various physiological activities, has been extensively investigated regarding its effectiveness. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a subcritical water extract of Ganoderma (SWEG) on the immune system. The use of subcritical water with a higher temperature and pressure than hot water allows efficient elution of components from natural products. As an evaluation of the effectiveness of SWEG, a cell proliferation and a cell differentiation test were carried out using A-6 cells, a model of hematopoietic stem cells. Furthermore, an oral administration test in mice was conducted to examine the effects of SWEG on the number and function of immune cells. As a result, SWEG was revealed to promote both self-renewal and differentiation into immune cells such as T cells and natural killer (NK) cells in experiments with A-6 cells. These results were not obtained in experiments using hot water extract of Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma sinense. The oral administration test in mice demonstrated that SWEG increased hematopoietic precursor cells, immature B cells, and NK cells in the bone marrow, and T cells in the thymus. In addition, SWEG enhanced the immune functions in the spleen by promoting granzyme B expression and NK cell activity. SWEG was demonstrated to be a food material that acts on HSCs and regulates immunity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hattori
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ogata
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yamada
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Hiroki Horiba
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Kousuke Fukata
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sakaida
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Youichi Yashiro
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Seiji Hasegawa
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 466-8550, Japan,Correspondence to: Dr Seiji Hasegawa, Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., 2-7 Torimi-cho, Nishi-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mettwally WS, Gamal AA, Shams El-Din NG, Hamdy AA. Biological activities and structural characterization of sulfated polysaccharide extracted from a newly Mediterranean Sea record Grateloupia gibbesii Harvey. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
13
|
Ma S, Li Z, Yu P, Shi H, Yang H, Yi J, Zhang Z, Duan X, Xie X, She X. Construction of the Skeleton of Lucidumone. Org Lett 2022; 24:5541-5545. [PMID: 35894551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The skeleton of lucidumone was constructed through oxidative dearomatization/intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction, Cu-mediated remote C-H hydroxylation, allyl oxidation, acid-promoted dynamic kinetic resolution cyclization, and benzylic oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hesi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jiuzhou Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xingang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xuegong She
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Clinical and Preclinical Studies of Fermented Foods and Their Effects on Alzheimer’s Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050883. [PMID: 35624749 PMCID: PMC9137914 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus on managing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is shifting towards prevention through lifestyle modification instead of treatments since the currently available treatment options are only capable of providing symptomatic relief marginally and result in various side effects. Numerous studies have reported that the intake of fermented foods resulted in the successful management of AD. Food fermentation is a biochemical process where the microorganisms metabolize the constituents of raw food materials, giving vastly different organoleptic properties and additional nutritional value, and improved biosafety effects in the final products. The consumption of fermented foods is associated with a wide array of nutraceutical benefits, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, immunomodulatory, and hypocholesterolemic properties. Due to their promising health benefits, fermented food products have a great prospect for commercialization in the food industry. This paper reviews the memory and cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective potential of fermented food products on AD, the recently commercialized fermented food products in the health and food industries, and their limitations. The literature reviewed here demonstrates a growing demand for fermented food products as alternative therapeutic options for the prevention and management of AD.
Collapse
|
15
|
Han X, Shangguan J, Wang Z, Li Y, Fan J, Ren A, Zhao M. Spermidine Regulates Mitochondrial Function by Enhancing eIF5A Hypusination and Contributes to Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Ganoderic Acid Biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0203721. [PMID: 35108082 PMCID: PMC8939328 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02037-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermidine, a kind of polycation and one important member of the polyamine family, is essential for survival in many kinds of organisms and participates in the regulation of cell growth and metabolism. To explore the mechanism by which spermidine regulates ganoderic acid (GA) biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum, the effects of spermidine on GA and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents were examined. Our data suggested that spermidine promoted the production of mitochondrial ROS and positively regulated GA biosynthesis. Further research revealed that spermidine promoted the translation of mitochondrial complexes I and II and subsequently influenced their activity. With a reduction in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) hypusination by over 50% in spermidine synthase gene (spds) knockdown strains, the activities of mitochondrial complexes I and II were reduced by nearly 60% and 80%, respectively, and the protein contents were reduced by over 50%, suggesting that the effect of spermidine on mitochondrial complexes I and II was mediated through its influence on eIF5A hypusination. Furthermore, after knocking down eIF5A, the deoxyhypusine synthase gene (dhs), and the deoxyhypusine hydroxylase gene (dohh), the mitochondrial ROS level was reduced by nearly 50%, and the GA content was reduced by over 40%, suggesting that eIF5A hypusination contributed to mitochondrial ROS production and GA biosynthesis. In summary, spermidine maintains mitochondrial ROS homeostasis by regulating the translation and subsequent activity of complexes I and II via eIF5A hypusination and promotes GA biosynthesis via mitochondrial ROS signaling. The present findings provide new insight into the spermidine-mediated biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. IMPORTANCE Spermidine is necessary for organism survival and is involved in the regulation of various biological processes. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the various physiological functions of spermidine are poorly understood, especially in microorganisms. In this study, we found that spermidine hypusinates eIF5A to promote the production of mitochondrial ROS and subsequently regulate secondary metabolism in microorganisms. Our study provides a better understanding of the mechanism by which spermidine regulates mitochondrial function and provides new insight into the spermidine-mediated biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaolei Shangguan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junpei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Zengin G, Gunia-Krzyżak A, Popiół J, Szewczyk A, Jaszek M, Rogalski J, Muszyńska B. Bioactivity and Mycochemical Profile of Extracts from Mycelial Cultures of Ganoderma spp. Molecules 2022; 27:275. [PMID: 35011507 PMCID: PMC8746335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal mycelium cultures are an alternative to natural sources in order to obtain valuable research materials. They also enable constant control and adaptation of the process, thereby leading to increased biomass growth and accumulation of bioactive metabolites. The present study aims to assess the biosynthetic potential of mycelial cultures of six Ganoderma species: G. adspersum, G. applanatum, G. carnosum, G. lucidum, G. pfeifferi, and G. resinaceum. The presence of phenolic acids, amino acids, indole compounds, sterols, and kojic acid in biomass extracts was determined by HPLC. The antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the extracts and their effects on the inhibition of selected enzymes (tyrosinase and acetylcholinesterase) were also evaluated. The total content of phenolic acids in the extracts ranged from 5.8 (G. carnosum) to 114.07 mg/100 g dry weight (d.w.) (G. pfeifferi). The total content of indole compounds in the extracts ranged from 3.03 (G. carnosum) to 11.56 mg/100 g d.w. (G. lucidum) and that of ergosterol ranged from 28.15 (G. applanatum) to 74.78 mg/100 g d.w. (G. adspersum). Kojic acid was found in the extracts of G. applanatum and G. lucidum. The tested extracts showed significant antioxidant activity. The results suggest that the analyzed mycelial cultures are promising candidates for the development of new dietary supplements or pharmaceutical preparations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sułkowska-Ziaja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (A.S.); (B.M.)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey;
| | - Agnieszka Gunia-Krzyżak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Justyna Popiół
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Szewczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (A.S.); (B.M.)
| | - Magdalena Jaszek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (M.J.); (J.R.)
| | - Jerzy Rogalski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (M.J.); (J.R.)
| | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (A.S.); (B.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang T. Analysis on the Structure and Function of the Bacterial Community in the Replanting Soil of Basswood Ganoderma lingzhi (Agaricomycetes). Int J Med Mushrooms 2022; 24:45-59. [DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2022044898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
18
|
Biosynthesis of a novel ganoderic acid by expressing CYP genes from Ganoderma lucidum in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:523-534. [PMID: 34921329 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11717-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs), a group of highly oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenoids from the traditional Chinese medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, possessed significant pharmacological activities. Due to the difficulty in its genetic manipulation, low yield, and slow growth of G. lucidum, biosynthesis of GAs in a heterologous host is a promising alternative for their efficient production. Heterologous production of a GA, 3-hydroxy-lanosta-8,24-dien-26-oic acid (HLDOA), was recently achieved by expressing CYP5150L8 from Ganoderma lucidum in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but post-modification of HLDOA to biosynthesize other GAs remains unclear. In this study, another P450 from G. lucidum, CYP5139G1, was identified to be responsible for C-28 oxidation of HLDOA, resulting in the formation of a new GA 3,28-dihydroxy-lanosta-8,24-dien-26-oic acid (DHLDOA) by the engineered yeast, whose chemical structure was confirmed by UPLC-APCI-HRMS and NMR. In vitro enzymatic experiments confirmed the oxidation of HLDOA to DHLDOA by CYP5139G1. As the DHLDOA production was low (0.27 mg/L), to improve it, the strategy of adjusting the dosage of hygromycin and geneticin G418 to respectively manipulate the copy number of plasmids pRS425-Hyg-CYP5150L8-iGLCPR (harboring CYP5150L8, iGLCPR, and hygromycin-resistant gene hygR) and pRS426-KanMx-CYP5139G1 (harboring CYP5139G1 and G418-resistant gene KanMx) was adopted. Finally, 2.2 mg/L of DHLDOA was obtained, which was 8.2 fold of the control (without antibiotics addition). The work enriches the GA biosynthetic enzyme library, and is helpful to construct heterologous cell factories for other GA production as well as to elucidate the authentic GA biosynthetic pathway in G. lucidum. KEY POINTS: • Another P450 gene responsible for GA's post-modification was discovered and identified. • One new GA, DHLDOA, was identified and produced via engineered yeast. • With the balance of the two CYP genes expression, DHLDOA production was significantly improved.
Collapse
|
19
|
Qiu WL, Hsu WH, Tsao SM, Tseng AJ, Lin ZH, Hua WJ, Yeh H, Lin TE, Chen CC, Chen LS, Lin TY. WSG, a Glucose-Rich Polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum, Combined with Cisplatin Potentiates Inhibition of Lung Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244353. [PMID: 34960904 PMCID: PMC8705874 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has the highest global mortality rate of any cancer. Although targeted therapeutic drugs are commercially available, the common drug resistance and insensitivity to cisplatin-based chemotherapy, a common clinical treatment for lung cancer, have prompted active research on alternative lung cancer therapies and methods for mitigating cisplatin-related complications. In this study, we investigated the effect of WSG, a glucose-rich, water soluble polysaccharide derived from Ganoderma lucidum, on cisplatin-based treatment for lung cancer. Murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC1) cells were injected into C57BL/6 mice subcutaneously and through the tail vein. The combined administration of WSG and cisplatin effectively inhibited tumor growth and the formation of metastatic nodules in the lung tissue of the mice. Moreover, WSG increased the survival rate of mice receiving cisplatin. Co-treatment with WSG and cisplatin induced a synergistic inhibitory effect on the growth of lung cancer cells, enhancing the apoptotic responses mediated by cisplatin. WSG also reduced the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin in both macrophages and normal lung fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that WSG can increase the therapeutic effectiveness of cisplatin. In clinical settings, WSG may be used as an adjuvant or supplementary agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Qiu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.-L.Q.); (W.-H.H.); (A.-J.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (W.-J.H.); (H.Y.)
| | - Wei-Hung Hsu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.-L.Q.); (W.-H.H.); (A.-J.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (W.-J.H.); (H.Y.)
- LO-Sheng Hospital Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei 242, Taiwan
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ming Tsao
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Ai-Jung Tseng
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.-L.Q.); (W.-H.H.); (A.-J.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (W.-J.H.); (H.Y.)
| | - Zhi-Hu Lin
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.-L.Q.); (W.-H.H.); (A.-J.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (W.-J.H.); (H.Y.)
| | - Wei-Jyun Hua
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.-L.Q.); (W.-H.H.); (A.-J.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (W.-J.H.); (H.Y.)
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Yeh
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.-L.Q.); (W.-H.H.); (A.-J.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (W.-J.H.); (H.Y.)
| | - Tzu-En Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Chang Chen
- The General Education Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 243, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Sheng Chen
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-S.C.); or (T.-Y.L.)
| | - Tung-Yi Lin
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (W.-L.Q.); (W.-H.H.); (A.-J.T.); (Z.-H.L.); (W.-J.H.); (H.Y.)
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-S.C.); or (T.-Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chan SW, Tomlinson B, Chan P, Lam CWK. The beneficial effects of Ganoderma lucidum on cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:1161-1171. [PMID: 34465259 PMCID: PMC8409941 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1969413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Various herbal medicines are thought to be useful in the management of cardiometabolic disease and its risk factors. Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. (Ganodermataceae), also known as Lingzhi, has received considerable attention for various indications, including some related to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic disease by ameliorating major cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on the major studies of the whole plant, plant extract, and specific active compounds isolated from G. lucidum in relation to the main risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. METHODS References from major databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were compiled. The search terms used were Ganoderma lucidum, Lingzhi, Reishi, cardiovascular, hypoglycaemic, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory. RESULTS A number of in vitro studies and in vivo animal models have found that G. lucidum possesses antioxidative, antihypertensive, hypoglycaemic, lipid-lowering, and anti-inflammatory properties, but the health benefits in clinical trials are inconsistent. Among these potential health benefits, the most compelling evidence thus far is its hypoglycaemic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes or hyperglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS The inconsistent evidence about the potential health benefits of G. lucidum is possibly because of the use of different Ganoderma formulations and different study populations. Further large controlled clinical studies are therefore needed to clarify the potential benefits of G. lucidum preparations standardised by known active components in the prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sze Wa Chan
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CONTACT Sze Wa Chan School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology, Macau, China
- Brian Tomlinson Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology, Macau, China
| | - Paul Chan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Biosynthesis and regulation of terpenoids from basidiomycetes: exploration of new research. AMB Express 2021; 11:150. [PMID: 34779947 PMCID: PMC8594250 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Basidiomycetes, also known as club fungi, consist of a specific group of fungi. Basidiomycetes produce a large number of secondary metabolites, of which sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and triterpenoids are the primary components. However, these terpenoids tend to be present in low amounts, which makes it difficult to meet application requirements. Terpenoid biosynthesis improves the quantity of these secondary metabolites. However, current understanding of the biosynthetic mechanism of terpenoids in basidiomycetes is insufficient. Therefore, this article reviews the latest research on the biosynthesis of terpenoids in basidiomycetes and summarizes the CYP450 involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids in basidiomycetes. We also propose opportunities and challenges for chassis microbial heterologous production of terpenoids in basidiomycetes and provide a reference basis for the better development of basidiomycete engineering.
Collapse
|
22
|
Parepalli Y, Chavali M, Sami R, Khojah E, Elhakem A, El Askary A, Singh M, Sinha S, El-Chaghab G. Evaluation of Some Active Nutrients, Biological Compounds and Health Benefits of Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum). INT J PHARMACOL 2021. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2021.243.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
23
|
Noji M, Yoneyama T, Nishihama K, Elshamy AI, Hashimoto T, Umeyama A. Pentacyclic triterpenoids, fuscotorunones A and B, with ε-caprolactone in ring E from Fuscoporia torulosa. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 187:112748. [PMID: 33839519 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fuscoporia torulosa (Pers.) (Hymenochaetaceae) is a mushroom forming woody fruiting body on living or dead trees. Two curious pentacyclic triterpenoids, fuscotorunones A and B, each of which has a unique ε-caprolactone in ring E, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of F. torulosa. The structures of fuscotorunones A and B were elucidated using MS analyses, IR spectrum and extensive 2D-homo and heteronuclear NMR data interpretation. Furthermore, a predicted biosynthetic pathway from 2,3-oxidosqualene to fuscotorunones A and B in F. torulosa is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Noji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 7708514, Japan.
| | - Tatsuro Yoneyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 7708514, Japan
| | - Kouichi Nishihama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 7708514, Japan
| | - Abdelsamed I Elshamy
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 7708514, Japan; Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Toshihiro Hashimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 7708514, Japan
| | - Akemi Umeyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 7708514, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kahveci R, Kahveci FO, Gokce EC, Gokce A, Kısa Ü, Sargon MF, Fesli R, Gürer B. Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides on Different Pathways Involved in the Development of Spinal Cord Ischemia Reperfusion Injury: Biochemical, Histopathologic, and Ultrastructural Analysis in a Rat Model. World Neurosurg 2021; 150:e287-e297. [PMID: 33689849 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.02.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation and oxidative stress are 2 important factors in the emergence of paraplegia associated with spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury (SCIRI) after thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. Here it is aimed to investigate the effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLPS) on SCIRI. METHODS Rats were randomly selected into 4 groups of 8 animals each: sham, ischemia, methylprednisolone, and GLPS. To research the impacts of various pathways that are efficacious in formation of SCIRI, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase levels, and catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities, malondialdehyde levels, and caspase-3 activity were measured in tissues taken from the spinal cord of rats in all groups killed 24 hours after ischemia reperfusion injury. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scale and inclined plane test were used for neurologic assessment before and after SCIRI. In addition, histologic and ultrastructural analyses of tissue samples in all groups were performed. RESULTS SCIRI also caused marked increase in tissue tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde levels, and caspase-3 activity, because of inflammation, increased free radical generation, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis, respectively. On the other hand, SCIRI caused significant reduction in tissue superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities. Pretreatment with GLPS likewise diminished the level of the spinal cord edema, inflammation, and tissue injury shown by pathologic and ultrastructural examination. Pretreatment with GLPS reversed all these biochemical changes and improved the altered neurologic status. CONCLUSIONS These outcomes propose that pretreatment with GLPS prevents progression of SCIRI by alleviating inflammation, oxidation, and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Kahveci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Balıkesir University, Faculty of Medicine, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ozan Kahveci
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Balıkesir Atatürk City Hospital, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Emre Cemal Gokce
- Department of Neurosurgery, Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysun Gokce
- Department of Pathology, Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Üçler Kısa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirikkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Fevzi Sargon
- Department of Anatomy, Lokman Hekim University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Fesli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tarsus Medical Park Hospital, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Bora Gürer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tsai YT, Kuo PH, Kuo HP, Hsu CY, Lee YJ, Kuo CL, Liu JY, Lee SL, Kao MC. Ganoderma tsugae suppresses the proliferation of endometrial carcinoma cells via Akt signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:320-327. [PMID: 33044769 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma is one of the common medicinal mushrooms in traditional Chinese medicine. Previous researches have unveiled the multifaceted biological activity of Ganoderma extract. Ganoderma tsugae has been investigated the potential on curing prostate, colon, lung, epidermoid, breast and ovarian cancers, but not including endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancer is a gynecological malignant tumor with serious drug resistance problem in clinical cancer treatment. This study aimed to demonstrate the first study of Ganoderma on treating endometrial cancer. The Ganoderma tsugae ethanol extract (GTEE) could suppress the proliferation of endometrial cancer cells HEC-1-A, KLE, and AN3 CA. GTEE also induced G1/S phase arrest and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in endometrial cancer cells. Furthermore, the Akt signaling pathway could be suppressed by GTEE. Therefore, our results suggest for the first time that GTEE has the potential to be an adjuvant therapeutic agent in the treatment of endometrial cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Hung Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Peng Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Unit, Sinphar Group, I-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jah-Yao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Lun Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ching Kao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wu X, Jiang L, Zhang Z, He Y, Teng Y, Li J, Yuan S, Pan Y, Liang H, Yang H, Zhou P. Pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis is induced by a proteoglycan extracted from Ganoderma lucidum. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:34. [PMID: 33262826 PMCID: PMC7693130 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganoderma lucidum, has been widely used for its immunity-related and anti-cancer effects. Fudan-Yueyang-Ganoderma lucidum (FYGL) is a proteoglycan, extracted from Ganoderma lucidum, that has shown safe anti-diabetic activity in vivo. The present study demonstrated that FYGL could selectively inhibit the viability of PANC-1 and BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells in a dose dependent manner, but not in Mia PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells and HepG2 liver cancer cells. In addition, FYGL could inhibit migration and colony formation, and promote apoptosis in PANC-1 cells, but not in Mia PaCa-2 cells. Further investigation into the underlying mechanism revealed that FYGL could inhibit the expression level of the Bcl-2 protein in PANC-1 cells, but not in Mia PaCa-2 cells, leading to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential and cell apoptosis. The increased ROS also promoted the formation of autophagosomes, along with an increase in the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 II/I ratio. However, FYGL halted autophagy by preventing the autophagosomes from entering the lysosomes. The inhibition of autophagy increased the accumulation of defective mitochondria, as well as the production of ROS. Taken together, the processes of ROS regulation and autophagy inhibition promoted apoptosis of PANC-1 cells through the caspase-3/cleaved caspase-3 cascade. These results indicated that FYGL could be potentially used as an anti-cancer agent in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Liping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Yanming He
- Department of Endocrinology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Yilong Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Shilin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yanna Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Haohui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Hongjie Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fermentation Production of Ganoderma lucidum by Bacillus subtilis Ameliorated Ceftriaxone-induced Intestinal Dysbiosis and Improved Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function in Mice. DIGITAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
|
28
|
Oluba OM, Akpor OB, Adebiyi FD, Josiah SJ, Alabi OO, Shoyombo AO, Olusola AO. Effects of co-administration of Ganoderma terpenoid extract with chloroquine on inflammatory markers and antioxidant status in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2020; 18:522-529. [PMID: 32830075 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the protective effects of Ganoderma terpenoid extract (GTE) against Plasmodium berghei-malarial infection in mice, the present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of GTE in combination with chloroquine disulphate (CQ) on erythrocyte-selected inflammatory markers and antioxidant defense status in P. berghei-infected mice. METHODS P. berghei-infected mice were divided into six groups: infected control (IC) group, administered 1 mL Tween 20; GTE100 and GTE250 groups, administered 100 and 250 mg/kg GTE, respectively; GT100 + CQ and GT250 + CQ groups, co-administered 100 and 250 mg/kg GTE plus 30 mg/kg CQ, respectively; and CQ group, administered 30 mg/kg CQ. A separate group of non-infected mice were given 1 mL Tween 20, and served as a normal control group (NC). Extract and drug were dissolved in Tween 20 and administered orally once daily for 12 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment period, mice were anesthetized with chloroform and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Plasma was prepared from blood obtained from each mouse. Parameters evaluated at the end of the treatment period include parasitemia, red blood cell count, hematocrit, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10). RESULTS Infected mice treated with a combination of GTE and CQ (GT100 + CQ and GT250 + CQ groups) showed significantly reduced parasitemia levels (P < 0.05) compared to those administered GTE alone as well as IC. Significant improvement in body weight (P < 0.05) was also observed in infected mice treated with a combination of GTE and CQ (GT100 + CQ and GT250 + CQ groups), compared to mice receiving GTE alone (GTE100 and GTE250 groups). Plasma MDA and TNF-α concentrations were significantly lowered, and IL-10 concentration was significantly increased in GT100 + CQ and GT250 + CQ groups, relative to the IC group (P < 0.05). GSH concentration and SOD, CAT and GPx activities were significantly higher in GT100 + CQ and GT250 + CQ groups compared to the GTE100, GTE250, IC and NC groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Data generated in this study showed that GTE enhanced the anti-plasmodial action of CQ in mice through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olarewaju M Oluba
- Department of Biochemistry, Food Safety & Toxicology Research Unit, College of Pure & Applied Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State 251101, Nigeria.
| | - Oghenerobor B Akpor
- Department of Microbiology, College of Pure & Applied Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State 251101, Nigeria
| | - Feyikemi D Adebiyi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, Osun State 233121, Nigeria
| | - Sunday J Josiah
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State 302110, Nigeria
| | - Olayinka O Alabi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State 251101, Nigeria
| | - Ayoola O Shoyombo
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State 251101, Nigeria
| | - Augustine O Olusola
- Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State 342111, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Regioselective sulfation of β-glucan from Ganoderma lucidum and structure-anticoagulant activity relationship of sulfated derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:470-478. [PMID: 32240743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, regioselective sulfation of β-glucan (GLP) from Ganoderma lucidum were firstly established by using 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl chloride and hexamethyldisilazane as protecting precursor. 2,4,6-O-sulfated, 6-O-sulfated and 2,4-O-sulfated GLP derivatives were prepared and the molecular weights (Mw) of derivatives were determined to range from 0.94 × 104 to 6.27 × 104 g/mol, while the degrees of sulfation (DS) were calculated to vary from 0.83 to 1.74. The regioselective sulfation of GLP was confirmed by FT-IR, 13C NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis. Results indicated that the sulfated substitution sites were predominantly at C-6 in 6-O-sulfated GLP (S6-OGLP) and C-4 in 2,4-O-sulfated GLP (S2,4-OGLP), respectively. Clotting assays (APTT, PT and TT) in vitro showed that sulfate groups were essential for anticoagulant activity and S6-OGLP exhibited much higher than others. Meanwhile, sulfated GLP with higher DS and Mw showed stronger anticoagulant activity in the case of the same condition.
Collapse
|
30
|
Riehl PS, Richardson AD, Sakamoto T, Schindler CS. Eight-Step Enantiodivergent Synthesis of (+)- and (−)-Lingzhiol. Org Lett 2019; 22:290-294. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Riehl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alistair D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tatsuhiro Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corinna S. Schindler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Discovery of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids as potential inhibitors against Dengue virus NS2B-NS3 protease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19059. [PMID: 31836806 PMCID: PMC6911040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection causes serious health problems in humans for which no drug is currently available. Recently, DENV NS2B-NS3 protease has been proposed as a primary target for anti-dengue drug discovery due to its important role in new virus particle formation by conducting DENV polyprotein cleavage. Triterpenoids from the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum have been suggested as pharmacologically bioactive compounds and tested as anti-viral agents against various viral pathogens including human immunodeficiency virus. However, no reports are available concerning the anti-viral activity of triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum against DENV. Therefore, we employed a virtual screening approach to predict the functional triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum as potential inhibitors of DENV NS2B-NS3 protease, followed by an in vitro assay. From in silico analysis of twenty-two triterpenoids of Ganoderma lucidum, four triterpenoids, viz. Ganodermanontriol (−6.291 kcal/mol), Lucidumol A (−5.993 kcal/mol), Ganoderic acid C2 (−5.948 kcal/mol) and Ganosporeric acid A (−5.983 kcal/mol) were predicted to be viral protease inhibitors by comparison to reference inhibitor 1,8-Dihydroxy-4,5-dinitroanthraquinone (−5.377 kcal/mol). These results were further studied for binding affinity and stability using the molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area method and Molecular Dynamics simulations, respectively. Also, in vitro viral infection inhibition suggested that Ganodermanontriol is a potent bioactive triterpenoid.
Collapse
|
32
|
Integrated Proteomics and Metabolomics Analysis Provides Insights into Ganoderic Acid Biosynthesis in Response to Methyl Jasmonate in Ganoderma Lucidum. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246116. [PMID: 31817230 PMCID: PMC6941157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is widely recognized as a medicinal basidiomycete. It was previously reported that the plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) could induce the biosynthesis of ganoderic acids (GAs), which are the main active ingredients of G. lucidum. However, the regulatory mechanism is still unclear. In this study, integrated proteomics and metabolomics were employed on G. lucidum to globally identify differences in proteins and metabolites under MeJA treatment for 15 min (M15) and 24 h (M24). Our study successfully identified 209 differential abundance proteins (DAPs) in M15 and 202 DAPs in M24. We also identified 154 metabolites by GC-MS and 70 metabolites by LC-MS in M24 that are involved in several metabolic pathways. With an in-depth analysis, we found some DAPs and metabolites that are involved in the oxidoreduction process, secondary metabolism, energy metabolism, transcriptional and translational regulation, and protein synthesis. In particular, our results reveal that MeJA treatment leads to metabolic rearrangement that inhibited the normal glucose metabolism, energy supply, and protein synthesis of cells but promoted secondary metabolites, including GAs. In conclusion, our proteomics and metabolomics data further confirm the promoting effect of MeJA on the biosynthesis of GAs in G. lucidum and will provide a valuable resource for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms of MeJA signal response and GA biosynthesis in G. lucidum and other related species.
Collapse
|
33
|
Chang WT, Gao ZH, Lo YC, Wu SN. Evidence for Effective Inhibitory Actions on Hyperpolarization-Activated Cation Current Caused by Ganoderma Triterpenoids, the Main Active Constitutents of Ganoderma Spores. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234256. [PMID: 31766737 PMCID: PMC6930560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The triterpenoid fraction of Ganoderma (Ganoderma triterpenoids, GTs) has been increasingly demonstrated to provide effective antioxidant, neuroprotective or cardioprotective activities. However, whether GTs is capable of perturbing the transmembrane ionic currents existing in electrically excitable cells is not thoroughly investigated. In this study, an attempt was made to study whether GTs could modify hyperpolarization-activated cation currents (Ih) in pituitary tumor (GH3) cells and in HL-1 atrial cardiomyocytes. In whole-cell current recordings, the addition of GTs produced a dose-dependent reduction in the amplitude of Ih in GH3 cells with an IC50 value of 11.7 µg/mL, in combination with a lengthening in activation time constant of the current. GTs (10 µg/mL) also caused a conceivable shift in the steady-state activation curve of Ih along the voltage axis to a more negative potential by approximately 11 mV. Subsequent addition of neither 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine nor 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline, still in the presence of GTs, could attenuate GTs-mediated inhibition of Ih. In current-clamp voltage recordings, GTs diminished the firing frequency of spontaneous action potentials in GH3 cells, and it also decreased the amplitude of sag potential in response to hyperpolarizing current stimuli. In murine HL-1 cardiomyocytes, the GTs addition also suppressed the amplitude of Ih effectively. In DPCPX (1 µM)-treated HL-1 cells, the inhibitory effect of GTs on Ih remained efficacious. Collectively, the inhibition of Ih caused by GTs is independent of its possible binding to adenosine receptors and it might have profound influence in electrical behaviors of different types of electrically excitable cells (e.g., pituitary and heart cells) if similar in vitro or in vivo findings occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Chang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan;
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Han Gao
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Ching Lo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +88-662-353-535-5334; Fax: +88-662-362-780
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sharma P, Tulsawani R, Agrawal U. Pharmacological effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract against high-altitude stressors and its subchronic toxicity assessment. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13081. [PMID: 31609024 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acclimatization is a major pathophysiological concern during ascent to high altitude and may cause mortality in unacclimatized individuals. Absence of target drugs, especially prophylactics, emphasizes the need for development of herbal agents. Present study revealed that animals pre-administered with aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum (GLAQ) dose dependently (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) delayed onset of convulsion following severe hypoxia (SH) and restored rectal temperature post-cold restraint (CR) and hypobaric hypoxia (HBH). The compromised antioxidant status (MDA, GSH, SOD, GPx), biochemical (ALT, AST, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea), and hematological parameters (red blood cells, white blood cells) were ameliorated with GLAQ treatment. Further, extract modulated inflammatory and thermogenic response by attenuating pro-inflammatory cytokines (NFĸB, TNFα, IL6) and restoring UCP1, SIRT1, respectively. Notably, extract did not produce any noxious effects subchronically in rats of both sexes with GLAQ administered at 100, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg in a single dose/day for 90 days, deeming it fit for therapeutic purpose. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: GLAQ exhibited better efficacy compared to internal control (gallic acid) suggest that array of bioactive compounds in extract might contribute toward efficacy. Further, antistress properties of GLAQ against multiple stressors including SH, CR, and HBH demonstrate its therapeutic potential for inducing rapid acclimatization and preventing mountain sickness. Conclusively, the present study based on Ganoderma lucidum extract intents to fill the lacunae behind development of nontoxic therapeutic agent for controlling high altitude-related maladies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Purva Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi, India
| | - Rajkumar Tulsawani
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi, India
| | - Usha Agrawal
- Department of Histopathology, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu Z, Zhu T, He J, Zhang Y, Gu P, Qiu T, Bo R, Hu Y, Liu J, Wang D. Adjuvanticity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide liposomes on porcine circovirus type-II in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:1158-1164. [PMID: 31520706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used as a fungal, for promoting health and longevity in China and other Asian countries. Polysaccharide (PS) extracted from Ganoderma lucidum exhibits a variety of immunomodulatory activities and has the ability to induce strong immune responses. Liposomes (Lip) have been shown to be useful carriers of vaccine antigens and can be applied as a versatile delivery system for vaccine adjuvants. Here, PS and inactivated porcine circovirus type II (PCV-II) were encapsulated into Lip as a vaccine and inoculated into mice. The magnitude and kinetics of adjuvant activity were investigated. Polysaccharide-loaded liposomes (Lip-PS) could induce more efficient PCV-II-specific immune responses than other single-component formulations. The Lip-PS group displayed robust and higher titers of PCV-II-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies and IgG subtypes as well as higher cytokine levels, furthermore, splenocytes were activated by Lip-PS. Thus, Lip-PS formulation produced vigorous humoral and cellular immune responses, with a mixed T-helper (Th)1/Th2/Th17 immune response and slight Th1 polarized cellular immune response. Overall, these results suggested that Lip-PS could provide a universal platform for vaccine design against PCV-II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Jin He
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Pengfei Gu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Tianxin Qiu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Ruonan Bo
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Yuanliang Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Jiaguo Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Deyun Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chinese Herbal Medicine Ganoderma tsugae Displays Potential Anti-Cancer Efficacy on Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184418. [PMID: 31500366 PMCID: PMC6770323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to the current therapies is the main clinical challenge in the treatment of lethal metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa). Developing novel therapeutic approaches with effective regimes and minimal side effects for this fatal disease remain a priority in prostate cancer study. In the present study, we demonstrated that a traditional Chinese medicine, quality-assured Ganoderma tsugae ethanol extract (GTEE), significantly suppressed cell growth and metastatic capability and caused cell cycle arrest through decreasing expression of cyclins in mPCa cells, PC-3 and DU145 cells. GTEE also induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in mPCa cells. We further showed the potent therapeutic efficacy of GTEE by inhibiting subcutaneous PC-3 tumor growth in a xenograft model. The in vitro and in vivo efficacies on mPCa cells were due to blockade of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways associated with cancer cell growth, survival and apoptosis. These preclinical data provide the molecular basis for a new potential therapeutic approach toward the treatment of lethal prostate cancer progression.
Collapse
|
37
|
Pu D, Li X, Lin J, Zhang R, Luo T, Wang Y, Gao J, Zeb MA, Zhang X, Li X, Wang R, Xiao W. Triterpenoids from Ganoderma gibbosum: A Class of Sensitizers of FLC-Resistant Candida albicans to Fluconazole. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:2067-2077. [PMID: 31310122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fungal drug resistance is a major health threat, and reports of clinical resistance worldwide are becoming increasingly common. In a research program to discover new molecules to help overcome this problem, 14 new lanostane-type triterpenoids, gibbosicolids A-G (2-8) and gibbosic acids I-O (9-15), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma gibbosum, along with seven known triterpenoid derivatives. These compounds featured high levels of oxidation, epimerization, and γ-lactonization. Structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and HRMS data. Absolute configurations were assigned based on quantum chemical calculations, including calculated chemical shift with DP4+ analysis, coupling constants, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) methods. Results show that the calculated NMR with DP4+ analysis could not reliably establish the overall spatial configuration of molecules possessing independent and free-rotational stereoclusters. All these compounds significantly increased the sensitivity of fluconazole (FLC)-resistant C. albicans to FLC. Compounds 2, 5, 9, 12, 16, 17, and 21 exhibited strong antifungal activity against FLC-resistant C. albicans when combined with FLC, with MIC50 values ranging from 3.8 to 8.8 μg/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debing Pu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine , Kunming 650500 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Junbo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Aurang Zeb
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xingjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine , Kunming 650500 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weilie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Liu SR, Zhang WR. Optimization of submerged culture conditions involving a developed fine powder solid seed for exopolysaccharide production by the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1135-1145. [PMID: 31275713 PMCID: PMC6595012 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To facilitate Ganoderma lucidum submerged cultivation and achieve high productivity, four fine powder solid substrates incorporated with different nitrogen-rich supplements were utilized to grow the fungus and as solid seed for its submerged culture. Of the four solid seeds, the soybean meal solid seed gave the highest biomass (10.73 g/L) and exopolysaccharide (EPS) (1.22 g/L), higher than those (8.36 g/L biomass and 0.44 g/L EPS) obtained with mycelial liquid seed. The optimal level of soybean meal supplementation was 20% (w/w) for production of the solid seed. Following single factor experiments, levels of three selected process variables were optimized as: the moisture content of solid seed, 70%; inoculum size, 0.8 g/flask; and rotary speed, 160 rpm. These conditions were validated experimentally with improved EPS yield of 1.33 g/L. The developed solid seed can be conveniently used for G. lucidum submerged culture with improved EPS productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Rong Liu
- College of Life Science, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100 China
- Fujian Higher Education Research Center for Local Biological Resources in Ningde City, Ningde, 352100 China
| | - Wei-Rui Zhang
- College of Life Science, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100 China
- Fujian Higher Education Research Center for Local Biological Resources in Ningde City, Ningde, 352100 China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wu Q, Li Y, Peng K, Wang XL, Ding Z, Liu L, Xu P, Liu GQ. Isolation and Characterization of Three Antihypertension Peptides from the Mycelia of Ganoderma Lucidum (Agaricomycetes). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8149-8159. [PMID: 31246442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been widely used in Asia to treat hypertension, but the active substances responsible for its antihypertensive effects remain unclear. Using the well-established angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) as a target, we identified three ACE inhibitory peptides (ACEIPs), Gln-Leu-Val-Pro (QLVP), Gln-Asp-Val-Leu (QDVL), and Gln-Leu-Asp-Leu (QLDL), which account for the antihypertensive activity of G. lucidum. Notably, QLVP worked in a mixed-type manner against ACE with an IC50 value of 127.9 μmol/L. Molecular dynamics simulation suggested that the potent charge energy of QLVP, which interacted with Gln242 and Lys472 of ACE via a hydrogen bond and a salt bridge, potentially contributed to ACE inhibitory activity. Moreover, QLVP markedly activated angiotensin I-mediated phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and partly reduced mRNA and protein expression of the vasoconstrictor factor endothelin-1. This is the first report of the antihypertensive activity of small ACEIPs originating from G. lucidum mycelia, paving the way for the possible application of these peptides as potent drug candidates for treating hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , 410004 , China
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering , Shaoyang University , Shaoyang , 422000 , China
| | - Yong Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , 410004 , China
| | - Kuan Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , 410004 , China
| | - Xiao-Ling Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , 410004 , China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , 214122 , China
| | - Liming Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , 214122 , China
| | - Peng Xu
- College of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering , University of Maryland Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Gao-Qiang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , 410004 , China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang G, Xu L, Yu H, Gao J, Guo L. Systematic analysis of the lysine succinylome in the model medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:585. [PMID: 31311503 PMCID: PMC6636155 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ganoderma lucidum, one of the best-known medicinal mushrooms in the world, produces more than 400 different bioactive compounds. However, the regulation of these bioactive compounds biosynthesis is still unclear. Lysine succinylation is a critical post-translational modification and has many important functions in all aspects of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Although it has been studied for a long time, its function is still unclear in G. lucidum. In this study, a global investigation was carried out on the succinylome in G. lucidum. Results In total, 382 modified proteins which contain 742 lysine succinylated sites were obtained. The proteomics data are available through ProteomeXchange with the dataset accession number PXD013954. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the succinylated proteins were distributed in various cellular biological processes and participated in a great variety of metabolic pathways including carbon metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Notably, a total of 47 enzymes associated with biosynthesis of triterpenoids and polysaccharides were found to be succinylated. Furthermore, two succinylated sites K90 and K106 were found in the conserved Fve region of immunomodulatory protein LZ8. These observations show that lysine succinylation plays an indispensable role in metabolic regulation of bioactive compounds in G. lucidum. Conclusions These findings indicate that lysine succinylation is related to many metabolic pathways, especially pharmacologically bioactive compounds metabolism. This study provides the first global investigation of lysine succinylation in G. lucidum and the succinylome dataset provided in this study serves as a resource to further explore the physiological roles of these modifications in secondary metabolism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5962-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road, No.700, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road, No.700, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road, No.700, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road, No.700, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lizhong Guo
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road, No.700, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Liu YN, Tong T, Zhang RR, Liu LM, Shi ML, Ma YC, Liu GQ. Interdependent nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide independently regulate the coix seed oil-induced triterpene acid accumulation in Ganoderma lingzhi. Mycologia 2019; 111:529-540. [PMID: 31158070 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1615816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress has been made in adding exogenous vegetable oils in culture media to promote bioactive metabolite production in several medicinal mushrooms, but the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we found that the vegetable oil coix seed oil (CSO) could induce the biosynthesis of triterpene acids (TAs) and also significantly increase cytoplasmic nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations in the mycelium of Ganoderma lingzhi. The change in TA biosynthesis caused by CSO could be reversed by adding NO scavenger or H2O2 scavenger, and adding NO scavenger or H2O2 scavenger resulted in the reduction of the cytoplasmic H2O2 or NO concentration under CSO treatment, respectively. Moreover, adding NO scavenger or H2O2 scavenger reversed TA biosynthesis, which could be rescued by H2O2 or NO donor, respectively. Taken together, our study indicated that both NO and H2O2 were involved in the regulation of TA biosynthesis, and CSO-activated NO and H2O2 were interdependent but independently regulated the TA biosynthesis under CSO treatment in G. lingzhi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Nan Liu
- a International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology , 498 Southern Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004 , China.,b Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology , Changsha 410004 , China
| | - Tian Tong
- a International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology , 498 Southern Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004 , China.,b Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology , Changsha 410004 , China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhang
- a International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology , 498 Southern Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004 , China.,b Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology , Changsha 410004 , China
| | - Li-Ming Liu
- c School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Mu-Ling Shi
- a International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology , 498 Southern Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004 , China.,b Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology , Changsha 410004 , China
| | - You-Chu Ma
- a International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology , 498 Southern Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004 , China.,b Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology , Changsha 410004 , China
| | - Gao-Qiang Liu
- a International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology , 498 Southern Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004 , China.,b Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology , Changsha 410004 , China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shi H, Zhang M, Devahastin S. New Development of Efficient Processing Techniques on Typical Medicinal Fungi: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1613663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan Univiersity, Wuxi, China
| | - Sakamon Devahastin
- Advanced Food Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tian JL, Ren A, Wang T, Zhu J, Hu YR, Shi L, Yu HS, Zhao MW. Hydrogen sulfide, a novel small molecule signalling agent, participates in the regulation of ganoderic acids biosynthesis induced by heat stress in Ganoderma lucidum. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 130:19-30. [PMID: 31028914 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an emerging small-molecule signalling agent, was recently shown to play a significant role in many physiological processes, but relatively few studies have been conducted on microorganisms compared with mammals and plants. By studying the pretreatment of H2S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) and the scavenger hypotaurine (HT) and Cystathionine β-synthase silenced strains, we found that H2S could alleviate the HS-induced ganoderic acids (GAs) biosynthesis. Our transcriptome results also showed that many signaling pathways and metabolic pathways, such as the glycolysis, TCA, oxidative phosphorylation and pentose phosphate pathway, are influenced by H2S. Further experimental results indicated that H2S could affect the physiological process of Ganoderma lucidum by interacting with multiple signals, including ROS, NO, AMPK, sphingolipid, mTOR, phospholipase D and MAPK, and physiological and pharmacological analyses showed that H2S might alleviate the biosynthesis of GAs by inhibiting the intracellular calcium in G. lucidum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Long Tian
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ang Ren
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yan-Ru Hu
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Liang Shi
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Han-Shou Yu
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Ming-Wen Zhao
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Liu J, Shimizu K, Kondo R. Ganoderic Acid TR, a New Lanostanoid with 5α-Reductase Inhibitory Activity from the Fruiting Body of Ganoderma Lucidum. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0600100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
By means of 5α-reductase inhibitory activity-guided fractionation, a new lanostanoid, 15α-hydroxy-3-oxolanosta- 7, 9(11), 24(E)-trien-26-oic acid, named as ganoderic acid TR, was isolated from the ethanol extract of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst (Ganodermataceae). The compound showed potent inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 8.5 μM. Modified Mosher's method established the S-configuration of the secondary hydroxyl group at C-15. In addition, a carboxyl group on the side chain of ganoderic acid TR is essential to elicit the inhibitory activity because of the considerably lower activity of its methyl ester.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Forest and Forest Products Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kuniyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Forest and Forest Products Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Kondo
- Department of Forest and Forest Products Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Saltarelli R, Palma F, Gioacchini AM, Calcabrini C, Mancini U, De Bellis R, Stocchi V, Potenza L. Phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities and effects on nuclear DNA of ethanolic extract from an Italian mycelial isolate of Ganoderma lucidum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 231:464-473. [PMID: 30513345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. (also known as Linghzhi and Reishi) is the most appreciated and revered medicinal mushroom across many Asian countries, but its properties have also attracted interest in Western countries. Indeed, in the West, it is now commercially available as a dietary supplement in preparations mainly made from spores, fruiting bodies and mycelia. It is employed in both nutraceutical and pharmacological formulations either for its immuno-modulating anti-inflammatory properties or as an effective adjuvant therapy in the treatment of several chronic diseases as well as in cancer treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this investigation was to show the phytochemical composition and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of an ethanolic extract from an Italian mycelial isolate of Ganoderma lucidum and to assess its effects on nuclear DNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS LC/ESI-MS and tandem mass spectrometry MSMS were used to obtain structural identification of ethanolic G. lucidum extract constituents. Antioxidant activities were determined by the DPPH method, chelating effect on Fe2+ and lipoxygenase inhibition while cytotoxic activities using the MTT assay. Effects on nuclear DNA were evaluated using the DNA nicking assay in a cell-free system and the fast halo assay performed on oxidatively injured human U937 cells; apoptosis induction was investigated using the non-denaturing fast halo assay and DNA laddering detection. RESULTS This extract was rich in several bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic and triterpenic acids. It showed antioxidant activity and protective effects in oxidatively injured DNA in cell-free analyses and antiproliferative, genotoxic, and proapoptotic effects in the cell model. CONCLUSIONS Italian G. lucidum mycelium isolate appears to be a source of various natural compounds that may have applications as chemopreventive agents or functional foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Saltarelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via A. Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
| | - Francesco Palma
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via A. Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Gioacchini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via A. Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Calcabrini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via A. Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy; Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, RN, Italy.
| | - Umberto Mancini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via A. Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
| | - Roberta De Bellis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via A. Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
| | - Vilberto Stocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via A. Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
| | - Lucia Potenza
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via A. Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen DD, Shi L, Yue SN, Zhang TJ, Wang SL, Liu YN, Ren A, Zhu J, Yu HS, Zhao MW. The Slt2-MAPK pathway is involved in the mechanism by which target of rapamycin regulates cell wall components in Ganoderma lucidum. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 123:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
47
|
Yang Y, Yang B. Anti-osteoporosis Effect of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) by Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1182:263-269. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9421-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
48
|
Wang G, Wang L, Zhou J, Xu X. The Possible Role of PD-1 Protein in Ganoderma lucidum-Mediated Immunomodulation and Cancer Treatment. Integr Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1534735419880275. [PMID: 31595795 PMCID: PMC6876169 DOI: 10.1177/1534735419880275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Ganoderma lucidum has been used in Chinese medicine for thousands years to improve health and to promote longevity. One important function of G lucidum is to modulate the immune system. However, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is a cell surface protein present in certain immune cells (eg, B- and Tcells) and plays an important role in modulating the immune response. The role of PD-1 protein in G lucidum-mediated immunomodulation is unknown. Methods: Cultured human Blymphocytes and extract prepared from G lucidum spores (GLE) were used to determine PD-1 protein in G lucidum-mediated immunomodulation. Both western blotting and immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy assays were used to determine the effect of GLE treatment on PD-1 protein expression. A reverse transcription-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) assay was used to determine the effect of GLE on transcription of pdcd-1 gene. Results: Both our western blotting and IF staining results demonstrated great reduction in PD-1 protein and in proportion of PD-1+ cells in these B-lymphocytes. Our real-time PCR results indicated that this PD-1 protein reduction was not caused by a transcriptional inhibition of the gene. In addition, our western blotting study further revealed that the GLE treatment caused an increase in expression of CCL5 chemokine in the cultured B-lymphocytes. Conclusions: PD-1 protein is an important target of G lucidum-mediated immunomodulation. G lucidum and its bioactive compounds can be developed into novel immunomodulators for prevention and treatment of cancer and many other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gan Wang
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI,
USA
| | - Le Wang
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI,
USA
| | - Jianlong Zhou
- Longevity Valley Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd,
Wuyi, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxin Xu
- Lutuo Pharmaceuticals Inc, Jinan,
Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ahmed H, Aslam M. Evaluation of aphrodisiac activity of ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum in male Wistar rats. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-018-0086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
50
|
Gao S, Zhang P, Zhang C, Bao F, Li H, Chen L. Meroterpenoids from Ganoderma sinense protect hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress induced injuries. Fitoterapia 2018; 131:73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|