1
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Farac NF, Lough AJ, Bender TP. Bulking Up the Bay-Position Substituents Enables Enhanced Selectivity of Cs-Symmetric Boron Subphthalocyanine-Subnaphthalocyanine Hybrids. PRECISION CHEMISTRY 2024; 2:161-181. [PMID: 38665332 PMCID: PMC11041118 DOI: 10.1021/prechem.4c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The precise synthesis of subporphyrinoid hybrids with π-expanded topologies and unique material properties plays a promising role in the design of functional macrocycles. Easy, selective, and controllable routes to boron subphthalocyanine-subnaphthalocyanine hybrids, Bsub(Pc3-p-Ncp)s, are desirable for this purpose yet synthetically challenging due to random mixtures of Cs-, C3v-, and, in some cases, C1-symmetric compounds that form during traditional statistical mixed cyclotrimerizations. Herein, we addressed this issue by developing a sterically driven mixed cyclotrimerization with enhanced selectivity for the targeted Cs-symmetric hybrid and complete suppression of sterically crowded macrocyclic byproducts. This process, coupled with a rationally designed precursor bearing bulky phenyl substituents, enabled the synthesis and characterization of bay-position phenylated Ph2-(Rp)8Bsub(Pc2-Nc1) hybrids with halogens (Rp = Cl or F) in their peripheral isoindole rings. Reaction selectivity ranged between 59 and 72% with remarkable yields, significantly higher than that of conventional mixed cyclotrimerizations. These findings were augmented by theoretical calculations on precursor Lewis basicity as guiding principles into hybrid macrocycle formation. Additionally, the incorporation of unfused phenyl groups and halogen atoms into the hybrid framework resulted in fine-tuned optical, structural, electronic, and electrochemical properties. This straightforward approach achieved improved selectivity and controlled narrowing of the product distribution, affording the efficient synthesis of structurally sophisticated Bsub(Pc2-Nc1) hybrids. This then expands the library of 3-dimensional π-extended macrocycles for use in a range of applications, such as in optoelectronic devices with precisely tailored optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina F. Farac
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Toronto, 184 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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Lamontagne HR, Cranston RR, Comeau ZJ, Harris CS, Shuhendler AJ, Lessard BH. Axial Phenoxylation of Aluminum Phthalocyanines for Improved Cannabinoid Sensitivity in OTFT Sensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2305515. [PMID: 38641886 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis producers, consumers, and regulators need fast, accurate, point-of-use sensors to detect Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) from both liquid and vapor source samples, and phthalocyanine-based organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) provide a cost-effective solution. Chloro aluminum phthalocyanine (Cl-AlPc) has emerged as a promising material due to its unique coordinating interactions with cannabinoids, allowing for superior sensitivity. This work explores the molecular engineering of AlPc to tune and enhance these interactions, where a series of novel phenxoylated R-AlPcs are synthesized and integrated into OTFTs, which are then exposed to THC and CBD solution and vapor samples. While the R-AlPc substituted molecules have a comparable baseline device performance to Cl-AlPc, their new crystal structures and weakened intermolecular interactions increase sensitivity to THC. Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to investigate this film restructuring, where a significant shift in the crystal structure, grain size, and film roughness is detected for the R-AlPc molecules that do not occur with Cl-AlPc. This significant crystal reorganization and film restructuring are the driving force behind the improved sensitivity to cannabinoids relative to Cl-AlPc and demonstrate that analyte-semiconductor interactions can be enhanced through chemical modification to create more responsive OTFT sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halynne R Lamontagne
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rosemary R Cranston
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Zachary J Comeau
- Advanced Electronics and Devices, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Cory S Harris
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Adam J Shuhendler
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Benoît H Lessard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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3
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Cantera Cantera LA, Sánchez Vergara ME, Hamui L, Mejía Prado I, Flores Huerta A, Martínez Plata TL. Analysis of a Flexible Photoconductor, Manufactured with Organic Semiconductor Films. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:446. [PMID: 38675258 PMCID: PMC11052026 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This work presents the evaluation of the electrical behavior of a flexible photoconductor with a planar heterojunction architecture made up of organic semiconductor films deposited by high vacuum evaporation. The heterojunction was characterized in its morphology and mechanical properties by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The electrical characterization was carried out through the approximations of ohmic and SCLC (Space-Charge Limited Current) behaviors using experimental J-V (current density-voltage) curves at different voltages and under different light conditions. The optimization of the photoconductor was carried out through annealing and accelerated lighting processes. With these treatments, the Knoop Hardness of the flexible photoconductor has reached a value of 8 with a tensile strength of 5.7 MPa. The ohmic and SCLC approximations demonstrate that the unannealed device has an ohmic behavior, whereas the annealed device has an SCLC behavior, and after the optimization process, an ohmic behavior and a maximum current density of 0.34 mA/mm2 were obtained under blue light. The approximations of the device's electron mobility (μn) and free carrier density (n0) were performed under different light conditions, and the electrical activation energy and electrical gap were obtained for the flexible organic device, resulting in appropriate properties for these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Cantera Cantera
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Anáhuac México, Av. Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (L.A.C.C.); (L.H.)
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional—ESIME, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Gustavo A. Madero, Zacatenco 07738, Mexico
| | - María Elena Sánchez Vergara
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Anáhuac México, Av. Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (L.A.C.C.); (L.H.)
- Universidad Politécnica de Cuautitlán Izcalli, Av. Lago de Guadalupe, Colonia Lomas de San Francisco Tepojaco, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54720, Mexico (T.L.M.P.)
| | - Leon Hamui
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Anáhuac México, Av. Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (L.A.C.C.); (L.H.)
- Universidad Politécnica de Cuautitlán Izcalli, Av. Lago de Guadalupe, Colonia Lomas de San Francisco Tepojaco, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54720, Mexico (T.L.M.P.)
| | - Isidro Mejía Prado
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Anáhuac México, Av. Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (L.A.C.C.); (L.H.)
| | - Alejandro Flores Huerta
- Universidad Politécnica de Cuautitlán Izcalli, Av. Lago de Guadalupe, Colonia Lomas de San Francisco Tepojaco, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54720, Mexico (T.L.M.P.)
| | - Teresa Lizet Martínez Plata
- Universidad Politécnica de Cuautitlán Izcalli, Av. Lago de Guadalupe, Colonia Lomas de San Francisco Tepojaco, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54720, Mexico (T.L.M.P.)
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Sánchez Vergara ME, Sandoval Plata EI, Ballinas Indili R, Salcedo R, Álvarez Toledano C. Structural determination, characterization and computational studies of doped semiconductors base silicon phthalocyanine dihydroxide and dienynoic acids. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25518. [PMID: 38356521 PMCID: PMC10864961 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The chemical doping of silicon phthalocyanine dihydroxide (SiPc(OH)2), with (2E, 4Z)-5, 7-diphenylhepta-2, 4-dien-6-ynoic acids (DAc) with electron-withdrawing (BrDAc) and electron-donating (MeODAc) substituents is the main purpose of this work. Theoretical calculations were carried out on Gaussian16 software, with geometrical optimization of all involved species, and obtention of the highest occupied molecule orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), and the respective energy gaps. The theoretical calculations show two hydrogen bridge formations: the first one as a peripheral interaction between the terminal oxygen atoms from the acid unit and hydrogen atoms from the phthalocyanine aromatic rings. The second one as the interaction at the nitrogen atoms of the phthalocyanine, which are compelled to form a new flat plane far from the original flat phthalocyanine deck. These organic semiconductors were deposited as thin films and characterized by IR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the optical parameters were gathered from UV-Vis studies. The indirect and direct optical band gap, the onset gap and the Urbach energy were obtained. In order to compare the effect of the acids as dopants of the silicon phthalocyanine, the SiPc(OH)2-DAc films were electrically characterized. The SiPc(OH)2-DAc films exhibit an ambipolar electrical behavior, which is influenced by the incidence of different lighting conditions at voltages above 0.3V. The glass/ITO/SiPc(OH)2-MeODAc/Ag reaches a maximum current of 5.68 × 10-5 A for natural light condition, while the glass/ITO/SiPc(OH)2-BrDAc/Ag, reaches a maximum current of 9.21 × 10-9 A for white illumination condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Sánchez Vergara
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Anáhuac México, Avenida Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan, 52786, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Emilio I. Sandoval Plata
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Anáhuac México, Avenida Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan, 52786, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Ballinas Indili
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n. C.U., Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Roberto Salcedo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Cecilio Álvarez Toledano
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n. C.U., Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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5
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Labella J, Torres T. Subphthalocyanines: contracted porphyrinoids with expanded applications. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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6
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Langerreiter D, Kostiainen MA, Kaabel S, Anaya‐Plaza E. A Greener Route to Blue: Solid-State Synthesis of Phthalocyanines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209033. [PMID: 35876617 PMCID: PMC9804881 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines are important organic dyes with a broad applicability in optoelectronics, catalysis, sensing and nanomedicine. Currently, phthalocyanines are synthetized in high boiling organic solvents, like dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), which is a flammable, corrosive, and bioactive substance, miscible with water and harmful to the environment. Here we show a new solid-state approach for the high-yielding synthesis of phthalocyanines, which reduces up to 100-fold the amount of DMAE. Through systematic screening of solid-state reaction parameters, carried out by ball-milling and aging, we reveal the influence of key variables-temperature, presence of a template, and the amount and role of DMAE in the conversion of tBu phthalonitrile to tetra-tBu phthalocyanine. These results set the foundations to synthesize these high-performance dyes through a greener approach, opening the field of solid-state synthesis to a wider family of phthalocyanines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Kaabel
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto University02150EspooFinland
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7
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Langerreiter D, Kostiainen MA, Kaabel S, Anaya-Plaza E. A Greener Route to Blue: Solid‐State Synthesis of Phthalocyanines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Nikoloudakis E, López-Duarte I, Charalambidis G, Ladomenou K, Ince M, Coutsolelos AG. Porphyrins and phthalocyanines as biomimetic tools for photocatalytic H 2 production and CO 2 reduction. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6965-7045. [PMID: 35686606 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00183g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The increasing energy demand and environmental issues caused by the over-exploitation of fossil fuels render the need for renewable, clean, and environmentally benign energy sources unquestionably urgent. The zero-emission energy carrier, H2 is an ideal alternative to carbon-based fuels especially when it is generated photocatalytically from water. Additionally, the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into chemical fuels can reduce the CO2 emissions and have a positive environmental and economic impact. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, plenty of artificial photocatalytic schemes based on porphyrinoids have been investigated. This review covers the recent advances in photocatalytic H2 production and CO2 reduction systems containing porphyrin or phthalocyanine derivatives. The unique properties of porphyrinoids enable their utilization both as chromophores and as catalysts. The homogeneous photocatalytic systems are initially described, presenting the various approaches for the improvement of photosensitizing activity and the enhancement of catalytic performance at the molecular level. On the other hand, for the development of the heterogeneous systems, numerous methods were employed such as self-assembled supramolecular porphyrinoid nanostructures, construction of organic frameworks, combination with 2D materials and adsorption onto semiconductors. The dye sensitization on semiconductors opened the way for molecular-based dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) devices based on porphyrins and phthalocyanines. The research in photocatalytic systems as discussed herein remains challenging since there are still many limitations making them unfeasible to be used at a large scale application before finding a large-scale application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Nikoloudakis
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Ismael López-Duarte
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Kalliopi Ladomenou
- International Hellenic University, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Agios Loucas, 65404, Kavala Campus, Greece.
| | - Mine Ince
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Tarsus University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Athanassios G Coutsolelos
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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9
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Sundaresan C, Josse P, Vebber MC, Brusso J, Lu J, Tao Y, Alem S, Lessard BH. Design of ternary additive for organic photovoltaics: a cautionary tale. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10029-10036. [PMID: 35424912 PMCID: PMC8965687 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00540a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon phthalocyanines as ternary additives are a promising way to increase the performance of organic photovoltaics. The miscibility of the additive and the donor polymer plays a significant role in the enhancement of the device performance, therefore, ternary additives can be designed to better interact with the conjugated polymer. We synthesized N-9′-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole functionalized SiPc ((CBzPho)2-SiPc), a ternary additive with increased miscibility in poly[N-90-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT). The resulting additive was included into PCDTBT and [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester as bulk (PC71BM) heterojunction OPV devices as a ternary additive. While the (CBzPho)2-SiPc demonstrated strong EQE >30% contribution in the range of 650–730 nm, the overall performance was reduced because (CBzPho)2-SiPc acted as a hole trap due to its high-lying HOMO energy level. This study demonstrates the importance of the solubility, miscibility, and energy level engineering of the ternary additive when designing organic photovoltaic devices. Silicon phthalocyanines with carbazole axial functional groups were synthesized to improve the miscibility in PCDTBT and for use as ternary additives in organic photovoltaics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithiravel Sundaresan
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa 161 Louis Pasteur Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada .,Advanced Electronics and Photonics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada Ottawa ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Pierre Josse
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa 161 Louis Pasteur Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada .,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Mário C Vebber
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa 161 Louis Pasteur Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Jaclyn Brusso
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Jianping Lu
- Advanced Electronics and Photonics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada Ottawa ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Ye Tao
- Advanced Electronics and Photonics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada Ottawa ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Salima Alem
- Advanced Electronics and Photonics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada Ottawa ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Benoît H Lessard
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa 161 Louis Pasteur Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada .,School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa 800 King Edward Ave. Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
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10
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Studies on the Structure, Optical, and Electrical Properties of Doped Manganese (III) Phthalocyanine Chloride Films for Optoelectronic Device Applications. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, significant advances have been achieved in the development of organic semiconductors for use in optoelectronic devices. This work reports the doping and deposition of semiconducting organic thin films based on manganese (III) phthalocyanine chloride (MnPcCl). In order to enhance the semiconducting properties of the MnPcCl films, different types of pyridine-based chalcones were used as dopants, and their influence on the optical and electric properties of the films was analyzed. The morphology and structure of the films were studied using IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Optical properties of MnPcCl–chalcone films were investigated via UV–Vis spectroscopy, and the absorption spectra showed the Q band located between 630 and 800 nm, as well as a band related to charge transfer (CT) in the region between 465 and 570 nm and the B band in the region between 280 and 460 nm. Additionally, the absorption coefficient measurements indicated that the films had an indirect transition with two energy gaps: the optical bandgap of around 1.40 eV and the fundamental gap of around 2.35 eV. The electrical behavior is strongly affected by the type of chalcone employed; for this reason, electrical conductivity at room temperature may vary from 1.55 × 10−5 to 3.02 × 101 S·cm−1 at different voltages (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 V). Additionally, the effect of temperature on conductivity was also measured; electrical conductivity increases by two orders of magnitude with increasing temperature from 25 to 100 °C. The doping effect of chalcone favors electronic transport, most likely due to its substituents and structure with delocalized π-electrons, the formation of conduction channels caused by anisotropy, and the bulk heterojunction induced by the dopant. In terms of optical and electrical properties, the results suggest that the best properties are obtained with chalcones that have the methoxy group as a substituent. However, all MnPcCl–chalcone films are candidates for use in optoelectronic devices.
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11
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Hildebrand M, Holst D, Bender T, Kronik L. Electronic Structure, Bonding, and Stability of Boron Subphthalocyanine Halides and Pseudohalides. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Hildebrand
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovoth 7610000 Israel
| | - Devon Holst
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3E4 Canada
| | - Timothy Bender
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3E4 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto 200 College Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3E4 Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Toronto 184 College Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3E4 Canada
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovoth 7610000 Israel
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12
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Berger SM, Marder TB. Applications of triarylborane materials in cell imaging and sensing of bio-relevant molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:112-120. [PMID: 34842251 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00696g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triarylboranes have been known for more than 100 years and have found potential applications in various fields such as anion sensors and optoelectronics, for example in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), field effect transistors (OFETs), and organic photovoltaic devices. However, biological applications, such as bioimaging agents and biomolecule sensors have evolved much more recently. This review summarises progress in this relatively young field and highlights the potential of triarylboranes in biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina M Berger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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13
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Dickerson SD, Ayare PJ, Vannucci AK, Wiskur SL. Exploration of silicon phthalocyanines as viable photocatalysts for organic transformations. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Wojtkiewicz K, Lough A, Bender TP. Analysis of the Solvent Effects on the Crystal Growth of Peripherally Chlorinated Boron Subphthalocyanines. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01320c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the characterization of the crystal/nano-structures for hexachloro-boron subphthalocyanines (Cl6BsubPc) grown via a variety of solvent diffusion methods and also with having axial substitutions variants: chloride; phenoxy; naphthoxy and...
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15
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Lessard BH. The Rise of Silicon Phthalocyanine: From Organic Photovoltaics to Organic Thin Film Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:31321-31330. [PMID: 34197065 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicon phthalocyanines are emerging n-type semiconductors for use in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). Their low synthetic complexity paired with their versatile axial group facilitates the fine-tuning of their chemical properties, solution properties and processing characteristics without significantly affecting their frontier orbital levels or their absorption properties. The crystal engineering and film forming characteristics of silicon phthalocyanine semiconductors can be tuned through appropriate axial group functionalization, therefore facilitating their integration into both OTFTs and OPVs by solution processing or vapor deposition. This Spotlight on Applications will discuss recent advances in the integration of this exciting class of phthalocyanine into OTFTs and OPVs and highlights their promising future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît H Lessard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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16
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Tejerina L, Labella J, Martínez-Fernández L, Corral I, Victoria Martínez-Díaz M, Torres T. Subphthalocyaninato Boron(III) Hydride: Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity. Chemistry 2021; 27:12058-12062. [PMID: 34115440 PMCID: PMC8456786 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Subphthalocyanine (SubPc) chemistry has been limited so far by their high sensitivity toward strong nucleophiles. In particular, the substitution of the axial chlorine atom by a nucleophilic group in the case of less-reactive SubPcs, such as those bearing electron-withdrawing peripheral substituents, presents some limitations and requires harsh conditions. By taking advantage of the electrophilic character of DIBAL-H, it has been possible to prepare for the first time SubPc-hydride derivatives that exhibit high reactivity as hydroboration reagents of aldehydes. This hydride transfer requires using a typical carbonyl activator (trimethylsilyl triflate) and only one equivalent of aldehyde, affording SubPcs with an axial benzyloxy group in good yield. This transformation has proven to be a useful alternative method for the axial functionalisation of dodecafluoroSubPc, a paradigmatic SubPc derivative, by using electrophiles for the first time. Considering the increasing interest in SubPcs as electron-acceptor semiconductors with remarkable absorption in the visible range to replace fullerene in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, it is of the utmost importance to develop new synthetic methodologies for their axial functionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Tejerina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Martínez-Fernández
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Corral
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Cranston RR, Lessard BH. Metal phthalocyanines: thin-film formation, microstructure, and physical properties. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21716-21737. [PMID: 35478816 PMCID: PMC9034105 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03853b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal phthalocyanines (MPcs) are an abundant class of small molecules comprising of a highly conjugated cyclic structure with a central chelated metal ion. Due to their remarkable chemical, mechanical, and thermal stability MPcs have become popular for a multitude of applications since their discovery in 1907. The potential for peripheral and axial functionalization affords structural tailoring to create bespoke MPc complexes for various next generation applications. Specifically, thin-films of MPcs have found promising utility in medical and electronic applications where the need to understand the relationship between chemical structure and the resulting thin-film properties is an important ongoing field. This review aims to compile the fundamental principles of small molecule thin-film formation by physical vapour deposition and solution processing focusing on the nucleation and growth of crystallites, thermodynamic and kinetic considerations, and effects of deposition parameters on MPc thin-films. Additionally, the structure-property relationship of MPc thin-films is examined by film microstructure, morphology and physical properties. The topics discussed in this work will elucidate the foundations of MPc thin-films and emphasize the critical need for not only molecular design of new MPcs but the role of their processing in the formation of thin-films and how this ultimately governs the performance of the resulting application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary R Cranston
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering 161 Louis Pasteur Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Benoît H Lessard
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering 161 Louis Pasteur Ottawa ON Canada
- University of Ottawa, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 800 King Edward Ave. Ottawa ON Canada
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18
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Álvaro-Martins MJ, Sánchez JG, Lavarda G, Molina D, Pallarès J, Torres T, Marsal LF, Sastre-Santos Á. Subphthalocyanine-Diketopyrrolopyrrole Conjugates: 3D Star-Shaped Systems as Non-Fullerene Acceptors in Polymer Solar Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltage. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1366-1373. [PMID: 33973731 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Four star-shaped electron acceptors (C1 -OPh, C3 -OPh, C1 -Cl and C3 -Cl) based on a subphthalocyanine core bearing three diketopyrrolopyrrole wings linked by an acetylene bridge have been synthesized. These derivatives feature two different axial substituents (i. e., 4-tert-butylphenoxy (OPh) or chlorine (Cl)) and for each of them, both the C1 and the C3 regioisomers have been investigated. The four compounds exhibit a broad absorption band in the 450-700 nm region, with bandgap values near to 2 eV. These materials were applied in the active layer of inverted bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells in combination with the donor polymer PBDB-T. Derivatives bearing the OPh axial group showed the best performances, with C1 -OPh being the most promising with a PCE of 3.27 % and a Voc as high as 1.17 V. Despite presenting the widest absorption range, the photovoltaic results obtained with C1 -Cl turned out to be the lowest (PCE=1.01 %).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José G Sánchez
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electronica Electrica i Automatica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Giulia Lavarda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Desiré Molina
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Josep Pallarès
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electronica Electrica i Automatica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluis F Marsal
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electronica Electrica i Automatica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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19
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Socol M, Preda N. Hybrid Nanocomposite Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1117. [PMID: 33925952 PMCID: PMC8145415 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Continuing growth in global energy consumption and the growing concerns regarding climate change and environmental pollution are the strongest drivers of renewable energy deployment. Solar energy is the most abundant and cleanest renewable energy source available. Nowadays, photovoltaic technologies can be regarded as viable pathways to provide sustainable energy generation, the achievement attained in designing nanomaterials with tunable properties and the progress made in the production processes having a major impact in their development. Solar cells involving hybrid nanocomposite layers have, lately, received extensive research attention due to the possibility to combine the advantages derived from the properties of both components: flexibility and processability from the organic part and stability and optoelectronics features from the inorganic part. Thus, this review provides a synopsis on hybrid solar cells developed in the last decade which involve composite layers deposited by spin-coating, the most used deposition method, and matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation, a relatively new deposition technique. The overview is focused on the hybrid nanocomposite films that can use conducting polymers and metal phthalocyanines as p-type materials, fullerene derivatives and non-fullerene compounds as n-type materials, and semiconductor nanostructures based on metal oxide, chalcogenides, and silicon. A survey regarding the influence of various factors on the hybrid solar cell efficiency is given in order to identify new strategies for enhancing the device performance in the upcoming years.
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20
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Sustainable Approaches to the Synthesis of Metallophthalocyanines in Solution. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061760. [PMID: 33801036 PMCID: PMC8003941 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims to investigate more sustainable reaction conditions for the synthesis of metallophthalocyanines. Anisole, glycerol and their mixtures have been investigated as reaction media for the tetramerization of phthalonitriles. Acetates of three divalent first-transition metal cations, Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II), were used and several bases were tested, depending on the chosen substrates and reaction conditions, with a view to making the whole process more sustainable while ensuring its scalability. Unsubstituted phthalocyanines were synthesized to analyze the behavior of the different metal ions in terms of reactivity in the new reaction media, resulting in a general Cu > Co > Zn trend, while the nonpolar tetra-tert-butyl substitution was investigated to evaluate the synthesis of soluble derivatives in the new conditions. Furthermore, the potassium hydroxide (KOH)-aided statistical synthesis of the unsymmetrical 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-tri-tert-butyl-2-iodophthalocyaninato zinc(II), starting from 4-tert-butylphthalonitrile and 4-iodophthalonitrile in a glycerol/anisole mixture, proceeded with a satisfactory 26% yield. Our results provide insights into the investigation of new reaction environments and the understanding of their strengths and weaknesses, with a view to further increasing the sustainability of the synthesis of metallomacrocycles with high added value while lowering their production cost.
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21
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Schrage BR, Nemykin VN, Ziegler CJ. Subbiliazine: A Contracted Phthalocyanine Analog. Org Lett 2021; 23:1076-1080. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Briana R. Schrage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44312-3601, United States
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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22
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Holst DP, Dovijarski A, Lough AJ, Bender TP. Enhanced analytical and physical characterization of mixtures of random bay-position brominated boron subnaphthalocyanines enabled by establishing a partial separation method. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04974c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A separation method unravelled the analytics of boron subnaphthalocyanines and enabled the investigation of the influence of bay position bromination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon P. Holst
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | | | - Alan J. Lough
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry
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23
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Mitra K, Hartman MCT. Silicon phthalocyanines: synthesis and resurgent applications. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1168-1190. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02299c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Their unique axial bonds and NIR optical properties have made silicon phthalocyanines (SiPcs) valuable compounds. Herein, we present key synthetic strategies and emerging applications of SiPcs over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushambi Mitra
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- Richmond
- USA
- Massey Cancer Center
| | - Matthew C. T. Hartman
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- Richmond
- USA
- Massey Cancer Center
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24
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Dubinina TV, Maklakov SS, Petrusevich EF, Borisova NE, Trashin SA, De Wael K, Tomilova LG. Photoactive layers for photovoltaics based on near-infrared absorbing aryl-substituted naphthalocyanine complexes: preparation and investigation of properties. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02793j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoactive layers based on substituted naphthalocyanines and conductive polymer MEH-PPV were prepared using the spin-coating technique and their conductivity was tested in dark and under illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V. Dubinina
- Chemistry Department
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds
| | - Sergey S. Maklakov
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Elizaveta F. Petrusevich
- Theoretical Photochemistry and Photophysics Group
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology
- Wrocław PL–50370
- Poland
| | - Nataliya E. Borisova
- Chemistry Department
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
| | - Stanislav A. Trashin
- AXES research group
- Groenenborgerlaan 171
- University of Antwerp
- 2020 Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- AXES research group
- Groenenborgerlaan 171
- University of Antwerp
- 2020 Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - Larisa G. Tomilova
- Chemistry Department
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds
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25
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Mapping the Chiroptical Properties of Local Domains in Thin Films of Chiral Silicon Phthalocyanines by CD Imaging. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25246048. [PMID: 33371353 PMCID: PMC7767354 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The first example of uniformly chiral thin films of silicon phthalocyanines (SiPcs) are reported. The local domains of the films are mapped using circular dichroism (CD) imaging (CDi) technique available at the Diamond B23 beamline. The CDi allowed us to increase the spatial resolution up to 525× when compared with benchtop spectrometers. The results indicate formation on-surface of chiral and stable supramolecular assemblies with homogenous distribution. Chemical functionalization and solvent choice for deposition allow controllable chiroptical properties to be obtained. The method and technique reported in this work could be applied to prepare and characterize a wide variety of chiral thin films.
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26
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Zanotti G, Angelini N, Mattioli G, Paoletti AM, Pennesi G, Caschera D, Sobolev AP, Beverina L, Calascibetta AM, Sanzone A, Di Carlo A, Berionni Berna B, Pescetelli S, Agresti A. [1]Benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene-Phthalocyanine Derivatives: A Subclass of Solution-Processable Electron-Rich Hole Transport Materials. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2376-2386. [PMID: 32406580 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) planar system was used to functionalize the phthalocyanine ring aiming at synthesizing novel electron-rich π-conjugated macrocycles. The resulting ZnPc-BTBT and ZnPc-(BTBT)4 derivatives are the first two examples of a phthalocyanine subclass having potential use as solution-processable p-type organic semiconductors. In particular, the combination of experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations suggests compatible energy level alignments with mixed halide hybrid perovskite-based devices. Furthermore, ZnPc-(BTBT)4 features a high aggregation tendency, a useful tool to design compact molecular films. When tested as hole transport materials in perovskite solar cells under 100 mA cm-2 standard AM 1.5G solar illumination, ZnPc-(BTBT)4 gave power conversion efficiencies as high as 14.13 %, irrespective of the doping process generally required to achieve high photovoltaic performances. This work is a first step toward a new phthalocyanine core engineerization to obtain robust, yet more efficient and cost-effective materials for organic electronics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Zanotti
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | - Nicola Angelini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mattioli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Paoletti
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pennesi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | - Daniela Caschera
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy
| | | | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, Milano, I-20125, Italy
| | - Adiel Mauro Calascibetta
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, Milano, I-20125, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sanzone
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, Milano, I-20125, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rm, Italy.,CHOSE- Center for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Electronic Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,LASE - Laboratory of Advanced Solar Energy, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninsky prospect 4, 119049, Moscow, Russia
| | - Beatrice Berionni Berna
- CHOSE- Center for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Electronic Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Pescetelli
- CHOSE- Center for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Electronic Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Agresti
- CHOSE- Center for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Electronic Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,LASE - Laboratory of Advanced Solar Energy, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninsky prospect 4, 119049, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Vorona MY, Yutronkie NJ, Melville OA, Daszczynski AJ, Ovens JS, Brusso JL, Lessard BH. Developing and Comparing 2,6-Anthracene Derivatives: Optical, Electrochemical, Thermal, and Their Use in Organic Thin Film Transistors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1961. [PMID: 32331289 PMCID: PMC7215602 DOI: 10.3390/ma13081961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anthracene-based semiconductors have attracted great interest due to their molecular planarity, ambient and thermal stability, tunable frontier molecular orbitals and strong intermolecular interactions that can lead to good device field-effect transistor performance. In this study, we report the synthesis of six anthracene derivatives which were di-substituted at the 2,6-positions, their optical, electrochemical and thermal properties, and their single crystal structures. It was found that 2,6-functionalization with various fluorinated phenyl derivatives led to negligible changes in the optical behaviour while influencing the electrochemical properties. Furthermore, the choice of fluorinated phenyl moiety had noticeable effects on melting point and thermal stability (ΔTm < 55 °C and ΔTd < 65 °C). Bottom-gate top-contact (BGTC) organic thin transistors (OTFTs) were fabricated and characterized using the 2,6-anthracene derivatives as the semiconducting layer. The addition of fluorine groups on the phenyl groups led to a transition from p-type behaviour to n-type behaviour in BGBC OTFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Y. Vorona
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (M.Y.V.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Nathan J. Yutronkie
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (N.J.Y.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Owen A. Melville
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (M.Y.V.); (O.A.M.)
| | - Andrew J. Daszczynski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (N.J.Y.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Jeffrey S. Ovens
- X-Ray Core Facility, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - Jaclyn L. Brusso
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (N.J.Y.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Benoît H. Lessard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (M.Y.V.); (O.A.M.)
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28
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Yurt F, Arslan T, Biyiklioglu Z, Tunçel A, Ozel D, Ocakoglu K. Nuclear imaging potential and in vitro photodynamic activity of Boron subphthalocyanine on colon carcinoma cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Winterfeld KA, Lavarda G, Guilleme J, Guldi DM, Torres T, Bottari G. Subphthalocyanine-tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene-aniline conjugates: stereoisomerism and photophysical properties. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10997-11005. [PMID: 32055388 PMCID: PMC6979056 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03970h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) decorated at their peripheral (SubPc 1) or peripheral and axial (SubPc 2) positions with tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene (TCBD)-aniline moieties have been prepared as novel electron donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugates. In 1 and 2, the multiple functionalization of C 3-symmetric SubPcs by TCBD moieties, each of them having a chiral axis, results in the formation of several stereoisomers. Variable temperature 1H-NMR studies in chlorinated solvents suggest that these latter species, which are detected at low temperatures, rapidly interconvert - on the NMR timescale - into each other at room temperature. Beside their unique structural and stereochemical features, 1 and 2 present interesting physicochemical properties. Steady-state absorption and fluorescence, as well as electrochemical studies on 1 and 2 clearly point to an important degree of electronic communication between the SubPc, the TCBD and the aniline subunits. Moreover, in both derivatives, photoexcitation of the SubPc moiety yields charge transfer products involving the electron-rich SubPc moiety and the electron-withdrawing TCBD fragment. Interestingly, such polarized excited state species evolve in 1 and 2 in different ways. While in the former compound, it directly decays to the ground state, the fourth axial TCBD moiety in 2 leads to the formation of an intermediate fully charge separated state prior to the ground state deactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Winterfeld
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstr. 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Giulia Lavarda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain . ;
| | - Julia Guilleme
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain . ;
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstr. 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain . ;
- IMDEA-Nanociencia , Campus de Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid , Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Giovanni Bottari
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain . ;
- IMDEA-Nanociencia , Campus de Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid , Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain
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