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Lee JH, Kim TK, Kang MC, Park M, Choi YS. Methods to Isolate Muscle Stem Cells for Cell-Based Cultured Meat Production: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:819. [PMID: 38473203 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cultured meat production relies on various cell types, including muscle stem cells (MuSCs), embryonic stem cell lines, induced pluripotent cell lines, and naturally immortalized cell lines. MuSCs possess superior muscle differentiation capabilities compared to the other three cell lines, making them key for cultured meat development. Therefore, to produce cultured meat using MuSCs, they must first be effectively separated from muscles. At present, the methods used to isolate MuSCs from muscles include (1) the pre-plating method, using the ability of cells to adhere differently, which is a biological characteristic of MuSCs; (2) the density gradient centrifugation method, using the intrinsic density difference of cells, which is a physical characteristic of MuSCs; and (3) fluorescence- and magnetic-activated cell sorting methods, using the surface marker protein on the cell surface of MuSCs, which is a molecular characteristic of MuSCs. Further efficient and valuable methods for separating MuSCs are expected to be required as the cell-based cultured meat industry develops. Thus, we take a closer look at the four methods currently in use and discuss future development directions in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Kang
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Park
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
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2
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Charbe NB, Tambuwala M, Palakurthi SS, Warokar A, Hromić‐Jahjefendić A, Bakshi H, Zacconi F, Mishra V, Khadse S, Aljabali AA, El‐Tanani M, Serrano‐Aroca Ã, Palakurthi S. Biomedical applications of three-dimensional bioprinted craniofacial tissue engineering. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10333. [PMID: 36684092 PMCID: PMC9842068 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anatomical complications of the craniofacial regions often present considerable challenges to the surgical repair or replacement of the damaged tissues. Surgical repair has its own set of limitations, including scarcity of the donor tissues, immune rejection, use of immune suppressors followed by the surgery, and restriction in restoring the natural aesthetic appeal. Rapid advancement in the field of biomaterials, cell biology, and engineering has helped scientists to create cellularized skeletal muscle-like structures. However, the existing method still has limitations in building large, highly vascular tissue with clinical application. With the advance in the three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technique, scientists and clinicians now can produce the functional implants of skeletal muscles and bones that are more patient-specific with the perfect match to the architecture of their craniofacial defects. Craniofacial tissue regeneration using 3D bioprinting can manage and eliminate the restrictions of the surgical transplant from the donor site. The concept of creating the new functional tissue, exactly mimicking the anatomical and physiological function of the damaged tissue, looks highly attractive. This is crucial to reduce the donor site morbidity and retain the esthetics. 3D bioprinting can integrate all three essential components of tissue engineering, that is, rehabilitation, reconstruction, and regeneration of the lost craniofacial tissues. Such integration essentially helps to develop the patient-specific treatment plans and damage site-driven creation of the functional implants for the craniofacial defects. This article is the bird's eye view on the latest development and application of 3D bioprinting in the regeneration of the skeletal muscle tissues and their application in restoring the functional abilities of the damaged craniofacial tissue. We also discussed current challenges in craniofacial bone vascularization and gave our view on the future direction, including establishing the interactions between tissue-engineered skeletal muscle and the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Bharat Charbe
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of PharmacyTexas A&M Health Science CenterKingsvilleTexasUSA
| | - Murtaza Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical ScienceUlster UniversityColeraineUK
| | | | - Amol Warokar
- Department of PharmacyDadasaheb Balpande College of PharmacyNagpurIndia
| | - Altijana Hromić‐Jahjefendić
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesInternational University of SarajevoSarajevoBosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Hamid Bakshi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical ScienceUlster UniversityColeraineUK
| | - Flavia Zacconi
- Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de FarmaciaPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological SciencesPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwaraIndia
| | - Saurabh Khadse
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryR.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and ResearchDhuleIndia
| | - Alaa A. Aljabali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesYarmouk UniversityIrbidJordan
| | - Mohamed El‐Tanani
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of PharmacyAl‐Ahliyya Amman UniversityAmmanJordan
| | - Ãngel Serrano‐Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab Translational Research Centre San Alberto MagnoCatholic University of Valencia San Vicente MártirValenciaSpain
| | - Srinath Palakurthi
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of PharmacyTexas A&M Health Science CenterKingsvilleTexasUSA
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3
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Recent trends in bioartificial muscle engineering and their applications in cultured meat, biorobotic systems and biohybrid implants. Commun Biol 2022; 5:737. [PMID: 35869250 PMCID: PMC9307618 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRecent advances in tissue engineering and biofabrication technology have yielded a plethora of biological tissues. Among these, engineering of bioartificial muscle stands out for its exceptional versatility and its wide range of applications. From the food industry to the technology sector and medicine, the development of this tissue has the potential to affect many different industries at once. However, to date, the biofabrication of cultured meat, biorobotic systems, and bioartificial muscle implants are still considered in isolation by individual peer groups. To establish common ground and share advances, this review outlines application-specific requirements for muscle tissue generation and provides a comprehensive overview of commonly used biofabrication strategies and current application trends. By solving the individual challenges and merging various expertise, synergetic leaps of innovation that inspire each other can be expected in all three industries in the future.
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4
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Vesga-Castro C, Aldazabal J, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Paredes J. Contractile force assessment methods for in vitro skeletal muscle tissues. eLife 2022; 11:e77204. [PMID: 35604384 PMCID: PMC9126583 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, there has been growing interest in measuring the contractile force (CF) of engineered muscle tissues to evaluate their functionality. However, there are still no standards available for selecting the most suitable experimental platform, measuring system, culture protocol, or stimulation patterns. Consequently, the high variability of published data hinders any comparison between different studies. We have identified that cantilever deflection, post deflection, and force transducers are the most commonly used configurations for CF assessment in 2D and 3D models. Additionally, we have discussed the most relevant emerging technologies that would greatly complement CF evaluation with intracellular and localized analysis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the most significant advances in CF evaluation and its critical parameters. In order to compare contractile performance across experimental platforms, we have used the specific force (sF, kN/m2), CF normalized to the calculated cross-sectional area (CSA). However, this parameter presents a high variability throughout the different studies, which indicates the need to identify additional parameters and complementary analysis suitable for proper comparison. We propose that future contractility studies in skeletal muscle constructs report detailed information about construct size, contractile area, maturity level, sarcomere length, and, ideally, the tetanus-to-twitch ratio. These studies will hopefully shed light on the relative impact of these variables on muscle force performance of engineered muscle constructs. Prospective advances in muscle tissue engineering, particularly in muscle disease models, will require a joint effort to develop standardized methodologies for assessing CF of engineered muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Vesga-Castro
- University of Navarra, Tecnun School of Engineering, Manuel de LardizábalSan SebastianSpain
- University of Navarra, Biomedical Engineering Center, Campus UniversitarioPamplonaSpain
- Group of Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, UPV/EHU, Hospital Donostia - IIS BiodonostiaSan SebastianSpain
| | - Javier Aldazabal
- University of Navarra, Tecnun School of Engineering, Manuel de LardizábalSan SebastianSpain
- University of Navarra, Biomedical Engineering Center, Campus UniversitarioPamplonaSpain
| | - Ainara Vallejo-Illarramendi
- Group of Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, UPV/EHU, Hospital Donostia - IIS BiodonostiaSan SebastianSpain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science, Innovation, and UniversitiesMadridSpain
| | - Jacobo Paredes
- University of Navarra, Tecnun School of Engineering, Manuel de LardizábalSan SebastianSpain
- University of Navarra, Biomedical Engineering Center, Campus UniversitarioPamplonaSpain
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5
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Wang J, Broer T, Chavez T, Zhou CJ, Tran S, Xiang Y, Khodabukus A, Diao Y, Bursac N. Myoblast deactivation within engineered human skeletal muscle creates a transcriptionally heterogeneous population of quiescent satellite-like cells. Biomaterials 2022; 284:121508. [PMID: 35421801 PMCID: PMC9289780 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells (SCs), the adult Pax7-expressing stem cells of skeletal muscle, are essential for muscle repair. However, in vitro investigations of SC function are challenging due to isolation-induced SC activation, loss of native quiescent state, and differentiation to myoblasts. In the present study, we optimized methods to deactivate in vitro expanded human myoblasts within a 3D culture environment of engineered human skeletal muscle tissues ("myobundles"). Immunostaining and gene expression analyses revealed that a fraction of myoblasts within myobundles adopted a quiescent phenotype (3D-SCs) characterized by increased Pax7 expression, cell cycle exit, and activation of Notch signaling. Similar to native SCs, 3D-SC quiescence is regulated by Notch and Wnt signaling while loss of quiescence and reactivation of 3D-SCs can be induced by growth factors including bFGF. Myobundle injury with a bee toxin, melittin, induces robust myofiber fragmentation, functional decline, and 3D-SC proliferation. By applying single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), we discover the existence of two 3D-SC subpopulations (quiescent and activated), identify deactivation-associated gene signature using trajectory inference between 2D myoblasts and 3D-SCs, and characterize the transcriptomic changes within reactivated 3D-SCs in response to melittin-induced injury. These results demonstrate the ability of an in vitro engineered 3D human skeletal muscle environment to support the formation of a quiescent and heterogeneous SC population recapitulating several aspects of the native SC phenotype, and provide a platform for future studies of human muscle regeneration and disease-associated SC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Torie Broer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Taylor Chavez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chris J Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sabrina Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Yarui Diao
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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6
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Seixas MLGA, Mitre LP, Shams S, Lanzuolo GB, Bartolomeo CS, Silva EA, Prado CM, Ureshino R, Stilhano RS. Unraveling Muscle Impairment Associated With COVID-19 and the Role of 3D Culture in Its Investigation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:825629. [PMID: 35223956 PMCID: PMC8867096 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.825629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been considered a public health emergency, extensively investigated by researchers. Accordingly, the respiratory tract has been the main research focus, with some other studies outlining the effects on the neurological, cardiovascular, and renal systems. However, concerning SARS-CoV-2 outcomes on skeletal muscle, scientific evidence is still not sufficiently strong to trace, treat and prevent possible muscle impairment due to the COVID-19. Simultaneously, there has been a considerable amount of studies reporting skeletal muscle damage in the context of COVID-19. Among the detrimental musculoskeletal conditions associated with the viral infection, the most commonly described are sarcopenia, cachexia, myalgia, myositis, rhabdomyolysis, atrophy, peripheral neuropathy, and Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Of note, the risk of developing sarcopenia during or after COVID-19 is relatively high, which poses special importance to the condition amid the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The yet uncovered mechanisms by which musculoskeletal injury takes place in COVID-19 and the lack of published methods tailored to study the correlation between COVID-19 and skeletal muscle hinder the ability of healthcare professionals to provide SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with an adequate treatment plan. The present review aims to minimize this burden by both thoroughly exploring the interaction between COVID-19 and the musculoskeletal system and examining the cutting-edge 3D cell culture techniques capable of revolutionizing the study of muscle dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza G. A. Seixas
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Pari Mitre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shahin Shams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gabriel Barbugian Lanzuolo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Silva Bartolomeo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A. Silva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carla Maximo Prado
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ureshino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Sessa Stilhano
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Roberta Sessa Stilhano
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7
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Romagnoli C, Iantomasi T, Brandi ML. Available In Vitro Models for Human Satellite Cells from Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413221. [PMID: 34948017 PMCID: PMC8706222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle accounts for almost 40% of the total adult human body mass. This tissue is essential for structural and mechanical functions such as posture, locomotion, and breathing, and it is endowed with an extraordinary ability to adapt to physiological changes associated with growth and physical exercise, as well as tissue damage. Moreover, skeletal muscle is the most age-sensitive tissue in mammals. Due to aging, but also to several diseases, muscle wasting occurs with a loss of muscle mass and functionality, resulting from disuse atrophy and defective muscle regeneration, associated with dysfunction of satellite cells, which are the cells responsible for maintaining and repairing adult muscle. The most established cell lines commonly used to study muscle homeostasis come from rodents, but there is a need to study skeletal muscle using human models, which, due to ethical implications, consist primarily of in vitro culture, which is the only alternative way to vertebrate model organisms. This review will survey in vitro 2D/3D models of human satellite cells to assess skeletal muscle biology for pre-clinical investigations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Romagnoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.R.); (T.I.)
| | - Teresa Iantomasi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.R.); (T.I.)
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- F.I.R.M.O. Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases, Via Reginaldo Giuliani 195/A, 50141 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence:
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8
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Barazesh A, Navidbakhsh M, Abouei Mehrizi A, Koosha M, Razavi Bazaz S, Li T. Simultaneous Modeling of Young's Modulus, Yield Stress, and Rupture Strain of Gelatin/Cellulose Acetate Microfibrous/Nanofibrous Scaffolds Using RSM. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:718718. [PMID: 34589472 PMCID: PMC8473815 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.718718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning is a promising method to fabricate bioengineered scaffolds, thanks to utilizing various types of biopolymers, flexible structures, and also the diversity of output properties. Mechanical properties are one of the major components of scaffold design to fabricate an efficacious artificial substitute for the natural extracellular matrix. Additionally, fiber orientations, as one of the scaffold structural parameters, could play a crucial role in the application of fabricated fibrous scaffolds. In this study, gelatin was used as a highly biocompatible polymer in blend with cellulose acetate (CA), a polysaccharide, to enhance the achievable range of mechanical characteristics to fabricated fibrous electrospun scaffolds. By altering input variables, such as polymers concentration, weight ratio, and mandrel rotation speed, scaffolds with various mechanical and morphological properties could be achieved. As expected, the electrospun scaffold with a higher mandrel rotation speed shows higher fiber alignment. A wide range of mechanical properties were gained through different values of polymer ratio and total concentration. A general improvement in mechanical strength was observed by increasing the concentration and CA content in the solution, but contradictory effects, such as high viscosity in more concentrated solutions, influenced the mechanical characteristics as well. A response surface method was applied on experimental results in order to describe a continuous variation of Young's modulus, yield stress, and strain at rupture. A full quadratic version of equations with the 95% confidence level was applied for the response modeling. This model would be an aid for engineers to adjust mandrel rotation speed, solution concentration, and gelatin/CA ratio to achieve desired mechanical and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Barazesh
- Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Navidbakhsh
- Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Abouei Mehrizi
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Koosha
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tianduo Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
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9
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Khodabukus A. Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle Models to Study Muscle Function, Plasticity, and Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:619710. [PMID: 33716768 PMCID: PMC7952620 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.619710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses remarkable plasticity that permits functional adaptations to a wide range of signals such as motor input, exercise, and disease. Small animal models have been pivotal in elucidating the molecular mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle adaptation and plasticity. However, these small animal models fail to accurately model human muscle disease resulting in poor clinical success of therapies. Here, we review the potential of in vitro three-dimensional tissue-engineered skeletal muscle models to study muscle function, plasticity, and disease. First, we discuss the generation and function of in vitro skeletal muscle models. We then discuss the genetic, neural, and hormonal factors regulating skeletal muscle fiber-type in vivo and the ability of current in vitro models to study muscle fiber-type regulation. We also evaluate the potential of these systems to be utilized in a patient-specific manner to accurately model and gain novel insights into diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and volumetric muscle loss. We conclude with a discussion on future developments required for tissue-engineered skeletal muscle models to become more mature, biomimetic, and widely utilized for studying muscle physiology, disease, and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Khodabukus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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10
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Choi KH, Yoon JW, Kim M, Lee HJ, Jeong J, Ryu M, Jo C, Lee CK. Muscle stem cell isolation and in vitro culture for meat production: A methodological review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:429-457. [PMID: 33443788 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cultured muscle tissue-based protein products, also known as cultured meat, are produced through in vitro myogenesis involving muscle stem cell culture and differentiation, and mature muscle cell processing for flavor and texture. This review focuses on the in vitro myogenesis for cultured meat production. The muscle stem cell-based in vitro muscle tissue production consists of a sequential process: (1) muscle sampling for stem cell collection, (2) muscle tissue dissociation and muscle stem cell isolation, (3) primary cell culture, (4) upscaled cell culture, (5) muscle differentiation and maturation, and (6) muscle tissue harvest. Although muscle stem cell research is a well-established field, the majority of these steps remain to be underoptimized to enable the in vitro creation of edible muscle-derived meat products. The profound understanding of the process would help not only cultured meat production but also business sectors that have been seeking new biomaterials for the food industry. In this review, we discuss comprehensively and in detail each step of cutting-edge methods for cultured meat production. This would be meaningful for both academia and industry to prepare for the new era of cellular agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hwan Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Yoon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsol Jeong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorun Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
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11
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Emara A, Shah R. Recent update on craniofacial tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211003735. [PMID: 33959245 PMCID: PMC8060749 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211003735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The craniofacial region consists of several different tissue types. These tissues are quite commonly affected by traumatic/pathologic tissue loss which has so far been traditionally treated by grafting procedures. With the complications and drawbacks of grafting procedures, the emerging field of regenerative medicine has proved potential. Tissue engineering advancements and the application in the craniofacial region is quickly gaining momentum although most research is still at early in vitro/in vivo stages. We aim to provide an overview on where research stands now in tissue engineering of craniofacial tissue; namely bone, cartilage muscle, skin, periodontal ligament, and mucosa. Abstracts and full-text English articles discussing techniques used for tissue engineering/regeneration of these tissue types were summarized in this article. The future perspectives and how current technological advancements and different material applications are enhancing tissue engineering procedures are also highlighted. Clinically, patients with craniofacial defects need hybrid reconstruction techniques to overcome the complexity of these defects. Cost-effectiveness and cost-efficiency are also required in such defects. The results of the studies covered in this review confirm the potential of craniofacial tissue engineering strategies as an alternative to avoid the problems of currently employed techniques. Furthermore, 3D printing advances may allow for fabrication of patient-specific tissue engineered constructs which should improve post-operative esthetic results of reconstruction. There are on the other hand still many challenges that clearly require further research in order to catch up with engineering of other parts of the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aala’a Emara
- OMFS Department, Faculty of Dentistry,
Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Division of Craniofacial and Surgical
Care, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC,
USA
| | - Rishma Shah
- Division of Craniofacial and Surgical
Care, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC,
USA
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12
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Barrett P, Quick TJ, Mudera V, Player DJ. Generating intrafusal skeletal muscle fibres in vitro: Current state of the art and future challenges. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420985205. [PMID: 34956586 PMCID: PMC8693220 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420985205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrafusal fibres are a specialised cell population in skeletal muscle, found within the muscle spindle. These fibres have a mechano-sensory capacity, forming part of the monosynaptic stretch-reflex arc, a key component responsible for proprioceptive function. Impairment of proprioception and associated dysfunction of the muscle spindle is linked with many neuromuscular diseases. Research to-date has largely been undertaken in vivo or using ex vivo preparations. These studies have provided a foundation for our understanding of muscle spindle physiology, however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms which underpin physiological changes are yet to be fully elucidated. Therefrom, the use of in vitro models has been proposed, whereby intrafusal fibres can be generated de novo. Although there has been progress, it is predominantly a developing and evolving area of research. This narrative review presents the current state of art in this area and proposes the direction of future work, with the aim of providing novel pre-clinical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Barrett
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tom J Quick
- Peripheral Nerve Injury Research Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vivek Mudera
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Darren J Player
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Fleming JW, Capel AJ, Rimington RP, Wheeler P, Leonard AN, Bishop NC, Davies OG, Lewis MP. Bioengineered human skeletal muscle capable of functional regeneration. BMC Biol 2020; 18:145. [PMID: 33081771 PMCID: PMC7576716 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle (SkM) regenerates following injury, replacing damaged tissue with high fidelity. However, in serious injuries, non-regenerative defects leave patients with loss of function, increased re-injury risk and often chronic pain. Progress in treating these non-regenerative defects has been slow, with advances only occurring where a comprehensive understanding of regeneration has been gained. Tissue engineering has allowed the development of bioengineered models of SkM which regenerate following injury to support research in regenerative physiology. To date, however, no studies have utilised human myogenic precursor cells (hMPCs) to closely mimic functional human regenerative physiology. RESULTS Here we address some of the difficulties associated with cell number and hMPC mitogenicity using magnetic association cell sorting (MACS), for the marker CD56, and media supplementation with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and B-27 supplement. Cell sorting allowed extended expansion of myogenic cells and supplementation was shown to improve myogenesis within engineered tissues and force generation at maturity. In addition, these engineered human SkM regenerated following barium chloride (BaCl2) injury. Following injury, reductions in function (87.5%) and myotube number (33.3%) were observed, followed by a proliferative phase with increased MyoD+ cells and a subsequent recovery of function and myotube number. An expansion of the Pax7+ cell population was observed across recovery suggesting an ability to generate Pax7+ cells within the tissue, similar to the self-renewal of satellite cells seen in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This work outlines an engineered human SkM capable of functional regeneration following injury, built upon an open source system adding to the pre-clinical testing toolbox to improve the understanding of basic regenerative physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Fleming
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - A J Capel
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - R P Rimington
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - P Wheeler
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - A N Leonard
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - N C Bishop
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - O G Davies
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - M P Lewis
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
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14
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Gholobova D, Terrie L, Mackova K, Desender L, Carpentier G, Gerard M, Hympanova L, Deprest J, Thorrez L. Functional evaluation of prevascularization in one-stage versus two-stage tissue engineering approach of human bio-artificial muscle. Biofabrication 2020; 12:035021. [PMID: 32357347 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab8f36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A common shortcoming of current tissue engineered constructs is the lack of a functional vasculature, limiting their size and functionality. Prevascularization is a possible strategy to introduce vascular networks in these constructs. It includes among others co-culturing target cells with endothelial (precursor) cells that are able to form endothelial networks through vasculogenesis. In this paper, we compared two different prevascularization approaches of bio-artificial skeletal muscle tissue (BAM) in vitro and in vivo. In a one-stage approach, human muscle cells were directly co-cultured with endothelial cells in 3D. In a two-stage approach, a one week old BAM containing differentiated myotubes was coated with a fibrin hydrogel containing endothelial cells. The obtained endothelial networks were longer and better interconnected with the two-stage approach. We evaluated whether prevascularization had a beneficial effect on in vivo perfusion of the BAM and improved myotube survival by implantation on the fascia of the latissimus dorsi muscle of NOD/SCID mice for 5 or 14 d. Also in vivo, the two-stage approach displayed the highest vascular density. At day 14, anastomosis of implanted endothelial networks with the host vasculature was apparent. BAMs without endothelial networks contained longer and thicker myotubes in vitro, but their morphology degraded in vivo. In contrast, maintenance of myotube morphology was well supported in the two-stage prevascularized BAMs. To conclude, a two-stage prevascularization approach for muscle engineering improved the vascular density in the construct and supported myotube maintenance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gholobova
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
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15
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Khorshidi S, Karkhaneh A, Bonakdar S. Fabrication of amine‐decorated nonspherical microparticles with calcium peroxide cargo for controlled release of oxygen. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 108:136-147. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Khorshidi
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringAmirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic) Tehran Iran
| | - Akbar Karkhaneh
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringAmirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic) Tehran Iran
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank DepartmentPasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
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16
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Rimington RP, Capel AJ, Chaplin KF, Fleming JW, Bandulasena HCH, Bibb RJ, Christie SDR, Lewis MP. Differentiation of Bioengineered Skeletal Muscle within a 3D Printed Perfusion Bioreactor Reduces Atrophic and Inflammatory Gene Expression. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:5525-5538. [PMID: 33464072 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bioengineered skeletal muscle tissues benefit from dynamic culture environments which facilitate the appropriate provision of nutrients and removal of cellular waste products. Biologically compatible perfusion systems hold the potential to enhance the physiological biomimicry of in vitro tissues via dynamic culture, in addition to providing technological advances in analytical testing and live cellular imaging for analysis of cellular development. To meet such diverse requirements, perfusion systems require the capacity and adaptability to incorporate multiple cell laden constructs of both monolayer and bioengineered tissues. This work reports perfusion systems produced using additive manufacturing technology for the in situ phenotypic development of myogenic precursor cells in monolayer and bioengineered tissue. Biocompatibility of systems 3D printed using stereolithography (SL), laser sintering (LS), and PolyJet outlined preferential morphological development within both SL and LS devices. When exposed to intermittent perfusion in the monolayer, delayed yet physiologically representative cellular proliferation, MyoD and myogenin transcription of C2C12 cells was evident. Long-term (8 days) intermittent perfusion of monolayer cultures outlined viable morphological and genetic in situ differentiation for the live cellular imaging of myogenic development. Continuous perfusion cultures (13 days) of bioengineered skeletal muscle tissues outlined in situ myogenic differentiation, forming mature multinucleated myotubes. Here, reductions in IL-1β and TNF-α inflammatory cytokines, myostatin, and MuRF-1 atrophic mRNA expression were observed. Comparable myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform transcription profiles were evident between conditions; however, total mRNA expression was reduced in perfusion conditions. Decreased transcription of MuRF1 and subsequent reduced ubiquitination of the MyHC protein allude to a decreased requirement for transcription of MyHC isoform transcripts. Together, these data appear to indicate that 3D printed perfusion systems elicit enhanced stability of the culture environment, resulting in a reduced basal requirement for MyHC gene expression within bioengineered skeletal muscle tissue.
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17
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Wragg NM, Player DJ, Martin NRW, Liu Y, Lewis MP. Development of tissue‐engineered skeletal muscle manufacturing variables. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2364-2376. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Wragg
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughborough UK
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical, and Manufacturing EngineeringLoughborough UniversityLoughborough UK
- Centre for Biological EngineeringLoughborough UniversityLoughborough UK
| | - Darren J. Player
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughborough UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and OsteoarthritisArthritis Research UK UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondon UK
| | - Neil R. W. Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughborough UK
| | - Yang Liu
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical, and Manufacturing EngineeringLoughborough UniversityLoughborough UK
- Centre for Biological EngineeringLoughborough UniversityLoughborough UK
| | - Mark P. Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughborough UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and OsteoarthritisArthritis Research UK UK
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise MedicineLoughborough UK
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18
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Capel AJ, Rimington RP, Fleming JW, Player DJ, Baker LA, Turner MC, Jones JM, Martin NRW, Ferguson RA, Mudera VC, Lewis MP. Scalable 3D Printed Molds for Human Tissue Engineered Skeletal Muscle. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:20. [PMID: 30838203 PMCID: PMC6383409 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineered skeletal muscle allows investigation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate skeletal muscle pathology. The fabricated model must resemble characteristics of in vivo tissue and incorporate cost-effective and high content primary human tissue. Current models are limited by low throughput due to the complexities associated with recruiting tissue donors, donor specific variations, as well as cellular senescence associated with passaging. This research presents a method using fused deposition modeling (FDM) and laser sintering (LS) 3D printing to generate reproducible and scalable tissue engineered primary human muscle, possessing aligned mature myotubes reminiscent of in vivo tissue. Many existing models are bespoke causing variability when translated between laboratories. To this end, a scalable model has been developed (25–500 μL construct volumes) allowing fabrication of mature primary human skeletal muscle. This research provides a strategy to overcome limited biopsy cell numbers, enabling high throughput screening of functional human tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Capel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Rowan P Rimington
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob W Fleming
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J Player
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, RNOH, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke A Baker
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C Turner
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M Jones
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, RNOH, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R W Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek C Mudera
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, RNOH, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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19
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Loveday SM. Food Proteins: Technological, Nutritional, and Sustainability Attributes of Traditional and Emerging Proteins. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 10:311-339. [PMID: 30649962 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032818-121128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein is an essential macronutrient and a key structural component of many foods. The nutritional and technological properties of food protein ingredients depend on their source, extraction and purification, modification during food manufacture, and interactions with other food components. In addition to covering these elements, this review seeks to highlight underappreciated aspects of protein environmental sustainability and explores the potential of cultured meat and insect-derived proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Loveday
- Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
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20
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Thorrez L, DiSano K, Shansky J, Vandenburgh H. Engineering of Human Skeletal Muscle With an Autologous Deposited Extracellular Matrix. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1076. [PMID: 30177884 PMCID: PMC6109771 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle progenitor cells can be embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM) and tissue-engineered to form bio-artificial muscles (BAMs), composed of aligned post-mitotic myofibers. The ECM proteins which have been used most commonly are collagen type I and fibrin. Fibrin allows for in vitro vasculogenesis, however, high concentrations of fibrinolysis inhibitors are needed to inhibit degradation of the ECM and subsequent loss of BAM tissue structure. For in vivo implantation, fibrinolysis inhibition may prove difficult or even harmful to the host. Therefore, we adapted in vitro culture conditions to enhance the deposition of de novo synthesized collagen type I gradually replacing the degrading fibrin ECM. The in vitro viscoelastic properties of the fibrin BAMs and deposition of collagen were characterized. BAMs engineered with the addition of proline, hydroxyproline, and ascorbic acid in the tissue culture medium had a twofold increase in Young’s Modulus, a 2.5-fold decrease in maximum strain, and a 1.6-fold increase in collagen deposition. Lowering the fibrin content of the BAMs also increased Young’s Modulus, decreased maximum strain, and increased collagen deposition. Tissue engineering of BAMs with autologous ECM may allow for prolonged in vivo survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven Thorrez
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Katherine DiSano
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Janet Shansky
- Department of Pathology, The Miriam Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Herman Vandenburgh
- Department of Pathology, The Miriam Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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21
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Gholobova D, Gerard M, Decroix L, Desender L, Callewaert N, Annaert P, Thorrez L. Human tissue-engineered skeletal muscle: a novel 3D in vitro model for drug disposition and toxicity after intramuscular injection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12206. [PMID: 30111779 PMCID: PMC6093918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of laboratory-grown tissues, referred to as organoids, bio-artificial tissue or tissue-engineered constructs, is clearly expanding. We describe for the first time how engineered human muscles can be applied as a pre- or non-clinical model for intramuscular drug injection to further decrease and complement the use of in vivo animal studies. The human bio-artificial muscle (BAM) is formed in a seven day tissue engineering procedure during which human myoblasts fuse and differentiate to aligned myofibers in an extracellular matrix. The dimensions of the BAM constructs allow for injection and follow-up during several days after injection. A stereotactic setup allows controllable injection at multiple sites in the BAM. We injected several compounds; a dye, a hydrolysable compound, a reducible substrate and a wasp venom toxin. Afterwards, direct reflux, release and metabolism were assessed in the BAM constructs in comparison to 2D cell culture and isolated human muscle strips. Spectrophotometry and luminescence allowed to measure the release of the injected compounds and their metabolites over time. A release profile over 40 hours was observed in the BAM model in contrast to 2D cell culture, showing the capacity of the BAM model to function as a drug depot. We also determined compound toxicity on the BAMs by measuring creatine kinase release in the medium, which increased with increasing toxic insult. Taken together, we show that the BAM is an injectable human 3D cell culture model that can be used to measure release and metabolism of injected compounds in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gholobova
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - M Gerard
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - L Decroix
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Human Physiology and Sportsmedicine, Building L, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Desender
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - N Callewaert
- AZ Groeninge, President Kennedylaan 4, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - P Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49 - box 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Thorrez
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium.
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22
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Khodabukus A, Prabhu N, Wang J, Bursac N. In Vitro Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle Models for Studying Muscle Physiology and Disease. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701498. [PMID: 29696831 PMCID: PMC6105407 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Healthy skeletal muscle possesses the extraordinary ability to regenerate in response to small-scale injuries; however, this self-repair capacity becomes overwhelmed with aging, genetic myopathies, and large muscle loss. The failure of small animal models to accurately replicate human muscle disease, injury and to predict clinically-relevant drug responses has driven the development of high fidelity in vitro skeletal muscle models. Herein, the progress made and challenges ahead in engineering biomimetic human skeletal muscle tissues that can recapitulate muscle development, genetic diseases, regeneration, and drug response is discussed. Bioengineering approaches used to improve engineered muscle structure and function as well as the functionality of satellite cells to allow modeling muscle regeneration in vitro are also highlighted. Next, a historical overview on the generation of skeletal muscle cells and tissues from human pluripotent stem cells, and a discussion on the potential of these approaches to model and treat genetic diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, is provided. Finally, the need to integrate multiorgan microphysiological systems to generate improved drug discovery technologies with the potential to complement or supersede current preclinical animal models of muscle disease is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Khodabukus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University 101 Science Drive, FCIEMAS 1427, Durham, NC 27708-90281, USA
| | - Neel Prabhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University 101 Science Drive, FCIEMAS 1427, Durham, NC 27708-90281, USA
| | - Jason Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University 101 Science Drive, FCIEMAS 1427, Durham, NC 27708-90281, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University 101 Science Drive, FCIEMAS 1427, Durham, NC 27708-90281, USA
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23
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Jones JM, Player DJ, Martin NRW, Capel AJ, Lewis MP, Mudera V. An Assessment of Myotube Morphology, Matrix Deformation, and Myogenic mRNA Expression in Custom-Built and Commercially Available Engineered Muscle Chamber Configurations. Front Physiol 2018; 9:483. [PMID: 29867538 PMCID: PMC5951956 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several three-dimensional (3D) skeletal muscle (SkM) tissue engineered models reported in the literature. 3D SkM tissue engineering (TE) aims to recapitulate the structure and function of native (in vivo) tissue, within an in vitro environment. This requires the differentiation of myoblasts into aligned multinucleated myotubes surrounded by a biologically representative extracellular matrix (ECM). In the present work, a new commercially available 3D SkM TE culture chamber manufactured from polyether ether ketone (PEEK) that facilitates suitable development of these myotubes is presented. To assess the outcomes of the myotubes within these constructs, morphological, gene expression, and ECM remodeling parameters were compared against a previously published custom-built model. No significant differences were observed in the morphological and gene expression measures between the newly introduced and the established construct configuration, suggesting biological reproducibility irrespective of manufacturing process. However, TE SkM fabricated using the commercially available PEEK chambers displayed reduced variability in both construct attachment and matrix deformation, likely due to increased reproducibility within the manufacturing process. The mechanical differences between systems may also have contributed to such differences, however, investigation of these variables was beyond the scope of the investigation. Though more expensive than the custom-built models, these PEEK chambers are also suitable for multiple use after autoclaving. As such this would support its use over the previously published handmade culture chamber system, particularly when seeking to develop higher-throughput systems or when experimental cost is not a factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Jones
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J Player
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R W Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Capel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Mudera
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Duarte ARC, Santo VE, Gomes ME, Reis RL. Supercritical Fluid Technology as a Tool to Prepare Gradient Multifunctional Architectures Towards Regeneration of Osteochondral Injuries. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1058:265-278. [PMID: 29691826 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76711-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Platelet lysates (PLs) are a natural source of growth factors (GFs) known for its stimulatory role on stem cells which can be obtained after activation of platelets from blood plasma. The possibility to use PLs as growth factor source for tissue healing and regeneration has been pursued following different strategies. Platelet lysates are an enriched pool of growth factors which can be used as either a GFs source or as a three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel. However, most of current PLs-based hydrogels lack stability, exhibiting significant shrinking behavior. This chapter focuses on the application of supercritical fluid technology to develop three-dimensional architectures of PL constructs, crosslinked with genipin. The proposed technology allows in a single step operation the development of mechanically stable porous structures, through chemical crosslinking of the growth factors present in the PL pool, followed by supercritical drying of the samples. Furthermore gradient structures of PL-based structures with bioactive glass are also presented and are described as an interesting approach to the treatment of osteochondral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita C Duarte
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Barco/Guimarães, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Vitor E Santo
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Barco/Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuela E Gomes
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Barco/Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Barco/Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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25
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Celikkin N, Rinoldi C, Costantini M, Trombetta M, Rainer A, Święszkowski W. Naturally derived proteins and glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 78:1277-1299. [PMID: 28575966 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) aims to mimic the complex environment where organogenesis takes place using advanced materials to recapitulate the tissue niche. Cells, three-dimensional scaffolds and signaling factors are the three main and essential components of TE. Over the years, materials and processes have become more and more sophisticated, allowing researchers to precisely tailor the final chemical, mechanical, structural and biological features of the designed scaffolds. In this review, we will pose the attention on two specific classes of naturally derived polymers: fibrous proteins and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These materials hold great promise for advances in the field of regenerative medicine as i) they generally undergo a fast remodeling in vivo favoring neovascularization and functional cells organization and ii) they elicit a negligible immune reaction preventing severe inflammatory response, both representing critical requirements for a successful integration of engineered scaffolds with the host tissue. We will discuss the recent achievements attained in the field of regenerative medicine by using proteins and GAGs, their merits and disadvantages and the ongoing challenges to move the current concepts to practical clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehar Celikkin
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, 141 Woloska str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chiara Rinoldi
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, 141 Woloska str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marco Costantini
- Tissue Engineering Unit, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Trombetta
- Tissue Engineering Unit, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Tissue Engineering Unit, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Wojciech Święszkowski
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, 141 Woloska str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland.
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26
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Sengottuvelan A, Balasubramanian P, Will J, Boccaccini A. Bioactivation of titanium dioxide scaffolds by ALP-functionalization. Bioact Mater 2017; 2:108-115. [PMID: 29744418 PMCID: PMC5935041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Three dimensional TiO2 scaffolds are receiving renewed attention for bone tissue engineering (TE) due to their biocompatibility and attractive mechanical properties. However the bioactivity of these scaffolds is comparatively lower than that of bioactive glass or hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds. One strategy to improve bioactivity is to functionalize the surface of the scaffolds using biomolecules. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was chosen in this study due to its important role in the bone mineralization process. The current study investigated the ALP functionalization of 3D titanium dioxide scaffolds using self-polymerization of dopamine. Robust titanium scaffolds (compressive strength∼2.7 ± 0.3 MPa) were produced via foam replica method. Enzyme grafting was performed by dip-coating in polydopamine/ALP solution. The presence of ALP was indirectly confirmed by contact angle measurements and enzymatic activity study. The influence of the enzyme on the bioactivity, e.g. hydroxyapatite formation on the scaffold surface, was measured in simulated body fluid (SBF). After 28 days in SBF, 5 mg ALP coated titania scaffolds exhibited increased hydroxyapatite formation. It was thus confirmed that ALP enhances the bioactivity of titania scaffolds, converting an inert bioceramic in an attractive bioactive system for bone TE.
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Smith AS, Passey SL, Martin NR, Player DJ, Mudera V, Greensmith L, Lewis MP. Creating Interactions between Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle and the Peripheral Nervous System. Cells Tissues Organs 2016; 202:143-158. [PMID: 27825148 PMCID: PMC5175300 DOI: 10.1159/000443634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective models of mammalian tissues must allow and encourage physiologically (mimetic) correct interactions between co-cultured cell types in order to produce culture microenvironments as similar as possible to those that would normally occur in vivo. In the case of skeletal muscle, the development of such a culture model, integrating multiple relevant cell types within a biomimetic scaffold, would be of significant benefit for investigations into the development, functional performance, and pathophysiology of skeletal muscle tissue. Although some work has been published regarding the behaviour of in vitro muscle models co-cultured with organotypic slices of CNS tissue or with stem cell-derived neurospheres, little investigation has so far been made regarding the potential to maintain isolated motor neurons within a 3D biomimetic skeletal muscle culture platform. Here, we review the current state of the art for engineering neuromuscular contacts in vitro and provide original data detailing the development of a 3D collagen-based model for the co-culture of primary muscle cells and motor neurons. The devised culture system promotes increased myoblast differentiation, forming arrays of parallel, aligned myotubes on which areas of nerve-muscle contact can be detected by immunostaining for pre- and post-synaptic proteins. Quantitative RT-PCR results indicate that motor neuron presence has a positive effect on myotube maturation, suggesting neural incorporation influences muscle development and maturation in vitro. The importance of this work is discussed in relation to other published neuromuscular co-culture platforms along with possible future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec S.T. Smith
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM) England, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash., USA
| | - Samantha L. Passey
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM) England, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Neil R.W. Martin
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM) England, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Darren J. Player
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM) England, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Vivek Mudera
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, London, UK
| | - Linda Greensmith
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mark P. Lewis
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM) England, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- *Prof. Mark P. Lewis, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough LE11 3TU (UK), E-Mail
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28
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Shadrin IY, Khodabukus A, Bursac N. Striated muscle function, regeneration, and repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4175-4202. [PMID: 27271751 PMCID: PMC5056123 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As the only striated muscle tissues in the body, skeletal and cardiac muscle share numerous structural and functional characteristics, while exhibiting vastly different size and regenerative potential. Healthy skeletal muscle harbors a robust regenerative response that becomes inadequate after large muscle loss or in degenerative pathologies and aging. In contrast, the mammalian heart loses its regenerative capacity shortly after birth, leaving it susceptible to permanent damage by acute injury or chronic disease. In this review, we compare and contrast the physiology and regenerative potential of native skeletal and cardiac muscles, mechanisms underlying striated muscle dysfunction, and bioengineering strategies to treat muscle disorders. We focus on different sources for cellular therapy, biomaterials to augment the endogenous regenerative response, and progress in engineering and application of mature striated muscle tissues in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we discuss the challenges and perspectives in translating muscle bioengineering strategies to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Y Shadrin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 3000 Science Drive, Hudson Hall 136, Durham, NC, 27708-90281, USA
| | - A Khodabukus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 3000 Science Drive, Hudson Hall 136, Durham, NC, 27708-90281, USA
| | - N Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 3000 Science Drive, Hudson Hall 136, Durham, NC, 27708-90281, USA.
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29
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Qazi TH, Mooney DJ, Pumberger M, Geissler S, Duda GN. Biomaterials based strategies for skeletal muscle tissue engineering: existing technologies and future trends. Biomaterials 2015; 53:502-21. [PMID: 25890747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles have a robust capacity to regenerate, but under compromised conditions, such as severe trauma, the loss of muscle functionality is inevitable. Research carried out in the field of skeletal muscle tissue engineering has elucidated multiple intrinsic mechanisms of skeletal muscle repair, and has thus sought to identify various types of cells and bioactive factors which play an important role during regeneration. In order to maximize the potential therapeutic effects of cells and growth factors, several biomaterial based strategies have been developed and successfully implemented in animal muscle injury models. A suitable biomaterial can be utilized as a template to guide tissue reorganization, as a matrix that provides optimum micro-environmental conditions to cells, as a delivery vehicle to carry bioactive factors which can be released in a controlled manner, and as local niches to orchestrate in situ tissue regeneration. A myriad of biomaterials, varying in geometrical structure, physical form, chemical properties, and biofunctionality have been investigated for skeletal muscle tissue engineering applications. In the current review, we present a detailed summary of studies where the use of biomaterials favorably influenced muscle repair. Biomaterials in the form of porous three-dimensional scaffolds, hydrogels, fibrous meshes, and patterned substrates with defined topographies, have each displayed unique benefits, and are discussed herein. Additionally, several biomaterial based approaches aimed specifically at stimulating vascularization, innervation, and inducing contractility in regenerating muscle tissues are also discussed. Finally, we outline promising future trends in the field of muscle regeneration involving a deeper understanding of the endogenous healing cascades and utilization of this knowledge for the development of multifunctional, hybrid, biomaterials which support and enable muscle regeneration under compromised conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taimoor H Qazi
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
| | - David J Mooney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA.
| | - Matthias Pumberger
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany; Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charitè - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sven Geissler
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
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30
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Ostrovidov S, Hosseini V, Ahadian S, Fujie T, Parthiban SP, Ramalingam M, Bae H, Kaji H, Khademhosseini A. Skeletal muscle tissue engineering: methods to form skeletal myotubes and their applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2014; 20:403-36. [PMID: 24320971 PMCID: PMC4193686 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE) aims to repair or regenerate defective skeletal muscle tissue lost by traumatic injury, tumor ablation, or muscular disease. However, two decades after the introduction of SMTE, the engineering of functional skeletal muscle in the laboratory still remains a great challenge, and numerous techniques for growing functional muscle tissues are constantly being developed. This article reviews the recent findings regarding the methodology and various technical aspects of SMTE, including cell alignment and differentiation. We describe the structure and organization of muscle and discuss the methods for myoblast alignment cultured in vitro. To better understand muscle formation and to enhance the engineering of skeletal muscle, we also address the molecular basics of myogenesis and discuss different methods to induce myoblast differentiation into myotubes. We then provide an overview of different coculture systems involving skeletal muscle cells, and highlight major applications of engineered skeletal muscle tissues. Finally, potential challenges and future research directions for SMTE are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ostrovidov
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samad Ahadian
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshinori Fujie
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Murugan Ramalingam
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, India
| | - Hojae Bae
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hirokazu Kaji
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Shah R, Knowles JC, Hunt NP, Lewis MP. Development of a novel smart scaffold for human skeletal muscle regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:162-71. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rishma Shah
- Orthodontic Unit and Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering; UCL Eastman Dental Institute; London UK
| | - Jonathan C. Knowles
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK and WCU Research Centre of Nanobiomedical Science; Dankook University; Chungnam South Korea
| | - Nigel P. Hunt
- Orthodontic Unit; UCL Eastman Dental Institute; London UK
| | - Mark P. Lewis
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Musculoskeletal Biology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences; Loughborough University, Loughborough and Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute; London UK
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32
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Martin NRW, Passey SL, Player DJ, Khodabukus A, Ferguson RA, Sharples AP, Mudera V, Baar K, Lewis MP. Factors affecting the structure and maturation of human tissue engineered skeletal muscle. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5759-65. [PMID: 23643182 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineered skeletal muscle has great utility in experimental studies of physiology, clinical testing and its potential for transplantation to replace damaged tissue. Despite recent work in rodent tissue or cell lines, there is a paucity of literature concerned with the culture of human muscle derived cells (MDCs) in engineered constructs. Here we aimed to tissue engineer for the first time in the literature human skeletal muscle in self-assembling fibrin hydrogels and determine the effect of MDC seeding density and myogenic proportion on the structure and maturation of the constructs. Constructs seeded with 4 × 10(5) MDCs assembled to a greater extent than those at 1 × 10(5) or 2 × 10(5), and immunostaining revealed a higher fusion index and a higher density of myotubes within the constructs, showing greater structural semblance to in vivo tissue. These constructs primarily expressed perinatal and slow type I myosin heavy chain mRNA after 21 days in culture. In subsequent experiments MACS(®) technology was used to separate myogenic and non-myogenic cells from their heterogeneous parent population and these cells were seeded at varying myogenic (desmin +) proportions in fibrin based constructs. Only in the constructs seeded with 75% desmin + cells was there evidence of striations when immunostained for slow myosin heavy chain compared with constructs seeded with 10 or 50% desmin + cells. Overall, this work reveals the importance of cell number and myogenic proportions in tissue engineering human skeletal muscle with structural resemblance to in vivo tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R W Martin
- Musculoskeletal Biology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE113TU, UK
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33
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Evaluation systems of generated forces of skeletal muscle cell-based bio-actuators. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 115:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Bandyopadhyay B, Shah V, Soram M, Viswanathan C, Ghosh D. In vitroandin vivoevaluation ofL-lactide/ε-caprolactone copolymer scaffold to support myoblast growth and differentiation. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 29:197-205. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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35
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Sengupta D, Gilbert PM, Johnson KJ, Blau HM, Heilshorn SC. Protein-engineered biomaterials to generate human skeletal muscle mimics. Adv Healthc Mater 2012. [PMID: 23184832 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debanti Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4045, USA
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36
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Corona BT, Machingal MA, Criswell T, Vadhavkar M, Dannahower AC, Bergman C, Zhao W, Christ GJ. Further development of a tissue engineered muscle repair construct in vitro for enhanced functional recovery following implantation in vivo in a murine model of volumetric muscle loss injury. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1213-28. [PMID: 22439962 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) can result from trauma and surgery in civilian and military populations, resulting in irrecoverable functional and cosmetic deficits that cannot be effectively treated with current therapies. Previous work evaluated a bioreactor-based tissue engineering approach in which muscle derived cells (MDCs) were seeded onto bladder acellular matrices (BAM) and mechanically preconditioned. This first generation tissue engineered muscle repair (TEMR) construct exhibited a largely differentiated cellular morphology consisting primarily of myotubes, and moreover, significantly improved functional recovery within 2 months of implantation in a murine latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle with a surgically created VML injury. The present report extends these initial observations to further document the importance of the cellular phenotype and composition of the TEMR construct in vitro to the functional recovery observed following implantation in vivo. To this end, three distinct TEMR constructs were created by seeding MDCs onto BAM as follows: (1) a short-term cellular proliferation of MDCs to generate primarily myoblasts without bioreactor preconditioning (TEMR-1SP), (2) a prolonged cellular differentiation and maturation period that included bioreactor preconditioning (TEMR-1SPD; identical to the first generation TEMR construct), and (3) similar treatment as TEMR-1SPD but with a second application of MDCs during bioreactor preconditioning (TEMR-2SPD); simulating aspects of "exercise" in vitro. Assessment of maximal tetanic force generation on retrieved LD muscles in vitro revealed that TEMR-1SP and TEMR-1SPD constructs promoted either an accelerated (i.e., 1 month) or a prolonged (i.e., 2 month postinjury) functional recovery, respectively, of similar magnitude. Meanwhile, TEMR-2SPD constructs promoted both an accelerated and prolonged functional recovery, resulting in twice the magnitude of functional recovery of either TEMR-1SP or TEMR-1SPD constructs. Histological and molecular analyses indicated that TEMR constructs mediated functional recovery via regeneration of functional muscle fibers either at the interface of the construct and the native tissue or within the BAM scaffolding independent of the native tissue. Taken together these findings are encouraging for the further development and clinical application of TEMR constructs as a VML injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Corona
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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37
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Smith A, Passey S, Greensmith L, Mudera V, Lewis M. Characterization and optimization of a simple, repeatable system for the long term in vitro culture of aligned myotubes in 3D. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1044-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Koning M, Werker PMN, van der Schaft DWJ, Bank RA, Harmsen MC. MicroRNA-1 and microRNA-206 improve differentiation potential of human satellite cells: a novel approach for tissue engineering of skeletal muscle. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 18:889-98. [PMID: 22070522 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovative strategies based on regenerative medicine, in particular tissue engineering of skeletal muscle, are promising for treatment of patients with skeletal muscle damage. However, the efficiency of satellite cell differentiation in vitro is suboptimal. MicroRNAs are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. We hypothesized that transient overexpression of microRNA-1 or microRNA-206 enhances the differentiation potential of human satellite cells by downregulation quiescent satellite cell regulators, thereby increasing myogenic regulator factors. To investigate this, we isolated and cultured human satellite cells from muscle biopsies. First, through immunofluorescent analysis and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), we showed that in satellite cell cultures, low Pax7 expression is related to high MyoD expression on differentiation, and, subsequently, more extensive sarcomere formation, that is, muscle differentiation, was detected. Second, using qRT-PCR, we showed that microRNA-1 and microRNA-206 are robustly induced in differentiating satellite cells. Finally, a gain-of-function approach was used to investigate microRNA-1 and microRNA-206 potential in human satellite cells to improve differentiation potential. As a proof of concept, this was also investigated in a three-dimensional bioartificial muscle construct. After transfection with microRNA-1, the number of Pax7 expressing cells decreased compared with the microRNA-scrambled control. In differentiated satellite cell cultures transfected with either microRNA-1 or microRNA-206, the number of MyoD expressing cells increased, and α-sarcomeric actin and myosin expression increased compared with microRNA-scrambled control cultures. In addition, in a three-dimensional bioartificial muscle construct, an increase in MyoD expression occurred. Therefore, we conclude that microRNA-1 and microRNA-206 can improve human satellite cell differentiation. It represents a potential novel approach for tissue engineering of human skeletal muscle for the benefit of patients with facial paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Koning
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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39
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Li M, Dickinson CE, Finkelstein EB, Neville CM, Sundback CA. The role of fibroblasts in self-assembled skeletal muscle. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2641-50. [PMID: 21657983 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Small facial skeletal muscles often have no autologous donor source to effect surgical reconstruction. Autologously derived muscles could be engineered for replacement tissue, but must be vascularized and innervated to be functional. As a critical step, engineered muscle must mimic the morphology, protein and gene expression, and function of native muscle. This study utilized a self-assembly process to engineer three-dimensional (3D) muscle from a statically strained muscle cell monolayer. Primary mouse myoblasts (PMMs) and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were separately proliferated and coseeded on a fibrin sheet with anchored sutures. Within 10 days of initiating PMM differentiation, the cell-gel layer contracted, lifted, and rolled into a cylindrical 3D structure around the tendon-like suture anchors; the myotubes longitudinally aligned along the lines of tensile force. The objectives of this study were to characterize these engineered muscles and to elucidate the role of the fibroblasts in the self-assembly process. Fibroblasts maintained myotube viability, mediated fibrin degradation, and assisted in muscle self-assembly. The optimal 1:1 PMM:MEF ratio resulted in tissue morphology remarkably similar to native muscle. Through gene and protein expression assays, the development and maturation of the engineered muscle tissue was demonstrated to recapitulate normal skeletal muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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40
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Koning M, Werker PMN, van Luyn MJA, Harmsen MC. Hypoxia promotes proliferation of human myogenic satellite cells: a potential benefactor in tissue engineering of skeletal muscle. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1747-58. [PMID: 21438665 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial paralysis is a physically, psychologically, and socially disabling condition. Innovative treatment strategies based on regenerative medicine, in particular tissue engineering of skeletal muscle, are promising for treatment of patients with facial paralysis. The natural source for tissue-engineered muscle would be muscle stem cells, that is, human satellite cells (SC). In vivo, SC respond to hypoxic, ischemic muscle damage by activation, proliferation, differentiation to myotubes, and maturation to muscle fibers, while maintaining their reserve pool of SC. Therefore, our hypothesis is that hypoxia improves proliferation and differentiation of SC. During tissue engineering, a three-dimensional construct, or implanting SC in vivo, SC will encounter hypoxic environments. Thus, we set out to test our hypothesis on SC in vitro. During the first five passages, hypoxically cultured SC proliferated faster than their counterparts under normoxia. Moreover, also at higher passages, a switch from normoxia to hypoxia enhanced proliferation of SC. Hypoxia did not affect the expression of SC markers desmin and NCAM. However, the average surface expression per cell of NCAM was downregulated by hypoxia, and it also downregulated the gene expression of NCAM. The gene expression of the myogenic transcription factors PAX7, MYF5, and MYOD was upregulated by hypoxia. Moreover, gene expression of structural proteins α-sarcomeric actin, and myosins MYL1 and MYL3 was upregulated by hypoxia during differentiation. This indicates that hypoxia promotes a promyogenic shift in SC. Finally, Pax7 expression was not influenced by hypoxia and maintained in a subset of mononucleated cells, whereas these cells were devoid of structural muscle proteins. This suggests that during myogenesis in vitro, at least part of the SC adopt a quiescent, that is, reserve cells, phenotype. In conclusion, tissue engineering under hypoxic conditions would seem favorable in terms of myogenic proliferation, while maintaining the quiescent SC pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Koning
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Mulhall H, Patel M, Alqahtani K, Mason C, Lewis MP, Wall I. Effect of capillary shear stress on recovery and osteogenic differentiation of muscle-derived precursor cell populations. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 5:629-35. [PMID: 21774086 DOI: 10.1002/term.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Both chemical and physical stimuli can influence the fate of precursor cell populations. Therefore, the impact they have on promoting unwanted differentiation events must be understood to improve the yield and purity of therapeutic cells for regenerative medicine approaches. Capillary shear forces, similar to those encountered during cell processing, can impact upon production of regenerative cell populations. As shear stress can promote osteogenic differentiation in adhered bone marrow-derived stromal cells, we sought to determine whether the same is true for populations of muscle-derived precursor cells (MDPCs) that were isolated from a muscle niche environment. We isolated MDPCs from craniofacial muscle of 5 day-old Royal College of Surgeons rats and subjected them to capillary shear events similar to those encountered during manual bioprocessing of cells. We then assessed whether viability and ectopic osteogenic differentiation of MDPCs was affected. We found that whilst immediate recovery of MDPCs was not significantly affected by shear, viability after 24 h was reduced in comparison to non-sheared MDPCs. By 48 h, sheared MDPCs had all recovered and had similar viability to non-sheared MDPCs. Ostegenic differentiation was enhanced following exposure to capillary shear in both osteogenic and myogenic medium. This indicates that shear forces similar to those encountered during the bioprocessing of cell populations for therapy can have a significant influence on the fate of MDPCs.
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Langelaan MLP, Boonen KJM, Rosaria-Chak KY, van der Schaft DWJ, Post MJ, Baaijens FPT. Advanced maturation by electrical stimulation: Differences in response between C2C12 and primary muscle progenitor cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 5:529-39. [DOI: 10.1002/term.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mudera V, Smith AST, Brady MA, Lewis MP. The effect of cell density on the maturation and contractile ability of muscle derived cells in a 3D tissue-engineered skeletal muscle model and determination of the cellular and mechanical stimuli required for the synthesis of a postural phenotype. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:646-53. [PMID: 20533296 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The successful engineering of a truly biomimetic model of skeletal muscle could have a significant impact on a number of biomedical disciplines. Although a variety of techniques are currently being developed, there is, as of yet, no widely available and easily reproducible culture system for the synthesis of 3D artificial muscle tissues. In attempting to generate such a model it is essential to optimise any protocol in order to generate a tissue that best represents the in vivo environment. Since the maturation of muscle derived cells in culture is critically dependent on density, a major factor to be addressed in the development of these models is the ideal concentration at which to seed cells in order to generate an optimal response. In studying the effect of cell density on the performance of cells in an established 3D collagen based model of skeletal muscle, we demonstrate that an optimum density does exist in terms of peak force generation and myogenic gene expression data. Greater densities however, lead to the formation of a more physiologically relevant tissue with a phenotype characteristic of slow, postural muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mudera
- UCL Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, London, UK
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Langelaan ML, Boonen KJ, Polak RB, Baaijens FP, Post MJ, van der Schaft DW. Meet the new meat: tissue engineered skeletal muscle. Trends Food Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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45
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Current opportunities and challenges in skeletal muscle tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2009; 3:407-15. [DOI: 10.1002/term.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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