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Stonecipher CA, Lee ST, Welch KD, Valles KR, Cook D. The use of earwax to determine livestock exposure to teratogenic lupine. Toxicon 2024; 248:108053. [PMID: 39084529 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Lupines (Lupinus spp.) are a common plant species on western U.S. rangelands with several lupine species containing alkaloids that can be toxic and/or teratogenic to livestock. In North America, more than 150 lupine species are recognized with some ranches or grazing allotments containing multiple species. One or more of these lupine species may contain alkaloids that are teratogenic to cattle. Previous work has shown that lupine alkaloids can be detected in earwax of cattle grazing lupine infested rangelands. Our hypothesis is that earwax can be used to determine if cattle have been exposed to teratogenic alkaloids from multiple lupine species. Two lupine species, L. sericeus and L. polyphyllus, were present on a rangeland in east-central Idaho. The teratogen, anagyrine, was detected in L. sericeus and the teratogen, ammodendrine, was detected in L. polyphyllus plants collected on this rangeland. In this study, earwax was collected from 69 pregnant cows that had previously grazed a rangeland containing two different lupine species containing alkaloids that cause crooked calf syndrome (CCS). Anagyrine was detected in the earwax of all 69 cows sampled. Ammodendrine, was detected in the earwax of 28 of the 69 cows sampled. Earwax is a good non-invasive sample to aid in the diagnosis of cattle that have consumed lupine and does appear, in this case, to be a good diagnostic tool to differentiate between more than one lupine species that may be the cause of CCS. Concentrations of anagyrine or ammodendrine did not correlate with the incidence of CCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton A Stonecipher
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT, 84341, USA.
| | - Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Kevin D Welch
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Kristian R Valles
- Intermountain Herbarium, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT, 84341, USA
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Green BT, Welch KD, Lee ST, Davis TZ, Stonecipher CA, Stegelmeier BL, Cook D. Acute death as a result of poisoning tropical (Bos taurus indicus) but not temperate (Bos taurus taurus) cattle after oral dosing with Lupinus leucophyllus (velvet lupine). Toxicon 2024; 242:107706. [PMID: 38570167 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Due to climate change and increasing summer temperatures, tropical cattle may graze where temperate cattle have grazed, exposing tropical cattle to toxic plants they may be unfamiliar with. This work compared the toxicity of Lupinus leucophyllus (velvet lupine) in temperate and tropical cattle. Orally dosed velvet lupine in tropical cattle caused death. If producers opt to graze tropical cattle, additional care must be taken on rangelands where toxic lupines like velvet lupine grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict T Green
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT, 84341, USA.
| | - Kevin D Welch
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Stephen T Lee
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - T Zane Davis
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Clinton A Stonecipher
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Bryan L Stegelmeier
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Daniel Cook
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
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Green BT, Welch KD, Lee ST, Stonecipher CA, Gardner DR, Stegelmeier BL, Davis TZ, Cook D. Biomarkers and their potential for detecting livestock plant poisonings in Western North America. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1104702. [PMID: 36908517 PMCID: PMC9992831 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1104702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The United States National Cancer Institute defines a biomarker as: "A biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease." In Veterinary Medicine, biomarkers associated with plant poisonings of livestock have great utility. Since grazing livestock poisoned by toxic plants are often found dead, biomarkers of plant poisoning allow for a more rapid postmortem diagnosis and response to prevent further deaths. The presence and concentration of toxins in poisonous plants are biomarkers of risk for livestock poisoning that can be measured by the chemical analysis of plant material. More difficult is, the detection of plant toxins or biomarkers in biological samples from intoxicated or deceased animals. The purpose of this article is to review potential biomarkers of plant poisoning in grazing livestock in the Western North America including recently investigated non-invasive sampling techniques. Plants discussed include larkspur, lupine, water hemlock, swainsonine-containing plants, selenium-containing plants, and pyrrolizidine alkaloid containing plants. Other factors such as animal age and sex that affect plant biomarker concentrations in vivo are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict T Green
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Kevin D Welch
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Clinton A Stonecipher
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Dale R Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Bryan L Stegelmeier
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - T Zane Davis
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
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Qasem AMA, Rowan MG, Blagbrough IS. Poisonous Piperidine Plants and the Biodiversity of Norditerpenoid Alkaloids for Leads in Drug Discovery: Experimental Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12128. [PMID: 36292987 PMCID: PMC9603787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are famous examples of simple (e.g., hemlock, Conium maculatum L.) and complex (e.g., opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L., Papaveraceae) piperidine-alkaloid-containing plants. Many of these are highly poisonous, whilst pepper is well-known gastronomically, and several substituted piperidine alkaloids are therapeutically beneficial as a function of dose and mode of action. This review covers the taxonomy of the genera Aconitum, Delphinium, and the controversial Consolida. As part of studying the biodiversity of norditerpenoid alkaloids (NDAS), the majority of which possess an N-ethyl group, we also quantified the fragment occurrence count in the SciFinder database for NDA skeletons. The wide range of NDA biodiversity is also captured in a review of over 100 recently reported isolated alkaloids. Ring A substitution at position 1 is important to determine the NDA skeleton conformation. In this overview of naturally occurring highly oxygenated NDAs from traditional Aconitum and Delphinium plants, consideration is given to functional effect and to real functional evidence. Their high potential biological activity makes them useful candidate molecules for further investigation as lead compounds in the development of selective drugs.
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Chamorro-Cevallos G, Mojica-Villegas MA, García-Martínez Y, Pérez-Gutiérrez S, Madrigal-Santillán E, Vargas-Mendoza N, Morales-González JA, Cristóbal-Luna JM. A Complete Review of Mexican Plants with Teratogenic Effects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1675. [PMID: 35807626 PMCID: PMC9268836 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Mexico, the use of medicinal plants is the first alternative to treat the diseases of the most economically vulnerable population. Therefore, this review offers a list of Mexican plants (native and introduced) with teratogenic effects and describes their main alterations, teratogenic compounds, and the models and doses used. Our results identified 63 species with teratogenic effects (19 native) and the main alterations that were found in the nervous system and axial skeleton, induced by compounds such as alkaloids, terpenes, and flavonoids. Additionally, a group of hallucinogenic plants rich in alkaloids employed by indigenous groups without teratogenic studies were identified. Our conclusion shows that several of the identified species are employed in Mexican traditional medicine and that the teratogenic species most distributed in Mexico are Astragalus mollissimus, Astragalus lentiginosus, and Lupinus formosus. Considering the total number of plants in Mexico (≈29,000 total vascular plants), to date, existing research in the area shows that Mexican plants with teratogenic effects represent ≈0.22% of the total species of these in the country. This indicates a clear need to intensify the evaluation of the teratogenic effect of Mexican plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Chamorro-Cevallos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (G.C.-C.); (M.A.M.-V.)
| | - María Angélica Mojica-Villegas
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (G.C.-C.); (M.A.M.-V.)
| | - Yuliana García-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología “Mauricio Russek”, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico;
| | - Salud Pérez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Del. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico;
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (E.M.-S.); (N.V.-M.); (J.A.M.-G.)
| | - Nancy Vargas-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (E.M.-S.); (N.V.-M.); (J.A.M.-G.)
| | - José A. Morales-González
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (E.M.-S.); (N.V.-M.); (J.A.M.-G.)
| | - José Melesio Cristóbal-Luna
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (G.C.-C.); (M.A.M.-V.)
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Cook D, Lee ST, Gardner DR, Molyneux RJ, Johnson RL, Taylor CM. Use of Herbarium Voucher Specimens To Investigate Phytochemical Composition in Poisonous Plant Research. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4037-4047. [PMID: 33797894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Poisonous plants cause large losses to the livestock industry through death, reduced production efficiency, reproductive dysfunction, and compromised harvesting of rangeland and pasture forages. Research investigating poisonous plants is complex because there are hundreds of genera of toxic plants representing thousands of species. To investigate the effects of poisonous plants on livestock, a clear understanding of the taxonomic identity of the plant and the ability to collect the plant in sufficient quantities for scientific studies is required. Subsequently, the active principles must be defined and investigated in the taxa of interest to better predict risk and make recommendations to reduce losses. Herbaria are collections of preserved plant specimens and are an important resource in poisonous plant research. Voucher specimens have often been used in the identification of the plant for the experimental reproduction of suspected livestock poisoning associated with a spontaneous case. More recently, herbarium specimens have been used to investigate the chemical composition of toxic plants as well as the distribution of different chemotypes over the landscape. The primary purpose of this review is to highlight the chemical analysis of herbarium specimens in poisonous plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
| | - Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
| | - Dale R Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
| | - Russell J Molyneux
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4091, United States
| | - Robert L Johnson
- Stanley L. Welsh Herbarium, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Charlotte M Taylor
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Stegelmeier BL, Davis TZ, Clayton MJ. Plant-Induced Reproductive Disease, Abortion, and Teratology in Livestock. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:735-743. [PMID: 33032703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether poisoned by grazing toxic plants or by eating feeds that are contaminated by toxic plants, affected livestock often have compromised reproductive function including infertility, abortion, and fetal deformities. Certainly all diagnostic tools-field studies, clinical signs, gross and microscopic pathology as well as chemical identification of plant and plant toxins in animal samples-are essential to make an accurate diagnosis, to develop intervening management strategies and to improve the reproductive performance. The objectives of this review are to briefly introduce toxic plants that are reproductive toxins, abortifacients, or teratogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Stegelmeier
- USDA/ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
| | - T Zane Davis
- USDA/ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT 84341, USA
| | - Michael J Clayton
- USDA/ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT 84341, USA
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Green BT, Lee ST, Gardner DR, Welch KD, Cook D. Bioactive Alkaloids from Plants Poisonous to Livestock in North America. Isr J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201800169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedict T. Green
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory 1150 East 1400 North, Logan UT 84341 USA
| | - Stephen T. Lee
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory 1150 East 1400 North, Logan UT 84341 USA
| | - Dale R. Gardner
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory 1150 East 1400 North, Logan UT 84341 USA
| | - Kevin D. Welch
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory 1150 East 1400 North, Logan UT 84341 USA
| | - Daniel Cook
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory 1150 East 1400 North, Logan UT 84341 USA
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Lee ST, Stonecipher CA, Dos Santos FC, Pfister JA, Welch KD, Cook D, Green BT, Gardner DR, Panter KE. An Evaluation of Hair, Oral Fluid, Earwax, and Nasal Mucus as Noninvasive Specimens to Determine Livestock Exposure to Teratogenic Lupine Species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:43-49. [PMID: 30525551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The livestock industry in the western United States loses an estimated $500 million annually from livestock production losses due to poisonous plants. Poisoning of livestock by plants often goes undiagnosed because there is a lack of appropriate or available specimens for analysis. The Lupinus species represent an important toxic plant in western North America that can be toxic and/or teratogenic to livestock species due to the quinolizidine alkaloids. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of using earwax, hair, oral fluid, and nasal mucus as noninvasive specimens to determine livestock exposure to the teratogenic Lupinus species. Quinolizidine alkaloids were detected in these four matrices in cattle that were administered a single dose of Lupinus leucophyllus. In addition, quinolizidine alkaloids from lupine were detected in the earwax of cattle that grazed on lupine-infested rangelands. This study demonstrates the potential of earwax, hair, oral fluid, and nasal mucus as noninvasive specimens for chemical analyses to aid in the diagnosis of livestock that may have been exposed to and poisoned by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , 1150 E. 1400 N. , Logan , Utah 84341 , United States
| | - Clinton A Stonecipher
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , 1150 E. 1400 N. , Logan , Utah 84341 , United States
| | - Fabrício Carrião Dos Santos
- Federal Institute Goiano - Urutai Campus , Rod. Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2.5, Rural Zone , Urutaí , GO CEP 7579-000 , Brazil
| | - James A Pfister
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , 1150 E. 1400 N. , Logan , Utah 84341 , United States
| | - Kevin D Welch
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , 1150 E. 1400 N. , Logan , Utah 84341 , United States
| | - Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , 1150 E. 1400 N. , Logan , Utah 84341 , United States
| | - Benedict T Green
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , 1150 E. 1400 N. , Logan , Utah 84341 , United States
| | - Dale R Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , 1150 E. 1400 N. , Logan , Utah 84341 , United States
| | - Kip E Panter
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , 1150 E. 1400 N. , Logan , Utah 84341 , United States
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Cook D, Mott IW, Larson SR, Lee ST, Johnson R, Stonecipher CA. Genetic Relationships among Different Chemotypes of Lupinus sulphureus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1773-1783. [PMID: 29372639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lupines (Lupinus spp.) are a common plant legume species found on western U.S. rangelands. Lupinus spp. may contain quinolizidine and/or piperidine alkaloids that can be toxic and/or teratogenic to grazing livestock. Alkaloid profiles may vary between and within a species. The objectives of this study were to (1) further explore the characteristic alkaloid profiles of Lupinus sulphureus using field collections and (2) explore the phylogenetic relationship of the different populations and chemotypes of L. sulphureus using the amplified fragment length polymorphism method of DNA fingerprinting, thus providing possible explanations to the phenomena of multiple chemotypes within a species. A total of 49 accessions of L. sulphureus were classified into seven chemotypes. The DNA profiles showed that one L. sulphureus chemotype, chemotype A, is genetically divergent from the other chemotypes of L. sulphureus, suggesting that it represents an unresolved lupine taxon, possibly a new lupine species. Additionally, the different chemotypes of L. sulphureus represented different genetic groups, as shown by Bayesian cluster analysis and principle component analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
| | - Ivan W Mott
- Forage and Range Research, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , 690 North 1100 East, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Steven R Larson
- Forage and Range Research, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , 690 North 1100 East, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
| | - Robert Johnson
- Stanley L. Welsh Herbarium, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Clinton A Stonecipher
- Poisonous Plant Research, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
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Green BT, Lee ST, Welch KD, Cook D. Anagyrine desensitization of peripheral nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. A potential biomarker of quinolizidine alkaloid teratogenesis in cattle. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:195-200. [PMID: 28494312 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anagyrine, a teratogenic quinolizidine alkaloid found in Lupinus spp., is proposed to undergo metabolism by pregnant cattle to a piperidine alkaloid which inhibits fetal movement, the putative mechanism behind crooked calf syndrome. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that anagyrine but not lupanine or sparteine can directly, without metabolism, desensitize nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in a cell culture model. SH-SY5Y cells expressing autonomic nAChR, and TE-671 cells expressing fetal muscle-type nAChR were exposed to lupine alkaloids or Dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) in log10 molar increments from 10nM to 100μM and then to a fixed concentration of acetylcholine (ACh) (10μM for SH-SY5Y cells and 1μM for TE-671 cells) and the responses measured with a membrane potential sensing dye to assess nAChR activation and desensitization. The selective ganglionic nAChR agonist DMPP used as a positive control, was a potent activator and desensitizer of nAChR expressed by SH-SY5Y cells. Lupanine was a weak agonist and desensitizer in SH-SY5Y cells and sparteine was without effect. Anagyrine acted as a partial agonist in both cell lines with EC50 values of 4.2 and 231μM in SH-SY5Y and TE-671 cells, respectively. Anagyrine was a desensitizer of nAChR with DC50 values of 6.9 and 139μM in SH-SY5Y and TE-671 cells, respectively. These results confirm the hypothesis that anagyrine is a potent and effective desensitizer of nAChR, and that anagyrine can directly, without metabolism, desensitize nAChR. Moreover, serum anagyrine concentrations may be a potential biomarker for lupine teratogenicity in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict T Green
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Kevin D Welch
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT, USA
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13
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The serum concentrations of lupine alkaloids in orally-dosed Holstein cattle. Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:239-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Green BT, Lee ST, Welch KD, Panter KE. Plant alkaloids that cause developmental defects through the disruption of cholinergic neurotransmission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 99:235-46. [PMID: 24339035 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The exposure of a developing embryo or fetus to alkaloids from plants, plant products, or plant extracts has the potential to cause developmental defects in humans and animals. These defects may have multiple causes, but those induced by piperidine and quinolizidine alkaloids arise from the inhibition of fetal movement and are generally referred to as multiple congenital contracture-type deformities. These skeletal deformities include arthrogyrposis, kyposis, lordosis, scoliosis, and torticollis, associated secondary defects, and cleft palate. Structure-function studies have shown that plant alkaloids with a piperidine ring and a minimum of a three-carbon side-chain α to the piperidine nitrogen are teratogenic. Further studies determined that an unsaturation in the piperidine ring, as occurs in gamma coniceine, or anabaseine, enhances the toxic and teratogenic activity, whereas the N-methyl derivatives are less potent. Enantiomers of the piperidine teratogens, coniine, ammodendrine, and anabasine, also exhibit differences in biological activity, as shown in cell culture studies, suggesting variability in the activity due to the optical rotation at the chiral center of these stereoisomers. In this article, we review the molecular mechanism at the nicotinic pharmacophore and biological activities, as it is currently understood, of a group of piperidine and quinolizidine alkaloid teratogens that impart a series of flexure-type skeletal defects and cleft palate in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict T Green
- United States Department of Agriculture, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, Utah, 84321
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Green BT, Welch KD, Panter KE, Lee ST. Plant toxins that affect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: a review. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1129-38. [PMID: 23848825 DOI: 10.1021/tx400166f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce a wide variety of chemical compounds termed secondary metabolites that are not involved in basic metabolism, photosynthesis, or reproduction. These compounds are used as flavors, fragrances, insecticides, dyes, hallucinogens, nutritional supplements, poisons, and pharmaceutical agents. However, in some cases these secondary metabolites found in poisonous plants perturb biological systems. Ingestion of toxins from poisonous plants by grazing livestock often results in large economic losses to the livestock industry. The chemical structures of these compounds are diverse and range from simple, low molecular weight toxins such as oxalate in halogeton to the highly complex norditerpene alkaloids in larkspurs. While the negative effects of plant toxins on people and the impact of plant toxins on livestock producers have been widely publicized, the diversity of these toxins and their potential as new pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of diseases in people and animals has also received widespread interest. Scientists are actively screening plants from all regions of the world for bioactivity and potential pharmaceuticals for the treatment or prevention of many diseases. In this review, we focus the discussion to those plant toxins extensively studied at the USDA Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory that affect the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors including species of Delphinium (Larkspurs), Lupinus (Lupines), Conium (poison hemlock), and Nicotiana (tobaccos).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict T Green
- USDA/ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory , 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, USA
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Alkaloid profiles of Dermatophyllum arizonicum, Dermatophyllum gypsophilum, Dermatophyllum secundiflorum, Styphnolobium affine, and Styphnolobium japonicum previously classified as Sophora species. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Green BT, Lee ST, Panter KE, Brown DR. Piperidine alkaloids: human and food animal teratogens. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2049-55. [PMID: 22449544 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Piperidine alkaloids are acutely toxic to adult livestock species and produce musculoskeletal deformities in neonatal animals. These teratogenic effects include multiple congenital contracture (MCC) deformities and cleft palate in cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. Poisonous plants containing teratogenic piperidine alkaloids include poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), lupine (Lupinus spp.), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) [including wild tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca)]. There is abundant epidemiological evidence in humans that link maternal tobacco use with a high incidence of oral clefting in newborns; this association may be partly attributable to the presence of piperidine alkaloids in tobacco products. In this review, we summarize the evidence for piperidine alkaloids that act as teratogens in livestock, piperidine alkaloid structure-activity relationships and their potential implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict T Green
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
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Cook D, Lee ST, Pfister JA, Stonecipher CA, Welch KD, Green BT, Panter KE. Alkaloid Profiling as an Approach to Differentiate Lupinus garfieldensis, Lupinus sabinianus and Lupinus sericeus. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2012; 23:278-284. [PMID: 21953740 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many species in the Lupinus genus are poorly defined morphologically, potentially resulting in improper taxonomic identification. Lupine species may contain quinolizidine and/or piperidine alkaloids that can be acutely toxic and/or teratogenic, the latter resulting in crooked calf disease. OBJECTIVE To identify characteristic alkaloid profiles of Lupinus sabinianus, L. garfieldensis and L. sericeus which would aid in discriminating these species from each other and from L. sulphureus. METHODS AND MATERIALS Quinolizidine and piperidine alkaloids were extracted from herbarium specimens and recent field collections of L. sabinianus, L. garfieldensis and L. sericeus. The alkaloid composition of each species was defined using GC-FID and GC-MS and compared using multivariate statistics. RESULTS Each of the three species investigated contained a diagnostic chemical fingerprint composed of quinolizidine and/or piperidine alkaloids. CONCLUSION The alkaloid profiles of Lupinus sabinianus, L. garfieldensis and L. sericeus can be used as a tool to discriminate these species from each other and L. sulphureus as long as one considers locality of the collection in the case of L. sabinianus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, Utah 84341, USA.
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Green BT, Lee ST, Panter KE, Welch KD, Cook D, Pfister JA, Kem WR. Actions of piperidine alkaloid teratogens at fetal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2010; 32:383-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Molyneux RJ, Panter KE. Alkaloids toxic to livestock. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2009; 67:143-216. [PMID: 19827367 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(09)06703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Molyneux
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, California, USA.
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Lee ST, Panter KE, Welch KD, Pfister JA, Ralphs MH, Gardner DR, Stegelmeier BL, Cook D, Green BT, Davis TZ, Gay CC, Motteram ES. Lupine-Induced Crooked Calf Disease: The Last 20 Years. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2111/1551-501x-30.6.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lee ST, Gardner DR, Chang CWT, Panter KE, Molyneux RJ. Separation and measurement of plant alkaloid enantiomers by RP-HPLC analysis of their Fmoc-Alanine analogs. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2008; 19:395-402. [PMID: 18438757 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ammodendrine (1), anabasine (2) and coniine (3) can cause congenital malformations in livestock. They appear naturally in both enantiomeric forms, and can cause variable physiological responses. A method to measure the enantiomeric ratio of these natural toxins is needed. OBJECTIVE To develop a simple and economical method in order to determine the enantiomeric ratios of piperidine and pyrrolidine alkaloids in small samples of plant material. METHODOLOGY Mixtures of isolated or purified plant alkaloids were converted to their Fmoc-L-Ala-alkaloid analogues forming diastereomeric mixtures, which were then analysed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with mass spectrometry (MS) and ultraviolet (UV) detection to determine enantiomeric ratios. RESULTS The diastereomeric analogs for ammodendrine, anabasine and nornicotine could be separated and the enantiomeric ratios determined. The Fmoc-L-Ala-coniine analogue was not resolved under the HPLC conditions studied. The enantiomeric ratios of the selected plant alkaloids were measured and found to differ between both location within a species and location between species. CONCLUSION A low-cost HPLC method to analyse the enantiomeric ratio of plant alkaloids containing primary or secondary amine nitrogens via conversion to their respective diastereomeric analogues has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT 84341, USA.
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Lee ST, Panter KE, Pfister JA, Gardner DR, Welch KD. The effect of body condition on serum concentrations of two teratogenic alkaloids (anagyrine and ammodendrine) from lupines (Lupinus species) that cause crooked calf disease. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:2771-8. [PMID: 18539842 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several species of lupine (Lupinus spp.) are toxic to livestock, causing death losses in sheep and cattle but more commonly crooked calf disease in pregnant range cows. The major toxic alkaloids in lupine are of the quinolizidine alkaloid group and include the teratogen anagyrine, which is primarily responsible for crooked calf disease. Lupines also contain teratogenic piperidine alkaloids including ammodendrine. Previous work in sheep has shown that lupine alkaloid clearance may be influenced by the animal's physiological status. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if differences in body condition of cattle would alter the absorption and elimination of anagyrine or ammodendrine given in a single oral dose as Lupinus leucophyllus or Lupinus sulphureus, respectively. Mature non-lactating cows in low body condition (LBC, n = 4) and high body condition (HBC, n = 4) received a single dose of dry ground lupine plant (2.0 g/kg of BW) via oral gavage. Lupinus leucophyllus (anagyrine) was dosed first; then after 21 d the same animals were dosed with L. sulphureus (ammodendrine). Blood samples were taken via jugular venipuncture 0 to 60 h after dosing. Serum anagyrine and ammodendrine concentrations were evaluated. The concentration of anagyrine was greater (P = 0.001) in the HBC group and peaked 2 h after dosing versus 12 h in LBC cows. Similarly for ammodendrine, the alkaloid concentration peaked at 3 h after dosing for the HBC group compared with 6 h for the LBC group (P = 0.001). Area under the curve tended to differ (P <or= 0.11) for both alkaloids in the HBC group compared with the LBC group. There were also differences in the maximum serum anagyrine (P = 0.02) and ammodendrine (P = 0.06) concentrations. Elimination half-life (E1/2) tended to differ (P = 0.12) between the HBC and LBC groups for ammodendrine. The kinetic profiles suggest that body condition influenced the disposition of these alkaloids. This study also suggests that body condition may impact the risk of toxicity, teratogenicity, or both of these alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Lee
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
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Lee ST, Cook D, Panter KE, Gardner DR, Ralphs MH, Motteram ES, Pfister JA, Gay CC. Lupine induced "crooked calf disease" in Washington and Oregon: identification of the alkaloid profiles in Lupinus sulfureus, Lupinus leucophyllus, and Lupinus sericeus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:10649-10655. [PMID: 18038992 DOI: 10.1021/jf0723110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Several lupines (Lupinus spp.) present on western U.S. rangelands contain alkaloids that are teratogenic to livestock and cause congenital birth defects in calves (crooked calf disease). Periodically, large losses of calves due to lupine-induced "crooked calf disease" occur in northern Oregon and eastern Washington state. Five lupine populations from this area representing three species (L. leucophyllus, L. sulfureus, and L. sericeus) were evaluated taxonomically and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the major alkaloids in each lupine species were identified. The teratogenic alkaloid anagyrine was present in both of the lupine species responsible for the high outbreaks in east-central Washington and northeastern Oregon. However, the alkaloid profiles of the two lupines identified as L. leucophyllus were dissimilar, as were the alkaloid profiles of the two lupines identified as L. sulfureus. Botanical classification is not sufficient to determine potential teratogenicity, and it must be followed by chemical characterization to determine risk to livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
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Lee ST, Ralphs MH, Panter KE, Cook D, Gardner DR. Alkaloid Profiles, Concentration, and Pools in Velvet Lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus) Over the Growing Season. J Chem Ecol 2006; 33:75-84. [PMID: 17146716 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lupinus leucophyllus is one of many lupine species known to contain toxic and/or teratogenic alkaloids that can cause congenital birth defects. The concentrations of total alkaloids and the individual major alkaloids were measured in three different years from different plant parts over the phenological development of the plant. All of the alkaloids were found in the different plant tissues throughout the growing season, although their levels varied in different tissues. Concentrations of total alkaloids and the individual alkaloids varied on an annual basis and in their distribution in the different tissues. Anagyrine levels were highest in the floral tissue, lupanine and unknown F accumulated to the greatest level in the vegetative tissue, and 5,6-dehydrolupanine accumulated to the highest level in the stem. These alkaloids appear to be in a metabolically active state with the teratogenic alkaloid anagyrine accumulating to its highest level in the developing seed. The latter is, thus, the phenological stage posing the greatest danger to grazing livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
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Reinhard H, Rupp H, Sager F, Streule M, Zoller O. Quinolizidine alkaloids and phomopsins in lupin seeds and lupin containing food. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1112:353-60. [PMID: 16359686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there has been growing interest in replacing (genetically modified) soya by lupin. Lupin seeds, flours and lupin containing food have been analyzed in order to assess the relevance of a potential health hazard given by mycotoxins and/or naturally occurring alkaloids. Since not all important alkaloids used for quantitation were commercially available, isolation of lupanine, 13alpha-hydroxylupanine and angustifoline from lupin flours of high alkaloid contents was performed. Alkaloids were analyzed by GC-MS/GC-FID in parallel, while the phomopsin mycotoxins were analyzed by ELISA, since chromatographic methods were not sensitive enough and required time-consuming sample cleanup. The analyzed lupin containing foods were free of phomopsins. In foods where lupin was only a minor constituent the alkaloid content was of no concern. However, roasted lupin beans intended as coffee surrogate had alkaloid contents close to the Australian intervention limit of 200 microg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Reinhard
- Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Division of Food Science, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland.
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Lee ST, Molyneux RJ, Panter KE, Chang CWT, Gardner DR, Pfister JA, Garrossian M. Ammodendrine and N-methylammodendrine enantiomers: isolation, optical rotation, and toxicity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2005; 68:681-5. [PMID: 15921409 DOI: 10.1021/np0580199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ammodendrine (1) was found to occur as a mixture of enantiomers in two different collections of plants identified as Lupinus formosus. The ammodendrine fraction was reacted in a peptide coupling reaction with 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-L-alanine (Fmoc-L-Ala-OH) to give diastereomers, which were separated by preparative HPLC. The pure D- and L-ammodendrine enantiomers were then obtained by Edman degradation. Optical rotation measurements revealed that the D- and L-enantiomers had optical rotations of [alpha]24D +5.4 and -5.7, respectively. D- and L-N-methylammodendrine enantiomers were synthesized from the corresponding ammodendrine enantiomers, and their optical rotations established as [alpha]23D +62.4 and -59.0, respectively. A mouse bioassay was used to determine the difference in toxicity between these two pairs of naturally occurring enantiomers. The LD50 of (+)-D-ammodendrine in mice was determined to be 94.1 +/- 7 mg/kg and that of (-)-L-ammodendrine as 115.0 +/- 7 mg/kg. The LD50 of (+)-D-N-methylammodendrine in mice was estimated to be 56.3 mg/kg, while that of (-)-L-N-methylammodendrine was determined to be 63.4 +/- 5 mg/kg. These results establish the rotation values for pure ammodendrine and N-methylammodendrine and indicate that there is little difference in acute murine toxicity between the respective enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 East, 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, USA.
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Gay CC, Panter KE, Mealey KL, Gay JM, Hjartarson SW, Tibary A, Motteram ES, Wierenga T, James LF. Comparison of plasma disposition of alkaloids after lupine challenge in cattle that had given birth to calves with lupine-induced arthrogryposis or clinically normal calves. Am J Vet Res 2005; 65:1580-3. [PMID: 15566098 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare plasma disposition of alkaloids after lupine challenge in cattle that had given birth to calves with lupine-induced arthrogryposis and cattle that had given birth to clinically normal calves and determine whether the difference in outcome was associated with differences in plasma disposition of anagyrine. ANIMALS 6 cows that had given birth to calves with arthrogryposis and 6 cows that had given birth to clinically normal calves after being similarly exposed to lupine during pregnancy. PROCEDURES Dried lupine (2 g/kg) was administered via gavage. Blood samples were collected before and at various time points for 48 hours after lupine administration. Anagyrine, 5,6-dehydrolupanine, and lupanine concentrations in plasma were measured by use of gas chromatography. Plasma alkaloid concentration versus time curves were generated for each alkaloid, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for each cow. RESULTS No significant differences in area under the plasma concentration versus time curve, maximum plasma concentration, time to reach maximum plasma concentration, and mean residence time for the 3 alkaloids were found between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Because no differences were found in plasma disposition of anagyrine following lupine challenge between cattle that had given birth to calves with arthrogryposis and those that had not, our findings do not support the hypothesis that between-cow differences in plasma disposition of anagyrine account for within-herd differences in risk for lupine-induced arthrogryposis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive C Gay
- Field Disease Investigation Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6610, USA
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James LF, Panter KE, Gaffield W, Molyneux RJ. Biomedical applications of poisonous plant research. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:3211-30. [PMID: 15161174 DOI: 10.1021/jf0308206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Research designed to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds responsible for the toxicity of plants to livestock that graze them has been extremely successful. The knowledge gained has been used to design management techniques to prevent economic losses, predict potential outbreaks of poisoning, and treat affected animals. The availability of these compounds in pure form has now provided scientists with tools to develop animal models for human diseases, study modes of action at the molecular level, and apply such knowledge to the development of potential drug candidates for the treatment of a number of genetic and infectious conditions. These advances are illustrated by specific examples of biomedical applications of the toxins of Veratrum californicum (western false hellebore), Lupinus species (lupines), and Astragalus and Oxytropis species (locoweeds).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn F James
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, USA.
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Panter KE, Weinzweig J, Gardner DR, Stegelmeier BL, James LF. Comparison of cleft palate induction by Nicotiana glauca in goats and sheep. TERATOLOGY 2000; 61:203-10. [PMID: 10661910 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9926(200003)61:3<203::aid-tera8>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The induction of cleft palate by Nicotiana glauca (wild tree tobacco) during the first trimester of pregnancy was compared between Spanish-type goats and crossbred western-type sheep. Cleft palate was induced in 100% of the embryonic/fetal goats when their pregnant mothers were gavaged with N. glauca plant material or with anabasine-rich extracts from the latter, during gestation days 32-41. Seventy-five percent of newborn goats had cleft palate after maternal dosing with N. glauca during gestation days 35-41, while no cleft palates were induced when dosing periods included days 36-40, 37-39, or day 38 only. The induced cleft palates were bilateral, involving the entire secondary palates with complete detachment of the vomer. Eleven percent of the newborn goats from does gavaged during gestation days 32-41 had extracranial abnormalities, most often contractures of the metacarpal joints. Most of these contractures resolved spontaneously by 4-6 weeks postpartum. One newborn kid also had an asymmetric skull due to apparent fetal positioning. No cleft palates were induced in lambs whose mothers were gavaged with N. glauca plant or anabasine-rich extracts during gestation days 34-41, 35-40, 35-41, 36-41, 35-51, or 37-50. Only one of five lambs born to three ewes gavaged with N. glauca plant material during gestation days 34-55 had a cleft palate, but all five of these lambs had moderate to severe contractures in the metacarpal joints. The slight to moderate contracture defects resolved spontaneously by 4-6 weeks postpartum, but the severe contractures resolved only partially. Embryonic/fetal death and resorption (determined by ultrasound) occurred in 25% of pregnant goats fed N. glauca compared to only 4% of pregnant sheep. Nicotiana glauca plant material contained the teratogenic alkaloid anabasine at 0.175% to 0.23%, dry weight, demonstrating that Spanish-type goats are susceptible to cleft palate induction by the natural toxin anabasine, while crossbred western-type sheep are resistant. However, clinical signs of toxicity were equally severe in goats and sheep, even though maternal alkaloid tolerance was generally lower in sheep. We postulate that an alkaloid-induced reduction in fetal movement during the period of normal palate closure is the cause of the cleft palate and multiple flexion contractures. Teratology 61:203-210, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Panter
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, Utah 84341, USA.
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Tsiodras S, Shin RK, Christian M, Shaw LM, Sass DA. Anticholinergic toxicity associated with lupine seeds as a home remedy for diabetes mellitus. Ann Emerg Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0644(99)80012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schneider MJ. Chapter Two Pyridine and piperidine alkaloids: An update. ALKALOIDS: CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-8210(96)80026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Panter KE, Keeler RF. Quinolizidine and piperidine alkaloid teratogens from poisonous plants and their mechanism of action in animals. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1993; 9:33-40. [PMID: 8457928 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinolizidine and piperidine alkaloid teratogens from Lupinus, Conium, and Nicotiana genera have been identified as causes of birth defects in livestock induced by poisonous plants. Many defects now known to be related to poisonous plant ingestion were once thought to have a genetic origin. This supposition delayed diagnosis, reporting, and understanding of such birth defects, because breeders and producers feared the news would make it difficult to sell breeding stock. Defects caused by quinolizidine and piperidine teratogens include cleft palate and contracture-type skeletal defects such as arthrogryposis, scoliosis, torticollis, and kyphosis. Teratogens have been identified, differences in susceptibility to teratogenic compounds among livestock species have been elucidated, periods of gestation when specific types of birth defects occur have been determined, and information about mechanism of action has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Panter
- United States Department of Agriculture, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, Utah
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Panter KE, Keeler RF, Bunch TD, Callan RJ. Congenital skeletal malformations and cleft palate induced in goats by ingestion of Lupinus, Conium and Nicotiana species. Toxicon 1990; 28:1377-85. [PMID: 2089736 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(90)90154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Three piperidine alkaloid containing plants, Conium maculatum (poison-hemlock), Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco) and Lupinus formosus (lunara lupine), induced multiple congenital contractures (MCC) and palatoschisis in goat kids when their dams were gavaged with the plant during gestation days 30-60. The skeletal abnormalities included fixed extension or flexure of the carpal, tarsal, and fetlock joints, scoliosis, lordosis, torticollis and rib cage abnormalities. Clinical signs of toxicity included those reported in sheep, cattle and pigs--ataxia, incoordination, muscular weakness, prostration and death. One quinolizidine alkaloid containing plant, Lupinus caudatus (tailcup lupine), on the other hand, which is also known to cause MCC in cows, caused only slight signs of toxicity in pregnant goats and no teratogenic effects in their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Panter
- USDA/ARS/Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84321
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