1
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Promsut W, Yamada R, Takami S, Miyazaki N, Uemura M, Hiramatsu R, Takahashi N, Kanai Y. External genitalia phenotypes of a Mab21l1-null mouse model for cerebellar, ocular, craniofacial, and genital (COFG) syndrome. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:1943-1959. [PMID: 37750449 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellar, ocular, craniofacial, and genital (COFG) syndrome is a human genetic disease that is caused by MAB21L1 mutations. A COFG mouse model with Mab21l1-null mutation causes severe microphthalmia and fontanelle dysosteogenesis, similar to the symptoms in human patients. One of the typical symptoms is scrotal agenesis in male infants, while male Mab21l1-null mice show hypoplastic preputial glands, a rodent-specific derivative of the cranial scrotal fold. However, it is still unclear where and how MAB21Ll acts in the external genitalia in both mice and humans. Here we show that, at the neonatal stage, MAB21L1 expression in the external genitalia was restricted to two mesenchymal cell populations-underneath the scrotal and labial skin and around the preputial and clitoral glands (PG/CG). Morphometric analyses of the Mab21l1-/- pups revealed a significant reduction in the external size of the scrotum, vulva, and CG, as well as PG. In the periglandular region around PG and CG, the periglandular mesenchymal cells showed a drastic reduction in both cell density and immunoreactive signals for several extracellular matrix proteins (e.g., collagen I, fibronectin, and proteoglycans), together with their reduced Ki67-positive cell proliferation index. In the Mab21l1-/- PG/CG, together with reduced vascularization, the glandular epithelia displayed atrophy with discontinuous basal lamina along the basal surface and defective glycogen accumulation in their cytoplasm. Under a 5-day organ culture of the isolated PG, the Mab21l1-/- explants showed poor outgrowth and retention of the glandular structure in vitro. However, the addition of exogenous Matrigel could partially rescue such tissue-autonomous phenotypes, showing glandular morphology similar to that of the wild-type explants. These findings suggest that MAB21L1+ mesenchymal cells play a crucial role in providing nutrient ECM support for glandular outgrowth and morphogenesis in the peripheral external genitalia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryuichi Yamada
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- RNA Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Takami
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nanae Miyazaki
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Uemura
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuji Hiramatsu
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- RNA Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiakira Kanai
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Mi Y, Tang M, Wu Q, Wang Y, Liu Q, Zhu P, Xue X, Liu Y, Chai X, Hou Y, Yan D. NMAAP1 regulated macrophage polarizion into M1 type through glycolysis stimulated with BCG. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111257. [PMID: 37988910 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) perfusion is widely used as cancer adjuvant therapy, in which macrophages play an important role. Novel macrophage activated associated protein 1 (NMAAP1), upregulated after BCG's activation, was proved to promote macrophage polarization to the M1 type. We found that BCG could stimulate mice BMDM to the M1 type and kill tumor cells. After the deletion of NMAAP1, the tumor volume of mice became larger, and the number of M1 type macrophages in the tumor decreased significantly. When macrophages were induced into the M1 type, aerobic glycolysis, the Warburg effect manifested in the increased uptake of glucose and the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid. NMAAP1 could bind with IP3R and regulate macrophage polarization to the M1 type. However, the specific mechanism of how NMAAP1 regulates macrophage polarization towards the M1 type and plays an antitumor role must be clarified. NMAAP1 could promote the release of lactic acid and pyruvate, enhance the glycolysis of macrophages, and affect the expression of HIF-1α. After inhibition of glycolysis by 2-DG and lactic acid generation by FX11, the effects of NMAAP1 promoting macrophage polarization to the antitumor M1 type were weakened. Furthermore, NMAAP1 upregulated the expression of HIF-1α, which is associated with glycolysis. Moreover, the Ca2+/NF-κB pathway regulated HIF-1α expression by NMAAP1 in the macrophages. NMAAP1 promotes the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type by affecting the Warburg effect stimulated by BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Mi
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengyan Tang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qihui Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pei Zhu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyang Xue
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuntong Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyu Chai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuyang Hou
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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3
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Xiao Y, Xiang JW, Gao Q, Bai YY, Huang ZX, Hu XH, Wang L, Li DWC. MAB21L1 promotes survival of lens epithelial cells through control of αB-crystallin and ATR/CHK1/p53 pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6128-6148. [PMID: 35951367 PMCID: PMC9417230 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The male abnormal gene family 21 (mab21), was initially identified in C. elegans. Since its identification, studies from different groups have shown that it regulates development of ocular tissues, brain, heart and liver. However, its functional mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Mab21L1 promotes survival of lens epithelial cells. Mechanistically, Mab21L1 upregulates expression of αB-crystallin. Moreover, our results show that αB-crystallin prevents stress-induced phosphorylation of p53 at S-20 and S-37 through abrogating the activation of the upstream kinases, ATR and CHK1. As a result of suppressing p53 activity by αB-crystallin, Mab21L1 downregulates expression of Bak but upregulates Mcl-1 during stress insult. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Mab21L1 promotes survival of lens epithelial cells through upregulation of αB-crystallin to suppress ATR/CHK1/p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Wen Xiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue-Yue Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao-Xia Huang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 121212, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Wang
- The Academician Work Station, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, Hunan, China
| | - David Wan-Cheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510230, Guangdong, China
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4
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Yamada R, Oguri A, Fujiki K, Shirahige K, Hirate Y, Kanai-Azuma M, Takezoe H, Akimoto Y, Takahashi N, Kanai Y. MAB21L1 modulates gene expression and DNA metabolic processes in the lens placode. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm049251. [PMID: 34779479 PMCID: PMC8713989 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in human MAB21L1 cause aberrations in lens ectoderm morphogenesis and lead to congenital cerebellar, ocular, craniofacial and genital (COFG) syndrome. Murine Mab21l1-null mutations cause severe cell-autonomous defects in lens formation, leading to microphthalmia; therefore, Mab21l1-null mice are used as a mouse model for COFG syndrome. In this study, we investigated the early-onset single-cell-level phenotypes of murine Mab21l1-null lens ectoderms using electron microscopy and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Electron microscopy and immunohistochemical analyses indicated endoplasmic reticulum stress at the 24- to 26-somite stage in Mab21l1-null lens placodes. scRNA-seq analysis revealed that 131 genes were downregulated and 148 were upregulated in Mab21l1-null lens ectoderms relative to the wild type. We successfully identified 21 lens-specific genes that were downregulated in Mab21l1-null cells, including three key genes involved in lens formation: Pitx3, Maf and Sfrp2. Moreover, gene ontology analysis of the 279 differentially expressed genes indicated enrichment in housekeeping genes associated with DNA/nucleotide metabolism prior to cell death. These findings suggest that MAB21L1 acts as a nuclear factor that modulates not only lens-specific gene expression but also DNA/nucleotide metabolic processes during lens placode formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Yamada
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- RNA Company Limited, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan
| | - Akira Oguri
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Katsunori Fujiki
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Hirate
- Department of Experimental Animal Model for Human Disease, Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masami Kanai-Azuma
- Department of Experimental Animal Model for Human Disease, Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihiro Akimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- RNA Company Limited, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan
| | - Yoshiakira Kanai
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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5
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Zhou Y, Lei Y, Lu LF, Chen DD, Zhang C, Li ZC, Zhou XY, Li S, Zhang YA. cGAS Is a Negative Regulator of RIG-I-Mediated IFN Response in Cyprinid Fish. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:784-798. [PMID: 34290106 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizes cytosolic dsDNA to induce the type I IFN response. However, the functional role of cGAS in the IFN response of fish remains unclear or controversial. In this study, we report that cGAS orthologs from crucian carp Carassius auratus (CacGAS) and grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus (CicGAS) target the dsRNA sensor retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) for negative regulation of the IFN response. First, poly(deoxyadenylic-deoxythymidylic) acid-, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-, and spring viremia of carp virus-induced IFN responses were impaired by overexpression of CacGAS and CicGAS. Then, CacGAS and CicGAS interacted with CiRIG-I and CiMAVS and inhibited CiRIG-I- and CiMAVS-mediated IFN induction. Moreover, the K63-linked ubiquitination of CiRIG-I and the interaction between CiRIG-I and CiMAVS were attenuated by CacGAS and CicGAS. Finally, CacGAS and CicGAS decreased CiRIG-I-mediated the cellular antiviral response and facilitated viral replication. Taken together, data in this study identify CacGAS and CicGAS as negative regulators in RIG-I-like receptor signaling, which extends the current knowledge regarding the role of fish cGAS in the innate antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Zhuo-Cong Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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6
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Gracilla DE, Korla PK, Lai MT, Chiang AJ, Liou WS, Sheu JJC. Overexpression of wild type or a Q311E mutant MB21D2 promotes a pro-oncogenic phenotype in HNSCC. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:3065-3082. [PMID: 32979859 PMCID: PMC7718949 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin‐mediated cell–cell contacts regulated by intracellular binders play critical roles in tissue homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Here, we screened mutational profiles of 312 annotated genes involved in cadherin binding in human squamous cell carcinomas and found MB21D2 to carry a unique recurrent Q311E mutation. MB21D2 overexpression was also frequently found in head and neck cancer (HNSCC) and was associated with poor clinical outcomes. Cell‐based characterizations revealed pro‐oncogenic roles for MB21D2 wild‐type (WT) and its Q311E mutant (Q311E) in cell proliferation, colony formation, sphere growth, and migration/invasion by promoting epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Conversely, MB21D2 knockdown in MB21D2‐overexpressing cells resulted in cell growth arrest and apoptosis. Xenograft tumor models with Q311E‐expressing cells formed larger and more aggressive lesions, compared to models with WT‐MB21D2‐expressing cells or an empty vector. Transcriptome and protein interactome analyses revealed enrichment of KRAS signaling by MB21D2 expression. Immunoblotting confirmed RAS elevation, along with upregulation/phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, and CREB. Blocking RAS signaling in MB21D2‐expressing cells by manumycin significantly reduced cell growth and survival. Our study thus defined RAS signaling‐dependent pro‐oncogenic roles for MB21D2 overexpression and Q311E MB21D2 expression in HNSCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Gracilla
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Praveen Kumar Korla
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsung Lai
- Department of Pathology, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - An-Jen Chiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shiung Liou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Jim Jinn-Chyuan Sheu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
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7
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Zhou Y, Lu LF, Lu XB, Li S, Zhang YA. Grass carp cGASL negatively regulates fish IFN response by targeting MITA. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:871-879. [PMID: 31597087 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) senses double-stranded (ds) DNA in the cytosol to activate the innate antiviral response. In the present study, a cGAS-like gene, namely cGASL, was cloned from grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus, and its role as a negative regulator of the IFN response was revealed. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that cGASL was evolutionarily closest to cGAS, but was not a true ortholog of cGAS. Overexpression of cGASL inhibited poly I:C-stimulated grass carp (gc)IFN1pro and ISRE activities. In addition, MITA-, but not TBK1-mediated activation of gcIFN1pro was impaired by cGASL. Co-immunoprecipitation and Western blot experiments indicated that cGASL interacted with MITA and TBK1, resulting in a reduction in the phosphorylation of MITA. Lastly, overexpression of cGASL reduced the transcriptional levels of several IFN-stimulated genes activated by MITA. Collectively, these data suggest that cGASL is a negative regulator of IFN response by targeting MITA in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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8
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Genetics of anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Part 1: Non-syndromic anophthalmia/microphthalmia. Hum Genet 2019; 138:799-830. [PMID: 30762128 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-01977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eye formation is the result of coordinated induction and differentiation processes during embryogenesis. Disruption of any one of these events has the potential to cause ocular growth and structural defects, such as anophthalmia and microphthalmia (A/M). A/M can be isolated or occur with systemic anomalies, when they may form part of a recognizable syndrome. Their etiology includes genetic and environmental factors; several hundred genes involved in ocular development have been identified in humans or animal models. In humans, around 30 genes have been repeatedly implicated in A/M families, although many other genes have been described in single cases or families, and some genetic syndromes include eye anomalies occasionally as part of a wider phenotype. As a result of this broad genetic heterogeneity, with one or two notable exceptions, each gene explains only a small percentage of cases. Given the overlapping phenotypes, these genes can be most efficiently tested on panels or by whole exome/genome sequencing for the purposes of molecular diagnosis. However, despite whole exome/genome testing more than half of patients currently remain without a molecular diagnosis. The proportion of undiagnosed cases is even higher in those individuals with unilateral or milder phenotypes. Furthermore, even when a strong gene candidate is available for a patient, issues of incomplete penetrance and germinal mosaicism make diagnosis and genetic counseling challenging. In this review, we present the main genes implicated in non-syndromic human A/M phenotypes and, for practical purposes, classify them according to the most frequent or predominant phenotype each is associated with. Our intention is that this will allow clinicians to rank and prioritize their molecular analyses and interpretations according to the phenotypes of their patients.
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9
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Tsang SW, Guo Y, Chan LH, Huang Y, Chow KL. Generation and characterization of pathogenic Mab21l2(R51C) mouse model. Genesis 2018; 56:e23261. [PMID: 30375740 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MAB21L2(R51C) is one of the five documented MAB21L2 mutations in human patients with bilateral eye malformations identified via whole exome sequencing. In addition to the eye abnormality, patients with MAB21L2 R51C/+ mutation also have skeletal dysplasia and intellectual disability. To evaluate the pathology of this mutant allele systematically in understanding the functional role of MAB21L2 in human development, we introduce the R51C mutation into the mouse genome by CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate a mouse model for detailed characterization. The Mab21l2 R51C/+ mice have eyeless phenotype and skeletal abnormalities. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis showed the Mab21l2 R51C/+ mice have no eye balls but with two abnormal tissues underneath the brain. Histological analysis revealed that the early eye development in the mutant embryos is interrupted. In addition, Mab21l2 R51C/+ mice also have joint fusion phenotype; the humerus is fused with radius, whereas femur is fused with tibia. Limbs in the mutant animals are distinctly shorter than the wild type; and deltoid tuberosities in humeri are absent in these Mab21l2 R51C/+ mice. In summary, we showed that our Mab21l2 R51C/+ mutant mice have recapitulated the pathological features in eye and bone of human patients. Further analyses of the mutant phenotype with molecular markers will provide insight on how MAB21L2 guides the optic differentiation and skeletogenesis, revealing specific underlying pathogenic mechanism of the MAB21L2(R51C) mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Wa Tsang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yanjiang Guo
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Long-Hei Chan
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yingyu Huang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - King L Chow
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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10
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Rad A, Altunoglu U, Miller R, Maroofian R, James KN, Çağlayan AO, Najafi M, Stanley V, Boustany RM, Yeşil G, Sahebzamani A, Ercan-Sencicek G, Saeidi K, Wu K, Bauer P, Bakey Z, Gleeson JG, Hauser N, Gunel M, Kayserili H, Schmidts M. MAB21L1 loss of function causes a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder with distinctive cerebellar, ocular, cranio facial and genital features (COFG syndrome). J Med Genet 2018; 56:332-339. [PMID: 30487245 PMCID: PMC6581149 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Putative nucleotidyltransferase MAB21L1 is a member of an evolutionarily well-conserved family of the male abnormal 21 (MAB21)-like proteins. Little is known about the biochemical function of the protein; however, prior studies have shown essential roles for several aspects of embryonic development including the eye, midbrain, neural tube and reproductive organs. OBJECTIVE A homozygous truncating variant in MAB21L1 has recently been described in a male affected by intellectual disability, scrotal agenesis, ophthalmological anomalies, cerebellar hypoplasia and facial dysmorphism. We employed a combination of exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping to identify the underlying genetic cause in subjects with similar phenotypic features descending from five unrelated consanguineous families. RESULTS We identified four homozygous MAB21L1 loss of function variants (p.Glu281fs*20, p.Arg287Glufs*14 p.Tyr280* and p.Ser93Serfs*48) and one missense variant (p.Gln233Pro) in 10 affected individuals from 5 consanguineous families with a distinctive autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental syndrome. Cardinal features of this syndrome include a characteristic facial gestalt, corneal dystrophy, hairy nipples, underdeveloped labioscrotal folds and scrotum/scrotal agenesis as well as cerebellar hypoplasia with ataxia and variable microcephaly. CONCLUSION This report defines an ultrarare but clinically recognisable Cerebello-Oculo-Facio-Genital syndrome associated with recessive MAB21L1 variants. Additionally, our findings further support the critical role of MAB21L1 in cerebellum, lens, genitalia and as craniofacial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Rad
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Medical Genetics Department, İstanbul Medical Faculty, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rebecca Miller
- Inova Cardiovascular Genomics Clinic, Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Genetics and Molecular Cell Sciences Research Centre, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Kiely N James
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ahmet Okay Çağlayan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Medical Genetics Department, Bilim University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Maryam Najafi
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rose-Mary Boustany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Neurogenetics Program and Division of Pediatric Neurology, American University of Beirut Medical Center Special Kids Clinic, Beirut, Lebanon.,Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gözde Yeşil
- Medical Genetics Department, Bezmi Alem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Afsaneh Sahebzamani
- Paediatric and Genetic Counselling Center, Kerman Welfare Organization, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gülhan Ercan-Sencicek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kolsoum Saeidi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Kaman Wu
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Zeineb Bakey
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Pediatrics Genetics Division, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Natalie Hauser
- Inova Cardiovascular Genomics Clinic, Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hulya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, İstanbul Medical Faculty, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSoM), İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Pediatrics Genetics Division, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Margolis SR, Wilson SC, Vance RE. Evolutionary Origins of cGAS-STING Signaling. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:733-743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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de Oliveira Mann CC, Kiefersauer R, Witte G, Hopfner KP. Structural and biochemical characterization of the cell fate determining nucleotidyltransferase fold protein MAB21L1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27498. [PMID: 27271801 PMCID: PMC4897736 DOI: 10.1038/srep27498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The exceptionally conserved metazoan MAB21 proteins are implicated in cell fate decisions and share considerable sequence homology with the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. cGAS is the major innate immune sensor for cytosolic DNA and produces the second messenger 2′-5′, 3′-5′ cyclic GMP-AMP. Little is known about the structure and biochemical function of other proteins of the cGAS-MAB21 subfamily, such as MAB21L1, MAB21L2 and MAB21L3. We have determined the crystal structure of human full-length MAB21L1. Our analysis reveals high structural conservation between MAB21L1 and cGAS but also uncovers important differences. Although monomeric in solution, MAB21L1 forms a highly symmetric double-pentameric oligomer in the crystal, raising the possibility that oligomerization could be a feature of MAB21L1. In the crystal, MAB21L1 is in an inactive conformation requiring a conformational change - similar to cGAS - to develop any nucleotidyltransferase activity. Co-crystallization with NTP identified a putative ligand binding site of MAB21 proteins that corresponds to the DNA binding site of cGAS. Finally, we offer a structure-based explanation for the effects of MAB21L2 mutations in patients with eye malformations. The underlying residues participate in fold-stabilizing interaction networks and mutations destabilize the protein. In summary, we provide a first structural framework for MAB21 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina C de Oliveira Mann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Gene Center and Dept. of Biochemistry, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Reiner Kiefersauer
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstraße 7a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Gene Center and Dept. of Biochemistry, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Gene Center and Dept. of Biochemistry, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Feodor-Lynen Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
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13
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Bruel AL, Masurel-Paulet A, Rivière JB, Duffourd Y, Lehalle D, Bensignor C, Huet F, Borgnon J, Roucher F, Kuentz P, Deleuze JF, Thauvin-Robinet C, Faivre L, Thevenon J. Autosomal recessive truncating MAB21L1 mutation associated with a syndromic scrotal agenesis. Clin Genet 2016; 91:333-338. [PMID: 27103078 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on a boy with a rare malformative association of scrotum agenesis, ophthalmological anomalies, cerebellar malformation, facial dysmorphism and global development delay. The reported patient was carrying a homozygous frameshift in MAB21L1 detected by whole-exome sequencing, considered as the most likely disease-causing variant. Mab21l1 knockout mice present a strikingly similar malformative association of ophthalmological malformations of the anterior chamber and preputial glands hypoplasia. We hypothesize that MAB21L1 haploinsufficiency cause a previously undescribed syndrome with scrotal agenesis, ophthalmological anomalies, facial dysmorphism and gross psychomotor delay as remarkable hallmarks. Four cases from the literature were reported with features suggestive of a similar and recognizable clinical entity. We hypothesize that MAB21L1 should be the culprit gene in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-L Bruel
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - A Masurel-Paulet
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France.,Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Inter-région Est, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - J-B Rivière
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Y Duffourd
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - D Lehalle
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Inter-région Est, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - C Bensignor
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - F Huet
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - J Borgnon
- Chirurgie Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - F Roucher
- Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Maladies Rares, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - P Kuentz
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - J-F Deleuze
- CEA/Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - C Thauvin-Robinet
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Inter-région Est, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - L Faivre
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Inter-région Est, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - J Thevenon
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Inter-région Est, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
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14
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Israel JW, Martik ML, Byrne M, Raff EC, Raff RA, McClay DR, Wray GA. Comparative Developmental Transcriptomics Reveals Rewiring of a Highly Conserved Gene Regulatory Network during a Major Life History Switch in the Sea Urchin Genus Heliocidaris. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002391. [PMID: 26943850 PMCID: PMC4778923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecologically significant shift in developmental strategy from planktotrophic (feeding) to lecithotrophic (nonfeeding) development in the sea urchin genus Heliocidaris is one of the most comprehensively studied life history transitions in any animal. Although the evolution of lecithotrophy involved substantial changes to larval development and morphology, it is not known to what extent changes in gene expression underlie the developmental differences between species, nor do we understand how these changes evolved within the context of the well-defined gene regulatory network (GRN) underlying sea urchin development. To address these questions, we used RNA-seq to measure expression dynamics across development in three species: the lecithotroph Heliocidaris erythrogramma, the closely related planktotroph H. tuberculata, and an outgroup planktotroph Lytechinus variegatus. Using well-established statistical methods, we developed a novel framework for identifying, quantifying, and polarizing evolutionary changes in gene expression profiles across the transcriptome and within the GRN. We found that major changes in gene expression profiles were more numerous during the evolution of lecithotrophy than during the persistence of planktotrophy, and that genes with derived expression profiles in the lecithotroph displayed specific characteristics as a group that are consistent with the dramatically altered developmental program in this species. Compared to the transcriptome, changes in gene expression profiles within the GRN were even more pronounced in the lecithotroph. We found evidence for conservation and likely divergence of particular GRN regulatory interactions in the lecithotroph, as well as significant changes in the expression of genes with known roles in larval skeletogenesis. We further use coexpression analysis to identify genes of unknown function that may contribute to both conserved and derived developmental traits between species. Collectively, our results indicate that distinct evolutionary processes operate on gene expression during periods of life history conservation and periods of life history divergence, and that this contrast is even more pronounced within the GRN than across the transcriptome as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W. Israel
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Megan L. Martik
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth C. Raff
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Rudolf A. Raff
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - David R. McClay
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Wray
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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15
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Abstract
Background Genome-wide mapping reveals chromatin landscapes unique to cell states. Histone marks of regulatory genes involved in cell specification and organ development provide a powerful tool to map regulatory sequences. H3K4me3 marks promoter regions; H3K27me3 marks repressed regions, and Pol II presence indicates active transcription. The presence of both H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 characterize poised sequences, a common characteristic of genes involved in pattern formation during organogenesis. Results We used genome-wide profiling for H3K27me3, H3K4me3, and Pol II to map chromatin states in mouse embryonic day 12 forelimbs in wild type (control) and Pitx2-null mutant mice. We compared these data with previous gene expression studies from forelimb Lbx1+ migratory myoblasts and correlated Pitx2-dependent expression profiles and chromatin states. During forelimb development, several lineages including myoblast, osteoblast, neurons, angioblasts etc., require synchronized growth to form a functional limb. We identified 125 genes in the developing forelimb that are Pitx2-dependent. Genes involved in muscle specification and cytoskeleton architecture were positively regulated, while genes involved in axonal path finding were poised. Conclusion Our results have established histone modification profiles as a useful tool for identifying gene regulatory states in muscle development, and identified the role of Pitx2 in extending the time of myoblast progression, promoting formation of sarcomeric structures, and suppressing attachment of neuronal axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun J Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Michael K Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Theresa M Filtz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Chrissa Kioussi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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16
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Deml B, Kariminejad A, Borujerdi RHR, Muheisen S, Reis LM, Semina EV. Mutations in MAB21L2 result in ocular Coloboma, microcornea and cataracts. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005002. [PMID: 25719200 PMCID: PMC4342166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular coloboma results from abnormal embryonic development and is often associated with additional ocular and systemic features. Coloboma is a highly heterogeneous disorder with many cases remaining unexplained. Whole exome sequencing from two cousins affected with dominant coloboma with microcornea, cataracts, and skeletal dysplasia identified a novel heterozygous allele in MAB21L2, c.151 C>G, p.(Arg51Gly); the mutation was present in all five family members with the disease and appeared de novo in the first affected generation of the three-generational pedigree. MAB21L2 encodes a protein similar to C. elegans mab-21 cell fate-determining factor; the molecular function of MAB21L2 is largely unknown. To further evaluate the role of MAB21L2, zebrafish mutants carrying a p.(Gln48Serfs*5) frameshift truncation (mab21l2Q48Sfs*5) and a p.(Arg51_Phe52del) in-frame deletion (mab21l2R51_F52del) were developed with TALEN technology. Homozygous zebrafish embryos from both lines developed variable lens and coloboma phenotypes: mab21l2Q48Sfs*5 embryos demonstrated severe lens and retinal defects with complete lethality while mab21l2R51_F52del mutants displayed a milder lens phenotype and severe coloboma with a small number of fish surviving to adulthood. Protein studies showed decreased stability for the human p.(Arg51Gly) and zebrafish p.(Arg51_Phe52del) mutant proteins and predicted a complete loss-of-function for the zebrafish p.(Gln48Serfs*5) frameshift truncation. Additionally, in contrast to wild-type human MAB21L2 transcript, mutant p.(Arg51Gly) mRNA failed to efficiently rescue the ocular phenotype when injected into mab21l2Q48Sfs*5 embryos, suggesting this allele is functionally deficient. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization experiments identified retinal invagination defects, an increase in cell death, abnormal proliferation patterns, and altered expression of several ocular markers in the mab21l2 mutants. These findings support the identification of MAB21L2 as a novel factor involved in human coloboma and highlight the power of genome editing manipulation in model organisms for analysis of the effects of whole exome variation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Deml
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | | | - Sanaa Muheisen
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Linda M. Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Dai M, Wang Y, Fang L, Irwin DM, Zhu T, Zhang J, Zhang S, Wang Z. Differential expression of Meis2, Mab21l2 and Tbx3 during limb development associated with diversification of limb morphology in mammals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106100. [PMID: 25166052 PMCID: PMC4148388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are the only mammals capable of self-powered flight using wings. Differing from mouse or human limbs, four elongated digits within a broad wing membrane support the bat wing, and the foot of the bat has evolved a long calcar that spread the interfemoral membrane. Our recent mRNA sequencing (mRNA-Seq) study found unique expression patterns for genes at the 5' end of the Hoxd gene cluster and for Tbx3 that are associated with digit elongation and wing membrane growth in bats. In this study, we focused on two additional genes, Meis2 and Mab21l2, identified from the mRNA-Seq data. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) we validated the mRNA-Seq results for differences in the expression patterns of Meis2 and Mab21l2 between bat and mouse limbs, and further characterize the timing and location of the expression of these two genes. These analyses suggest that Meis2 may function in wing membrane growth and Mab21l2 may have a role in AP and DV axial patterning. In addition, we found that Tbx3 is uniquely expressed in the unique calcar structure found in the bat hindlimb, suggesting a role for this gene in calcar growth and elongation. Moreover, analysis of the coding sequences for Meis2, Mab21l2 and Tbx3 showed that Meis2 and Mab21l2 have high sequence identity, consistent with the functions of genes being conserved, but that Tbx3 showed accelerated evolution in bats. However, evidence for positive selection in Tbx3 was not found, which would suggest that the function of this gene has not been changed. Together, our findings support the hypothesis that the modulation of the spatiotemporal expression patterns of multiple functional conserved genes control limb morphology and drive morphological change in the diversification of mammalian limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Dai
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Fang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - David M. Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tengteng Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junpeng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Hartsock A, Lee C, Arnold V, Gross JM. In vivo analysis of hyaloid vasculature morphogenesis in zebrafish: A role for the lens in maturation and maintenance of the hyaloid. Dev Biol 2014; 394:327-39. [PMID: 25127995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Two vascular networks nourish the embryonic eye as it develops - the hyaloid vasculature, located at the anterior of the eye between the retina and lens, and the choroidal vasculature, located at the posterior of the eye, surrounding the optic cup. Little is known about hyaloid development and morphogenesis, however. To begin to identify the morphogenetic underpinnings of hyaloid formation, we utilized in vivo time-lapse confocal imaging to characterize morphogenesis of the zebrafish hyaloid through 5 days post fertilization (dpf). Our data segregate hyaloid formation into three distinct morphogenetic stages: Stage I: arrival of hyaloid cells at the lens and formation of the hyaloid loop; Stage II: formation of a branched hyaloid network; Stage III: refinement of the hyaloid network. Utilizing fixed and dissected tissues, distinct Stage II and Stage III aspects of hyaloid formation were quantified over time. Combining in vivo imaging with microangiography, we demonstrate that the hyaloid system becomes fully enclosed by 5dpf. To begin to identify the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying hyaloid morphogenesis, we identified a recessive mutation in the mab21l2 gene, and in a subset of mab21l2 mutants the lens does not form. Utilizing these "lens-less" mutants, we determined whether the lens was required for hyaloid morphogenesis. Our data demonstrate that the lens is not required for Stage I of hyaloid formation; however, Stages II and III of hyaloid formation are disrupted in the absence of a lens, supporting a role for the lens in hyaloid maturation and maintenance. Taken together, this study provides a foundation on which the cellular, molecular and embryologic mechanisms underlying hyaloid morphogenesis can be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hartsock
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Victoria Arnold
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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19
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Thakurela S, Garding A, Jung J, Schübeler D, Burger L, Tiwari VK. Gene regulation and priming by topoisomerase IIα in embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2478. [PMID: 24072229 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerases resolve torsional stress, while their function in gene regulation, especially during cellular differentiation, remains unknown. Here we find that the expression of topo II isoforms, topoisomerase IIα and topoisomerase IIβ, is the characteristic of dividing and postmitotic tissues, respectively. In embryonic stem cells, topoisomerase IIα preferentially occupies active gene promoters. Topoisomerase IIα inhibition compromises genomic integrity, which results in epigenetic changes, altered kinetics of RNA Pol II at target promoters and misregulated gene expression. Common targets of topoisomerase IIα and topoisomerase IIβ are housekeeping genes, while unique targets are involved in proliferation/pluripotency and neurogenesis, respectively. Topoisomerase IIα targets exhibiting bivalent chromatin resolve upon differentiation, concomitant with their activation and occupancy by topoisomerase IIβ, features further observed for long genes. These long silent genes display accessible chromatin in embryonic stem cells that relies on topoisomerase IIα activity. These findings suggest that topoisomerase IIα not only contributes to stem-cell transcriptome regulation but also primes developmental genes for subsequent activation upon differentiation.
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20
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Cederlund ML, Vendrell V, Morrissey ME, Yin J, Gaora PÓ, Smyth VA, Higgins DG, Kennedy BN. mab21l2 transgenics reveal novel expression patterns of mab21l1 and mab21l2, and conserved promoter regulation without sequence conservation. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:745-54. [PMID: 21360786 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
mab21l1 and mab21l2 paralogs have widespread and dynamic expression patterns during vertebrate development. Both genes are expressed in the developing eye, midbrain, neural tube, and branchial arches. Our goal was to identify promoter regions with activity in mab21l2 expression domains. Assays of mab21l2 promoter-EGFP constructs in zebrafish embryos confirm that constructs containing 7.2 or 4.9 kb of mab21l2 promoter region are sufficient to drive expression in known (e.g., tectum, branchial arches) and unexpected domains (e.g., lens and retinal amacrine cells). A comparative analysis identifies complementary and novel expression domains of endogenous mab21l2 (e.g., lens and ventral iridocorneal canal) and mab21l1 (e.g., retinal amacrine and ganglion cells). Interestingly, therefore, despite the absence of conserved non-coding elements, a 4.9-kb mab21l2 promoter is sufficient to recapitulate expression in tissues unique to mab21l1 or mab21l2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Cederlund
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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21
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Recurrent 70.8 Mb 4q22.2q32.3 duplication due to ovarian germinal mosaicism. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:882-8. [PMID: 20424646 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A mosaicism is defined by the presence of two or more populations of cells with different genotypes in one individual. Chromosomal germinal mosaicism occurs in germ cells before the onset of meiosis. Previously, few studies have described germinal mosaicism. In this study, we report on two siblings who carried identical pure and direct interstitial 4q22.2q32.3 duplication. Procedure investigations included complete clinical description, conventional cytogenetic analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array experiments and microsatellite study searching for parental origin of the duplication. Microarray CGH and further FISH experiments with BAC clones showed the same 70.8 Mb direct duplication, dup(4)(q22.2q32.3). Molecular studies of the 4q duplication were consistent with maternal origin associated with mitotic or meiotic rearrangements. This structural chromosomal aberration was associated in both cases with increased nuchal translucency, growth retardation and dysmorphy. Cardiopathy and lung malformations were only evident in the first case. These clinical manifestations are similar to those previously reported in previous studies involving pure 4q trisomy of the same region, except for thumb and renal abnormalities that were not obvious in the presented cases. The amplified region included genes involved in neurological development (NEUROG2, MAB21L2, PCDH10/18 and GRIA2). The recurrent 4q duplication in these siblings is consistent with a maternal ovarian germinal mosaicism. This is the first description of germinal mosaicism for a large chromosomal duplication and highlights that genetic counselling for apparently de novo chromosome aberration should be undertaken with care.
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Choy SW, Wong YM, Ho SH, Chow KL. C. elegans SIN-3 and its associated HDAC corepressor complex act as mediators of male sensory ray development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 358:802-7. [PMID: 17506990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mab21 gene family members are required for embryonic development and sensory organ formation in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, their mechanistic role on differentiation is largely unexplored. We report here the isolation of SIN-3 as a MAB-21 interacting molecule. sin-3 is co-expressed with mab-21 in the ray structural cells and genetically interacts with mab-21 to control sensory organ development. Using pharmacological and RNAi approaches, we demonstrated that histone deacetylase and conserved SIN-3-associated components are required for ray patterning. Conserved physical interactions between these components were also observed, implicating the recruitment of HDAC complex by MAB-21/SIN-3 may occur to determine ray identity in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Choy
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Nikolaidis N, Chalkia D, Watkins DN, Barrow RK, Snyder SH, van Rossum DB, Patterson RL. Ancient origin of the new developmental superfamily DANGER. PLoS One 2007; 2:e204. [PMID: 17301879 PMCID: PMC1784063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental proteins play a pivotal role in the origin of animal complexity and diversity. We report here the identification of a highly divergent developmental protein superfamily (DANGER), which originated before the emergence of animals (∼850 million years ago) and experienced major expansion-contraction events during metazoan evolution. Sequence analysis demonstrates that DANGER proteins diverged via multiple mechanisms, including amino acid substitution, intron gain and/or loss, and recombination. Divergence for DANGER proteins is substantially greater than for the prototypic member of the superfamily (Mab-21 family) and other developmental protein families (e.g., WNT proteins). DANGER proteins are widely expressed and display species-dependent tissue expression patterns, with many members having roles in development. DANGER1A, which regulates the inositol trisphosphate receptor, promotes the differentiation and outgrowth of neuronal processes. Regulation of development may be a universal function of DANGER family members. This family provides a model system to investigate how rapid protein divergence contributes to morphological complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Nikolaidis
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (RP); (NN)
| | - Dimitra Chalkia
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - D. Neil Watkins
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roxanne K. Barrow
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Solomon H. Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Damian B. van Rossum
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Randen L. Patterson
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (RP); (NN)
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Holm PC, Mader MT, Haubst N, Wizenmann A, Sigvardsson M, Götz M. Loss- and gain-of-function analyses reveal targets of Pax6 in the developing mouse telencephalon. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 34:99-119. [PMID: 17158062 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate neurogenesis and patterning of the forebrain requires the transcription factor Pax6, yet it is largely unknown how Pax6 exerts its effects at the molecular level. To characterize Pax6-mediated regulation of gene expression during murine forebrain neurogenesis, we performed microarray analysis with tissue from the dorsal Pax6-dependent telencephalon and the ventral Pax6-negative telencephalon at the onset of neurogenesis (E12) and at mid-neurogenesis (E15) in wild-type and Pax6-deficient mutant littermates. In the Pax6-deficient cortex the expression levels of various transcription factors involved in neurogenesis (like Satb2, Nfia, AP-2gamma, NeuroD6, Ngn2, Tbr2, Bhlhb5) and the retinoic acid signalling molecule Rlbp1 were reduced. Regulation by Pax6 could be confirmed upon electroporation of a Pax6- and a dominant-negative Pax6-containing vector into embryonic cortex. Taken together, our data reveal novel insights into the molecular pathways regulated by Pax6 during cortical neurogenesis. Most intriguingly, this analysis revealed time- and region-specific differences in Pax6-mediated transcription, explaining the specific function of Pax6 at early and later stages of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus C Holm
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg/Munich, Germany.
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Abramova N, Charniga C, Goderie SK, Temple S. Stage-specific changes in gene expression in acutely isolated mouse CNS progenitor cells. Dev Biol 2005; 283:269-81. [PMID: 15890332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Revised: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells can be derived from a variety of developmental stages when they are preferentially proliferating, undergoing neurogenesis or undergoing gliogenesis. We used FACS sorting and the LeX surface marker to enrich neural progenitor cells from different embryonic stages and adult and compared their gene expression profiles using Affymetrix Microarrays. Our results show that, while there are common genes expressed in the progenitor cell population from all stages, there are also significant differences in gene expression patterns that correlate with stage-related behaviors. These data indicate that progenitor cells change during development and that adult and embryonic neural progenitor cells are intrinsically different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Abramova
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, NY 12208, USA.
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Merello E, De Marco P, Moroni A, Raso A, Calevo MG, Consalez GG, Cama A, Capra V. Molecular genetic analysis of human homologs of Caenorhabditis elegans mab-21-like 1 gene in patients with neural tube defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 70:885-8. [PMID: 15526290 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural tube defects (NTDs) are complex embryological malformations, affecting 1 in 1,000 live births. Antisense studies have implicated murine Mab21 genes as having an important role in neural tube development. We investigated whether MAB21L1/L2 genes could be involved in the aetiology of NTDs. METHODS Denaturing HPLC (DHPLC) analysis of MAB21 genes was performed in 116 NTD cases. A case-control approach was used to test if the two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MAB21L1 gene might be associated with increased NTD risk. RESULTS No pathological variants of MAB21L1/L2 genes were identified by DHPLC analysis. Case-control studies demonstrated that the two SNPs (CAG triplets in 5'UTR; A-->C in 3'UTR) in the MAB21L1 gene are unlikely to be directly responsible for myelomeningocele. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that MAB21 genes are unlikely to have substantial impact on NTDs. These preliminary findings will need to be investigated in larger samples before firm conclusions can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Merello
- Laboratorio della Unita' Operativa di Neurochirurgia, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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MAB21L2, a vertebrate member of the Male-abnormal 21 family, modulates BMP signaling and interacts with SMAD1. BMC Cell Biol 2004; 5:48. [PMID: 15613244 PMCID: PMC545073 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-5-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Through in vivo loss-of-function studies, vertebrate members of the Male abnormal 21 (mab-21) gene family have been implicated in gastrulation, neural tube formation and eye morphogenesis. Despite mounting evidence of their considerable importance in development, the biochemical properties and nature of MAB-21 proteins have remained strikingly elusive. In addition, genetic studies conducted in C. elegans have established that in double mutants mab-21 is epistatic to genes encoding various members of a Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway involved in the formation of male-specific sensory organs. Results Through a gain-of-function approach, we analyze the interaction of Mab21l2 with a TGF-beta signaling pathway in early vertebrate development. We show that the vertebrate mab-21 homolog Mab21l2 antagonizes the effects of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4) overexpression in vivo, rescuing the dorsal axis and restoring wild-type distribution of Chordin and Xvent2 transcripts in Xenopus gastrulae. We show that MAB21L2 immunoprecipitates in vivo with the BMP4 effector SMAD1, whilst in vitro it binds SMAD1 and the SMAD1-SMAD4 complex. Finally, when targeted to an heterologous promoter, MAB21L2 acts as a transcriptional repressor. Conclusions Our results provide the first biochemical and cellular foundation for future functional studies of mab-21 genes in normal neural development and its pathological disturbances.
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Yamada R, Mizutani-Koseki Y, Hasegawa T, Osumi N, Koseki H, Takahashi N. Cell-autonomous involvement of Mab21l1 is essential for lens placode development. Development 2003; 130:1759-70. [PMID: 12642482 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The mab-21 gene was first identified because of its requirement for ray identity specification in Caenorhabditis elegans. It is now known to constitute a family of genes that are highly conserved from vertebrates to invertebrates, and two homologs, Mab21l1 and Mab21l2, have been identified in many species. We describe the generation of Mab21l1-deficient mice with defects in eye and preputial gland formation. The mutant mouse eye has a rudimentary lens resulting from insufficient invagination of the lens placode caused by deficient proliferation. Chimera analyses suggest that the lens placode is affected in a cell-autonomous manner, although Mab21l1 is expressed in both the lens placode and the optic vesicle. The defects in lens placode development correlate with delayed and insufficient expression of Foxe3, which is also required for lens development, while Maf, Sox2, Six3 and PAX6 levels are not significantly affected. Significant reduction of Mab21l1 expression in the optic vesicle and overlying surface ectoderm in Sey homozygotes indicates that Mab21l1 expression in the developing eye is dependent upon the functions of Pax6 gene products. We conclude that Mab21l1 expression dependent on PAX6 is essential for lens placode growth and for formation of the lens vesicle; lack of Mab21l1 expression causes reduced expression of Foxe3 in a cell-autonomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Yamada
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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