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Metcalf L, Lomax S, Van der Saag D, Garg S, White PJ. Pain Relief Interventions in Australian Livestock Husbandry: A Review of Animal Welfare and Pain Duration. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1901. [PMID: 38998013 PMCID: PMC11240665 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In veterinary medicine and livestock production, ensuring good animal husbandry is vital for the physical and emotional wellbeing of animals under our care. Pain poses challenges for assessment and mitigation, especially in species unable to express pain overtly. This review examines current pain mitigation interventions in routine husbandry, focuses on the duration of pain after procedures and implications for animal welfare. Pain behaviours have been observed for days or weeks after regular husbandry procedures, and many studies have noted pain-related behaviour persisting until study finalisation, suggesting potential undocumented pain beyond study completion. Current products registered in Australia for pain mitigation in livestock primarily target immediate pain associated with procedures. The future of pain relief in livestock demands longer-acting solutions to address post-procedural pain adequately. Providing pain relief for at least 72 h post surgery is recommended, but current products require retreatment intervals to achieve this, posing practical challenges, especially in livestock. Methods of pain relief provision, such as voluntary consumption of medicated feed, transdermal medication delivery and long-acting formulations offer potential solutions for prolonged pain relief, with research ongoing in these areas. There is a need for further research and development of longer-acting pain relief to ensure optimal welfare of livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Metcalf
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.V.d.S.); (P.J.W.)
| | - Sabrina Lomax
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Dominique Van der Saag
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.V.d.S.); (P.J.W.)
| | - Sanjay Garg
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Peter J. White
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.V.d.S.); (P.J.W.)
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Abd Ellah NH, Helmy AM, Tammam OY, El-Sherif MW, Abouelmagd SA. Dual-responsive in situ gelling polymer matrix for tunable ketamine general anesthesia in experimental animals. Int J Pharm 2024; 652:123820. [PMID: 38242258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Animal experimentation is a critical part of the drug development process and pharmaceutical research. General anesthesia is one of the most common procedures. Careful administration and dosing of anesthetics ensure animal safety and study success. However, repeated injections are needed to maintain anesthesia, leading to adverse effects. Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, is commonly used for inducing anesthesia in animals and suffers from a short half-life requiring repeated dosing. Herein, we report a novel system for controlled anesthesia post-intraperitoneal administration. A polymer solution called "premix" was developed using two stimuli-responsive polymers, Pluronic (PF) and Carbopol (CP). As the premix was mixed with ketamine solution and injected, it underwent in situ gelation, hence controlling ketamine release and anesthesia. The PF and CP concentrations were optimized for the gelation temperature and viscosity upon mixing with the ketamine solution. The optimal premix/ketamine formulation (1.5:1) was liquid at room temperature and gel at physiological conditions with favorable mucoadhesion and rheology. Premix retarded the release of ketamine, translating to tunable anesthesia in vivo. Anesthesia duration and recovery were tunable per ketamine dose with minimal side effects. Therefore, we propose the implementation of PF/CP premix as a vehicle for general anesthesia in animals for optimal duration and effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura H Abd Ellah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Assiut, Naser City 2014101, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman M Helmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minya 61768, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D Printing (PharmE3D) Lab, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Omar Y Tammam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Valley University, Alkharga, New Valley 72511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed W El-Sherif
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, Alkharga, New Valley 72511, Egypt.
| | - Sara A Abouelmagd
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt; Institute for Drug Development and Innovation Research, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
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Yang Y, Wu J, Feng S, Yu H, Liu C, Wang S. Notoginsenoside R1 attenuates bupivacaine induced neurotoxicity by activating Jak1/Stat3/Mcl1 pathway. Toxicology 2024; 503:153740. [PMID: 38316350 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Bupivacaine, a common amide local anesthetic, can provide effective analgesia or pain relief but can also cause neurotoxicity, which remains a mounting concern in clinic and animal care. However, the precise underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. A natural compound, notoginsenoside R1 (NG-R1) has been reported to exhibit a neuroprotective role in stress conditions. In this study, we explored the function and mechanism of NG-R1 in alleviating bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity in mouse hippocampal neuronal (HT-22) and mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cell lines. Our results exhibited that NG-R1 treatment can significantly rescue the decline of cell survival induced by bupivacaine. Tunel staining and western blotting showed that NG-R1 could attenuate BPV‑induced cell apoptosis. Besides, we focused on Mcl1 as a potential target as it showed opposite expression tendency in response to NG-R1 and bupivacaine exposure. Mcl1 knockdown blocked the inhibitory effect of NG-R1 on cell apoptosis against bupivacaine treatment. Intriguingly, we found that NG-R1 can upregulate Mcl1 transcription by activating Stat3 and promote its nuclear translocation. In addition, NG-R1 can also promote Jak1 phosphorylation and docking analysis provide a predicted model for interaction between NG-R1 and phosphorylated Jak1. Taken together, our results demonstrated that NG-R1 can attenuate bupivacaine induced neurotoxicity by activating Jak1/Stat3/Mcl1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272013, China; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Jiwen Wu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272013, China; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Shicheng Feng
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272013, China; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Yu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272013, China; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272013, China; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China; Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272013, China; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.
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Middlestead DK, Roa DM, Burgess RCF. A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical study to evaluate the effectiveness of a diluted liposomal-encapsulated bupivacaine suspension in dogs undergoing a ventral midline celiotomy. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2024; 65:59-65. [PMID: 38164384 PMCID: PMC10727157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a liposomal-encapsulated bupivacaine suspension (LEBS; Nocita), at a 1:5 dilution with 0.9% NaCl, for the reduction of postoperative pain scores and a related reduction in the need for postoperative opioids in dogs undergoing ventral midline celiotomy. Hypothesis When infused at a 1:5 dilution, LEBS results in less postoperative pain (as indicated by pain scale scores), and a reduction in postoperative opioids, in dogs undergoing ventral midline celiotomy. The use of LEBS does not affect wound healing when compared to placebo. Study design This was a randomized, blinded, prospective clinical trial. Animals We studied 40 client-owned dogs undergoing abdominal surgery via a ventral midline celiotomy. Procedure Dogs undergoing a ventral midline celiotomy were enrolled and randomly allocated to 1 of 2 groups: those receiving LEBS or a placebo injection protocol into tissue planes during closure. The Glasgow Composite Pain Scale-Short Form (GCPS-SF) was used by an observer blinded to the treatment group to assess patients at 0, 1, 2, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, and 72 h after extubation. Dogs with a score of ≥ 3 in any single category or ≥ 6 total were given a rescue analgesia. Data were analyzed to compare the number of rescue therapy doses administered between the 2 treatment groups. Results Forty dogs completed the study. Dogs that received a diluted LEBS protocol were equally likely to require a rescue therapy as those that received the placebo (0.9% NaCl). There were no significant difference in the pain scores or the total number of opioid injections required between the 2 treatment groups. Conclusion and clinical relevance In dogs undergoing ventral midline celiotomy, 1:5 diluted LEBS administration alone should not be considered the sole method of pain relief. Liposomal-encapsulated bupivacaine suspension should be used in conjunction with systemic opioids as part of a multimodal analgesic regime. This multimodal approach would allow a reduction in dose or frequency of opioids, therefore lessening the undesired side effects associated with opioids while also decreasing client costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayna K Middlestead
- Chesapeake Veterinary Surgical Specialists, 808 Bestgate Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21401, USA
| | - Daren M Roa
- Chesapeake Veterinary Surgical Specialists, 808 Bestgate Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21401, USA
| | - Richard C F Burgess
- Chesapeake Veterinary Surgical Specialists, 808 Bestgate Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21401, USA
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Thiel A, Hertel AG, Giroud S, Friebe A, Fuchs B, Kindberg J, Græsli AR, Arnemo JM, Evans AL. The cost of research: Lasting effects of capture, surgery and muscle biopsy on brown bear ( Ursus arctos) movement and physiology. Anim Welf 2023; 32:e75. [PMID: 38510989 PMCID: PMC10951663 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Animal models are a key component of translational medicine, helping transfer scientific findings into practical applications for human health. A fundamental principle of research ethics involves weighing the benefits of the research to society against the burden imposed on the animals used for scientific purposes. The utilisation of wild animals for research requires evaluation of the effects of capture and invasive sampling. Determining the severity and duration of these interventions on the animal's physiology and behaviour allows for refining study methodology and for excluding or accounting for biased data. In this study, 39 Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos) captured either while hibernating in winter or via helicopter in summer and that underwent surgery as part of a human health project had their movement, body temperature and timing of onset of hibernation compared with those of 14 control bears that had not been captured during the same period. Bears captured in winter and summer showed decreased movement from den exit until late summer, compared to those in the control group. Bears captured in summer showed reduced movement and body temperature for at least, respectively, 14 and 3 days, with an 11% decrease in hourly distance, compared to pre-capture levels, but did not differ in the timing of hibernation onset. We reveal that brown bear behaviour and physiology can be altered in response to capture and surgery for days to months, post-capture. This has broad implications for the conclusions of wildlife studies that rely upon invasive sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Thiel
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - Anne G Hertel
- Behavioural Ecology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sylvain Giroud
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Energetics Lab, Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, USA
| | - Andrea Friebe
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Boris Fuchs
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - Jonas Kindberg
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anne Randi Græsli
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - Jon M Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alina L Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
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Pinheiro AV, Petrucci GN, Dourado A, Pires I. Anaesthesia in Veterinary Oncology: The Effects of Surgery, Volatile and Intravenous Anaesthetics on the Immune System and Tumour Spread. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3392. [PMID: 37958147 PMCID: PMC10648213 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the course of oncological disease, the majority of patients require surgical, anaesthetic and analgesic intervention. However, during the perioperative period, anaesthetic agents and techniques, surgical tissue trauma, adjuvant drugs for local pain and inflammation and other non-pharmacological factors, such as blood transfusions, hydration, temperature and nutrition, may influence the prognosis of the disease. These factors significantly impact the oncologic patient's immune response, which is the primary barrier to tumour progress, promoting a window of vulnerability for its dissemination and recurrence. More research is required to ascertain which anaesthetics and techniques have immunoprotective and anti-tumour effects, which will contribute to developing novel anaesthetic strategies in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vidal Pinheiro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.D.); (I.P.)
| | - Gonçalo N. Petrucci
- Onevetgroup Hospital Veterinário do Porto (HVP), 4250-475 Porto, Portugal;
- Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School (EUVG), 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Amândio Dourado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.D.); (I.P.)
- Onevetgroup Hospital Veterinário do Porto (HVP), 4250-475 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Isabel Pires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.D.); (I.P.)
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Gonzalez GA, Betbeze C, Wills R, Eddy A, Mochal-King C, Fontenot RL. Effects of subconjunctival ropivacaine, liposomal bupivacaine, and mepivacaine on corneal sensitivity in healthy horses. Vet Surg 2023; 52:1041-1049. [PMID: 37332132 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate corneal sensitivity and adverse events following subconjunctival administration of three local anesthetics in horses. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, masked, crossover study. ANIMALS Twelve healthy adult mares. METHODS The subconjunctival space of the treated eye was injected with 0.2 mL of liposomal bupivacaine (1.3%), ropivacaine (0.5%), or mepivacaine (2%). All horses received each medication once and the contralateral eye received saline (control). Corneal touch threshold (CTT) was measured using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer before sedation, after sedation, and at specified intervals until it returned to baseline. Ocular examinations were performed at 24-, 72, and 168 h post-injection to monitor for adverse effects. RESULTS The mean total time of anesthesia (TTA) was 168.3 min for ropivacaine, 169.2 min for liposomal bupivacaine, 103.3 min for mepivacaine and 30.7 min for the control. TTA for liposomal bupivacaine (p < .001) and ropivacaine (p = .001) was longer than the control. TTA for mepivacaine was not different from the control (p = .138), liposomal bupivacaine (p = .075) or ropivacaine (p = .150). Injection site hemorrhage reduced TTA regardless of treatments (p = .047). No adverse effects attributed to injections were noted. CONCLUSION All three medications were well tolerated. Subconjunctival administration of ropivacaine and liposomal bupivacaine resulted in longer TTAs compared to the control; however, their TTAs were not different from that of mepivacaine. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Subconjunctivally administered liposomal bupivacaine and ropivacaine are viable options to provide prolonged corneal analgesia in horses. Future studies are needed to assess the efficacy in diseased eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Gonzalez
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Caroline Betbeze
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Robert Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Alison Eddy
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Cathleen Mochal-King
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Robin L Fontenot
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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Weiss L, Saller AM, Werner J, Süß SC, Reiser J, Kollmansperger S, Anders M, Potschka H, Fenzl T, Schusser B, Baumgartner C. Nociception in Chicken Embryos, Part I: Analysis of Cardiovascular Responses to a Mechanical Noxious Stimulus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2710. [PMID: 37684974 PMCID: PMC10486618 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is assumed that chicken embryos acquire the capacity for nociception while developing in the egg, an exact time point has not yet been specified. The present research was an exploratory study aiming to determine when the capacity of nociception emerges during embryonic development in chickens. Changes in blood pressure and heart rate (HR) in response to a noxious mechanical stimulus at the base of the beak versus a light touch on the beak were examined in chicken embryos between embryonic days (EDs) 7 and 18. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was the most sensitive parameter for assessing cardiovascular responses. Significant changes in MAP in response to a noxious stimulus were detected in embryos at ED16 to ED18, whereas significant changes in HR were observed at ED17 and ED18. Infiltration anesthesia with the local anesthetic lidocaine significantly reduced the response of MAP on ED18, so the measured cardiovascular changes may be interpreted as nociceptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Weiss
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Anna M. Saller
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Julia Werner
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Stephanie C. Süß
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Judith Reiser
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Sandra Kollmansperger
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.K.); (M.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Malte Anders
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.K.); (M.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Thomas Fenzl
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.K.); (M.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Benjamin Schusser
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Christine Baumgartner
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
- Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Citarella G, Corona D, Parsons E, Giannikaki S, Rioja E. The Outcomes of an Opioid-Free Anaesthetic Plan in Fourteen Dogs Undergoing Enucleation Using an Ultrasound-Guided Supra-Temporal Retrobulbar Block: A Retrospective Case Series. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2059. [PMID: 37443857 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this retrospective case series is to report the outcomes of an opioid-free anesthetic plan in dogs undergoing enucleation surgery. A total of 14 dogs were admitted for enucleation between March and December 2020. A multimodal approach to perioperative analgesia was used, with a focus on retrobulbar anesthesia. A combination of an ultrasound-guided retrobulbblock with a supratemporal approach in association with ketamine, dexmedetomidine and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was used in the reported cases. Intraoperative nociception was defined as an increase of 20% from the baseline in one or more of the following parameters: heart rate, respiratory rate or mean arterial pressure. An ultrasound-guided retrobulbar block in an opioid-free anesthesia regime was effective at managing the perioperative analgesia of 13 out of 14 dogs. In only one case, a bolus of fentanyl was administered to treat intraoperative nociception. Recovery was uneventful in all the dogs, and the postoperative pain scores remained below the intervention threshold at all time points. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case series of opioid-free anesthesia for enucleation in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Citarella
- Section of Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Corona
- Section of Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Eva Rioja
- Optivet Referrals, Ltd., Havant, PO9 2NJ, UK
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Parker LA, Bukoski AD, Zelaya-Nunez C, Dodam JR, Varner KM, Torres BT. Pelvic limb anesthesia and analgesia in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO): A survey of board-certified anesthesiologists. Vet Surg 2023; 52:521-530. [PMID: 36881970 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the locoregional anesthesia and analgesia preferences of veterinary anesthesiologists for use in dogs undergoing a TPLO and determine any association with specialty college, time from board-certification, or employment sector. STUDY DESIGN Cross sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION Diplomates of the American (ACVAA) and European (ECVAA) Colleges of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. METHODS An electronic survey was distributed to diplomates and responses were used to determine associations between preferred methods. RESULTS The survey response rate was 28% (141/500) with 69% (97/141) of ACVAA diplomates and 31% of diplomates with ECVAA (44/141) certification. Peripheral nerve block (PNB) was preferred by 79% (111/141) of all diplomates, lumbosacral epidural (LE) by 21% (29/141), and peri-incisional infiltration (PI) by <1% (1/141). There was no association (p = .283) with specialty college. There was an association (p < .001) with time from board-certification with increased preference for LE when >10-years from certification and PI preferred by only those board-certified >20-years ago. There was an association with employment sector (p = .003) with more academic diplomates preferring LE. Anesthesiologists reported that treatment decisions were affected by various factors including time pressure and surgeon influence. CONCLUSION Diplomates of ACVAA and ECVAA prefer PNB as the locoregional method of pelvic limb anesthesia in dogs undergoing TPLO. A greater percentage of newer and private practice diplomates prefer PNB while a larger percentage of senior and academic diplomates prefer LE. Decision making is multifactorial and includes perceived time pressure and surgeon influence. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Veterinary anesthesiologists prefer and frequently use PNB in dogs undergoing TPLO and surgeon influence may affect their chosen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Parker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Alex D Bukoski
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Cristopher Zelaya-Nunez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - John R Dodam
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kelley M Varner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Bryan T Torres
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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11
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Jones TL, Cediel R, Wolff S, Thomas K, Hofmeister EH. Post-operative Pain Assessment Following Tooth Extraction Using Liposomal Encapsulated Bupivacaine as a Local Anesthetic in Dogs. J Vet Dent 2023:8987564231161226. [PMID: 36922766 DOI: 10.1177/08987564231161226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate owner assessment of appetite, demeanor, and mouth soreness following dental extractions in dogs receiving either bupivacaine hydrochloride (BH) or liposomal encapsulated bupivacaine (LEB) for dental blocks. Thirty healthy, adult dogs requiring dental extractions were enrolled in the study. All procedures were completed with dogs under general anesthesia. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug was administered subcutaneously in the preoperative period. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive BH or LEB. An owner assessment to evaluate appetite, demeanor, and soreness of mouth was completed at the end of both the first and second day after discharge from the hospital. The total of the owner assessments for day 1 and both days combined was significantly lower for dogs receiving LEB (P = .007). There were no differences in the number of extractions (P = .21), time from block to evaluations (P = .07), in-hospital pain assessments (P = .99), or number of dogs requiring rescue analgesia (P = .99). This study concluded, dogs that received LEB for dental blocks had improved appetite and demeanor, and reduced soreness of mouth, as evaluated by the owner two days postoperatively, when compared to dogs who received BH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teela L Jones
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 3541Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Roberto Cediel
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 3541Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Stephanie Wolff
- Department of Primary Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, 3541Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Kara Thomas
- Department of Primary Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, 3541Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Erik H Hofmeister
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1383Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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12
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Oates R, Tarbert DK. Treatment of Pain in Rats, Mice, and Prairie Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:151-174. [PMID: 36402479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent myomorph and scuiromorph rodent analgesia studies are reviewed and evaluated for potential clinical application. Differences between laboratory animal studies and clinical use in diseased animals are discussed. Analgesia classes reviewed include local anesthetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, acetaminophen, opioids, and adjuvants such as anticonvulsants. Routes of administration including sustained-release mechanisms are discussed, as are reversal agents. Drug interactions are reviewed in the context of beneficial multimodal analgesia as well as potential adverse effects. Dosage recommendations for clinical patients are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Oates
- Research and Teaching Animal Care Program, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Danielle K Tarbert
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery Service, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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13
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Venkatachalam D, Kells N, Chambers P, Jacob A, Ward N, Singh P. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a novel long-acting bupivacaine formulation for cornual nerve block in calves. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1060951. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1060951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Local anesthetics are commonly used in farm animals to provide analgesia for painful procedures but can cause adverse effects at high systemic concentrations. The pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a long-acting sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB) bupivacaine formulation following cornual nerve block in calves were compared to lidocaine. Fourteen calves were randomly assigned to one of the treatment groups (i) 5% Bupivacaine-SAIB (BUP-SAIB), n = 7; or (ii) 2% lidocaine (LID), n = 7. Cornual nerve block was performed, and duration of effective analgesia was evaluated by nociceptive threshold testing using a hand-held pressure algometer. Blood samples were collected at various time points and plasma concentrations were analyzed by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a non-compartmental model. The mechanical nociceptive thresholds showed that the novel formulation could desensitize the skin around the horn bud for 18.77 ± 8.88 h (range 8–36 h), compared to 0.79 ± 0.34 h (range 0.5–1.5 h) with lidocaine. The mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of bupivacaine was 152.03 (SD 37.34) ng/mL and its Tmax was 0.39 (SD 0.13) h. The half-life of elimination was 32.79 ± 11.00 h and the rate of clearance was 0.12 ± 0.03 L h−1. No toxicity signs were seen after treatment in either group. The novel formulation produced long-lasting analgesia of several times greater duration than that produced by lidocaine. This study showed that the safety and efficacy of the SAIB formulation justifies further studies in a larger population of animals.
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14
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Kim KY, Huh YG, Ma SH, Yoon JH, Jeong KY, Park DY, Yoon SH. Efficacy of Adductor Canal Block on Medial Knee Pain in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Single-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15419. [PMID: 36430138 PMCID: PMC9696118 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to confirm the efficacy of ultrasound-guided adductor canal block (ACB) as a treatment option for medial knee pain caused by knee osteoarthritis (KOA). METHODS In total, 31 participants with medial knee pain due to KOA were randomized to either the ACB (ultrasound-guided ACB, n = 15) or placebo group (1 mL of 1% lidocaine, n = 16). The primary outcome was a numerical rating scale (NRS) for knee pain intensity comparing before and 4 weeks after injection. The secondary outcomes were the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), average daily number of analgesics consumed, average daily opioid consumption, and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test results before and 4 weeks after injection. RESULTS Participants' baseline characteristics were not significantly different between the groups, except for age. At 4 weeks post-injection, the NRS score in the ACB group significantly improved compared to that in the placebo group (p = 0.009). However, the WOMAC, average daily number of analgesics consumed, average daily opioid consumption, and TUG test results did not show significant differences. CONCLUSION ACB can be an effective treatment for reducing medial knee pain in patients with KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Yong Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yool-Gang Huh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyeok Ma
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeon Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kil-Yong Jeong
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Young Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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15
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Paolini A, Santoro F, Bianchi A, Collivignarelli F, Vignoli M, Scialanca S, Parrillo S, Falerno I, De Bonis A, Rosto M, Tamburro R. Use of Transversus Abdominis Plane and Intercostal Blocks in Bitches Undergoing Laparoscopic Ovariectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Vet Sci 2022; 9:604. [PMID: 36356081 PMCID: PMC9694432 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans and dogs, loco-regional anesthesia is associated with lower peri-operative opioid consumption and less related side effects. The combination of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) and intercostal blocks can be used to desensitize the entire abdominal wall in dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of TAP and intercostal blocks in bitches undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy. Twenty client-owned bitches were enrolled in this double-blinded randomized controlled trial. After premedication with dexmedetomidine, methadone and ketamine, the animals were randomized into two groups. Dogs in the TAP group received intercostal blocks from T8 to T10 and a TAP block with ropivacaine. Dogs in the FEN group received a fentanyl bolus and a constant rate infusion for the entire duration of the procedure. Intra-operative cardiovascular stability, post-operative pain scores, rescue opioid requirement, dysphoria during recovery, time to attain sternal recumbency and interest in food at 6 h post-extubation were compared. Bitches in the TAP group received a statistically significant lower amount of rescue fentanyl intra-operatively and methadone post-operatively. Pain scores were lower in the TAP group until 6 h post-extubation. No difference was found for dysphoric recoveries, time to attain sternal recumbency and appetite at 6 h post-extubation. No adverse event was recorded for any of the dogs. The combination of TAP and intercostal blocks can be part of an effective multi-modal analgesic strategy in bitches undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paolini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesco Santoro
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Amanda Bianchi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Vignoli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Silvia Scialanca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Parrillo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Falerno
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Andrea De Bonis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Martina Rosto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Roberto Tamburro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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16
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Power AM, McKee T, Jordan K, Bergman PJ, Davis KM. Incidence and severity of short-term incisional complications after intraoperative local infiltration of liposomal bupivacaine in dogs. Vet Surg 2022; 51:674-681. [PMID: 35297072 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the incidence of short-term incisional complications in dogs receiving intraoperative local infiltration of liposomal bupivacaine. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs (n = 218). METHODS Medical records were searched for dogs whose surgical site was infiltrated with liposomal bupivacaine. Records were reviewed for complications within 20 days postoperatively. Cases were categorized by: (1) surgical wound classification (clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated); (2) labeled versus off-label use in orthopedic surgery - stifle surgery to address cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease versus other orthopedic procedures; and (3) orthopedic versus soft-tissue surgery. RESULTS Complications were documented in 43/218 (19.7%) records, including 27/218 (12.4%) complications that resolved spontaneously or with topical treatment. The incidence of short-term incisional complications did not differ between surgical wound classifications (P = 0.55) or between labeled versus off-label use in orthopedic surgery (P = 0.21). Complications seemed more common after soft-tissue procedures (32/123; 26.0%) than orthopedic procedures (11/95; 11.6%) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Surgical wound classification or type of orthopedic procedure did not seem to influence incisional complications of infiltrated surgical sites. Complications were more common after soft-tissue procedures than orthopedic procedures. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Infiltration of surgical sites with liposomal bupivacaine seems safe in a broader range of orthopedic procedures than currently labeled. The results also justify further investigation in soft-tissue surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Power
- VCA South Shore Animal Hospital, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Talon McKee
- VCA Clinical Studies, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Kara Jordan
- VCA South Shore Animal Hospital, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kechia M Davis
- VCA South Shore Animal Hospital, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Wang AY, Malavasi L, Craft R. Evaluation of bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension efficacy in single-use vials over five days of multiple use. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:956-961. [PMID: 34561182 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the anesthetic effect of a bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension (BLIS), used in a multiple-dose manner for up to 5 consecutive days. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, experimental study. ANIMALS A total of 30 male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 97 (75-130) days and weighing 337.2 (219.6-465.9) g, mean (range). METHODS Rats were assigned to one of five BLIS vial groups, in which drug was administered from a newly opened vial or 1, 2, 3 and 4 days after the vial was opened. The vials were refrigerated between uses. A 14 gauge needle attached to an injection plug was used to puncture each vial once and was not removed; BLIS was withdrawn from the injection plug in a multiple-dose fashion. A dose rate of 0.4 mL kg-1 was administered subcutaneously into the left pelvic limb paw. Antinociception was evaluated using a paw pressure test on both injected and uninjected paws before (time 0, baseline) and 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after injection. RESULTS Age of BLIS vial had no significant effect on anesthetic efficacy (p = 0.97). Across all groups, paw withdrawal latency averaged 5.23 ± 0.24 seconds at baseline (before BLIS injection), increased to 16.45 ± 0.65 seconds at 1 hour after BLIS injection, declined to 7.50 ± 0.76 seconds at 24 hours after BLIS injection, and further declined thereafter (p < 0.001). There was no significant change in paw withdrawal latency in the uninjected paw over time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE BLIS single-use vials retained efficacy when used up to 5 days in a multiple-dose fashion. Because anesthetic effects declined substantially after 24 hours, multimodal pain management remains important for providing analgesia care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Y Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Lais Malavasi
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca Craft
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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18
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Lidocaine and bupivacaine as part of multimodal pain management in a C57BL/6J laparotomy mouse model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10918. [PMID: 34035397 PMCID: PMC8149411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the use of local anesthesia as part of multimodal pain management is common practice in human and veterinarian surgery, these drugs are not applied routinely in rodent surgery. Several recommendations on the use of local anesthesia exist, but systematic studies on their efficacy and side effects are lacking. In the present study, male and female C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a sham vasectomy or a sham embryo transfer, respectively. We tested whether a mixture of subcutaneously injected Lidocaine and Bupivacaine in combination with systemic Paracetamol applied via drinking water results in superior pain relief when compared to treatment with local anesthesia or Paracetamol alone. We applied a combination of methods to assess behavioral, emotional, and physiological changes indicative of pain. Voluntary Paracetamol intake via drinking water reached the target dosage of 200 mg/kg in most animals. Local anesthesia did not lead to obvious side effects such as irregular wound healing or systemic disorders. No relevant sex differences were detected in our study. Sevoflurane anesthesia and surgery affected physiological and behavioral measurements. Surprisingly, Paracetamol treatment alone significantly increased the Mouse Grimace Scale. Taken together, mice treated with a combination of local anesthesia and systemic analgesia did not show fewer signs of post-surgical pain or improved recovery compared to animals treated with either local anesthesia or Paracetamol.
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19
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Frederick SW, Cross AR. The effect of extracorporeal shockwave on liposomal bupivacaine in a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy model. Vet Surg 2020; 49:1503-1508. [PMID: 32870527 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of extracorporeal shock wave (ESWT) on liposomal bupivacaine in a tibial-plateau-leveling osteotomy model. STUDY DESIGN In vitro study. SAMPLE POPULATION Ten samples per group. METHODS In addition to a control group (sham treatment), five treatment groups were defined as A, energy (E) 3 (0.22 mJ/mm2 ), 360 pulses per minute (p/m); B, E6 (0.29 mJ/mm2 ), 360 p/m; C, E8 (0.39 mJ/mm2 ), 360 p/m; D, E6, 480 p/m; E, E8 480 p/m. Two-milliliter aliquots of liposomal bupivacaine were placed in a gelatin chamber and treated with 1000 pulses according to group. All samples remained in the chamber for 170 seconds to reflect the longest treatment group. Free bupivacaine concentrations were determined after treatment with high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The median free bupivacaine concentration was reported as control, 1.90 mg/mL; A, 2.10 mg/mL; B, 2.03 mg/mL; C, 2.94 mg/mL; D, 2.71 mg/mL; E, 4.35 mg/mL. Groups C (P = .027), D (P = .034), and E (P = .002) were different from the control group. Groups C (P = .0025) and D (P = .0025) were different from group E. Additional intertreatment group differences were found. CONCLUSION Extracorporeal shock wave therapy caused a dose-dependent release of bupivacaine; however, there was no significant release of bupivacaine from liposomes when ESWT was applied at currently recommended therapeutic settings in this model. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This in vitro study provides evidence that concurrent electrohydraulic ESWT and liposomal bupivacaine is likely safe at currently recommended settings, however, higher energy and pulse frequency settings should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan R Cross
- BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Sandy Springs, Georgia
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20
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Grubb T, Lobprise H. Local and regional anaesthesia in dogs and cats: Overview of concepts and drugs (Part 1). Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:209-217. [PMID: 31965742 PMCID: PMC7196681 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain management in veterinary patients is a crucial component of appropriate patient care. Multimodal analgesia that includes both systemically and locally/regionally administered drugs is generally the most effective approach to providing pain relief. Local anaesthetic drugs used in local and regional blockade are unique in that they can completely block the transmission of pain (in conscious patients) or nociceptive (in anaesthetized patients) signals, thereby providing profound analgesia. In addition, local and regional administration of drugs, when compared with systemic bolus administration, generally results in a lower incidence of dose‐related adverse effects. Due to the potential to provide profound analgesia and the high safety margin (when used correctly) of this drug class, local anaesthetics are recommended as part of the analgesic protocol in the majority of patients undergoing surgical procedures or suffering traumatic injuries. This manuscript, Part 1 of a two‐part instalment, emphasizes the importance of using local and regional anaesthesia as a component of multimodal analgesia, provides a review of the basic pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of local anaesthetic drugs in general, lists information on commonly used local anaesthetic drugs for local and regional blockade in dogs and cats, and briefly introduces the novel liposome‐encapsulated bupivacaine (NOCITA®). Part 2 is a review of local and regional anaesthetic techniques used in dogs and cats (Grubb & Lobprise, 2020).
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21
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Carlson AR, Nixon E, Jacob ME, Messenger KM. Sterility and concentration of liposomal bupivacaine single-use vial when used in a multiple-dose manner. Vet Surg 2020; 49:772-777. [PMID: 31943286 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the sterility of bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension (Nocita®) used in a multiple-dose fashion for 5 days. STUDY DESIGN Triplicate liposomal bupivacaine vials were stored under two conditions, (1) room temperature (24°C) and (2) refrigerated temperature (5°C). A 3-mL aliquot was withdrawn from each vial daily. Samples were inoculated in tryptic soy broth in triplicate and then incubated for 24 hours at 37°C and subcultured every 48 hours onto blood agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar, respectively. Separate 1.5-mL aliquots of liposomal bupivacaine were centrifuged at 3500 g to separate liposome-encapsulated bupivacaine from the solution. Concentration of unencapsulated bupivacaine was analyzed via high-pressure liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed by using mixed effects procedure with multiple comparisons. SAMPLE POPULATION Ten 20-mL vials of bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension stored under two conditions, (1) room temperature (24°C) and (2) refrigerated temperature (5°C). RESULTS Five days of repeated withdrawal from the single-use vials yielded no bacterial growth. One control vial, which was opened and punctured once on the last day of the experiment, yielded fungal growth of an Aspergillus spp, likely an environmental contaminant. The concentration of free bupivacaine did not significantly differ until the fifth day of sampling. CONCLUSION When aseptic technique was used, liposomal bupivacaine remained sterile for 5 days. Concentrations of free bupivacaine were unchanged from baseline for 4 days in both refrigerated and room temperature conditions. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Single-use liposomal bupivacaine vials can be used extralabel in a multiple-dose fashion for up to 4 days when stored either refrigerated or room temperature when sterile technique is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Carlson
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Emma Nixon
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Megan E Jacob
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Kristen M Messenger
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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22
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Castejón-González AC, Reiter AM. Locoregional Anesthesia of the Head. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 49:1041-1061. [PMID: 31521406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Locoregional (local and regional) anesthesia is used routinely during surgical procedures of the head. The goal of this article is to provide a practical guide for the clinician to safely perform different techniques in dogs and cats and to minimize the risk of complications associated with locoregional anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Castejón-González
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Alexander M Reiter
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
Local anesthetics are the only class of drugs that can block transduction and transmission of nociception. Physical properties, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics of this class of drugs are reviewed in this article. The clinical use, such intravenous administration of lidocaine, and local and systemic toxic effects are covered. A review of current studies published in the human and veterinary literature on lidocaine patches (Lidoderm) and liposomal bupivacaine (Experal and Nocita) are discussed.
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24
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Kogan L, Hellyer P, Rishniw M, Schoenfeld-Tacher R. The US Opioid Epidemic and Its Impact on US General Practice Veterinarians. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:222. [PMID: 31334257 PMCID: PMC6620788 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess the impact of the human opioid epidemic and associated shortages in drug supply on US general practice veterinarians. Design: Cross-sectional study. Sample: Members of the Veterinary Information Network (VIN). Procedures: An electronic survey was used to examine veterinarians' views regarding opioid use in veterinary medicine and the impact of the opioid shortage on the provision of care. The survey was distributed via the VIN data collection portal from October 12-November 6, 2018. Results: 697 veterinarians completed the survey. Most (99.7%) reported using, dispensing or prescribing opioids in veterinary practice. The most commonly used opioids were buprenorphine, tramadol and butorphanol. While most veterinarians (83.3%) reported difficulty in ordering opioids over the last 6 months, this decreased to 59.0% in the last month. The most difficult drugs to obtain were hydromorphone, morphine, injectable fentanyl, and oxymorphone. The reported rate of difficulty in obtaining all these drugs lessened over time. However, the opioid shortage caused significant difficulty in providing appropriate pain management for 41.1% of participants, and affected the ability of 44.8% of respondents to provide optimal anesthesia. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Veterinarians' ability to provide opioids for their patients has been impacted by the opioid shortage, with a greater impact on full mu opioid agonists as compared to drugs like butorphanol, buprenorphine, and tramadol. The results confirm the important role of opioid analgesics in the delivery of modern veterinary medicine and highlight the importance of medical health professionals being able to access these critical medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Kogan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Peter Hellyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mark Rishniw
- Veterinary Information Network, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Regina Schoenfeld-Tacher
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Dunbar ML, Walkowiak KJ, Faustich JS, Rendahl AK, Graham ML. Preliminary Evaluation of Sustained-release Compared with Conventional Formulations of Meloxicam in Sheep ( Ovis aries). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019; 58:339-345. [PMID: 30846026 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sustained-release (SR) drugs refine current analgesic regimens by alleviating the need for multiple sessions of handling and restraint and by reducing the local tissue irritation that can occur due to repeated injections. Although a variety of SR drugs are already used in lab animal medicine, no studies exist that evaluate the suitability of an SR NSAID in sheep. This study used HPLC-MS to measure the plasma concentrations of 2 formulations of meloxicam-conventional and SRM- after subcutaneous administration in 6 adult ewes. Blood was collected at 0, 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h after injection. In addition, physical exams, urinalysis, and biochemical analysis were performed at 0, 24, 48, and 120 h after dosage. Peak plasma concentrations were 1057 ± 433 ng/mL at 4 ± 0 h for conventional meloxicam and 3238 ± 1480 ng/mL at 6.7 ± 4.1 h for SR meloxicam (SRM). Elimination half-lives were 12.1 4.2 for CM and 15.2 ± 2.4 h for SRM. One sheep had an episode of acute renal azotemia starting 24 h after SRM administration; the episode resolved over time, and the definitive relationship to SRM administration was not determined. Plasma levels of SRM were higher than CM throughout the initial 24 h, remained variably elevated until 60 h after injection, but failed to sustain presumed therapeutic levels of 400 ng/mL for the full 72 h across all animals in this study. Further investigation is warranted to determine the safety and clinical efficacy of SRM in sheep. Currently, when SRM is used in sheep, we recommend the combination of a preemptive and multimodal analgesia regimen with clinical assessments throughout the postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha L Dunbar
- Research Animal Resources, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota;,
| | - Krista J Walkowiak
- Research Animal Resources, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jill Schappa Faustich
- Experimental Surgical Services, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Aaron K Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - Melanie L Graham
- Preclinical Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota; Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
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Ropivacaine regulates the expression and function of heme oxygenase-1. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:284-289. [PMID: 29656184 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As a new generation of amide-type local anesthetics (LAs), ropivacaine has been widely used for pain management in clinical settings. Increasing evidence has shown that administration of ropivacaine causes cytotoxic effects and apoptosis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms still need to be elucidated. In the current study, our results indicated that ropivacaine treatment caused a significant induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) at both the mRNA and protein levels in human SHSY5Y cells. Levels of HO-1 mRNA and protein peaked at 1 h and 18 h, respectively, in response to ropivacaine treatment. Additionally, ropivacaine treatment enhanced HO-1 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, we found that ropivacaine treatment induced phosphorylation of p38. Blockage of p38 phosphorylation with its specific inhibitor SB203580 or by transfection with p38 siRNA restrained ropivacaine-stimulated HO-1 expression. Additionally, we found that ropivacaine treatment promoted nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and amplified ARE promoter activity. Silencing of Nrf2 abolished ropivacaine-induced HO-1 expression. Notably, we found that inhibition of HO-1 activity promoted ropivacaine-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), deletion of reduced glutathione (GSH), and release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), suggesting that induction of HO-1 by ropivacaine acted as a compensatory survival response against ropivacaine.
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27
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Enomoto M, Lascelles BDX, Gerard MP. Defining local nerve blocks for feline distal pelvic limb surgery: a cadaveric study. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:1215-1223. [PMID: 28186424 PMCID: PMC11104168 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17690652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Anatomical and methodological detail is lacking regarding local anesthetic peripheral nerve block techniques for distal pelvic limb surgery in cats. The aim of this study was to develop, describe and test nerve block methods based on cadaveric dissections and dye injections. Methods Ten pairs of feline pelvic limbs (n = 20) were dissected and the tibial nerve (T n.), common fibular (peroneal) nerve (CF n., and its two branches, the superficial fibular [peroneal] nerve [SpF n.] and the deep fibular [peroneal] nerve [DpF n.]) and the saphenous nerve (Sa n.) were identified. Based on these dissections, a 'distal crus block' (selective blockade of the CF n., T n. and Sa n.) and a 'distal pes block' (selective blockade of the SpF n., DpF n., T n. and Sa n.) were developed for surgical procedures in two different regions of the distal pelvic limb. Techniques were tested using new methylene blue (NMB) dye injections in feline pelvic limbs (n = 12). Using a 25 G × 5/8 inch needle and 1 ml syringe, 0.1 ml/kg of NMB dye solution was injected at the site of the CF n., and 0.05 ml/kg was injected at the sites of the SpF n., DpF n., Sa n. and T n. The length and circumference (fully or partially stained) of each stained nerve were measured. Results Positive staining of nerves was observed in 12/12 limbs. The lengths stained for the CF n., DpF n., SpF n., Sa n. and T n. were 27.19 ± 7.13, 20.39 ± 5.57, 22.82 ± 7.13, 30.89 ± 6.99 and 25.16 ± 8.09 mm, respectively. The nerves were fully stained in 12, 12, 10, 11 and 11 out of 12 limbs, respectively. Conclusions and relevance These two, three-point injection methods may be an effective perioperative analgesia technique for feline distal pelvic limb procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Enomoto
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Pain Research and Innovation, University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mathew P Gerard
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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