1
|
Sabour-Takanlou M, Sabour-Takanlou L, Biray-Avci C. EZH2-associated tumor malignancy: A prominent target for cancer treatment. Clin Genet 2024; 106:377-385. [PMID: 38881299 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The discussion in this review centers around the significant relationships between EZH2 and the initiation, progression, metastasis, metabolism, drug resistance, and immune regulation of cancer. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, which encompass two primary Polycomb repressor complexes (PRC1 and PRC2), have been categorized. PRC2 consists mainly of four subunits, namely EZH2, EED, SUZ12, and RbAp46/48. As the crucial catalytic component within the PRC2 complex, EZH2 plays a pivotal role in controlling a wide range of biological processes. Overexpression/mutations of EZH2 have been detected in a wide variety of tumors. Several mechanisms of EZH regulation have been identified, including regulation EZH2 mRNA by miRNAs, LncRNAs, accessibility to DNA via DNA-binding proteins, post-translational modifications, and transcriptional regulation. EZH2 signaling triggers cancer progression and may intervene with anti-tumor immunity; therefore it has charmed attention as an effective therapeutic target in cancer therapy. Numerous nucleic acid-based therapies have been used in the modification of EZH2. In addition to gene therapy approaches, pharmaceutical compounds can be used to target the EZH2 signaling pathway in the treatment of cancer. EZH2-associated tumor cells and immune cells enhance the effects of the immune response in a variety of human malignancies. The combination of epigenetic modifying agents, such as anti-EZH2 compounds with immunotherapy, could potentially be efficacious even in the context of immunosuppressive tumors. Summary, understanding the mechanisms underlying resistance to EZH2 inhibitors may facilitate the development of novel drugs to prevent or treat relapse in treated patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cigir Biray-Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei L, Mei D, Hu S, Du S. Dual-target EZH2 inhibitor: latest advances in medicinal chemistry. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:1561-1582. [PMID: 39082677 PMCID: PMC11370917 DOI: 10.1080/17568919.2024.2380243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase, plays a crucial role in tumor progression by regulating gene expression. EZH2 inhibitors have emerged as promising anti-tumor agents due to their potential in cancer treatment strategies. However, single-target inhibitors often face limitations such as drug resistance and side effects. Dual-target inhibitors, exemplified by EZH1/2 inhibitor HH-2853(28), offer enhanced efficacy and reduced adverse effects. This review highlights recent advancements in dual inhibitors targeting EZH2 and other proteins like BRD4, PARP1, and EHMT2, emphasizing rational design, structure-activity relationships, and safety profiles, suggesting their potential in clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology Department of Orthodontics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology Department of Orthodontics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Sijia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology Department of Orthodontics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Shufang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology Department of Orthodontics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Su X, Li Y, Ren Y, Cao M, Yang G, Luo J, Hu Z, Deng H, Deng M, Liu B, Yao Z. A new strategy for overcoming drug resistance in liver cancer: Epigenetic regulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116902. [PMID: 38870626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma has posed significant obstacles to effective treatment. Recent evidence indicates that, in addition to traditional gene mutations, epigenetic recoding plays a crucial role in HCC drug resistance. Unlike irreversible gene mutations, epigenetic changes are reversible, offering a promising avenue for preventing and overcoming drug resistance in liver cancer. This review focuses on various epigenetic modifications relevant to drug resistance in HCC and their underlying mechanisms. Additionally, we introduce current clinical epigenetic drugs and clinical trials of these drugs as regulators of drug resistance in other solid tumors. Although there is no clinical study to prevent the occurrence of drug resistance in liver cancer, the development of liquid biopsy and other technologies has provided a bridge to achieve this goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic-Splenic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yupeng Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Mingbo Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Gaoyuan Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ziyi Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic-Splenic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Haixia Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Meihai Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic-Splenic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhicheng Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic-Splenic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tang Y, Wu N, Xu J, Zhang X, Li Y, Wang X. Metal-Free Cascade Formation of C-C and C-N Bond for the Construction of 3-Cyano-2-Pyridones with Insecticidal Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:2792. [PMID: 38930857 PMCID: PMC11206961 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A straightforward and efficient methodology has been developed for the synthesis of 3-cyano-2-pyridones via the C-C and C-N bond formation processes. A total of 51 diverse 3-cyano-2-pyridone derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields. This reaction featured advantages such as a metal-free process, wide functional group tolerance, simple operation, and mild conditions. A plausible mechanism for the reaction was proposed. 3-cyano-2-pyridones as ricinine analogues for insecticidal properties were evaluated, and the compound 3ci (LC50 = 2.206 mg/mL) showed the best insecticidal property.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaopo Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center of Human-Machine Intelligent Collaborative for Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Hainan Province, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academy of Medical Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; (Y.T.); (N.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Youbin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center of Human-Machine Intelligent Collaborative for Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Hainan Province, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academy of Medical Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; (Y.T.); (N.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center of Human-Machine Intelligent Collaborative for Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Hainan Province, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academy of Medical Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; (Y.T.); (N.W.); (J.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Colon T, Kou Z, Choi BH, Tran F, Zheng E, Dai W. Enzyme-independent role of EZH2 in regulating cell cycle progression via the SKP2-KIP/CIP pathway. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13389. [PMID: 38862595 PMCID: PMC11166936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
While EZH2 enzymatic activity is well-known, emerging evidence suggests that EZH2 can exert functions in a methyltransferase-independent manner. In this study, we have uncovered a novel mechanism by which EZH2 positively regulates the expression of SKP2, a critical protein involved in cell cycle progression. We demonstrate that depletion of EZH2 significantly reduces SKP2 protein levels in several cell types, while treatment with EPZ-6438, an EZH2 enzymatic inhibitor, has no effect on SKP2 protein levels. Consistently, EZH2 depletion leads to cell cycle arrest, accompanied by elevated expression of CIP/KIP family proteins, including p21, p27, and p57, whereas EPZ-6438 treatment does not modulate their levels. We also provide evidence that EZH2 knockdown, but not enzymatic inhibition, suppresses SKP2 mRNA expression, underscoring the transcriptional regulation of SKP2 by EZH2 in a methyltransferase-independent manner. Supporting this, analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas database reveals a close association between EZH2 and SKP2 expression in human malignancies. Moreover, EZH2 depletion but not enzymatic inhibition positively regulates the expression of major epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulators, such as ZEB1 and SNAIL1, in transformed cells. Our findings shed light on a novel mechanism by which EZH2 exerts regulatory effects on cell proliferation and differentiation through its methyltransferase-independent function, specifically by modulating SKP2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Colon
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Ziyue Kou
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Byeong Hyeok Choi
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Franklin Tran
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Edwin Zheng
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Wei Dai
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen Y, Zhu H, Luo Y, Tong S, Liu Y. EZH2: The roles in targeted therapy and mechanisms of resistance in breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116624. [PMID: 38670045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance presents a formidable challenge in the realm of breast cancer therapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), may serve as a key regulator in controlling drug resistance. EZH2 overexpression has been observed in breast cancer and many other malignancies, showing a strong correlation with poor outcomes. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms by which EZH2 regulates drug resistance, with a specific focus on breast cancer, in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the underlying molecular processes. Additionally, we will discuss the current strategies and outcomes of targeting EZH2 using both single agents and combination therapies, with the goal of offering improved guidance for the clinical treatment of breast cancer patients who have developed drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Clinical Pharmacy Innovation Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Clinical Pharmacy Innovation Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yi Luo
- Clinical Pharmacy Innovation Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Biotheus Inc., Guangdong Province, Zhuhai 519080, PR China.
| | - Shuangmei Tong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Clinical Pharmacy Innovation Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Clinical Pharmacy Innovation Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu R, Li Y, Zheng Q, Ding M, Zhou H, Li X. Epigenetic modification in liver fibrosis: Promising therapeutic direction with significant challenges ahead. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1009-1029. [PMID: 38486982 PMCID: PMC10935124 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis, characterized by scar tissue formation, can ultimately result in liver failure. It's a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, often associated with chronic liver diseases like hepatitis or alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. However, current treatment options are limited, highlighting the urgent need for the development of new therapies. As a reversible regulatory mechanism, epigenetic modification is implicated in many biological processes, including liver fibrosis. Exploring the epigenetic mechanisms involved in liver fibrosis could provide valuable insights into developing new treatments for chronic liver diseases, although the current evidence is still controversial. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the regulatory mechanisms and critical targets of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA modification, in liver fibrotic diseases. The potential cooperation of different epigenetic modifications in promoting fibrogenesis was also highlighted. Finally, available agonists or inhibitors regulating these epigenetic mechanisms and their potential application in preventing liver fibrosis were discussed. In summary, elucidating specific druggable epigenetic targets and developing more selective and specific candidate medicines may represent a promising approach with bright prospects for the treatment of chronic liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runping Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102400, China
| | - Yajing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102400, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102400, China
| | - Mingning Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102400, China
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 22460, USA
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102400, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schnee P, Pleiss J, Jeltsch A. Approaching the catalytic mechanism of protein lysine methyltransferases by biochemical and simulation techniques. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 59:20-68. [PMID: 38449437 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2024.2318547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) transfer up to three methyl groups to the side chains of lysine residues in proteins and fulfill important regulatory functions by controlling protein stability, localization and protein/protein interactions. The methylation reactions are highly regulated, and aberrant methylation of proteins is associated with several types of diseases including neurologic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and various types of cancer. This review describes novel insights into the catalytic machinery of various PKMTs achieved by the combined application of biochemical experiments and simulation approaches during the last years, focusing on clinically relevant and well-studied enzymes of this group like DOT1L, SMYD1-3, SET7/9, G9a/GLP, SETD2, SUV420H2, NSD1/2, different MLLs and EZH2. Biochemical experiments have unraveled many mechanistic features of PKMTs concerning their substrate and product specificity, processivity and the effects of somatic mutations observed in PKMTs in cancer cells. Structural data additionally provided information about the substrate recognition, enzyme-substrate complex formation, and allowed for simulations of the substrate peptide interaction and mechanism of PKMTs with atomistic resolution by molecular dynamics and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics methods. These simulation technologies uncovered important mechanistic details of the PKMT reaction mechanism including the processes responsible for the deprotonation of the target lysine residue, essential conformational changes of the PKMT upon substrate binding, but also rationalized regulatory principles like PKMT autoinhibition. Further developments are discussed that could bring us closer to a mechanistic understanding of catalysis of this important class of enzymes in the near future. The results described here illustrate the power of the investigation of enzyme mechanisms by the combined application of biochemical experiments and simulation technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schnee
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Albert Jeltsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang J, Yang C, Xu H, Fan X, Jia L, Du Y, Liu S, Wang W, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Liu Z, Bao J, Li S, Yang J, Wu C, Tang J, Chen G, Wang L. The Interplay Between HIF-1α and EZH2 in Lung Cancer and Dual-Targeted Drug Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2303904. [PMID: 38072662 PMCID: PMC10870044 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Interactions between oncogenic proteins contribute to the phenotype and drug resistance. Here, EZH2 (enhancer of zest homolog 2) is identified as a crucial factor that mediates HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor) inhibitor resistance. Mechanistically, targeting HIF-1 enhanced the activity of EZH2 through transcription activation of SUZ12 (suppressor of zest 12 protein homolog). Conversely, inhibiting EZH2 increased HIF-1α transcription, but not the transcription of other HIF family members. Additionally, the negative feedback regulation between EZH2 and HIF-1α is confirmed in lung cancer patient tissues and a database of cell lines. Moreover, molecular prediction showed that a newly screened dual-target compound, DYB-03, forms multiple hydrogen bonds with HIF-1α and EZH2 to effectively inhibit the activity of both targets. Subsequent studies revealed that DYB-03 could better inhibit migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of lung cancer cells and HUVECs in vitro and in vivo compared to single agent. DYB-03 showed promising antitumor activity in a xenograft tumor model by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis, which could be almost abolished by the deletion of HIF-1α and EZH2. Notably, DYB-03 could reverse 2-ME2 and GSK126-resistance in lung cancer. These findings clarified the molecular mechanism of cross-regulation of HIF-1α and EZH2, and the potential of DYB-03 for clinical combination target therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Wang
- School of Life Science and BiopharmaceuticsShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical ResearchShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityBenxi117004P. R. China
| | - Cheng Yang
- School of Life Science and BiopharmaceuticsShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical ResearchShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityBenxi117004P. R. China
| | - Huashen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of EducationSchool of Pharmaceutical EngineeringShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Fan
- Department of PharmacyShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang110004P. R. China
| | - Lina Jia
- School of Life Science and BiopharmaceuticsShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical ResearchShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityBenxi117004P. R. China
| | - Yang Du
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of EducationSchool of Pharmaceutical EngineeringShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
| | - Shougeng Liu
- School of Life Science and BiopharmaceuticsShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical ResearchShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityBenxi117004P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- School of Life Science and BiopharmaceuticsShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical ResearchShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityBenxi117004P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Life Science and BiopharmaceuticsShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical ResearchShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityBenxi117004P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Life Science and BiopharmaceuticsShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical ResearchShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityBenxi117004P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- School of Life Science and BiopharmaceuticsShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical ResearchShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityBenxi117004P. R. China
| | - Zhongbo Liu
- School of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
| | - Jie Bao
- Research Program in Systems OncologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinki00290Finland
| | - Songping Li
- School of Life Science and BiopharmaceuticsShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- School of Life Science and BiopharmaceuticsShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical ResearchShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityBenxi117004P. R. China
| | - Chunfu Wu
- School of Life Science and BiopharmaceuticsShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical ResearchShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityBenxi117004P. R. China
| | - Jing Tang
- Research Program in Systems OncologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinki00290Finland
| | - Guoliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of EducationSchool of Pharmaceutical EngineeringShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
| | - Lihui Wang
- School of Life Science and BiopharmaceuticsShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016P. R. China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical ResearchShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityBenxi117004P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hashemi M, Nazdari N, Gholamiyan G, Paskeh MDA, Jafari AM, Nemati F, Khodaei E, Abyari G, Behdadfar N, Raei B, Raesi R, Nabavi N, Hu P, Rashidi M, Taheriazam A, Entezari M. EZH2 as a potential therapeutic target for gastrointestinal cancers. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:154988. [PMID: 38118215 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers continue to be a major cause of mortality and morbidity globally. Understanding the molecular pathways associated with cancer progression and severity is essential for creating effective cancer treatments. In cancer research, there is a notable emphasis on Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a key player in gene expression influenced by its irregular expression and capacity to attach to promoters and alter methylation status. This review explores the impact of EZH2 signaling on various GI cancers, such as colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, hepatocellular, esophageal, and cholangiocarcinoma. The primary function of EZH2 signaling is to facilitate the accelerated progression of cancer cells. Additionally, EZH2 has the capacity to modulate the reaction of GI cancers to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Numerous pathways, including long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs, serve as upstream regulators of EZH2 in these types of cancer. EZH2's enzymatic activity enables it to attach to target gene promoters, resulting in methylation that modifies their expression. EZH2 could be considered as an independent prognostic factor, with increased expression correlating with a worse disease prognosis. Additionally, a range of gene therapies including small interfering RNA, and anti-tumor agents are being explored to target EZH2 for cancer treatment. This comprehensive review underscores the current insights into EZH2 signaling in gastrointestinal cancers and examines the prospect of therapies targeting EZH2 to enhance patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Nazdari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Gholamiyan
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Deldar Abad Paskeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moghadas Jafari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Nemati
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Khodaei
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Abyari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Behdadfar
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Buinzahra Branch, Islamic Azad University, Buinzahra, Iran
| | - Behnaz Raei
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Raesi
- Department of Health Services Management, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6 Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou B, Wang B, Zou F, Mei H, Liu Q, Qi S, Wang W, Jin R, Wang A, Chen Y, Liu F, Wang W, Liu J, Liu Q. Discovery of dihydropyridinone derivative as a covalent EZH2 degrader. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115825. [PMID: 37826933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
EZH2 is overexpressed in multiple types of cancer and high expression level of EZH2 correlates with poor prognosis. Besides the regulation of H3K27 trimethylation, EZH2 itself regulates its downstream proteins in a PRC2- and methylation-independent way. Starting from an approved EZH2 inhibitor EPZ-6438, we used covalent drug design and medicinal chemistry approaches to discover a novel covalent EZH2 degrader 38, which forms a covalent bond with EZH2 Cys663 and showed strong biochemical activities against EZH2 WT and mutants. Compound 38 exhibited potent antiproliferation effects against both B-cell lymphoma and TNBC cell lines by reducing the levels of H3K27me3 and EZH2. The mass spectrometry, washout and competition experiments confirmed the covalent binding of 38 to EZH2. This study demonstrates that covalent EZH2 degraders could provide an opportunity for the development of promising new drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China
| | - Fengming Zou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China
| | - Husheng Mei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Qingwang Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China
| | - Shuang Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China; Primary Cell Engineering Joint Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Primary Cell Engineering Joint Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China
| | - Rui Jin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Aoli Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China
| | - Yongfei Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China
| | - Feiyang Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China; Primary Cell Engineering Joint Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China; Primary Cell Engineering Joint Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China; Primary Cell Engineering Joint Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China.
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China; Primary Cell Engineering Joint Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liang G, Han L, Qu M, Xue J, Xu D, Wu X, Lu Y. Down-regulation of EZH2 genes targeting RUNX3 affects proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of human colon cancer cells by Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:13655-13668. [PMID: 38048186 PMCID: PMC10756104 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to detect the effect of EZH2 genes on proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of colon carcinoma cell strains HCT116 and HT29 by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, qRT-PCR was applied to measure relative expressions of EZH2, RUNX3, CEA, CA199, MMP-9, VEGF, β-catenin, and CyclinD1 in each group; Western-blot was employed with the intention of exploring relative expressions of these proteins in vivo and in vitro; monoclonal proliferation experiments and CCK-8 assay was adopted so as to check cell proliferation; the effect on cell migration was investigated via Transwell assay and cell scratch wound assay; flow cytometry was applied with a view to determining the effect on cell apoptosis. Transfected HCT116 cells are injected subcutaneously into nude mice. In colon cell strains HCT-116 and HT29, contrasted to the si-NC group, the RUNX3 expression was prominently up-regulated in the si-EZH2 group. Besides, expressions of CEA, CA199, MMP-9, and VEGF were significantly reduced; down-regulation of EZH2 genes remarkably inhibited cell proliferation, invasion and migration when facilitating apoptosis; down-regulation of EZH2 genes also significantly reduced expressions of essential proteins β-catenin and CyclinD1 on the Wnt pathway. The subcutaneous tumor body of nude mice was reduced. EZH2-OE is the opposite trend to si-EZH2; The EZH2 gene may target regulatory RUNX3 regulation via that Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, hence affecting colon carcinoma cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis. Therefore, EZH2 may become a promising target for the clinical therapy of colon carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanli Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Ming Qu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Jun Xue
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
- Institute of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Xueliang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
- Institute of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Yonggang Lu
- Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang 05000, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He F, Sun Z, Li C, Jiang Z, Miao H, Li Q, Wu C. Regioselective [2 + 1] photocycloaddition of 2-pyridones with diazo compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8273-8278. [PMID: 37812037 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01354e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel regioselective [2 + 1] cyclization reaction of 2-pyridones with carbenes generated in situ via visible light irradiation, without the requirement for catalysts or additives. The diverse functional groups of 2-pyridones and diazo compounds exhibit good tolerance, enabling the rapid synthesis of highly valuable cyclopropanated dihydro-2-pyridone scaffolds with exceptional regio- and stereoselectivity. Furthermore, DFT calculations provide a comprehensive explanation for the regio- and stereoselectivity observed in the reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengya He
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, P. R. China.
| | - Ziyi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, P. R. China.
| | - Chenyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, P. R. China.
| | - Zibin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Miao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui, 236037, P. R. China.
| | - Qinglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, P. R. China.
| | - Chenggui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, P. R. China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui, 236037, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li X, Yuan P, Yang H, Zong X, Yang C, Chen X, Li Y, Yan X, Wen Y, Zhu T, Zhang Q, Xue W, Dai J. Virus-Like Nanotherapeutic for Spatiotemporally Enhancing Antigen Presentation and Cross-Presentation toward Potential Personalized Immunotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300921. [PMID: 37531246 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the major causes of immunotherapy resistance is the loss of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules in tumor cells or the downregulation of the class I antigen presentation pathway. In this study, a novel virus-like nanotherapeutic (siRNA@HCM) is developed via encapsulating nanosized siRNA nanoparticles in a hybrid membrane comprising a personalized tumor cell membrane and a universal 293T membrane expressing the mutant vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (mVSV-G). Upon intravenous administration, siRNA@HCM accumulates at the tumor site and provides two potent driving forces for antitumor immunity. First, mVSV-G induces the fusion of siRNA@HCM with tumor cell membranes and directly injects siRNAs into the cytoplasm, significantly improving tumor intrinsic MHC-I antigen presentation. Moreover, mVSV-G can promote the maturation of dendritic cells, thereby achieving highly efficient antigen cross-presentation. The results demonstrate that spatiotemporally enhancing tumor intrinsic antigen presentation and cross-presentation via siRNA@HCM can achieve satisfactory antitumor efficacy and excellent biocompatibility. Immune infiltration analysis shows that siRNA@HCM treatment turns cold tumors into hot tumors. In addition, it significantly promotes the therapeutic effect of programmed death-1 inhibitor. In summary, virus-like nanotherapeutics present a promising approach to enhance the antitumor immune response, with distinct advantages for potential personalized therapy and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Carrier of Guangdong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Pengfei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Carrier of Guangdong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Haiyuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Carrier of Guangdong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zong
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Carrier of Guangdong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Caiqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Carrier of Guangdong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xinjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Carrier of Guangdong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Carrier of Guangdong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaodie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Carrier of Guangdong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yaoqi Wen
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Carrier of Guangdong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tianci Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Carrier of Guangdong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Carrier of Guangdong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Carrier of Guangdong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jian Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Technology Research Center of Drug Carrier of Guangdong, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lanzi C, Arrighetti N, Pasquali S, Cassinelli G. Targeting EZH2 in SMARCB1-deficient sarcomas: Advances and opportunities to potentiate the efficacy of EZH2 inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115727. [PMID: 37541451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are rare mesechymal malignancies characterized by distintive molecular, histological and clinical features. Many STSs are considered as predominatly epigenetic diseases due to underlying chromatin deregulation. Discovery of deregulated functional antagonism between the chromatin remodeling BRG1/BRM-associated (BAFs) and the histone modifying Polycomb repressor complexes (PRCs) has provided novel actionable targets. In epithelioid sarcoma (ES), extracranial, extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumors (eMRTs) and synovial sarcoma (SS), the total or partial loss of the BAF core subunit SMARCB1, driven by different alterations, is associated with PRC2 deregulation and dependency on its enzymatic subunit, EZH2. In these SMARCB1-deficient STSs, aberrant EZH2 expression and/or activity emerged as a druggable vulnerability. Although preclinical investigation supported EZH2 targeting as a promising therapeutic option, clinical studies demonstrated a variable response to EZH2 inhibitors. Actually, whereas the clinical benefit recorded in ES patients prompted the FDA approval of the EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat, the modest and sporadic responses observed in eMRT and SS patients highlighted the need to deepen mechanistic as well as pharmacological investigations to improve drug effectiveness. We summarize the current knowledge of different mechanisms driving SMARCB1 deficiency and EZH2 deregulation in ES, eMRT and SS along with preclinical and clinical studies of EZH2-targeting agents. Possible implication of the PRC2- and enzymatic-independent functions of EZH2 and of its homolog, EZH1, in the response to anti-EZH2 agents will be discussed together with combinatorial strategies under investigation to improve the efficacy of EZH2 targeting in these tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Lanzi
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Noemi Arrighetti
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Pasquali
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliana Cassinelli
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sun L, Li X, Luo H, Guo H, Zhang J, Chen Z, Lin F, Zhao G. EZH2 can be used as a therapeutic agent for inhibiting endothelial dysfunction. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115594. [PMID: 37207700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a catalytic subunit of polycomb repressor complex 2 and plays important roles in endothelial cell homeostasis. EZH2 functionally methylates lysine 27 of histone H3 and represses gene expression through chromatin compaction. EZH2 mediates the effects of environmental stimuli by regulating endothelial functions, such as angiogenesis, endothelial barrier integrity, inflammatory signaling, and endothelial mesenchymal transition. Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the significance of EZH2 in endothelial function. The aim of this review is to provide a concise summary of the roles EZH2 plays in endothelial function and elucidate its therapeutic potential in cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair Medicine of Henan, Weihui, China
| | - Xuefang Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair Medicine of Henan, Weihui, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair Medicine of Henan, Weihui, China
| | - Huige Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair Medicine of Henan, Weihui, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair Medicine of Henan, Weihui, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair Medicine of Henan, Weihui, China
| | - Fei Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair Medicine of Henan, Weihui, China.
| | - Guoan Zhao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair Medicine of Henan, Weihui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Roy R, Ria T, RoyMahaPatra D, Sk UH. Single Inhibitors versus Dual Inhibitors: Role of HDAC in Cancer. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:16532-16544. [PMID: 37214715 PMCID: PMC10193415 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to the multimodal character of cancer, inhibition of two targets simultaneously by a single molecule is a beneficial and effective approach against cancer. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) was widely investigated as a novel category of anticancer drug targets due to its crucial role in various biological processes like cell-proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis. Numerous HDAC inhibitors such as vorinostat and panobinostat are clinically approved but have limited usage due to their low efficacy, nonselectivity, drug resistance, and toxicity. Therefore, HDACs with a dual targeting ability have attracted great attention. The strategy of combining a HDAC inhibitor with other antitumor agents has been proved advantageous for combating the nonselectivity and drug resistivity problems associated with single-target drugs. Henceforth, we have highlighted dual-targeting inhibitors to target HDAC along with topoisomerase, receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and the zeste homolog 2 enzyme. Our Review mainly focuses on the impact of the substituent effect along with the linker variation of well-known HDAC-inhibitor-conjugated anticancer drugs.
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang X, Xu L, Yang L. Recent advances in EZH2-based dual inhibitors in the treatment of cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115461. [PMID: 37156182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) protein is the catalytic subunit of one of the histone methyltransferases. EZH2 catalyzes the trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) and further alters downstream target levels. EZH2 is upregulated in cancer tissues, wherein its levels correlate strongly with cancer genesis, progression, metastasis, and invasion. Consequently, it has emerged as a novel anticancer therapeutic target. Nonetheless, developing EZH2 inhibitors (EZH2i) has encountered numerous difficulties, such as pre-clinical drug resistance and poor therapeutic effect. The EZH2i synergistically suppresses cancers when used in combination with additional antitumor drugs, such as PARP inhibitors, HDAC inhibitors, BRD4 inhibitors, EZH1 inhibitors, and EHMT2 inhibitors. Typically, the use of dual inhibitors of two different targets mediated by one individual molecule has been recognized as the preferred approach for overcoming the limitations of EZH2 monotherapy. The present review discusses the theoretical basis for designing EZH2-based dual-target inhibitors, and also describes some in vitro and in vivo analysis results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Arroyo-Berdugo Y, Sendino M, Greaves D, Nojszewska N, Idilli O, So CW, Di Silvio L, Quartey-Papafio R, Farzaneh F, Rodriguez JA, Calle Y. High Throughput Fluorescence-Based In Vitro Experimental Platform for the Identification of Effective Therapies to Overcome Tumour Microenvironment-Mediated Drug Resistance in AML. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1988. [PMID: 37046649 PMCID: PMC10093176 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) leukemic stem cells and the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment play a critical role during AML progression and resistance to drug treatments. Therefore, the identification of novel therapies requires drug-screening methods using in vitro co-culture models that closely recreate the cytoprotective BM setting. We have developed a new fluorescence-based in vitro co-culture system scalable to high throughput for measuring the concomitant effect of drugs on AML cells and the cytoprotective BM microenvironment. eGFP-expressing AML cells are co-cultured in direct contact with mCherry-expressing BM stromal cells for the accurate assessment of proliferation, viability, and signaling in both cell types. This model identified several efficacious compounds that overcome BM stroma-mediated drug resistance against daunorubicin, including the chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1/XPO1) inhibitor KPT-330. In silico analysis of genes co-expressed with CRM1, combined with in vitro experiments using our new methodology, also indicates that the combination of KPT-330 with the AURKA pharmacological inhibitor alisertib circumvents the cytoprotection of AML cells mediated by the BM stroma. This new experimental model and analysis provide a more precise screening method for developing improved therapeutics targeting AML cells within the cytoprotective BM microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoana Arroyo-Berdugo
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - Maria Sendino
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - David Greaves
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - Natalia Nojszewska
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - Orest Idilli
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - Chi Wai So
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Lucy Di Silvio
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Jose Antonio Rodriguez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Yolanda Calle
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
EZH2: An Accomplice of Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020425. [PMID: 36672374 PMCID: PMC9856299 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Understanding the factors influencing the therapeutic effects in gastric cancer patients and the molecular mechanism behind gastric cancer is still facing challenges. In addition to genetic alterations and environmental factors, it has been demonstrated that epigenetic mechanisms can also induce the occurrence and progression of gastric cancer. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2), which trimethylates histone 3 at Lys-27 and regulates the expression of downstream target genes through epigenetic mechanisms. It has been found that EZH2 is overexpressed in the stomach, which promotes the progression of gastric cancer through multiple pathways. In addition, targeted inhibition of EZH2 expression can effectively delay the progression of gastric cancer and improve its resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Given the many effects of EZH2 in gastric cancer, there are no studies to comprehensively describe this mechanism. Therefore, in this review, we first introduce EZH2 and clarify the mechanisms of abnormal expression of EZH2 in cancer. Secondly, we summarize the role of EZH2 in gastric cancer, which includes the association of the EZH2 gene with genetic susceptibility to GC, the correlation of the EZH2 gene with gastric carcinogenesis and invasive metastasis, the resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs of gastric cancer mediated by EZH2 and the high expression of EZH2 leading to poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Finally, we also clarify some of the current statuses of drug development regarding targeted inhibition of EZH2/PRC2 activity.
Collapse
|
21
|
Koldobskii AB, Shilova OS, Glazun SA, Sandulenko IV. Synthesis of polyfunctional trifluoromethylated pyridones fused with the strained carbocyclic cores. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
22
|
Kushch SO, Goryaeva MV, Burgart YV, Triandafilova GA, Malysheva KO, Krasnykh OP, Gerasimova NA, Evstigneeva NP, Saloutin VI. Facile synthesis of 6-organyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1 H)-ones and their polyfluoroalkyl-containing analogs. Russ Chem Bull 2022; 71:1687-1700. [PMID: 36185466 PMCID: PMC9510450 DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The three-component cyclization of 3-polyfluoroalkyl-3-oxopropanoates and methyl ketones with ammonium acetate affords 6-organyl-4-(polyfluoroalkyl)pyridin-2(1H)-ones (organyl is alkyl, aryl, or hetaryl). The synthesized pyridones were evaluated for antifungal, antibacterial, and analgesic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. O. Kushch
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22/20 ul. S. Kovalevskoi, 620108 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - M. V. Goryaeva
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22/20 ul. S. Kovalevskoi, 620108 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ya. V. Burgart
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22/20 ul. S. Kovalevskoi, 620108 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - G. A. Triandafilova
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolskii prosp., 614990 Perm, Russian Federation
| | - K. O. Malysheva
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolskii prosp., 614990 Perm, Russian Federation
| | - O. P. Krasnykh
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolskii prosp., 614990 Perm, Russian Federation
| | - N. A. Gerasimova
- Ural Research Institute of Dermatovenereology and Immunopathology, 8 ul. Shcherbakova, 620076 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - N. P. Evstigneeva
- Ural Research Institute of Dermatovenereology and Immunopathology, 8 ul. Shcherbakova, 620076 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - V. I. Saloutin
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22/20 ul. S. Kovalevskoi, 620108 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lyu C, Wang L, Stadlbauer B, Noessner E, Buchner A, Pohla H. Identification of EZH2 as Cancer Stem Cell Marker in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and the Anti-Tumor Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG). Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4200. [PMID: 36077742 PMCID: PMC9454898 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a new therapeutic strategy to target cancer stem cells (CSCs) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and to identify typical CSC markers to improve therapy effectiveness. It was found that the corrected-mRNA expression-based stemness index was upregulated in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) tissues compared to non-tumor tissue and increased with higher tumor stage and grade. EZH2 was identified as a CSC marker and prognosis factor for KIRC patients. The expression of EZH2 was associated with several activated tumor-infiltrating immune cells. High expression of EZH2 was enriched in immune-related pathways, low expression was related to several metabolic pathways. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was identified as the most potent suppressor of EZH2, was able to inhibit viability, migration, and invasion, and to increase the apoptosis rate of ccRCC CSCs. KIF11, VEGF, and MMP2 were identified as predictive EGCG target genes, suggesting a potential mechanism of how EZH2 might regulate invasiveness and migration. The percentages of FoxP3+ Treg cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of ccRCC patients decreased significantly when cultured with spheres pretreated with EGCG plus sunitinib compared to spheres without treatment. Our findings provide new insights into the treatment options of ccRCC based on targeting CSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lyu
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Lili Wang
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Birgit Stadlbauer
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Elfriede Noessner
- Immunoanalytics Research Group Tissue Control of Immunocytes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Buchner
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Pohla
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, LMU Klinikum, University Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xu WD, Huang Q, Huang AF. Emerging role of EZH2 in rheumatic diseases: A comprehensive review. Int J Rheum Dis 2022; 25:1230-1238. [PMID: 35933601 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a histone methylated enzyme. It trimethylates histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) to regulate epigenetic processes. Recently, studies showed excessive expression of EZH2 in rheumatic diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and systemic sclerosis. Moreover, epigenetic modification of EZH2 regulates differentiation and proliferation of different immune cells. Therefore, in this review, we comprehensively discuss the role of EZH2 in rheumatic diseases. Collection of the evidence may provide a basis for further understanding the role of EZH2 and give potential for targeting these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - An-Fang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chemical biology and pharmacology of histone lysine methylation inhibitors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2022; 1865:194840. [PMID: 35753676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2022.194840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Histone lysine methylation is a post-translational modification that plays a key role in the epigenetic regulation of a broad spectrum of biological processes. Moreover, the dysregulation of histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases particularly cancer. Due to their pathobiological importance, KMTs have garnered immense attention over the last decade as attractive therapeutic targets. These endeavors have culminated in tens of chemical probes that have been used to interrogate many aspects of histone lysine methylation. Besides, over a dozen inhibitors have been advanced to clinical trials, including the EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat approved for the treatment of follicular lymphoma and advanced epithelioid sarcoma. In this Review, we highlight the chemical biology and pharmacology of KMT inhibitors and targeted protein degraders focusing on the clinical development of EZH1/2, DOT1L, Menin-MLL, and WDR5-MLL inhibitors. We also briefly discuss the pharmacologic targeting of other KMTs.
Collapse
|
26
|
Cao YC, Shan SK, Guo B, Li CC, Li FXZ, Zheng MH, Xu QS, Wang Y, Lei LM, Tang KX, Ou-Yang WL, Duan JY, Wu YY, Ullah MHE, Zhou ZA, Xu F, Lin X, Wu F, Liao XB, Yuan LQ. Histone Lysine Methylation Modification and Its Role in Vascular Calcification. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:863708. [PMID: 35784574 PMCID: PMC9243330 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.863708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation is an epigenetic change mediated by histone methyltransferase, and has been connected to the beginning and progression of several diseases. The most common ailments that affect the elderly are cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. They are the leading causes of death, and their incidence is linked to vascular calcification (VC). The key mechanism of VC is the transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into osteoblast-like phenotypes, which is a highly adjustable process involving a variety of complex pathophysiological processes, such as metabolic abnormalities, apoptosis, oxidative stress and signalling pathways. Many researchers have investigated the mechanism of VC and related targets for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Their findings revealed that histone lysine methylation modification may play a key role in the various stages of VC. As a result, a thorough examination of the role and mechanism of lysine methylation modification in physiological and pathological states is critical, not only for identifying specific molecular markers of VC and new therapeutic targets, but also for directing the development of new related drugs. Finally, we provide this review to discover the association between histone methylation modification and VC, as well as diverse approaches with which to investigate the pathophysiology of VC and prospective treatment possibilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Chi Cao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang-Chun Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Min Lei
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke-Xin Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Lu Ou-Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Yue Duan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun-Yun Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muhammad Hasnain Ehsan Ullah
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Ang Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Liao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhou X, Chen H, Li J, Shi Y, Zhuang S, Liu N. The Role and Mechanism of Lysine Methyltransferase and Arginine Methyltransferase in Kidney Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:885527. [PMID: 35559246 PMCID: PMC9086358 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.885527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation can occur in both histones and non-histones. Key lysine and arginine methyltransferases under investigation for renal disease treatment include enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), G9a, disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like protein (DOT1L), and protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMT) 1 and 5. Recent studies have shown that methyltransferases expression and activity are also increased in several animal models of kidney injury, such as acute kidney injury(AKI), obstructive nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy and lupus nephritis. The inhibition of most methyltransferases can attenuate kidney injury, while the role of methyltransferase in different animal models remains controversial. In this article, we summarize the role and mechanism of lysine methyltransferase and arginine methyltransferase in various kidney diseases and highlight methyltransferase as a potential therapeutic target for kidney diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinqing Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingfeng Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zeng J, Zhang J, Sun Y, Wang J, Ren C, Banerjee S, Ouyang L, Wang Y. Targeting EZH2 for cancer therapy: From current progress to novel strategies. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
29
|
Zhang N, Shang M, Li H, Wu L, Dong M, Huang B, Lu J, Zhang Y. Dual Inhibition of H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 Promotes Tumor Cell Senescence without Triggering the Secretion of SASP. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073911. [PMID: 35409271 PMCID: PMC8999616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy remains the most common cancer treatment. Although chemotherapeutic drugs induce tumor cell senescence, they are often associated with post-therapy tumor recurrence by inducing the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Therefore, it is important to identify effective strategies to induce tumor cell senescence without triggering SASP. In this study, we used the small molecule inhibitors, UNC0642 (G9a inhibitor) and UNC1999 (EZH2 inhibitor) alone or in combination, to inhibit H3K9 and H3K27 methylation in different cancer cells. Dual inhibition of H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 in highly metastatic tumor cells had a stronger pro-senescence effect than either inhibitor alone and did not trigger SASP in tumor cells. Dual inhibition of H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 suppressed the formation of cytosolic chromatin fragments, which inhibited the cGAS-STING-SASP pathway. Collectively, these data suggested that dual inhibition of H3K9 and H3K27 methylation induced senescence of highly metastatic tumor cells without triggering SASP by inhibiting the cGAS-STING-SASP pathway, providing a new mechanism for the epigenetics-based therapy targeting H3K9 and H3K27 methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (N.Z.); (H.L.); (M.D.); (B.H.)
| | - Mengjie Shang
- The Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (M.S.); (L.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Hongxin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (N.Z.); (H.L.); (M.D.); (B.H.)
| | - Lan Wu
- The Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (M.S.); (L.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Meichen Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (N.Z.); (H.L.); (M.D.); (B.H.)
| | - Baiqu Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (N.Z.); (H.L.); (M.D.); (B.H.)
| | - Jun Lu
- The Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (M.S.); (L.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (N.Z.); (H.L.); (M.D.); (B.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-431-8509-9798
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang Q, Yang H, Feng Q, Cao J, Zhang Y, Li L, Yu L. Focus on the classical and non-classical functions of EZH2: Guide the development of inhibitors and degraders. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
31
|
Zhao Y, Guan YY, Zhao F, Yu T, Zhang SJ, Zhang YZ, Duan YC, Zhou XL. Recent strategies targeting Embryonic Ectoderm Development (EED) for cancer therapy: Allosteric inhibitors, PPI inhibitors, and PROTACs. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 231:114144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
32
|
Li J, Xu X, Luo ZL, yao Z, Yang J, zhang X, Xu L, Wang P, Shi Q. Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Regioselective C‐H Annulation and Alkenylation of 2‐Pyridones with Terminal Alkynes. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Xu
- Renmin University of China CHINA
| | | | - zhen yao
- Renmin University of China CHINA
| | | | | | - Lijin Xu
- Renmin University of China CHINA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
GSK-126 Protects CA1 Neurons from H3K27me3-Mediated Apoptosis in Cerebral Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2552-2562. [PMID: 35091962 PMCID: PMC9016005 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics, including histone modifications, play a significant role in central nervous system diseases, but the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of H3K27me3 in regulating transcriptomic and pathogenic mechanisms following global ischemic stroke. Here, we found that in vivo ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury induced marked upregulation of H3K27me3 in the hippocampus. The administration of GSK-126 to rat brains decreased the levels of H3K27me3 in the hippocampus and reduced neuronal apoptosis after experimental stroke. Furthermore, ChIP-seq data demonstrated that the primary role of GSK-126 in the ischemic brain is to reduce H3K27me3 enrichment, mediating negative regulation of the execution phase of apoptosis and the MAPK signaling pathway. Further study suggested that the protective role of GSK-126 in ischemic rats was antagonized by U0126, an inhibitor of ERK1/2. Collectively, we demonstrated the potential of H3K27me3 as a novel stroke therapeutic target, and GSK-126 exerted a neuroprotective function in ischemic brain injury, which might be associated with activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway.
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu KL, Zhu K, Zhang H. An overview of the development of EED inhibitors to disable the PRC2 function. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:39-53. [PMID: 35224495 PMCID: PMC8792826 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00274k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) catalyzes the methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) and the enrichment of its catalytic product H3K27me3 is responsible for the silencing of tumor suppressor genes and the blocking of transcripts related to immunity and cell terminal differentiation. Aberrations of PRC2 components, such as mutation and overexpression, have been observed in various cancers, which makes PRC2 a potential therapeutic target for cancer. Up to now, targeting the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the catalytic subunit of PRC2, represents the main strategy in the development of PRC2 inhibitors. Although significant progress has been made, new problems also emerge, e.g. the drug resistance caused by secondary mutations. In recent years, more and more efforts have shifted to another new strategy - targeting embryonic ectoderm development (EED) to disrupt its major interactions with other components, which are necessary to the PRC2 function, and some promising results have been obtained. This review summarizes the recent development of EED inhibitors as possible chemotherapy for cancer treatment, which could help accelerate future related research work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Lu Liu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 China
| | - Kongkai Zhu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Talukdar A, Mukherjee A, Bhattacharya D. Fascinating Transformation of SAM-Competitive Protein Methyltransferase Inhibitors from Nucleoside Analogues to Non-Nucleoside Analogues. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1662-1684. [PMID: 35014841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal expression of protein methyltransferase (PMT) has been linked with many diseases such as diabetes, neurological disorders, and cancer. S-Adenyl-l-methionine (SAM) is a universal methyl donor and gets converted to S-adenyl-l-homocysteine (SAH), an endogenous competitive inhibitor of SAM. Initially developed SAM/SAH mimetic nucleoside analogues were pan methyltransferase inhibitors. The gradual understanding achieved through ligand-receptor interaction paved the way for various rational approaches of drug design leading to potent and selective nucleoside inhibitors. The present perspective is based on the systematic evolution of selective SAM-competitive heterocyclic non-nucleoside inhibitors from nucleoside inhibitors. This fascinating transition has resolved several issues inherent to nucleoside analogues such as poor pharmacokinetics leading to poor in vivo efficacy. The perspective has brought together various concepts and strategies of drug design that contributed to this rational transition. We firmly believe that the strategies described herein will serve as a template for the future development of drugs in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Talukdar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, WB, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ayan Mukherjee
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, WB, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Debomita Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, WB, India
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wen S, Chen Y, Tian Q, Zhang Y, Cheng G. Transition-Metal-, Additive-, and Solvent-Free [3 + 3] Annulation of RCF 2-Imidoyl Sulfoxonium Ylides with Cyclopropenones to Give Multifunctionalized CF 3-Pyridones. J Org Chem 2021; 87:1124-1132. [PMID: 34965129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and practical strategy was developed to synthesize 1,3,4-triaryl-6-trifluoromethylpyridones from CF3-imidoyl sulfoxonium ylides and cyclopropenones in good to excellent yields. This stepwise [3 + 3] annulation reaction was carried out under transition-metal-, additive-, and solvent-free conditions, generating 1 equiv of dimethyl sulfoxide as byproduct and tolerating a series of functional groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Wen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Materials Science and Engineering, the Instrumental Analysis Center, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Materials Science and Engineering, the Instrumental Analysis Center, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qingyu Tian
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Materials Science and Engineering, the Instrumental Analysis Center, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Materials Science and Engineering, the Instrumental Analysis Center, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Guolin Cheng
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Materials Science and Engineering, the Instrumental Analysis Center, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
EZH2 as a new therapeutic target in brain tumors: Molecular landscape, therapeutic targeting and future prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112532. [PMID: 34906772 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are responsible for high mortality and morbidity worldwide. The brain tumor treatment depends on identification of molecular pathways involved in progression and malignancy. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) has obtained much attention in recent years in field of cancer therapy due to its aberrant expression and capacity in modulating expression of genes by binding to their promoter and affecting methylation status. The present review focuses on EZH2 signaling in brain tumors including glioma, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, ependymomas, medulloblastoma and brain rhabdoid tumors. EZH2 signaling mainly participates in increasing proliferation and invasion of cancer cells. However, in medulloblastoma, EZH2 demonstrates tumor-suppressor activity. Furthermore, EZH2 can regulate response of brain tumors to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Various molecular pathways can function as upstream mediators of EZH2 in brain tumors including lncRNAs and miRNAs. Owing to its enzymatic activity, EZH2 can bind to promoter of target genes to induce methylation and affects their expression. EZH2 can be considered as an independent prognostic factor in brain tumors that its upregulation provides undesirable prognosis. Both anti-tumor agents and gene therapies such as siRNA have been developed for targeting EZH2 in cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
38
|
Amir M, Javed S. A Review on the Therapeutic Role of TKIs in Case of CML in Combination With Epigenetic Drugs. Front Genet 2021; 12:742802. [PMID: 34745216 PMCID: PMC8569791 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.742802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia is a malignancy of bone marrow that affects white blood cells. There is strong evidence that disease progression, treatment responses, and overall clinical outcomes of CML patients are influenced by the accumulation of other genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, rather than only the BCR/ABL1 oncoprotein. Both genetic and epigenetic factors influence the efficacy of CML treatment strategies. Targeted medicines known as tyrosine-kinase inhibitors have dramatically improved long-term survival rates in CML patients during the previous 2 decades. When compared to earlier chemotherapy treatments, these drugs have revolutionized CML treatment and allowed most people to live longer lives. Although epigenetic inhibitors' activity is disrupted in many cancers, including CML, but when combined with TKI, they may offer potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of CML cells. The epigenetics of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and resistance to them is being studied, with a particular focus on imatinib, which is used to treat CML. In addition, the use of epigenetic drugs in conjunction with TKIs has been discussed. Resistance to TKIs is still a problem in curing the disease, necessitating the development of new therapies. This study focused on epigenetic pathways involved in CML pathogenesis and tumor cell resistance to TKIs, both of which contribute to leukemic clone breakout and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saleem Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Xiao W, Zhou Q, Wen X, Wang R, Liu R, Wang T, Shi J, Hu Y, Hou J. Small-Molecule Inhibitors Overcome Epigenetic Reprogramming for Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:702360. [PMID: 34603017 PMCID: PMC8484527 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.702360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment is a significant challenge for the global health system, although various pharmacological and therapeutic discoveries have been made. It has been widely established that cancer is associated with epigenetic modification, which is reversible and becomes an attractive target for drug development. Adding chemical groups to the DNA backbone and modifying histone proteins impart distinct characteristics on chromatin architecture. This process is mediated by various enzymes modifying chromatin structures to achieve the diversity of epigenetic space and the intricacy in gene expression files. After decades of effort, epigenetic modification has represented the hallmarks of different cancer types, and the enzymes involved in this process have provided novel targets for antitumor therapy development. Epigenetic drugs show significant effects on both preclinical and clinical studies in which the target development and research offer a promising direction for cancer therapy. Here, we summarize the different types of epigenetic enzymes which target corresponding protein domains, emphasize DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA-mediated cooperation with epigenetic modification, and highlight recent achievements in developing targets for epigenetic inhibitor therapy. This article reviews current anticancer small-molecule inhibitors targeting epigenetic modified enzymes and displays their performances in different stages of clinical trials. Future studies are further needed to address their off-target effects and cytotoxicity to improve their clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiaodan Zhou
- Department of Ultrasonic, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xudong Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Information Department of Medical Security Center, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonghe Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tian Q, Xiao S, Cheng G. Base‐Promoted
Synthesis of
3‐Alkenyl
‐2‐pyridones from
N
‐Propargyl
‐β‐enaminones and Aryl Aldehydes. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Tian
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 China
| | - Shangyun Xiao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 China
| | - Guolin Cheng
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Huaqiao University Xiamen Fujian 361021 China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tomassi S, Romanelli A, Zwergel C, Valente S, Mai A. Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Modulation through the Development of EZH2-EED Interaction Inhibitors and EED Binders. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11774-11797. [PMID: 34351144 PMCID: PMC8404197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Epigenetics is nowadays
a well-accepted area of research. In the
last years, tremendous progress was made regarding molecules targeting
EZH2, directly or indirectly. Recently tazemetostat hit the market
after FDA-approval for the treatment of lymphoma. However, the impairment
of EZH2 activity by orthosteric intervention has proven to be effective
only in a limited subset of cancers. Considering the multiproteic
nature of the PRC2 complex and the marked dependence of EZH2 functions
on the other core subunits such as EED, in recent years, a new targeting
approach ascended to prominence. The possibility to cripple the function
of the PRC2 complex by interfering with its multimeric integrity fueled
the interest in developing EZH2–EED protein–protein
interaction and EED inhibitors as indirect modulators of PRC2-dependent
methyltransferase activity. In this Perspective, we aim to summarize
the latest findings regarding the development and the biological activity
of these emerging classes of PRC2 modulators from a medicinal chemist’s
viewpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tomassi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Romanelli
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Clemens Zwergel
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhu Z, Krishnamurti V, Ispizua-Rodriguez X, Barrett C, Prakash GKS. Chemoselective N- and O-Difluoromethylation of 2-Pyridones, Isoquinolinones, and Quinolinones with TMSCF 2Br. Org Lett 2021; 23:6494-6498. [PMID: 34344153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An operationally simple protocol for direct N- and O-difluoromethylation of 2-pyridones, quinolinones, and isoquinolinones using commercially available TMSCF2Br is disclosed. The chemoselectivity is modulated by simple variations in temperature, solvent, and strength of the base. Diverse, synthetically relevant functional groups are tolerated, including functional groups that have reported reactivity with TMSCF2Br. Gram-scale reactions to prepare both N- and O-difluoromethyl compounds are included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Zhu
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Vinayak Krishnamurti
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Xanath Ispizua-Rodriguez
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Colby Barrett
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - G K Surya Prakash
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tao S, Xiao J, Li Y, Sun F, Du Y. PhICl
2
/
NH
4
SCN‐Mediated
Oxidative Regioselective Thiocyanation of Pyridin‐2(
1
H
)‐ones. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanqing Tao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High‐Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jiaxi Xiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High‐Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yadong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High‐Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Fengxia Sun
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Hebei University of Science and Technology; Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering Shijiazhuang Hebei 050018 China
| | - Yunfei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High‐Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Du D, Xu D, Zhu L, Stazi G, Zwergel C, Liu Y, Luo Z, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhu K, Ding Y, Liu J, Fan S, Zhao K, Zhang N, Kong X, Jiang H, Chen K, Zhao K, Valente S, Min J, Duan W, Luo C. Structure-Guided Development of Small-Molecule PRC2 Inhibitors Targeting EZH2-EED Interaction. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8194-8207. [PMID: 34077206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of EZH2-embryonic ectoderm development (EED) protein-protein interaction (PPI) is a new promising cancer therapeutic strategy. We have previously reported the discovery of astemizole, a small-molecule inhibitor targeting the EZH2-EED PPI. Herein, we report the cocrystal structure of EED in complex with astemizole at 2.15 Å. The structure elucidates the detailed binding mode of astemizole to EED and provides a structure-guided design for the discovery of a novel EZH2-EED interaction inhibitor, DC-PRC2in-01, with an affinity Kd of 4.56 μM. DC-PRC2in-01 destabilizes the PRC2 complex, thereby leading to the degradation of PRC2 core proteins and the decrease of global H3K27me3 levels in cancer cells. The proliferation of PRC2-driven lymphomas cells is effectively inhibited, and the cell cycle is arrested in the G0/G1 phase. Together, these data demonstrate that DC-PRC2in-01 could be an effective chemical probe for investigating the PRC2-related physiology and pathology and providing a promising chemical scaffold for further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daohai Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu, China.,Drug Discovery and Design Center, the Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 210203, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Licheng Zhu
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G1L7 Ontario, Canada.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009 Jiangxi, China
| | - Giulia Stazi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Clemens Zwergel
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Yanli Liu
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G1L7 Ontario, Canada.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongyuan Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu, China.,Drug Discovery and Design Center, the Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 210203, China
| | - Yuanqing Li
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, the Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 210203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, the Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 210203, China
| | - Kongkai Zhu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan; Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yiluan Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingqiu Liu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, the Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 210203, China
| | - Shijie Fan
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, the Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 210203, China
| | - Kaiyan Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Naixia Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiangqian Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, the Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 210203, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, the Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 210203, China
| | - Kehao Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Jinrong Min
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G1L7 Ontario, Canada.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wenhu Duan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu, China.,Drug Discovery and Design Center, the Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 210203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shang Y, Wu C, Gao Q, Liu C, Li L, Zhang X, Cheng HG, Liu S, Zhou Q. Diversity-oriented functionalization of 2-pyridones and uracils. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2988. [PMID: 34016986 PMCID: PMC8137914 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocycles 2-pyridone and uracil are privileged pharmacophores. Diversity-oriented synthesis of their derivatives is in urgent need in medicinal chemistry. Herein, we report a palladium/norbornene cooperative catalysis enabled dual-functionalization of iodinated 2-pyridones and uracils. The success of this research depends on the use of two unique norbornene derivatives as the mediator. Readily available alkyl halides/tosylates and aryl bromides are utilized as ortho-alkylating and -arylating reagents, respectively. Widely accessible ipso-terminating reagents, including H/DCO2Na, boronic acid/ester, terminal alkene and alkyne are compatible with this protocol. Thus, a large number of valuable 2-pyridone derivatives, including deuterium/CD3-labeled 2-pyridones, bicyclic 2-pyridones, 2-pyridone-fenofibrate conjugate, axially chiral 2-pyridone (97% ee), as well as uracil and thymine derivatives, can be quickly prepared in a predictable manner (79 examples reported), which will be very useful in new drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenggui Wu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qianwen Gao
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan, China
| | - Lisha Li
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Gang Cheng
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianghui Zhou
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yang T, Yang Y, Wang Y. Predictive biomarkers and potential drug combinations of epi-drugs in cancer therapy. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:113. [PMID: 34001246 PMCID: PMC8130364 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics studies heritable genomic modifications that occur with the participation of epigenetic modifying enzymes but without alterations of the nucleotide structure. Small-molecule inhibitors of these epigenetic modifying enzymes are known as epigenetic drugs (epi-drugs), which can cause programmed death of tumor cells by affecting the cell cycle, angiogenesis, proliferation, and migration. Epi-drugs include histone methylation inhibitors, histone demethylation inhibitors, histone deacetylation inhibitors, and DNA methylation inhibitors. Currently, epi-drugs undergo extensive development, research, and application. Although epi-drugs have convincing anti-tumor effects, the patient's sensitivity to epi-drug application is also a fundamental clinical issue. The development and research of biomarkers for epi-drugs provide a promising direction for screening drug-sensitive patients. Here, we review the predictive biomarkers of 12 epi-drugs as well as the progress of combination therapy with chemotherapeutic drugs or immunotherapy. Further, we discuss the improvement in the development of natural ingredients with low toxicity and low side effects as epi-drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yunkai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Disruption of YY1-EZH2 Interaction Using Synthetic Peptides Inhibits Breast Cancer Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102402. [PMID: 34065631 PMCID: PMC8156467 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Both Yin Yang 1 (YY1) and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) are oncogenes with overexpressed statuses in cancers. As a transcription factor, YY1 recruits EZH2 through its oncoprotein binding (OPB) domain to repress gene expression. In this study, we identified the interaction domain of YY1 on EZH2 protein with amino acids 493–519, named the YY1 protein binding (YPB) domain. Synthetic peptides using YPB and OPB domain sequences effectively blocked endogenous YY1-EZH2 interaction. Functionally, YPB and OPB peptides could efficiently inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells, promote their apoptosis, and reduce tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis, we discovered that YPB and OPB peptides could interfere with H3K27 trimethylation of multiple genes. Eventually, we identified that YPB and OPB peptides primarily targeted the PTENP1 gene and validated its importance in the anticancer activity of the two peptides. Abstract Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a methyltransferase to mediate lysine 27 trimethylation in histone H3 (i.e., H3K27me3) and repress gene expression. In solid tumors, EZH2 promotes oncogenesis and is considered a therapeutic target. As a transcription factor, Yin Yang 1 (YY1) recruits EZH2 through its oncoprotein binding (OPB) domain to establish gene repression. In this study, we mapped the YY1 protein binding (YPB) domain on EZH2 to a region of 27 amino acids. Both YPB and OPB domain synthetic peptides could disrupt YY1EZH2 interaction, markedly reduce breast cancer cell viability, and efficiently inhibit tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. We analyzed MDA-MB-231 cells treated with YPB, OPB, and control peptides by chromatin immunoprecipitation DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) using an antibody against H3K27me3. YPB and OPB treatments altered H3K27me3 on 465 and 1137 genes, respectively, compared to the control. Of these genes, 145 overlapped between the two peptides. Among them, PTENP1, the PTEN pseudogene, showed reduced H3K27me3 signal when treated by either YPB or OPB peptide. Consistently, the two peptides enhanced both PTENP1 and PTEN expression with concomitantly reduced AKT activation. Further studies validated PTENP1′s contribution to the anticancer activity of YPB and OPB peptides.
Collapse
|
48
|
Cheng Y, Liao S, Xu G, Hu J, Guo D, Du F, Contreras A, Cai KQ, Peri S, Wang Y, Corney DC, Noronha AM, Chau LQ, Zhou G, Wiest DL, Bellacosa A, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Zhao Y, Yang ZJ. NeuroD1 Dictates Tumor Cell Differentiation in Medulloblastoma. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107782. [PMID: 32579914 PMCID: PMC7357167 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells are characterized by unlimited proliferation and perturbed differentiation. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that tumor cells in medulloblastoma (MB) retain their capacity to differentiate in a similar way as their normal originating cells, cerebellar granule neuron precursors. Once they differentiate, MB cells permanently lose their proliferative capacity and tumorigenic potential. Differentiated MB cells highly express NeuroD1, a helix-loop-helix transcription factor, and forced expression of NeuroD1 promotes the differentiation of MB cells. The expression of NeuroD1 in bulk MB cells is repressed by trimethylation of histone 3 lysine-27 (H3K27me3). Inhibition of the histone lysine methyltransferase EZH2 prevents H3K27 trimethylation, resulting in increased NeuroD1 expression and enhanced differentiation in MB cells, which consequently reduces tumor growth. These studies reveal the mechanisms underlying MB cell differentiation and provide rationales to treat MB (potentially other malignancies) by stimulating tumor cell differentiation. Cheng et al. demonstrate that medulloblastoma cells retain the capacity to undergo differentiation. The differentiation of tumor cells is regulated by NeuroD1 expression, which is repressed by H3K27me3 in tumor cells. EZH2 inhibitors suppress medulloblastoma growth by stimulating tumor cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shengyou Liao
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jian Hu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Duancheng Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fang Du
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alejandra Contreras
- Blood Cell Development and Function, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Suraj Peri
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - David C Corney
- Genomics and Molecular Genetics, GENEWIZ Co., South Plainfield, NJ, USA
| | | | - Lianne Q Chau
- Tumor Initiation& Maintenance Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ginger Zhou
- Genomics and Molecular Genetics, GENEWIZ Co., South Plainfield, NJ, USA
| | - David L Wiest
- Blood Cell Development and Function, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alfonso Bellacosa
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation& Maintenance Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng-Jie Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yin G, Li Y, Wang RH, Li JF, Xu XT, Luan YX, Ye M. Ligand-Controlled Ni(0)–Al(III) Bimetal-Catalyzed C3–H Alkenylation of 2-Pyridones by Reversing Conventional Selectivity. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rong-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiang-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xue-Tao Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Yu-Xin Luan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mengchun Ye
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Miller SA, Damle M, Kim J, Kingston RE. Full methylation of H3K27 by PRC2 is dispensable for initial embryoid body formation but required to maintain differentiated cell identity. Development 2021; 148:dev196329. [PMID: 33688077 PMCID: PMC8077505 DOI: 10.1242/dev.196329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) catalyzes methylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 and is required for normal development of complex eukaryotes. The nature of that requirement is not clear. H3K27me3 is associated with repressed genes, but the modification is not sufficient to induce repression and, in some instances, is not required. We blocked full methylation of H3K27 with both a small molecule inhibitor, GSK343, and by introducing a point mutation into EZH2, the catalytic subunit of PRC2, in the mouse CJ7 cell line. Cells with substantively decreased H3K27 methylation differentiate into embryoid bodies, which contrasts with EZH2 null cells. PRC2 targets had varied requirements for H3K27me3, with a subset that maintained normal levels of repression in the absence of methylation. The primary cellular phenotype of blocked H3K27 methylation was an inability of altered cells to maintain a differentiated state when challenged. This phenotype was determined by H3K27 methylation in embryonic stem cells through the first 4 days of differentiation. Full H3K27 methylation therefore was not necessary for formation of differentiated cell states during embryoid body formation but was required to maintain a stable differentiated state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Miller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manashree Damle
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jongmin Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert E. Kingston
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|