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Meamar R, Haddad S, Nasiri R, Borojeni GS, Kolahdoozan M, Eizadi-Mood N, Pourisfahani SA, Mahvari R, Rezaei A, Fesharaki M. Ferulic acid grafted into β-cyclodextrin nanosponges ameliorates Paraquat-induced human MRC-5 fibroblast injury. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:44-60. [PMID: 37615264 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a commercially important and effective herbicide in the world. Nevertheless, it has higher toxicity causing acute organ damage and different complications, mainly in the lungs and kidneys. Ferulic acid (FA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid imposes multiple pharmacological impacts. No protective effect of FA on PQ poisoning-caused human embryonic lung fibroblast damage has not been reported. Despite their many beneficial effects, FA is characterized by poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and phytochemical instability. To solve the problem, β-cyclodextrin nanosponge (β-CD NSs) was utilized to increase the solubility of FA so that it was grafted into β-CD NSs to establish β-CD@FA NSs. The purpose of this work was to examine for the first time the protective effect of β-CD@FA NS on MRC-5 human lung cells damages induced by PQ poisoning. MTS assay was performed to investigate the viability of MRC-5 cells at different concentrations of FA/β-CD@FA NSs when cells were co-cultured with 0.2 μg/mL PQ. The flow cytometry study was carried out to determine apoptosis. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels were detected using appropriate biochemistry kits. Compared with the PQ group, the cell activity, CAT, and SOD levels were significantly increased in the FA and chiefly in β-CD@FA NSs intervention groups, whereas apoptosis and MDA levels were markedly decreased. The inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 22 (IL-22) were detected. The results demonstrate that β-CD@FA NSs can inhibit PQ-induced cell damage by enhancing antioxidant stress capacity and regulation of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokhsareh Meamar
- Isfahan Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shadi Haddad
- Isfahan Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rozita Nasiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gelare Sadeghi Borojeni
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kolahdoozan
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nastaran Eizadi-Mood
- Isfahan Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Razieh Mahvari
- Isfahan Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Atefe Rezaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrafarin Fesharaki
- Isfahan Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Oestreicher N, Bourdineaud JP, Vélot C. Mutagenic effects of a commercial glyphosate-based herbicide formulation on the soil filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans depending on the mode of exposure. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 892:503708. [PMID: 37973298 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are the most used pesticides worldwide. This widespread dissemination raises the question of non-target effects on a wide range of organisms, including soil micro-organisms. Despite a large body of scientific studies reporting the harmful effects of GBHs, the health and environmental safety of glyphosate and its commercial formulations remains controversial. In particular, contradictory results have been obtained on the possible genotoxicity of these herbicides depending on the organisms or biological systems tested, the modes and durations of exposure and the sensitivity of the detection technique used. We previously showed that the well-characterized soil filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans was highly affected by a commercial GBH formulation containing 450 g/L of glyphosate (R450), even when used at doses far below the agricultural application rate. In the present study, we analysed the possible mutagenicity of R450 in A. nidulans by screening for specific mutants after different modes of exposure to the herbicide. R450 was found to exert a mutagenic effect only after repeated exposure during growth on agar-medium, and depending on the metabolic status of the tested strain. The nature of some mutants and their ability to tolerate the herbicide better than did the wild-type strain suggested that their emergence may reflect an adaptive response of the fungus to offset the herbicide effects. The use of a non-selective molecular approach, the quantitative random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-qPCR), showed that R450 could also exert a mutagenic effect after a one-shot overnight exposure during growth in liquid culture. However, this effect was subtle and no longer detectable when the fungus had previously been repeatedly exposed to the herbicide on a solid medium. This indicated an elevation of the sensitivity threshold of A. nidulans to the R450 mutagenicity, and thus confirmed the adaptive capacity of the fungus to the herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Oestreicher
- Laboratory VEAC, University Paris-Saclay, Faculty of Sciences, Bât. 350, Avenue Jean Perrin, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bourdineaud
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5234, Laboratory of Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christian Vélot
- Laboratory VEAC, University Paris-Saclay, Faculty of Sciences, Bât. 350, Avenue Jean Perrin, 91405 Orsay, France.
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da Silva HE, Benvindo-Souza M, Silva DDME, Filho NRA. Genotoxic and mutagenic evaluation in Eisenia foetida annelids exposed to iron ore tailings from the region of Brumadinho, MG, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 102:104247. [PMID: 37586653 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Soils that have a disproportion of metallic elements due to anthropic activities endanger the terrestrial fauna. This study evaluated whether earthworms (Eisenia foetida) exposed to ore tailings from Brumadinho region presented a higher frequency of genotoxic and mutagenic damages than annelids from a reference area (control). The animals were exposed to substrates containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% iron mining waste. The results indicated increased DNA damage (p < 0.05), detected by the comet assay at 25% and 50%. There was a three-fold increase in micronuclei in animals on the substrates with the highest concentrations (75% and 100%) [F = 3.095; p = 0.02]. The earthworms lost weight as the percentage of mining waste increased. We concluded that E. foetida presented DNA damage in the contaminated soils of Brumadinho. However, more research is fundamental, once the environmental disaster in Brumadinho was one of the biggest mining catastrophe in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio Elias da Silva
- Laboratory of Extraction and Separation Methods, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Marcelino Benvindo-Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Resources of the Cerrado at the State University of Goiás, Anápolis, Brazil; Laboratory of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics. Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Melo E Silva
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics. Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Nelson Roberto Antoniosi Filho
- Laboratory of Extraction and Separation Methods, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Sillapawattana P, Klungsupya P. Ecotoxicity testing of paraquat metabolites degraded by filamentous fungi in model organism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153631. [PMID: 35124045 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat has been intensively used worldwide for several decades for the purpose of weed control in profit crop plantation. This leads to the accumulation of the herbicide and its metabolites in the environment. One promising method to reduce and/or eliminate the paraquat-contaminants is via microbial bioremediation. Filamentous fungi, Aspergillus tamarii PRPY-2, isolated from rubber tree plantation in the northern part of Thailand exhibited the ability to degrade paraquat in liquid media at laboratory scale. Thus, utilization of this species in paraquat-contaminated sites is potentially feasible. However, metabolites generated during biodegradation processes are possibly more toxic than the parent compound. Hence, before introducing this microbe into the environment, it is necessary to ensure that metabolites have no adverse effects on the ecosystem. The present work focuses on the study of the toxic effects of paraquat metabolites on the eukaryote model organism using Saccharomyces cerevisiae of wild type and five mutant strains. The relation between paraquat degradation and growth of fungi was firstly performed. Ecotoxicity testing was done via chemo-genetic screening method. Oxidative stress-related enzyme, superoxide dismutase of S. cerevisiae was also verified. The results illustrated that fungi could degrade 100% of paraquat in Czapeck Dox liquid medium within 21 days. Ecotoxicity data indicated that all yeast strains grew better in a medium containing paraquat metabolites than the one containing parent compound. Among them, mutant lacking superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene was the most affected strain. Moreover, enzyme activity of yeast cells exposed to paraquat metabolites was found to be lower than that exposed to parent compound. In summary, metabolites degraded by A. tamarii are less toxic to model organism than paraquat. Therefore, the utilization of this species for remediation purpose was found to be safe for the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panwad Sillapawattana
- Program in Environmental Technology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiangmai, Thailand.
| | - Prapaipat Klungsupya
- Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Techno Polis, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Heydebreck F. Monitoring of Paraquat in soya products intended for animal feed. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-021-00084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEven though paraquat is considered to be one of the most toxic herbicides, it is one of the most used ones. Paraquat-based preparations are heavily used across many important agricultural countries and for a lot of types of crops such as soya. As soya is used in large quantities in the feed production, paraquat residues in soya products are a potential threat to livestock. The aim of this study was to investigate whether soya products intended for animal feed contain residues of paraquat. Therefore, an optimized Quick Polar Pesticides (QuPPe) Method was developed. In total, 174 samples were analyzed via LC-MS/MS using zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (ZIC-HILIC). The results showed that paraquat was detected in 66 % of the samples above 0.008 mg/kg. Residues were mainly present in soya bean meals that were imported from Brazil or the USA and cultivated using genetically modified soya. Around 5 % of the samples were not compliant with the European regulation on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed. The results of this study support the view that paraquat residues play a significant role in soya products intended for animal feed and, thus, need to be controlled on a regular basis. However, for enforcement actions reliable processing factors for paraquat in soya products or maximum residue levels for processed soya products are urgently required.
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Macii F, Detti R, Bloise FR, Giannarelli S, Biver T. Spectroscopic Analysis of the Binding of Paraquat and Diquat Herbicides to Biosubstrates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052412. [PMID: 33801256 PMCID: PMC7967551 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of the interaction of persistent organic pollutants with biosubstrates helps to unravel the pathways for toxicity, however, few mechanistic data are present in the literature for these systems. We analyzed the binding of paraquat (PQ) and diquat (DQ) herbicides to natural calf thymus DNA and a DNA G-quadruplex by spectrophotometric titrations, ethidium bromide exchange tests, viscometry, and melting experiments. The interaction with bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein was studied spectrofluorimetrically at different temperatures. The retention of the targets on positive, negative, and neutral micellar aggregates and liposomes was analyzed by ultrafiltration experiments. Despite some favorable features, PQ and DQ only externally bind natural DNA and do not interact with DNA oligonucleotides. Both herbicides bind bovine serum albumin (BSA). PQ binds BSA mainly according to an electrostatics-driven process. However, ultrafiltration data also show that some hydrophobic contribution participates in the features of these systems. The practical problems related to unfavorable spectroscopic signals and inner filter effects are also discussed. Overall, both herbicides show a low affinity for nucleic acids and weak penetration into liposomes; in addition, the equilibrium constants values found for BSA system suggest optimal conditions for transport in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Macii
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.M.); (R.D.); (F.R.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Rebecca Detti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.M.); (R.D.); (F.R.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Francesca Rita Bloise
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.M.); (R.D.); (F.R.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Stefania Giannarelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.M.); (R.D.); (F.R.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Tarita Biver
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.M.); (R.D.); (F.R.B.); (S.G.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Malfatti ADLR, Mallmann GC, Oliveira Filho LCI, Carniel LSC, Cruz SP, Klauberg-Filho O. Ecotoxicological test to assess effects of herbicides on spore germination of Rhizophagus clarus and Gigaspora albida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111599. [PMID: 33254424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Given the essential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil systems and agriculture, their use as biological indicators has risen in all fields of microbiology research. However, AMF sensitivity to chemical pesticides is poorly understood in field conditions, and not explored in ecotoxicology protocols. Hence, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of glyphosate (Roundup®) and diuron+paraquat (Gramocil®) on the germination of spores of Gigaspora albida and Rhizophagus clarus in a tropical artificial soil. This study was conducted in 2019 at the Soil Ecology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory of the Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. The nominal concentrations of glyphosate were 0, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg a.i. kg-1. For diuron+paraquat, the concentrations tested were 0, 10 + 20, 50 + 100, 100 + 200, 250 + 500, 500 + 1000, 750 + 1500 and 1000 + 2000 mg a.i. kg-1. Glyphosate did not alter germination of G. albida, but germination inhibition of R. clarus spores was of 30.8% at 1000 mg kg-1. Diuron+paraquat inhibited by 8.0% germination of G. albida, but only at the highest concentration tested. On the other hand, effects on R. clarus were detected at 50 + 100 mg kg-1 concentration and above, and inhibition was as high as 57.7% at the highest concentration evaluated. These results suggest distinct response mechanisms of Rhizophagus and Gigaspora when exposed to herbicides, with the former being more sensitive than the later.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilvani Carla Mallmann
- Department of Soil Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC Lages), Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos Iuñes Oliveira Filho
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC Oeste), Chapecó, SC, Brazil; Department of Soils, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Sonia Purin Cruz
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Osmar Klauberg-Filho
- Department of Soil Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC Lages), Lages, SC, Brazil.
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In Vitro Study of the Toxicity Mechanisms of Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) and Released Iron Ions Using Earthworm Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112189. [PMID: 33153039 PMCID: PMC7692149 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, nanomaterials based on nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) have ranked among the most utilized remediation technologies for soil and groundwater cleanup. The high reduction capacity of elemental iron (Fe0) allows for the rapid and cost-efficient degradation or transformation of many organic and inorganic pollutants. Although worldwide real and pilot applications show promising results, the effects of nZVI on exposed living organisms are still not well explored. The majority of the recent studies examined toxicity to microbes and to a lesser extent to other organisms that could also be exposed to nZVI via nanoremediation applications. In this work, a novel approach using amoebocytes, the immune effector cells of the earthworm Eisenia andrei, was applied to study the toxicity mechanisms of nZVI. The toxicity of the dissolved iron released during exposure was studied to evaluate the effect of nZVI aging with regard to toxicity and to assess the true environmental risks. The impact of nZVI and associated iron ions was studied in vitro on the subcellular level using different toxicological approaches, such as short-term immunological responses and oxidative stress. The results revealed an increase in reactive oxygen species production following nZVI exposure, as well as a dose-dependent increase in lipid peroxidation. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) and necrosis were detected upon exposure to ferric and ferrous ions, although no lethal effects were observed at environmentally relevant nZVI concentrations. The decreased phagocytic activity further confirmed sublethal adverse effects, even after short-term exposure to ferric and ferrous iron. Detection of sublethal effects, including changes in oxidative stress-related markers such as reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde production revealed that nZVI had minimal impacts on exposed earthworm cells. In comparison to other works, this study provides more details regarding the effects of the individual iron forms associated with nZVI aging and the cell toxicity effects on the specific earthworms' immune cells that represent a suitable model for nanomaterial testing.
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Singh S, Kumar V, Gill JPK, Datta S, Singh S, Dhaka V, Kapoor D, Wani AB, Dhanjal DS, Kumar M, Harikumar SL, Singh J. Herbicide Glyphosate: Toxicity and Microbial Degradation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7519. [PMID: 33076575 PMCID: PMC7602795 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a non-specific organophosphate pesticide, which finds widespread application in shielding crops against the weeds. Its high solubility in hydrophilic solvents, especially water and high mobility allows the rapid leaching of the glyphosate into the soil leading to contamination of groundwater and accumulation into the plant tissues, therefore intricating the elimination of the herbicides. Despite the widespread application, only a few percentages of the total applied glyphosate serve the actual purpose, dispensing the rest in the environment, thus resulting in reduced crop yields, low quality agricultural products, deteriorating soil fertility, contributing to water pollution, and consequently threatening human and animal life. This review gives an insight into the toxicological effects of the herbicide glyphosate and current approaches to track and identify trace amounts of this agrochemical along with its biodegradability and possible remediating strategies. Efforts have also been made to summarize the biodegradation mechanisms and catabolic enzymes involved in glyphosate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranjeet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; (S.S.); (V.D.); (D.S.D.)
- Punjab Biotechnology Incubator (PBTI), Phase-V, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160059, India
- Regional Advance Water Testing Laboratory, Department of Water Supply and Sanitation, Phase-II, S.A.S. Nagar 160054, India;
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior 474009, India;
| | | | - Shivika Datta
- Department of Zoology, Doaba College Jalandhar, Jalandhar 144001, India;
| | - Satyender Singh
- Regional Advance Water Testing Laboratory, Department of Water Supply and Sanitation, Phase-II, S.A.S. Nagar 160054, India;
| | - Vaishali Dhaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; (S.S.); (V.D.); (D.S.D.)
| | - Dhriti Kapoor
- Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India;
| | - Abdul Basit Wani
- Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India;
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; (S.S.); (V.D.); (D.S.D.)
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, India; (M.K.); (S.L.H.)
| | - S. L. Harikumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, India; (M.K.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; (S.S.); (V.D.); (D.S.D.)
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Liang X, Xu J, Huang X, Zheng Z, Zhang C, Yang Y, Wang M, Zhang Y. Systemic stereoselectivity study of bromothalonil: stereoselective bioactivity, toxicity, and degradation in vegetables and soil. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1823-1830. [PMID: 31828964 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chiral pesticide bromothalonil is widely used to control anthracnose disease on fruits and vegetables in China. The pesticidal activity, ecotoxicological effects and environmental behavior of bromothalonil and its enantiomers are still unclear. RESULTS Bromothalonil presented effective biocidal activities against the tested fungi, its enantiomers showed distinct inhibitory activities against different fungal species. The bioactivities of (+)-bromothalonil was 1.29-10.77 times higher than (-)-bromothalonil toward Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Curvularia lunata, Corynespora cassiicola, Colletotrichum siamense, and Colletotrichum musae, while the effect pattern was opposite for Colletotrichum cliviicola. Based on the acute toxicity test, bromothalonil was very toxic to Eisenia foetida (E. foetida). Bromothalonil also damaged the lysosomal membrane and exhibited potential genotoxicity toward E. foetida. Moreover, (+)-bromothalonil presented lower toxicity than (-)-bromothalonil. Stereoselective degradation was investigated in tomato, cucumber, chieh-qua, and soil. The half-life values of bromothalonil degradation ranged from 7.14 to 24.75 days, indicating that bromothalonil was easily degraded. Additionally, (+)-bromothalonil degraded 1.2-1.75 times faster than (-)-bromothalonil in the four matrices. CONCLUSION This is the first systemic assessment of the stereoselectivity of bromothalonil. Based on the obtained half-life, EC50 and LC50 values, bromothalonil is an easily degraded, broad-spectrum biocidal but very toxic pesticide. (+)-Bromothalonil was more degradable in vegetables and soil and showed clearly higher bioactivity toward target organisms and lower toxicity to E. foetida than (-)-bromothalonil. Therefore, the stereoselectivity of bromothalonil enantiomers should be fully considered in comprehensive environmental and ecological risk assessments in future work. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Haikou), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Jiabin Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xize Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhao Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chenghui Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Haikou), Ministry of Agriculture, China
- College of Food science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ye Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Haikou), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Haikou), Ministry of Agriculture, China
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Gajski G, Žegura B, Ladeira C, Pourrut B, Del Bo’ C, Novak M, Sramkova M, Milić M, Gutzkow KB, Costa S, Dusinska M, Brunborg G, Collins A. The comet assay in animal models: From bugs to whales – (Part 1 Invertebrates). MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 779:82-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Muangphra P, Tharapoom K, Euawong N, Namchote S, Gooneratne R. Chronic toxicity of commercial chlorpyrifos to earthworm Pheretima peguana. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1450-1459. [PMID: 25926403 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A chronic toxicity study was conducted in earthworms (Pheretima peguana) exposed to soil spiked with chlorpyrifos at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg soil dry matter for 7, 14, and 28 days. The integrity of the coelomocyte lysosomal membrane, nervous system, and male reproductive tissue was monitored using, respectively, the neutral-red retention assay, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme assay, and histomorphology of spermatogenic cells in the seminal vesicles and cocoon production (at 28 days after 28 days' exposure). Chlorpyrifos decreased the coelomocyte neutral-red retention time (NRRT) significantly (p < 0.05) at concentrations > 0.1 mg/kg soil as early as day 7 of exposure and was dose- and time-dependent. Chlorpyrifos inhibition of AChE activity was greater at day 7 than at day14 (p < 0.05) indicating possibly nerve recovery. Chlorpyrifos induced concentration-dependent damage to spermatogenic cells and cytophores in premature stages. The number and size of premature, maturing, and fully mature spermatogenic stages were increased at low concentrations (<1 mg/kg) but a number of these maturation stages declined at higher concentrations (10 and100 mg/kg) on day 28. The most severe effects were observed in the maturing and fully mature stages at the highest chlorpyrifos concentration, and this had an adverse impact on cocoon production and cocoon viability. Collectively, the results suggest induction of widespread effects on multiple organ systems in P. peguana exposed to chlorpyrifos. Although NRRT and AChE activity were the most sensitive of the biomarkers, cocoon production and cocoon viability could still be considered as diagnostic tools for monitoring effects from low-dose long-term chlorpyrifos toxicity and for evaluating population effects. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1450-1459, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ptumporn Muangphra
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand
| | - Kampanat Tharapoom
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand
| | - Nongnuch Euawong
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand
| | - Suluck Namchote
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, PO Box 85084, Lincoln University, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand.
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Wilczek G, Mędrzak M, Augustyniak M, Wilczek P, Stalmach M. Genotoxic effects of starvation and dimethoate in haemocytes and midgut gland cells of wolf spider Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:370-378. [PMID: 26942684 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic effects of starvation and dimethoate (organophosphate insecticide) in female and male wolf spiders Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae) exposed to the stressors under laboratory conditions. DNA damage was measured in haemocytes and midgut gland cells using the comet assay. In response to the two stressing factors, both cell types showed %TDNA, tail length (TL) and OTM values higher in males than in females. Level of DNA damage in haemocytes was greater than in midgut gland cells. In both sexes, the strongest genotoxicity was recorded at single application of dimethoate. After five-time exposure to the pesticide, genotoxic effects of a single dose were sustained in males and reduced to the control level in females. Starvation stress was well tolerated by the females, in which neither cell type was affected by DNA damage. However, in male haemocytes food deprivation induced severe DNA damage, what suggests suppression of the defence potential at prolonged starvation periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Wilczek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007 Poland.
| | - Monika Mędrzak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007 Poland
| | - Maria Augustyniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007 Poland
| | - Piotr Wilczek
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Heart Prosthesis Institute FRK, Wolności 345a, Zabrze 41-800 Poland
| | - Monika Stalmach
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007 Poland
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Multifactorial theory applied to the neurotoxicity of paraquat and paraquat-induced mechanisms of developing Parkinson's disease. J Transl Med 2016; 96:496-507. [PMID: 26829122 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory studies involving repeated exposure to paraquat (PQ) in different animal models can induce many of the pathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD), such as the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Epidemiological studies identify an increased risk of developing PD in human populations living in areas where PQ exposure is likely to occur and among workers lacking appropriate protective equipment. The mechanisms involved in developing PD may not be due to any single cause, but rather a multifactorial situation may exist where PQ exposure may cause PD in some circumstances. Multifactorial theory is adopted into this review that includes a number of sub-cellular mechanisms to explain the pathogenesis of PD. The theory is placed into an environmental context of chronic low-dose exposure to PQ that consequently acts as an oxidative stress inducer. Oxidative stress and the metabolic processes of PQ-inducing excitotoxicity, α-synuclein aggregate formation, autophagy, alteration of dopamine catabolism, and inactivation of tyrosine hydroxylase are positioned as causes for the loss of dopaminergic cells. The environmental context and biochemistry of PQ in soils, water, and organisms is also reviewed to identify potential routes that can lead to chronic rates of low-dose exposure that would replicate the type of response that is observed in animal models, epidemiological studies, and other types of laboratory investigations involving PQ exposure. The purpose of this review is to synthesize key relations and summarize hypotheses linking PD to PQ exposure by using the multifactorial approach. Recommendations are given to integrate laboratory methods to the environmental context as a means to improve on experimental design. The multifactorial approach is necessary for conducting valid tests of causal relations, for understanding of potential relations between PD and PQ exposure, and may prevent further delay in solving what has proven to be an evasive etiological problem.
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Díaz S, Martín-González A, Cubas L, Ortega R, Amaro F, Rodríguez-Martín D, Gutiérrez JC. High resistance of Tetrahymena thermophila to paraquat: Mitochondrial alterations, oxidative stress and antioxidant genes expression. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:909-917. [PMID: 26432532 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Díaz
- Dpto. Microbiología-III, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, C/.José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martín-González
- Dpto. Microbiología-III, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, C/.José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Liliana Cubas
- Dpto. Microbiología-III, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, C/.José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Ortega
- Dpto. Microbiología-III, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, C/.José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Amaro
- Dpto. Microbiología-III, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, C/.José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Martín
- Dpto. Microbiología-III, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, C/.José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Gutiérrez
- Dpto. Microbiología-III, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, C/.José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Yang X, Wang F, Bento CPM, Xue S, Gai L, van Dam R, Mol H, Ritsema CJ, Geissen V. Short-term transport of glyphosate with erosion in Chinese loess soil--a flume experiment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:406-414. [PMID: 25644837 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Repeated applications of glyphosate may contaminate the soil and water and threaten their quality both within the environmental system and beyond it through water erosion related processes and leaching. In this study, we focused on the transport of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) related to soil erosion at two slope gradients (10 and 20°), two rates of pesticide with a formulation of glyphosate (Roundup®) application (360 and 720 mg m(-2)), and a rain intensity of 1.0 mm min(-1) for 1 h on bare soil in hydraulic flumes. Runoff and erosion rate were significantly different within slope gradients (p<0.05) while suspended load concentration was relatively constant after 15 min of rainfall. The glyphosate and AMPA concentration in the runoff and suspended load gradually decreased. Significant power and exponent function relationship were observed between rainfall duration and the concentration of glyphosate and AMPA (p<0.01) in runoff and suspended load, respectively. Meanwhile, glyphosate and AMPA content in the eroded material depended more on the initial rate of application than on the slope gradients. The transport rate of glyphosate by runoff and suspended load was approximately 14% of the applied amount, and the chemicals were mainly transported in the suspended load. The glyphosate and AMPA content in the flume soil at the end of the experiment decreased significantly with depth (p<0.05), and approximately 72, 2, and 3% of the applied glyphosate (including AMPA) remained in the 0-2, 2-5, and 5-10 cm soil layers, respectively. The risk of contamination in deep soil and the groundwater was thus low, but 5% of the initial application did reach the 2-10 cm soil layer. The risk of contamination of surface water through runoff and sedimentation, however, can be considerable, especially in regions where rain-induced soil erosion is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Yang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China; Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 712100 Yangling, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 712100 Yangling, China.
| | - Célia P M Bento
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sha Xue
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Lingtong Gai
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud van Dam
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Mol
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Coen J Ritsema
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Institute of Crop Science and Resources Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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17
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Charão MF, Baierle M, Gauer B, Goethel G, Fracasso R, Paese K, Brucker N, Moro AM, Bubols GB, Dias BB, Matte US, Guterres SS, Pohlmann AR, Garcia SC. Protective effects of melatonin-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules on paraquat-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in a pulmonary cell line. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 784-785:1-9. [PMID: 26046970 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many acute poisonings lack effective and specific antidotes. Due to both intentional and accidental exposures, paraquat (PQ) causes thousands of deaths annually, especially by pulmonary fibrosis. Melatonin (Mel), when incorporated into lipid-core nanocapsules (Mel-LNC), has enhanced antioxidant properties. The effects of such a formulation have not yet been studied with respect to mitigation of PQ- induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage. Here, we have tested whether Mel-LNC can ameliorate PQ-induced toxicity in the A549 alveolar epithelial cell line. Physicochemical characterization of the formulations was performed. Cellular uptake was measured using nanocapsules marked with rhodamine B. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay and DNA damage was assessed by the comet assay. The enzyme-modified comet assay with endonuclease III (Endo III) and formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG) were used to investigate oxidative DNA damage. Incubation with culture medium for 24h did not alter the granulometric profile of Mel-LNC formulations. Following treatment (3 and 24h), red fluorescence was detected around the cell nucleus, indicating internalization of the formulation. Melatonin solution (Mel), Mel-LNC, and LNC did not have significant effects on cell viability or DNA damage. Pre-treatment with Mel-LNC enhanced cell viability and showed a remarkable reduction in % DNA in tail compared to the PQ group; this was not observed in cells pre-treated with Mel. PQ induces oxidative DNA damage detected with the enzyme-modified comet assay. Mel-LNC reduced this damage more effectively than did Mel. In summary, Mel-LNC is better than Mel at protecting A549 cells from the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of PQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariele F Charão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grandedo Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Marília Baierle
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grandedo Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Gauer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grandedo Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Goethel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grandedo Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Fracasso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grandedo Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Karina Paese
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Departamento de Produção e Controle de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Natália Brucker
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grandedo Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Angela M Moro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grandedo Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme B Bubols
- Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grandedo Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna B Dias
- Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grandedo Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Ursula S Matte
- Centro de Terapia Gênica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Silvia S Guterres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Departamento de Produção e Controle de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Adriana R Pohlmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Solange C Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grandedo Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil.
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Yadav SS, Giri S, Singha U, Boro F, Giri A. Toxic and genotoxic effects of Roundup on tadpoles of the Indian skittering frog (Euflictis cyanophlyctis) in the presence and absence of predator stress. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 132-133:1-8. [PMID: 23454306 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate, a post emergent herbicide, has become the backbone of no-till agriculture and is considered safe for animals. However, the impact of glyphosate on non-target organisms, especially on amphibians, is the subject of major concern and debate in recent times. We examined the toxic and genotoxic effects of Roundup, a commercial formulation of glyphosate, in the tadpoles of the Indian skittering frog (Euflictis cyanophlyctis). Roundup at different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8mg acid equivalent (ae)/L), tested in a 2×6 factorial design in the presence and absence of predator stress, induced concentration-dependent lethality in tadpoles. The 96-h LC50 for Roundup in the absence and presence of predator stress were 3.76mgae/L and 3.39mgae/L, respectively. The 10-day LC50 value for Roundup was significantly lower, 2.12mgae/L and 1.91mgae/L in the absence and presence of predator stress, respectively. Lower concentrations of Roundup (1, 2 and 3mgae/L) induced the formation of micronuclei (MN) in the erythrocytes of tadpoles at 24-h (F3,56=10.286, p<0.001), 48-h (F3,56=48.255, p<0.001), 72-h (F3,56=118.933, p<0.001) and 96-h (F3,56=85.414, p<0.001) in a concentration-dependent manner. Presence of predator stress apparently increased the toxicity and genotoxicity of Roundup; but these effects were not statistically significant. These findings suggest that Roundup at environmentally relevant concentrations has lethal and genotoxic impact on E. cyanophlyctis; which may have long-term fitness consequence to the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushama Singh Yadav
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
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Piola L, Fuchs J, Oneto ML, Basack S, Kesten E, Casabé N. Comparative toxicity of two glyphosate-based formulations to Eisenia andrei under laboratory conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:545-51. [PMID: 23332878 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based products are the leading post-emergent agricultural herbicides in the world, particularly in association with glyphosate tolerant crops. However, studies on the effects of glyphosate-based formulations on terrestrial receptors are scarce. This study was conducted to evaluate the comparative toxicity of two glyphosate-based products: Roundup FG (monoammonium salt, 72% acid equivalent, glyphosate-A) and Mon 8750 (monoammonium salt, 85.4% acid equivalent, glyphosate-B), towards the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Median lethal concentration (LC50) showed that glyphosate-A was 4.5-fold more toxic than glyphosate-B. Sublethal concentrations caused a concentration-dependent weight loss, consistent with the reported effect of glyphosate as uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Glyphosate-A showed deleterious effects on DNA and lysosomal damage at concentrations close to the applied environmental concentrations (14.4 μg ae cm(-2)). With glyphosate-B toxic effects were observed at higher doses, close to its LC50, suggesting that the higher toxicity of formulate A could be attributed to the effects of some of the so-called "inert ingredients", either due to a direct intrinsic toxicity, or to an enhancement in the bioavailability and/or bioaccumulation of the active ingredient. Our results highlight the importance of ecotoxicological assessment not only of the active ingredients, but also of the different formulations usually employed in agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Piola
- Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 4° piso, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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