1
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Karak P, Manna P, Banerjee A, Ruud K, Chakrabarti S. Reverse Intersystem Crossing Dynamics in Vibronically Modulated Inverted Singlet-Triplet Gap System: A Wigner Phase Space Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7603-7609. [PMID: 39028946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
We inspect the origin of the inverted singlet-triplet gap (INVEST) and slow change in the reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) rate with temperature, as recently observed. A Wigner phase space study reveals that, though INVEST is found at equilibrium geometry, variation in the exchange interaction and the doubles-excitation for other geometries in the harmonic region leads to non-INVEST behavior. This highlights the importance of nuclear degrees of freedom for the INVEST phenomenon, and in this case, geometric puckering of the studied molecule determines INVEST and the associated rISC dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pijush Karak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Pradipta Manna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Research Institute for Sustainable Energy (RISE), TCG Centres for Research and Education in Science and Technology (TCG-CREST), Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, P.O. Box 25, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Swapan Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
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2
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Madabeni A, Tanini D, Capperucci A, Orian L. Untangling the catalytic importance of the Se oxidation state in organoselenium-mediated oxygen-transfer reactions: the conversion of aniline to nitrobenzene. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12126-12137. [PMID: 39092090 PMCID: PMC11290331 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Seleninic acids and their precursors are well-known oxygen-transfer agents that can catalyze several oxidations with H2O2 as the final oxidant. Until very recently, the Se(iv) "peroxyseleninic" acid species has been considered the only plausible catalytic oxidant. Conversely, in 2020, the involvement of Se(vi) "peroxyselenonic" acid has been proposed for the selenium mediated epoxidation of alkenes. In this work, we theoretically probe different mechanisms of H2O2 activation and of Se(iv) to Se(vi) interconversion. In addition, we investigate through a combined theoretical (DFT) and experimental approach the mechanistic steps leading to the oxidation of aniline to nitrobenzene, when Se(iv) seleninic acid or Se(vi) selenonic acids are used as catalysts and H2O2 as the oxidant. This process encompasses three subsequent organoselenium mediated oxidations by H2O2. These results provide a mechanistic explanation of the advantages and disadvantages of both oxidation states (iv and vi) in the different stages of catalytic oxygen-transfer reactions: hydrogen peroxide activation and actual substrate oxidation. While the Se(vi) "peroxyselenonic" acid is found to be a better oxidant, the privileged role of "peroxyseleninic" acid as the main active species is assessed and its origin is identified in the lower catalyst-distortion that seleninic acid undergoes when activating H2O2. Conversely, the higher catalyst-distortion that characterizes the reaction of selenonic acid with H2O2 supports an inactivating role of Se(iv) to Se(vi) interconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Madabeni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università Degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Damiano Tanini
- Dipartimento di Chimica 'Ugo Schiff' Università Degli Studi di Firenze Via Della Lastruccia 3-13 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy
| | - Antonella Capperucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica 'Ugo Schiff' Università Degli Studi di Firenze Via Della Lastruccia 3-13 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy
| | - Laura Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università Degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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3
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Ohno S, Uratani H, Nakai H. Implementation of Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics for Intersystem Crossing Based on a Time-Dependent Density-Functional Tight-Binding Method. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5999-6009. [PMID: 38990848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Intersystem crossing (ISC) and internal conversion (IC) are types of nonadiabatic transitions that play important roles in a wide range of fields, including photochemistry, photophysics, and photobiology. The nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NA-MD) method is a powerful tool for computational simulations of dynamic phenomena involving nonadiabatic transitions. In this study, we implemented the NA-MD method, which treats ISC and IC on an equal footing, where the electronic structure is treated at the level of the time-dependent (TD) density-functional tight-binding (DFTB) method, a low-cost semiempirical analog of TD density functional theory (DFT). In particular, the spin-orbit coupling calculation algorithm was implemented in the TD-DFTB framework, and the results showed trends similar to those obtained using TD-DFT. In addition, the NA-MD method successfully reproduced ultrafast ISC of 2-nitronaphthalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Ohno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Uratani
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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4
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Salazar E, Menger MFS, Faraji S. Ultrafast Photoinduced Dynamics in 1,3-Cyclohexadiene: A Comparison of Trajectory Surface Hopping Schemes†. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:5796-5806. [PMID: 38949625 PMCID: PMC11270829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced nonadiabatic processes play a crucial role in a wide range of disciplines, from fundamental steps in biology to modern applications in advanced materials science. A theoretical understanding of these processes is highly desirable, and trajectory surface hopping (TSH) has proven to be a well-suited framework for a wide range of systems. In this work, we present a comprehensive comparison between two TSH algorithms, the conventional Tully's fewest switches surface hopping (FSSH) scheme and the Landau-Zener surface hopping (LZSH), to study the photoinduced ring-opening of 1,3-cyclohexadiene (CHD) to 1,3,5-hexatriene at the spin-flip time-dependent density functional theory (SF-TDDFT) level of theory. Additionally, we compare our results with a literature study at the extended multistate complete active space second-order perturbation theory method (XMS-CASPT2) level of theory. Our results show that the average population and lifetimes estimated with LZSH using SF-TDDFT are closer to the literature (using multireference methods) than those estimated with FSSH using SF-TDDFT. The latter speaks in favor of applying LZSH in combination with the SF-TDDFT method to study larger and more complex systems such as molecular photoswitches where the CHD molecule acts as a backbone. In addition, we present an implementation of Tully's FSSH algorithm as an extension to the PySurf software package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison
X. Salazar
- Instituut-Lorentz, Universiteit Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian F. S.
J. Menger
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Theoretische
Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shirin Faraji
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute
of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics
and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University
Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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5
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Pandey D, Vennapusa SR. Stepwise Excited-State Intramolecular Double Proton Transfer in 1,8-Dihydroxynaphthalene-2,7-dicarbaldehyde. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5533-5540. [PMID: 38965669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the salient features of stepwise excited-state intramolecular double proton transfer (ESIDPT) in 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-2,7-dicarbaldehyde (DHDA). Surface trajectory simulations using the TD-B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory reveal that the proton transfer primarily happens via S1, wherein about ∼42% of trajectories (40 out of 95) show the single proton transfer alone and another ∼32% (30 out of 95) show double proton transfer. The average time scale for the single proton transfer originating from those ∼42% trajectories is ∼147 fs. In the case of double proton transfer, the average time for the first step, i.e., single proton transfer, is ∼54 fs, and the subsequent step, i.e., double proton transfer, completes in ∼151 fs. All three tautomers, i.e., normal, single, and double proton-transferred tautomers, possess a stable minimum in their first singlet excited state. This state has a ππ* character in the former two tautomers, resulting in a dual fluorescence emission phenomenon upon photoexcitation of DHDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Pandey
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P. O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Sivaranjana Reddy Vennapusa
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P. O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
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6
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Curchod BFE, Orr-Ewing AJ. Perspective on Theoretical and Experimental Advances in Atmospheric Photochemistry. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 39021090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Research that explores the chemistry of Earth's atmosphere is central to the current understanding of global challenges such as climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, and poor air quality in urban areas. This research is a synergistic combination of three established domains: earth observation, for example, using satellites, and in situ field measurements; computer modeling of the atmosphere and its chemistry; and laboratory measurements of the properties and reactivity of gas-phase molecules and aerosol particles. The complexity of the interconnected chemical and photochemical reactions which determine the composition of the atmosphere challenges the capacity of laboratory studies to provide the spectroscopic, photochemical, and kinetic data required for computer models. Here, we consider whether predictions from computational chemistry using modern electronic structure theory and nonadiabatic dynamics simulations are becoming sufficiently accurate to supplement quantitative laboratory data for wavelength-dependent absorption cross-sections, photochemical quantum yields, and reaction rate coefficients. Drawing on presentations and discussions from the CECAM workshop on Theoretical and Experimental Advances in Atmospheric Photochemistry held in March 2024, we describe key concepts in the theory of photochemistry, survey the state-of-the-art in computational photochemistry methods, and compare their capabilities with modern experimental laboratory techniques. From such considerations, we offer a perspective on the scope of computational (photo)chemistry methods based on rigorous electronic structure theory to become a fourth core domain of research in atmospheric chemistry.
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7
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Piteša T, Polonius S, González L, Mai S. Excitonic Configuration Interaction: Going Beyond the Frenkel Exciton Model. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:5609-5634. [PMID: 38885637 PMCID: PMC11238547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
We present the excitonic configuration interaction (ECI) method─a fragment-based analogue of the CI method for electronic structure calculations of multichromophoric systems. It can also be viewed as a generalization of the exciton approach, with the following properties: (i) It constructs the effective Hamiltonian exclusively from monomer calculations. (ii) It employs the strong orthogonality assumption and is exact within McWeeny's group function theory, thus requiring only one-electron density matrices of the monomer states. (iii) It is agnostic of the monomer electronic structure method, allowing us to use/combine different methods. (iv) It includes an embedding point charge scheme (called excitonic Hartree-Fock, EHF) to improve the accuracy of the monomer states, but such that the effective full-system Hamiltonian is not explicitly dependent on the embedding. (v) It is systematically improvable, by expanding the set of monomer states and by including configurations where two or more monomers are excited (defining the ECIS, ECISD, etc., methods). The performance of ECI is assessed by computing the absorption spectrum of two exemplary multichromophoric systems, using CIS as the monomer electronic structure method. The accuracy of ECI significantly depends on the chosen embedding charges and the ECI expansion. The most accurate assessed combinations─ECIS or ECISD with EHF embedding─yield spectra that agree qualitatively and quantitatively with full-system direct calculations, with deviations of the excitation energies below 0.1 eV. We also show that ECISD based on CIS monomer calculations can predict states where two monomers are excited simultaneously (e.g., triplet-triplet double-local excitations) that are inaccessible in a full-system CIS calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Piteša
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Severin Polonius
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Vienna
Research Platform Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
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8
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Lawrence JE, Mannouch JR, Richardson JO. A size-consistent multi-state mapping approach to surface hopping. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:244112. [PMID: 38940540 DOI: 10.1063/5.0208575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
We develop a multi-state generalization of the recently proposed mapping approach to surface hopping (MASH) for the simulation of electronically nonadiabatic dynamics. This new approach extends the original MASH method to be able to treat systems with more than two electronic states. It differs from previous approaches in that it is size consistent and rigorously recovers the original two-state MASH in the appropriate limits. We demonstrate the accuracy of the method by applying it to a series of model systems for which exact benchmark results are available, and we find that the method is well suited to the simulation of photochemical relaxation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Simons Center for Computational Physical Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Jonathan R Mannouch
- Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg and the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy O Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Han D, Akimov AV. Nonadiabatic Dynamics with Exact Factorization: Implementation and Assessment. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:5022-5042. [PMID: 38837952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we report our implementation of several independent-trajectory mixed-quantum-classical (ITMQC) nonadiabatic dynamics methods based on exact factorization (XF) in the Libra package for nonadiabatic and excited-state dynamics. Namely, the exact factorization surface hopping (SHXF), mixed quantum-classical dynamics (MQCXF), and mean-field (MFXF) are introduced. Performance of these methods is compared to that of several traditional surface hopping schemes, such as the fewest-switches surface hopping (FSSH), branching-corrected surface hopping (BCSH), and the simplified decay of mixing (SDM), as well as conventional Ehrenfest (mean-field, MF) method. Based on a comprehensive set of 1D model Hamiltonians, we find the ranking SHXF ≈ MQCXF > BCSH > SDM > FSSH ≫ MF, with the BCSH sometimes outperforming the XF methods in terms of describing coherences. Although the MFXF method can yield reasonable populations and coherences for some cases, it does not conserve the total energy and is therefore not recommended. We also find that the branching correction for auxiliary trajectories is important for the XF methods to yield accurate populations and coherences. However, the branching correction can worsen the quality of the energy conservation in the MQCXF. Finally, we find that using the time-dependent Gaussian width approximation used in the XF methods for computing decoherence correction can improve the quality of energy conservation in the MQCXF dynamics. The parameter-free scheme of Subotnik for computing the Gaussian widths is found to deliver the best performance in situations where such widths are not known a priori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeho Han
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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10
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Huang H, Peng J, Zhang Y, Gu FL, Lan Z, Xu C. The development of the QM/MM interface and its application for the on-the-fly QM/MM nonadiabatic dynamics in JADE package: Theory, implementation, and applications. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:234101. [PMID: 38884395 DOI: 10.1063/5.0215036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the nonadiabatic dynamics of complex systems is a challenging task in computational photochemistry. Herein, we present an efficient and user-friendly quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) interface to run on-the-fly nonadiabatic dynamics. Currently, this interface consists of an independent set of codes designed for general-purpose use. Herein, we demonstrate the ability and feasibility of the QM/MM interface by integrating it with our long-term developed JADE package. Tailored to handle nonadiabatic processes in various complex systems, especially condensed phases and protein environments, we delve into the theories, implementations, and applications of on-the-fly QM/MM nonadiabatic dynamics. The QM/MM approach is established within the framework of the additive QM/MM scheme, employing electrostatic embedding, link-atom inclusion, and charge-redistribution schemes to treat the QM/MM boundary. Trajectory surface-hopping dynamics are facilitated using the fewest switches algorithm, encompassing classical and quantum treatments for nuclear and electronic motions, respectively. Finally, we report simulations of nonadiabatic dynamics for two typical systems: azomethane in water and the retinal chromophore PSB3 in a protein environment. Our results not only illustrate the power of the QM/MM program but also reveal the important roles of environmental factors in nonadiabatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyi Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jiawei Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Feng Long Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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11
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Polonius S, Lehrner D, González L, Mai S. Resolving Photoinduced Femtosecond Three-Dimensional Solute-Solvent Dynamics through Surface Hopping Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4738-4750. [PMID: 38768386 PMCID: PMC11171268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced dynamics in solution is governed by mutual solute-solvent interactions, which give rise to phenomena like solvatochromism, the Stokes shift, dual fluorescence, or charge transfer. Understanding these phenomena requires simulating the solute's photoinduced dynamics and simultaneously resolving the three-dimensional solvent distribution dynamics. If using trajectory surface hopping (TSH) to this aim, thousands of trajectories are required to adequately sample the time-dependent three-dimensional solvent distribution functions, and thus resolve the solvent dynamics with sub-Ångstrom and femtosecond accuracy and sufficiently low noise levels. Unfortunately, simulating thousands of trajectories with TSH in the framework of hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) can be prohibitively expensive when employing ab initio electronic structure methods. To tackle this challenge, we recently introduced a computationally efficient approach that combines efficient linear vibronic coupling models with molecular mechanics (LVC/MM) via electrostatic embedding [Polonius et al., JCTC 2023, 19, 7171-7186]. This method provides solvent-embedded, nonadiabatically coupled potential energy surfaces while scaling similarly to MM force fields. Here, we employ TSH with LVC/MM to unravel the photoinduced dynamics of two small thiocarbonyl compounds solvated in water. We describe how to estimate the number of trajectories required to produce nearly noise-free three-dimensional solvent distribution functions and present an analysis based on approximately 10,000 trajectories propagated for 3 ps. In the electronic ground state, both molecules exhibit in-plane hydrogen bonds to the sulfur atom. Shortly after excitation, these bonds are broken and reform perpendicular to the molecular plane on timescales that differ by an order of magnitude due to steric effects. We also show that the solvent relaxation dynamics is coupled to the electronic dynamics, including intersystem crossing. These findings are relevant to advance the understanding of the coupled solute-solvent dynamics of solvated photoexcited molecules, e.g., biologically relevant thio-nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Polonius
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Lehrner
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Research Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Shu Y, Truhlar DG. Generalized Semiclassical Ehrenfest Method: A Route to Wave Function-Free Photochemistry and Nonadiabatic Dynamics with Only Potential Energies and Gradients. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4396-4426. [PMID: 38819014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
We reconsider recent methods by which direct dynamics calculations of electronically nonadiabatic processes can be carried out while requiring only adiabatic potential energies and their gradients. We show that these methods can be understood in terms of a new generalization of the well-known semiclassical Ehrenfest method. This is convenient because it eliminates the need to evaluate electronic wave functions and their matrix elements along the mixed quantum-classical trajectories. The new approximations and procedures enabling this advance are the curvature-driven approximation to the time-derivative coupling, the generalized semiclassical Ehrenfest method, and a new gradient correction scheme called the time-derivative matrix (TDM) scheme. When spin-orbit coupling is present, one can carry out dynamics calculations in the fully adiabatic basis using potential energies and gradients calculated without spin-orbit coupling plus the spin-orbit coupling matrix elements. Even when spin-orbit coupling is neglected, the method is useful because it allows calculations by electronic structure methods for which nonadiabatic coupling vectors are unavailable. In order to place the new considerations in context, the article starts out with a review of background material on trajectory surface hopping, the semiclassical Ehrenfest scheme, and methods for incorporating decoherence. We consider both internal conversion and intersystem crossing. We also review several examples from our group of successful applications of the curvature-driven approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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13
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Mannouch JR, Kelly A. Quantum Quality with Classical Cost: Ab Initio Nonadiabatic Dynamics Simulations Using the Mapping Approach to Surface Hopping. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5814-5823. [PMID: 38781480 PMCID: PMC11163471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic dynamics methods are an essential tool for investigating photochemical processes. In the context of employing first-principles electronic structure techniques, such simulations can be carried out in a practical manner using semiclassical trajectory-based methods or wave packet approaches. While all approaches applicable to first-principles simulations are necessarily approximate, it is commonly thought that wave packet approaches offer inherent advantages over their semiclassical counterparts in terms of accuracy and that this trait simply comes at a higher computational cost. Here we demonstrate that the mapping approach to surface hopping (MASH), a recently introduced trajectory-based nonadiabatic dynamics method, can be efficiently applied in tandem with ab initio electronic structure. Our results even suggest that MASH may provide more accurate results than on-the-fly wave packet techniques, all at a much lower computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Mannouch
- Hamburg Center for Ultrafast
Imaging, Universität Hamburg and
the Max Planck Institute
for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aaron Kelly
- Hamburg Center for Ultrafast
Imaging, Universität Hamburg and
the Max Planck Institute
for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Hutton L, Moreno Carrascosa A, Prentice AW, Simmermacher M, Runeson JE, Paterson MJ, Kirrander A. Using a multistate mapping approach to surface hopping to predict the ultrafast electron diffraction signal of gas-phase cyclobutanone. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:204307. [PMID: 38814011 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Using the recently developed multistate mapping approach to surface hopping (multistate MASH) method combined with SA(3)-CASSCF(12,12)/aug-cc-pVDZ electronic structure calculations, the gas-phase isotropic ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) of cyclobutanone is predicted and analyzed. After excitation into the n-3s Rydberg state (S2), cyclobutanone can relax through two S2/S1 conical intersections, one characterized by compression of the CO bond and the other by dissociation of the α-CC bond. Subsequent transfer into the ground state (S0) is then achieved via two additional S1/S0 conical intersections that lead to three reaction pathways: α ring-opening, ethene/ketene production, and CO liberation. The isotropic gas-phase UED signal is predicted from the multistate MASH simulations, allowing for a direct comparison to the experimental data. This work, which is a contribution to the cyclobutanone prediction challenge, facilitates the identification of the main photoproducts in the UED signal and thereby emphasizes the importance of dynamics simulations for the interpretation of ultrafast experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Hutton
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés Moreno Carrascosa
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Prentice
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Mats Simmermacher
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Johan E Runeson
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Kirrander
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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15
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Chen CG, Amadei A, D'Abramo M. Modeling the temperature dependence of the fluorescence properties of Indole in aqueous solution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 313:124096. [PMID: 38442616 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In a recent paper, we proposed a scheme to describe the relaxation mechanism of the excited Indole in aqueous solution, involving the fluctuations among the diabatic electronic states 1Lb, 1La and 1πσ∗. Such a theoretical and computational model reproduced accurately the available experimental data at room temperature. Following these results, in the present work, we model the complex temperature dependence of the fluorescence properties of Indole in aqueous solution, with results further validating the proposed relaxation scheme. This scheme is able to explain the temperature effects on the fluorescence behavior indicating the water fluctuations as the main cause of (i) the stabilization of the dark state (1πσ∗) and (ii) the increase in temperature of the kinetics of the irreversible transition towards such a state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Giuseppe Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Andrea Amadei
- Department of Technological and Chemical Sciences, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Rome, 00133, Italy.
| | - Marco D'Abramo
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, Rome, 00185, Italy.
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16
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Liu XY, Wang SR, Fang WH, Cui G. Nuclear Quantum Effects on Nonadiabatic Dynamics of a Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore Analogue: Ring-Polymer Surface-Hopping Simulation. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:3426-3439. [PMID: 38656202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we have used the "on-the-fly" ring-polymer surface-hopping simulation method with the centroid approximation (RPSH-CA), in combination with the multireference OM2/MRCI electronic structure calculations to study the photoinduced dynamics of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) chromophore analogue in the gas phase, i.e., o-HBI, at 50, 100, and 300 K with 1, 5, 10, and 15 beads (3600 1 ps trajectories). The electronic structure calculations identified five new minimum-energy conical intersection (MECI) structures, which, together with the previous one, play crucial roles in the excited-state decay dynamics of o-HBI. It is also found that the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) occurs in an ultrafast manner and is completed within 20 fs in all the simulation conditions because there is no barrier associated with this ESIPT process in the S1 state. However, the other excited-state dynamical results are strongly related to the number of beads. At 50 and 100 K, the nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) are very important; therefore, the excited-state dynamical results change significantly with the bead number. For example, the S1 decay time deduced from time-dependent state populations becomes longer as the bead number increases. Nevertheless, an essentially convergent trend is observed when the bead number is close to 10. In contrast, at 300 K, the NQEs become weaker and the above dynamical results converge very quickly even with 1 bead. Most importantly, the NQEs seriously affect the excited-state decay mechanism of o-HBI. At 50 and 100 K, most trajectories decay to the S0 state via perpendicular keto MECIs, whereas, at 300 K, only twisted keto MECIs are responsible for the excited-state decay. The present work not only comprehensively explores the temperature-dependent photoinduced dynamics of o-HBI, but also demonstrates the importance and necessity of NQEs in nonadiabatic dynamics simulations, especially at relatively low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Sheng-Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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17
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Shakiba M, Akimov AV. Machine-Learned Kohn-Sham Hamiltonian Mapping for Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:2992-3007. [PMID: 38581699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we report a simple, efficient, and scalable machine-learning (ML) approach for mapping non-self-consistent Kohn-Sham Hamiltonians constructed with one kind of density functional to the nearly self-consistent Hamiltonians constructed with another kind of density functional. This approach is designed as a fast surrogate Hamiltonian calculator for use in long nonadiabatic dynamics simulations of large atomistic systems. In this approach, the input and output features are Hamiltonian matrices computed from different levels of theory. We demonstrate that the developed ML-based Hamiltonian mapping method (1) speeds up the calculations by several orders of magnitude, (2) is conceptually simpler than alternative ML approaches, (3) is applicable to different systems and sizes and can be used for mapping Hamiltonians constructed with arbitrary density functionals, (4) requires a modest training data, learns fast, and generates molecular orbitals and their energies with the accuracy nearly matching that of conventional calculations, and (5) when applied to nonadiabatic dynamics simulation of excitation energy relaxation in large systems yields the corresponding time scales within the margin of error of the conventional calculations. Using this approach, we explore the excitation energy relaxation in C60 fullerene and Si75H64 quantum dot structures and derive qualitative and quantitative insights into dynamics in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shakiba
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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18
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Lee IS, Filatov M, Min SK. Formulation of transition dipole gradients for non-adiabatic dynamics with polaritonic states. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:154103. [PMID: 38624116 DOI: 10.1063/5.0202095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
A general formulation of the strong coupling between photons confined in a cavity and molecular electronic states is developed for the state-interaction state-average spin-restricted ensemble-referenced Kohn-Sham method. The light-matter interaction is included in the Jaynes-Cummings model, which requires the derivation and implementation of the analytical derivatives of the transition dipole moments between the molecular electronic states. The developed formalism is tested in the simulations of the nonadiabatic dynamics in the polaritonic states resulting from the strong coupling between the cavity photon mode and the ground and excited states of the penta-2,4-dieniminium cation, also known as PSB3. Comparison with the field-free simulations of the excited-state decay dynamics in PSB3 reveals that the light-matter coupling can considerably alter the decay dynamics by increasing the excited state lifetime and hindering photochemically induced torsion about the C=C double bonds of PSB3. The necessity of obtaining analytical transition dipole gradients for the accurate propagation of the dynamics is underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Seong Lee
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Filatov
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kyu Min
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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19
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Losantos R, Prampolini G, Monari A. A Portrait of the Chromophore as a Young System-Quantum-Derived Force Field Unraveling Solvent Reorganization upon Optical Excitation of Cyclocurcumin Derivatives. Molecules 2024; 29:1752. [PMID: 38675572 PMCID: PMC11052401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of fast non-equilibrium solvent relaxation in organic chromophores is still challenging for molecular modeling and simulation approaches, and is often overlooked, even in the case of non-adiabatic dynamics simulations. Yet, especially in the case of photoswitches, the interaction with the environment can strongly modulate the photophysical outcomes. To unravel such a delicate interplay, in the present contribution we resorted to a mixed quantum-classical approach, based on quantum mechanically derived force fields. The main task is to rationalize the solvent reorganization pathways in chromophores derived from cyclocurcumin, which are suitable for light-activated chemotherapy to destabilize cellular lipid membranes. The accurate and reliable decryption delivered by the quantum-derived force fields points to important differences in the solvent's reorganization, in terms of both structure and time scale evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Losantos
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Investigación en Química (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain
- ITODYS, Université Paris Cité and CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Giacomo Prampolini
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM-CNR), Area della Ricerca, Via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Antonio Monari
- ITODYS, Université Paris Cité and CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
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20
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Franz J, Oelschlegel M, Zobel JP, Hua SA, Borter JH, Schmid L, Morselli G, Wenger OS, Schwarzer D, Meyer F, González L. Bifurcation of Excited-State Population Leads to Anti-Kasha Luminescence in a Disulfide-Decorated Organometallic Rhenium Photosensitizer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146. [PMID: 38598687 PMCID: PMC11046484 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
We report a rhenium diimine photosensitizer equipped with a peripheral disulfide unit on one of the bipyridine ligands, [Re(CO)3(bpy)(S-Sbpy4,4)]+ (1+, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, S-Sbpy4,4 = [1,2]dithiino[3,4-c:6,5-c']dipyridine), showing anti-Kasha luminescence. Steady-state and ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopies complemented by nonadiabatic dynamics simulations are used to disclose its excited-state dynamics. The calculations show that after intersystem crossing the complex evolves to two different triplet minima: a (S-Sbpy4,4)-ligand-centered excited state (3LC) lying at lower energy and a metal-to-(bpy)-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) state at higher energy, with relative yields of 90% and 10%, respectively. The 3LC state involves local excitation of the disulfide group into the antibonding σ* orbital, leading to significant elongation of the S-S bond. Intriguingly, it is the higher-lying 3MLCT state, which is assigned to display luminescence with a lifetime of 270 ns: a signature of anti-Kasha behavior. This assignment is consistent with an energy barrier ≥ 0.6 eV or negligible electronic coupling, preventing reaction toward the 3LC state after the population is trapped in the 3MLCT state. This study represents a striking example on how elusive excited-state dynamics of transition-metal photosensitizers can be deciphered by synergistic experiments and state-of-the-art calculations. Disulfide functionalization lays the foundation of a new design strategy toward harnessing excess energy in a system for possible bimolecular electron or energy transfer reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Franz
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Oelschlegel
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - J. Patrick Zobel
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shao-An Hua
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Borter
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck-Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lucius Schmid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St.-Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Morselli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St.-Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St.-Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck-Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- International
Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Research
Platform for Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Suchan J, Liang F, Durden AS, Levine BG. Prediction challenge: First principles simulation of the ultrafast electron diffraction spectrum of cyclobutanone. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:134310. [PMID: 38573851 DOI: 10.1063/5.0198333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Computer simulation has long been an essential partner of ultrafast experiments, allowing the assignment of microscopic mechanistic detail to low-dimensional spectroscopic data. However, the ability of theory to make a priori predictions of ultrafast experimental results is relatively untested. Herein, as a part of a community challenge, we attempt to predict the signal of an upcoming ultrafast photochemical experiment using state-of-the-art theory in the context of preexisting experimental data. Specifically, we employ ab initio Ehrenfest with collapse to a block mixed quantum-classical simulations to describe the real-time evolution of the electrons and nuclei of cyclobutanone following excitation to the 3s Rydberg state. The gas-phase ultrafast electron diffraction (GUED) signal is simulated for direct comparison to an upcoming experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory. Following initial ring-opening, dissociation via two distinct channels is observed: the C3 dissociation channel, producing cyclopropane and CO, and the C2 channel, producing CH2CO and C2H4. Direct calculations of the GUED signal indicate how the ring-opened intermediate, the C2 products, and the C3 products can be discriminated in the GUED signal. We also report an a priori analysis of anticipated errors in our predictions: without knowledge of the experimental result, which features of the spectrum do we feel confident we have predicted correctly, and which might we have wrong?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Suchan
- Institute of Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Fangchun Liang
- Institute of Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Andrew S Durden
- Institute of Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Benjamin G Levine
- Institute of Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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22
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Wada S, Tsutsumi T, Saita K, Taketsugu T. Ab initio molecular dynamics study of intersystem crossing dynamics for MH 2 (M = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) on spin-pure and spin-mixed potential energy surfaces. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:552-562. [PMID: 38009451 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, surface-hopping ab initio molecular dynamics (SH-AIMD) simulations have come to be used to discuss the mechanisms and dynamics of excited-state chemical reactions, including internal conversion and intersystem crossing. In dynamics simulations involving intersystem crossing, there are two potential energy surfaces (PESs) governing the motion of nuclei: PES in a spin-pure state and PES in a spin-mixed state. The former gives wrong results for molecular systems with large spin-orbit coupling (SOC), while the latter requires a potential gradient that includes a change in SOC at each point, making the computational cost very high. In this study, we systematically investigate the extent to which the magnitude of SOC affects the results of the spin-pure state-based dynamics simulations for the hydride MH2 (M = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) by performing SH-AIMD simulations based on spin-pure and spin-mixed states. It is clearly shown that spin-mixed state PESs are indispensable for the dynamics simulation of intersystem crossing in systems containing elements Sn and Pb from the fifth period onward. Furthermore, in addition to the widely used Tully's fewest switches (TFS) algorithm, the Zhu-Nakamura (ZN) global switching algorithm, which is computationally less expensive, is applied to SH for comparison. The results from TFS- and ZN-SH-AIMD methods are in qualitative agreement, suggesting that the less expensive ZN-SH-AIMD can be successfully utilized to investigate the dynamics of photochemical reactions based on quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoi Wada
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuro Tsutsumi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Saita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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23
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Cho HH, Congrave DG, Gillett AJ, Montanaro S, Francis HE, Riesgo-Gonzalez V, Ye J, Chowdury R, Zeng W, Etherington MK, Royakkers J, Millington O, Bond AD, Plasser F, Frost JM, Grey CP, Rao A, Friend RH, Greenham NC, Bronstein H. Suppression of Dexter transfer by covalent encapsulation for efficient matrix-free narrowband deep blue hyperfluorescent OLEDs. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:519-526. [PMID: 38480865 PMCID: PMC10990937 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Hyperfluorescence shows great promise for the next generation of commercially feasible blue organic light-emitting diodes, for which eliminating the Dexter transfer to terminal emitter triplet states is key to efficiency and stability. Current devices rely on high-gap matrices to prevent Dexter transfer, which unfortunately leads to overly complex devices from a fabrication standpoint. Here we introduce a molecular design where ultranarrowband blue emitters are covalently encapsulated by insulating alkylene straps. Organic light-emitting diodes with simple emissive layers consisting of pristine thermally activated delayed fluorescence hosts doped with encapsulated terminal emitters exhibit negligible external quantum efficiency drops compared with non-doped devices, enabling a maximum external quantum efficiency of 21.5%. To explain the high efficiency in the absence of high-gap matrices, we turn to transient absorption spectroscopy. It is directly observed that Dexter transfer from a pristine thermally activated delayed fluorescence sensitizer host can be substantially reduced by an encapsulated terminal emitter, opening the door to highly efficient 'matrix-free' blue hyperfluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Hee Cho
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel G Congrave
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Stephanie Montanaro
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Haydn E Francis
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Víctor Riesgo-Gonzalez
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Junzhi Ye
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Weixuan Zeng
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc K Etherington
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jeroen Royakkers
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Millington
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew D Bond
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Felix Plasser
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Clare P Grey
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Neil C Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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24
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Borne KD, Cooper JC, Ashfold MNR, Bachmann J, Bhattacharyya S, Boll R, Bonanomi M, Bosch M, Callegari C, Centurion M, Coreno M, Curchod BFE, Danailov MB, Demidovich A, Di Fraia M, Erk B, Faccialà D, Feifel R, Forbes RJG, Hansen CS, Holland DMP, Ingle RA, Lindh R, Ma L, McGhee HG, Muvva SB, Nunes JPF, Odate A, Pathak S, Plekan O, Prince KC, Rebernik P, Rouzée A, Rudenko A, Simoncig A, Squibb RJ, Venkatachalam AS, Vozzi C, Weber PM, Kirrander A, Rolles D. Ultrafast electronic relaxation pathways of the molecular photoswitch quadricyclane. Nat Chem 2024; 16:499-505. [PMID: 38307994 PMCID: PMC10997510 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The light-induced ultrafast switching between molecular isomers norbornadiene and quadricyclane can reversibly store and release a substantial amount of chemical energy. Prior work observed signatures of ultrafast molecular dynamics in both isomers upon ultraviolet excitation but could not follow the electronic relaxation all the way back to the ground state experimentally. Here we study the electronic relaxation of quadricyclane after exciting in the ultraviolet (201 nanometres) using time-resolved gas-phase extreme ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy combined with non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. We identify two competing pathways by which electronically excited quadricyclane molecules relax to the electronic ground state. The fast pathway (<100 femtoseconds) is distinguished by effective coupling to valence electronic states, while the slow pathway involves initial motions across Rydberg states and takes several hundred femtoseconds. Both pathways facilitate interconversion between the two isomers, albeit on different timescales, and we predict that the branching ratio of norbornadiene/quadricyclane products immediately after returning to the electronic ground state is approximately 3:2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis D Borne
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Joseph C Cooper
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Julien Bachmann
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Surjendu Bhattacharyya
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Matteo Bonanomi
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (CNR-IFN), CNR, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Michael Bosch
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Centurion
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Marcello Coreno
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), CNR, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Benjamin Erk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Davide Faccialà
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (CNR-IFN), CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - Raimund Feifel
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ruaridh J G Forbes
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Christopher S Hansen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca A Ingle
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Roland Lindh
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lingyu Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Henry G McGhee
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sri Bhavya Muvva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Asami Odate
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shashank Pathak
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Oksana Plekan
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Artem Rudenko
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Richard J Squibb
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Caterina Vozzi
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (CNR-IFN), CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - Peter M Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Adam Kirrander
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Daniel Rolles
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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25
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Pant R, Verma PK, Rangi C, Mondal E, Bhati M, Srinivasan V, Wüster S. Universal Measure for the Impact of Adiabaticity on Quantum Transitions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:126903. [PMID: 38579224 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.126903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Adiabaticity is crucial for our understanding of complex quantum dynamics and thus for advancing fundamental physics and technology, but its impact cannot yet be quantified in complex but common cases where dynamics is only partially adiabatic, several eigenstates are simultaneously populated and transitions between noneigenstates are of key interest. We construct a universally applicable measure that can quantify the adiabaticity of quantum transitions in an arbitrary basis. Our measure distinguishes transitions that occur due to the adiabatic change of populated system eigenstates from transitions that occur due to beating between several eigenstates and can handle nonadiabatic events. While all quantum dynamics fall within the scope of the measure, we demonstrate its usage and utility through two important material science problems-energy and charge transfer-where adiabaticity could be effected by nuclear motion and its quantification will aid not only in unraveling mechanisms but also in system design, for example, of light harvesting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pant
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - P K Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - C Rangi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - E Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - M Bhati
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - V Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - S Wüster
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
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26
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Dai D, Agrawal S, Prezhdo OV, Long R. Impact of large A-site cations on electron-vibrational interactions in 2D halide perovskites: Ab initio quantum dynamics. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:114704. [PMID: 38506296 DOI: 10.1063/5.0202251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Using ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics, we study the effect of large A-site cations on nonradiative electron-hole recombination in two-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites HA2APb2I7, HA = n-hexylammonium, A = methylammonium (MA), or guanidinium (GA). The steric hindrance created by large GA cations distorts and stiffens the inorganic Pb-I lattice, reduces thermal structural fluctuations, and maintains the delocalization of electrons and holes at ambient and elevated temperatures. The delocalized charges interact more strongly in the GA system than in the MA system, and the charge recombination is accelerated. In contrast, replacement of only some MA cations with GA enhances disorder and increases charge lifetime, as seen in three-dimensional perovskites. This study highlights the key influence of structural fluctuations and disorder on the properties of charge carriers in metal halide perovskites, providing guidance for tuning materials' optoelectronic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Dai
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Sraddha Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA
| | - Run Long
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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27
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Zhou JG, Shu Y, Wang Y, Leszczynski J, Prezhdo O. Dissociation Time, Quantum Yield, and Dynamic Reaction Pathways in the Thermolysis of trans-3,4-Dimethyl-1,2-dioxetane. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1846-1855. [PMID: 38334951 PMCID: PMC10895692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The thermolysis of trans-3,4-dimethyl-1,2-dioxetane is studied by trajectory surface hopping. The significant difference between long and short dissociation times is rationalized by frustrated dissociations and the time spent in triplet states. If the C-C bond breaks through an excited state channel, then the trajectory passes over a ridge of the potential energy surface of that state. The calculated triplet quantum yields match the experimental results. The dissociation half-times and quantum yields follow the same ascending order as per the product states, justifying the conjecture that the longer dissociation time leads to a higher quantum yield, proposed in the context of the methylation effect. The populations of the molecular Coulomb Hamiltonian and diagonal states reach equilibrium, but the triplet populations with different Sz components fluctuate indefinitely. Certain initial velocities, leading the trajectories to given product states, can be identified as the most characteristic features for sorting trajectories according to their product states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ge Zhou
- Interdisciplinary
Nanotoxicity Center, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric
Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Yinan Shu
- Department
of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary
Nanotoxicity Center, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric
Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Oleg Prezhdo
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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28
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Figueira Nunes JP, Ibele LM, Pathak S, Attar AR, Bhattacharyya S, Boll R, Borne K, Centurion M, Erk B, Lin MF, Forbes RJG, Goff N, Hansen CS, Hoffmann M, Holland DMP, Ingle RA, Luo D, Muvva SB, Reid AH, Rouzée A, Rudenko A, Saha SK, Shen X, Venkatachalam AS, Wang X, Ware MR, Weathersby SP, Wilkin K, Wolf TJA, Xiong Y, Yang J, Ashfold MNR, Rolles D, Curchod BFE. Monitoring the Evolution of Relative Product Populations at Early Times during a Photochemical Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4134-4143. [PMID: 38317439 PMCID: PMC10870701 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Identifying multiple rival reaction products and transient species formed during ultrafast photochemical reactions and determining their time-evolving relative populations are key steps toward understanding and predicting photochemical outcomes. Yet, most contemporary ultrafast studies struggle with clearly identifying and quantifying competing molecular structures/species among the emerging reaction products. Here, we show that mega-electronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction in combination with ab initio molecular dynamics calculations offer a powerful route to determining time-resolved populations of the various isomeric products formed after UV (266 nm) excitation of the five-membered heterocyclic molecule 2(5H)-thiophenone. This strategy provides experimental validation of the predicted high (∼50%) yield of an episulfide isomer containing a strained three-membered ring within ∼1 ps of photoexcitation and highlights the rapidity of interconversion between the rival highly vibrationally excited photoproducts in their ground electronic state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea Maria Ibele
- CNRS,
Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Université
Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 9140, France
| | - Shashank Pathak
- J.R.
Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Andrew R. Attar
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Surjendu Bhattacharyya
- J.R.
Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | | | - Kurtis Borne
- J.R.
Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Martin Centurion
- University
of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Benjamin Erk
- Deutsches
Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ruaridh J. G. Forbes
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Nathan Goff
- Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | | | - Matthias Hoffmann
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Rebecca A. Ingle
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Duan Luo
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Sri Bhavya Muvva
- University
of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Alexander H. Reid
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Artem Rudenko
- J.R.
Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Sajib Kumar Saha
- University
of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Anbu Selvam Venkatachalam
- J.R.
Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Xijie Wang
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Matt R. Ware
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Kyle Wilkin
- University
of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Thomas J. A. Wolf
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Yanwei Xiong
- University
of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Jie Yang
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Daniel Rolles
- J.R.
Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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29
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Das SK, Odelius M, Banerjee A. Simulating Non-Adiabatic Dynamics of Photoexcited Phenyl Azide: Investigating Electronic and Structural Relaxation en Route to the Formation of Phenyl Nitrene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302178. [PMID: 37921117 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Excited state molecular dynamics simulations of the photoexcited phenyl azide have been performed. The semi-classical surface hopping approximation has enabled an unconstrained analysis of the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom which contribute to the molecular dissociation of phenyl azide into phenyl nitrene and molecular nitrogen. The significance of the second singlet excited state in leading the photodissociation has been established through electronic structure calculations, based on multi-configurational schemes, and state population dynamics. The investigations on the structural dynamics have revealed the N-N bond separation to be accompanied by synchronous changes in the azide N-N-N bond angle. The 100 fs simulation results in a nitrene fragment that is electronically excited in the singlet manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambit K Das
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, X-ray Photon Science, Uppsala University, Ångströmlaboratoriet, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
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30
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Papineau TV, Jacquemin D, Vacher M. Which Electronic Structure Method to Choose in Trajectory Surface Hopping Dynamics Simulations? Azomethane as a Case Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:636-643. [PMID: 38205955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic dynamics simulations have become a standard approach to explore photochemical reactions. Such simulations require underlying potential energy surfaces and couplings between them, calculated at a chosen level of theory, yet this aspect is rarely assessed. Here, in combination with the popular trajectory surface hopping dynamics method, we use a high-accuracy XMS-CASPT2 electronic structure level as a benchmark for assessing the performances of various post-Hartree-Fock methods (namely, CIS, ADC(2), CC2, and CASSCF) and exchange-correlation functionals (PBE, PBE0, and CAM-B3LYP) in a TD-DFT/TDA context, using the isomerization around a double bond as test case. Different relaxation pathways are identified, and the ability of the different methods to reproduce their relative importance and time scale is discussed. The results show that multireference electronic structure methods should be preferred, when studying nonadiabatic decay between excited and ground states. If not affordable, TD-DFT with TDA and hybrid functionals and ADC(2) are efficient alternatives but overestimate the nonradiative decay yield and thus may miss deexcitation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Morgane Vacher
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
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31
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Wu Y, Rawlinson J, Littlejohn RG, Subotnik JE. Linear and angular momentum conservation in surface hopping methods. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:024119. [PMID: 38205852 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that, for systems with spin-orbit coupling and an odd number of electrons, the standard fewest switches surface hopping algorithm does not conserve the total linear or angular momentum. This lack of conservation arises not so much from the hopping direction (which is easily adjusted) but more generally from propagating adiabatic dynamics along surfaces that are not time reversible. We show that one solution to this problem is to run along eigenvalues of phase-space electronic Hamiltonians H(R, P) (i.e., electronic Hamiltonians that depend on both nuclear position and momentum) with an electronic-nuclear coupling Γ · P [see Eq. (25)], and we delineate the conditions that must be satisfied by the operator Γ. The present results should be extremely useful as far as developing new semiclassical approaches that can treat systems where the nuclear, electronic orbital, and electronic spin degrees of freedom altogether are all coupled together, hopefully including systems displaying the chiral-induced spin selectivity effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanze Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Rawlinson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert G Littlejohn
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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32
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Mariano L, Mondal S, Lunghi A. Spin-Vibronic Dynamics in Open-Shell Systems beyond the Spin Hamiltonian Formalism. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:323-332. [PMID: 38153836 PMCID: PMC10782446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Vibronic coupling has a dramatic influence over a large number of molecular processes, ranging from photochemistry to spin relaxation and electronic transport. The simulation of vibronic coupling with multireference wave function methods has been largely applied to organic compounds, and only early efforts are available for open-shell systems such as transition metal and lanthanide complexes. In this work, we derive a numerical strategy to differentiate the molecular electronic Hamiltonian in the context of multireference ab initio methods and inclusive of spin-orbit coupling effects. We then provide a formulation of open quantum system dynamics able to predict the time evolution of the electron density matrix under the influence of a Markovian phonon bath up to fourth-order perturbation theory. We apply our method to Co(II) and Dy(III) molecular complexes exhibiting long spin relaxation times and successfully validate our strategy against the use of an effective spin Hamiltonian. Our study sheds light on the nature of vibronic coupling, the importance of electronic excited states in spin relaxation, and the need for high-level computational chemistry to quantify it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo
A. Mariano
- School of Physics, AMBER and CRANN
Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sourav Mondal
- School of Physics, AMBER and CRANN
Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Alessandro Lunghi
- School of Physics, AMBER and CRANN
Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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33
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Arpa EM, Stafström S, Durbeej B. A Proof-of-Principle Design for Through-Space Transmission of Unidirectional Rotary Motion by Molecular Photogears. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303191. [PMID: 37906675 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The construction of molecular photogears that can achieve through-space transmission of the unidirectional double-bond rotary motion of light-driven molecular motors onto a remote single-bond axis is a formidable challenge in the field of artificial molecular machines. Here, we present a proof-of-principle design of such photogears that is based on the possibility of using stereogenic substituents to control both the relative stabilities of two helical forms of the photogear and the double-bond photoisomerization reaction that connects them. The potential of the design was verified by quantum-chemical modeling through which photogearing was found to be a favorable process compared to free-standing single-bond rotation ("slippage"). Overall, our study unveils a surprisingly simple approach to realizing unidirectional photogearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique M Arpa
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sven Stafström
- Division of Theoretical Physics, IFM, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
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34
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Akimov AV. Energy-Conserving and Thermally Corrected Neglect of Back-Reaction Approximation Method for Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11673-11683. [PMID: 38109379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the energy-conserving and thermally corrected neglect of the back-reaction approximation approach for nonadiabatic molecular dynamics in extended atomistic systems is developed. The new approach introduces three key corrections to the original method: (1) it enforces the total energy conservation, (2) it introduces an explicit coupling of the system to its environment, and (3) it introduces a renormalization of nonadiabatic couplings to account for a difference between the instantaneous nuclear kinetic energy and the kinetic energy of guiding trajectories. In the new approach, an auxiliary kinetic energy variable is introduced as an independent dynamical variable. The new approach produces nonzero equilibrium populations, whereas the original neglect of the back-reaction approximation method does not. It yields population relaxation time scales that are favorably comparable to the reference values, and it introduces an explicit and controllable way of dissipating energy into a bath without an assumption of the bath being at equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260 United States
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35
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Mondal S, Chowdhury U, Dey S, Habib M, Mora Perez C, Frauenheim T, Sarkar R, Pal S, Prezhdo OV. Controlling Charge Carrier Dynamics in Porphyrin Nanorings by Optically Active Templates. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11384-11392. [PMID: 38078872 PMCID: PMC10749466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of photogenerated charge carriers is essential for enhancing the performance of solar and optoelectronic devices. Using atomistic quantum dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that a short π-conjugated optically active template can be used to control hot carrier relaxation, charge carrier separation, and carrier recombination in light-harvesting porphyrin nanorings. Relaxation of hot holes is slowed by 60% with an optically active template compared to that with an analogous optically inactive template. Both systems exhibit subpicosecond electron transfer from the photoactive core to the templates. Notably, charge recombination is suppressed 6-fold by the optically active template. The atomistic time-domain simulations rationalize these effects by the extent of electron and hole localization, modification of the density of states, participation of distinct vibrational motions, and changes in quantum coherence. Extension of the hot carrier lifetime and reduction of charge carrier recombination, without hampering charge separation, demonstrate a strategy for enhancing efficiencies of energy materials with optically active templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrabanti Mondal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India
| | - Uttam Chowdhury
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India
| | - Subhajit Dey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India
| | - Md Habib
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India
- Department
of Chemistry, Sripat Singh College, Jiaganj 742122, India
| | - Carlos Mora Perez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Bremen
Center
for Computational Materials Science, Universität
Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
- Beijing
Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
- Shenzhen
JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518109, China
| | - Ritabrata Sarkar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India
- Bremen
Center
for Computational Materials Science, Universität
Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Sougata Pal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India
| | - Oleg V. Prezhdo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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36
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Šrut A, Krewald V. Vibrational Coherences of the Photoinduced Mixed-Valent Creutz-Taube Ion Revealed by Excited State Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9911-9920. [PMID: 37883652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
A recent study of photoinduced mixed-valency in the one-electron reduced form (μ-pz)[RuII(NH3)5]24+ of the Creutz-Taube ion used transient absorption spectroscopy with vis-NIR broadband detection to uncover a mixed-valent excited state with a typical intervalence charge transfer band and a nanosecond lifetime [Pieslinger et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202211747]. Herein, we use excited state dynamics simulations with implicit solvation to elucidate the electronic and vibrational evolution in the first 10 ps after the optical excitation. A manifold of excited states with weak interaction between the metal centers is populated already at time zero due to the breakdown of the Condon approximation and dominates the population of electronic states at short time scales (<0.5 ps). A long-lived vibrational wave packet mostly confined to oscillations of the metal center-bridge distances is observed. The oscillations are traced to the electronic structure properties of states with weak metal-metal coupling. The long-lived mixed-valent excited state of the Creutz-Taube ion analogue is formed vibrationally cold and has a more compact geometry. While experimentally, intersystem crossing and vibrational relaxation were deduced to be completed within 1 ps, our analysis indicates that both processes might persist at longer times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Šrut
- Department of Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Vera Krewald
- Department of Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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37
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Janoš J, Slavíček P. What Controls the Quality of Photodynamical Simulations? Electronic Structure Versus Nonadiabatic Algorithm. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:8273-8284. [PMID: 37939301 PMCID: PMC10688183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The field of nonadiabatic dynamics has matured over the last decade with a range of algorithms and electronic structure methods available at the moment. While the community currently focuses more on developing and benchmarking new nonadiabatic dynamics algorithms, the underlying electronic structure controls the outcome of nonadiabatic simulations. Yet, the electronic-structure sensitivity analysis is typically neglected. In this work, we present a sensitivity analysis of the nonadiabatic dynamics of cyclopropanone to electronic structure methods and nonadiabatic dynamics algorithms. In particular, we compare wave function-based CASSCF, FOMO-CASCI, MS- and XMS-CASPT2, density-functional REKS, and semiempirical MRCI-OM3 electronic structure methods with the Landau-Zener surface hopping, fewest switches surface hopping, and ab initio multiple spawning with informed stochastic selection algorithms. The results clearly demonstrate that the electronic structure choice significantly influences the accuracy of nonadiabatic dynamics for cyclopropanone even when the potential energy surfaces exhibit qualitative and quantitative similarities. Thus, selecting the electronic structure solely on the basis of the mapping of potential energy surfaces can be misleading. Conversely, we observe no discernible differences in the performance of the nonadiabatic dynamics algorithms across the various methods. Based on the above results, we discuss the present-day practice in computational photodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Janoš
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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38
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Wen J, Mai S, González L. Excited-State Dynamics Simulations of a Light-Driven Molecular Motor in Solution. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9520-9529. [PMID: 37917883 PMCID: PMC10658450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motors, where light can be transformed into motion, are promising in the design of nanomechanical devices. For applications, however, finding relationships between molecular motion and the environment is important. Here, we report the study of excited-state dynamics of an overcrowded alkene in solution using a hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach combined with excited-state molecular dynamics simulations. Using QM/MM surface-hopping trajectories, we calculated time-resolved emission and transient absorption spectra. These show the rise of a short-lived Franck-Condon state, followed by the formation of a dark state in the first 150 fs before the molecular motor relaxes to the ground state in about 1 ps. From the analysis of radial distribution functions, we infer that the orientation of the solvent with respect to the molecular motor in the electronic excited state is similar to that in the ground state during the photoisomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wen
- State
Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials,
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
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39
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Freixas VM, Oldani N, Tretiak S, Fernandez-Alberti S. Twisting Aromaticity and Photoinduced Dynamics in Hexapole Helicenes. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10145-10150. [PMID: 37924328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Curved aromatic molecules are attractive electronic materials, where an additional internal strain uniquely modifies their structure, aromaticity, dynamics, and optical properties. Helicenes are examples of such twisted conjugated systems. Herein, we analyze the photoinduced dynamics in different stereoisomers of a hexapole helicene by using nonadiabatic excited-state molecular dynamics simulations. We explore how changes in symmetry and structural distortion modulate the intramolecular energy redistribution. We find that distinct helical assembly leads to different rigid distorted structures that in turn impact the nonradiative energy relaxation and ultimately formation of the self-trapped exciton. Subsequently, the value of the twisting angles relative to the central triphenylene core structure controls the global molecular aromaticity and electronic localization during the internal conversion process. Our work sheds light on how the future synthesis of novel curved aromatic compounds can be directed to attain specific desired electronic properties through the modulation of their twisted aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Freixas
- Department of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Nicolas Oldani
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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40
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Im S, Jung Y. Substituent-Induced Hyperconjugation: Origin of the Structural Effects on the Efficiency of Photochemical Ring Opening. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9236-9243. [PMID: 37905965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical ring-opening reactions are among the most extensively employed chemical reactions in the field of chemistry. Owing to their significance, molecular-level studies of these reactions have been widely conducted. One of the major considerations in investigating the ring-opening dynamics of complex molecules on the molecular scale is the differences in dynamics between different conformers because the number of conformers arising from a specific substrate rapidly increases with the complexity of the substrate. However, to date, studies dealing with this problem have been limited to specific individual cases. That is, a rule applicable to arbitrary conformers to estimate and explain the effects of the molecular structure, such as substituents and conformations, on photochemical ring opening has not been established. Herein, we propose the concept of substituent-induced electron density leakage via hyperconjugation as a candidate for this general rule. Based on our hypothesis, we present an indicator that can predict the efficiency of the photochemical ring-opening reactions of various conformers. The relative error between the ring-opening efficiency as obtained from the indicator and that obtained from the nonadiabatic simulations was less than 25% in 56 of the 66 conformers arising from 1,3-cyclohexadiene and 12 distinct analogues. This approach offers the possibility of accurately and quickly predicting the photochemical ring-opening efficiency of arbitrary molecules in arbitrary conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongmin Im
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - YounJoon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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41
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Li Manni G, Fdez. Galván I, Alavi A, Aleotti F, Aquilante F, Autschbach J, Avagliano D, Baiardi A, Bao JJ, Battaglia S, Birnoschi L, Blanco-González A, Bokarev SI, Broer R, Cacciari R, Calio PB, Carlson RK, Carvalho Couto R, Cerdán L, Chibotaru LF, Chilton NF, Church JR, Conti I, Coriani S, Cuéllar-Zuquin J, Daoud RE, Dattani N, Decleva P, de Graaf C, Delcey M, De Vico L, Dobrautz W, Dong SS, Feng R, Ferré N, Filatov(Gulak) M, Gagliardi L, Garavelli M, González L, Guan Y, Guo M, Hennefarth MR, Hermes MR, Hoyer CE, Huix-Rotllant M, Jaiswal VK, Kaiser A, Kaliakin DS, Khamesian M, King DS, Kochetov V, Krośnicki M, Kumaar AA, Larsson ED, Lehtola S, Lepetit MB, Lischka H, López Ríos P, Lundberg M, Ma D, Mai S, Marquetand P, Merritt ICD, Montorsi F, Mörchen M, Nenov A, Nguyen VHA, Nishimoto Y, Oakley MS, Olivucci M, Oppel M, Padula D, Pandharkar R, Phung QM, Plasser F, Raggi G, Rebolini E, Reiher M, Rivalta I, Roca-Sanjuán D, Romig T, Safari AA, Sánchez-Mansilla A, Sand AM, Schapiro I, Scott TR, Segarra-Martí J, Segatta F, Sergentu DC, Sharma P, Shepard R, Shu Y, Staab JK, Straatsma TP, Sørensen LK, Tenorio BNC, Truhlar DG, Ungur L, Vacher M, Veryazov V, Voß TA, Weser O, Wu D, Yang X, Yarkony D, Zhou C, Zobel JP, Lindh R. The OpenMolcas Web: A Community-Driven Approach to Advancing Computational Chemistry. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:6933-6991. [PMID: 37216210 PMCID: PMC10601490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The developments of the open-source OpenMolcas chemistry software environment since spring 2020 are described, with a focus on novel functionalities accessible in the stable branch of the package or via interfaces with other packages. These developments span a wide range of topics in computational chemistry and are presented in thematic sections: electronic structure theory, electronic spectroscopy simulations, analytic gradients and molecular structure optimizations, ab initio molecular dynamics, and other new features. This report offers an overview of the chemical phenomena and processes OpenMolcas can address, while showing that OpenMolcas is an attractive platform for state-of-the-art atomistic computer simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Li Manni
- Electronic
Structure Theory Department, Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ignacio Fdez. Galván
- Department
of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ali Alavi
- Electronic
Structure Theory Department, Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Yusuf Hamied
Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Flavia Aleotti
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Aquilante
- Theory and
Simulation of Materials (THEOS) and National Centre for Computational
Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State
University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Davide Avagliano
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Baiardi
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jie J. Bao
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - Stefano Battaglia
- Department
of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Letitia Birnoschi
- The Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, U.K.
| | - Alejandro Blanco-González
- Chemistry
Department, Bowling Green State University, Overmann Hall, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Sergey I. Bokarev
- Institut
für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Chemistry
Department, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ria Broer
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Cacciari
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università
di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paul B. Calio
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Rebecca K. Carlson
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - Rafael Carvalho Couto
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luis Cerdán
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán
Martínez n. 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Instituto
de Óptica (IO−CSIC), Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Liviu F. Chibotaru
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicholas F. Chilton
- The Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, U.K.
| | | | - Irene Conti
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sonia Coriani
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Juliana Cuéllar-Zuquin
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán
Martínez n. 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Razan E. Daoud
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università
di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Nike Dattani
- HPQC Labs, Waterloo, N2T 2K9 Ontario Canada
- HPQC College, Waterloo, N2T 2K9 Ontario Canada
| | - Piero Decleva
- Istituto
Officina dei Materiali IOM-CNR and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
e Farmaceutiche, Università degli
Studi di Trieste, I-34121 Trieste, Italy
| | - Coen de Graaf
- Department
of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís
Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mickaël
G. Delcey
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca De Vico
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università
di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Werner Dobrautz
- Chalmers
University of Technology, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sijia S. Dong
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Physics, and Department
of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rulin Feng
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State
University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Nicolas Ferré
- Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire (UMR-7273), Aix-Marseille
Univ, CNRS, ICR 13013 Marseille, France
| | | | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yafu Guan
- State Key
Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Center for Theoretical
Computational Chemistry, Dalian Institute
of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Matthew R. Hennefarth
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew R. Hermes
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Chad E. Hoyer
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Miquel Huix-Rotllant
- Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire (UMR-7273), Aix-Marseille
Univ, CNRS, ICR 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Vishal Kumar Jaiswal
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andy Kaiser
- Institut
für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Danil S. Kaliakin
- Chemistry
Department, Bowling Green State University, Overmann Hall, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Marjan Khamesian
- Department
of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel S. King
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Vladislav Kochetov
- Institut
für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Marek Krośnicki
- Institute
of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics
and Informatics, University of Gdańsk, ul Wita Stwosza 57, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Ernst D. Larsson
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Susi Lehtola
- Molecular
Sciences Software Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie-Bernadette Lepetit
- Condensed
Matter Theory Group, Institut Néel, CNRS UPR 2940, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Theory
Group, Institut Laue Langevin, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Pablo López Ríos
- Electronic
Structure Theory Department, Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dongxia Ma
- Electronic
Structure Theory Department, Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Marquetand
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Francesco Montorsi
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maximilian Mörchen
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Artur Nenov
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vu Ha Anh Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Yoshio Nishimoto
- Graduate
School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Meagan S. Oakley
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Chemistry
Department, Bowling Green State University, Overmann Hall, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università
di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Markus Oppel
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniele Padula
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università
di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Riddhish Pandharkar
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Quan Manh Phung
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Felix Plasser
- Department
of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, U.K.
| | - Gerardo Raggi
- Department
of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Quantum
Materials and Software LTD, 128 City Road, London, EC1V 2NX, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Rebolini
- Scientific
Computing Group, Institut Laue Langevin, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Markus Reiher
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Rivalta
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán
Martínez n. 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Thies Romig
- Institut
für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Arta Anushirwan Safari
- Electronic
Structure Theory Department, Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Aitor Sánchez-Mansilla
- Department
of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Andrew M. Sand
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Thais R. Scott
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Javier Segarra-Martí
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán
Martínez n. 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Francesco Segatta
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Dumitru-Claudiu Sergentu
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State
University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
- Laboratory
RA-03, RECENT AIR, A. I. Cuza University of Iaşi, RA-03 Laboratory (RECENT AIR), Iaşi 700506, Romania
| | - Prachi Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - Ron Shepard
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Yinan Shu
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - Jakob K. Staab
- The Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, U.K.
| | - Tjerk P. Straatsma
- National
Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6373, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | | | - Bruno Nunes Cabral Tenorio
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - Liviu Ungur
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Morgane Vacher
- Nantes
Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Valera Veryazov
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Torben Arne Voß
- Institut
für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Oskar Weser
- Electronic
Structure Theory Department, Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dihua Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - Xuchun Yang
- Chemistry
Department, Bowling Green State University, Overmann Hall, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - David Yarkony
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United
States
| | - J. Patrick Zobel
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Lindh
- Department
of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala
Center for Computational Chemistry (UC3), Uppsala University, PO Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala. Sweden
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42
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Di Felice R, Mayes ML, Richard RM, Williams-Young DB, Chan GKL, de Jong WA, Govind N, Head-Gordon M, Hermes MR, Kowalski K, Li X, Lischka H, Mueller KT, Mutlu E, Niklasson AMN, Pederson MR, Peng B, Shepard R, Valeev EF, van Schilfgaarde M, Vlaisavljevich B, Windus TL, Xantheas SS, Zhang X, Zimmerman PM. A Perspective on Sustainable Computational Chemistry Software Development and Integration. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:7056-7076. [PMID: 37769271 PMCID: PMC10601486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The power of quantum chemistry to predict the ground and excited state properties of complex chemical systems has driven the development of computational quantum chemistry software, integrating advances in theory, applied mathematics, and computer science. The emergence of new computational paradigms associated with exascale technologies also poses significant challenges that require a flexible forward strategy to take full advantage of existing and forthcoming computational resources. In this context, the sustainability and interoperability of computational chemistry software development are among the most pressing issues. In this perspective, we discuss software infrastructure needs and investments with an eye to fully utilize exascale resources and provide unique computational tools for next-generation science problems and scientific discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Di Felice
- Departments
of Physics and Astronomy and Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- CNR-NANO
Modena, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Maricris L. Mayes
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | | | | | - Garnet Kin-Lic Chan
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Wibe A. de Jong
- Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Pitzer Center
for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew R. Hermes
- Department
of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Karol Kowalski
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Karl T. Mueller
- Physical
and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Erdal Mutlu
- Advanced
Computing, Mathematics, and Data Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Anders M. N. Niklasson
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Mark R. Pederson
- Department
of Physics, The University of Texas at El
Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Bo Peng
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Ron Shepard
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Edward F. Valeev
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - Theresa L. Windus
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University and
Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Sotiris S. Xantheas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Advanced
Computing, Mathematics and Data Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Xing Zhang
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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43
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Polonius S, Zhuravel O, Bachmair B, Mai S. LVC/MM: A Hybrid Linear Vibronic Coupling/Molecular Mechanics Model with Distributed Multipole-Based Electrostatic Embedding for Highly Efficient Surface Hopping Dynamics in Solution. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:7171-7186. [PMID: 37788824 PMCID: PMC10601485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical framework for a hybrid linear vibronic coupling model electrostatically embedded into a molecular mechanics environment, termed the linear vibronic coupling/molecular mechanics (LVC/MM) method, for the surface hopping including arbitrary coupling (SHARC) molecular dynamics package. Electrostatic embedding is realized through the computation of interactions between environment point charges and distributed multipole expansions (DMEs, up to quadrupoles) that represent each electronic state and transition densities in the diabatic basis. The DME parameters are obtained through a restrained electrostatic potential (RESP) fit, which we extended to yield higher-order multipoles. We also implemented in SHARC a scheme for achieving roto-translational invariance of LVC models as well as a general quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) interface, an OpenMM interface, and restraining potentials for simulating liquid droplets. Using thioformaldehyde in water as a test case, we demonstrate that LVC/MM can accurately reproduce the solvation structure and energetics of rigid solutes, with errors on the order of 1-2 kcal/mol compared to a BP86/MM reference. The implementation in SHARC is shown to be very efficient, enabling the simulation of trajectories on the nanosecond time scale in a matter of days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Polonius
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleksandra Zhuravel
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitta Bachmair
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery (ViRAPID), University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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44
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Xie M, Ren SX, Hu D, Zhong JM, Luo J, Tan Y, Li YP, Si LP, Cao J. The impact of the chalcogen-substitution element and initial spectroscopic state on excited-state relaxation pathways in nucleobase photosensitizers: a combination of static and dynamic studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27756-27765. [PMID: 37814579 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03730d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The substitution of oxygen with chalcogen in carbonyl group(s) of canonical nucleobases gives an impressive triplet generation, enabling their promising applications in medicine and other emerging techniques. The excited-state relaxation S2(ππ*) → S1(nπ*) → T1(ππ*) has been considered the preferred path for triplet generation in these nucleobase derivatives. Here, we demonstrate enhanced quantum efficiency of direct intersystem crossing from S2 to triplet manifold upon substitution with heavier chalcogen elements. The excited-state relaxation dynamics of sulfur/selenium substituted guanines in a vacuum is investigated using a combination of static quantum chemical calculations and on-the-fly excited-state molecular dynamics simulations. We find that in sulfur-substitution the S2 state predominantly decays to the S1 state, while upon selenium-substitution the S2 state deactivation leads to simultaneous population of the S1 and T2,3 states in the same time scale and multi-state quasi-degeneracy region S2/S1/T2,3. Interestingly, the ultrafast deactivation of the spectroscopic S3 state of both studied molecules to the S1 state occurs through a successive S3 → S2 → S1 path involving a multi-state quasi-degeneracy S3/S2/S1. The populated S1 and T2 states will cross the lowest triplet state, and the S1 → T intersystem crossing happens in a multi-state quasi-degeneracy region S1/T2,3/T1 and is accelerated by selenium-substitution. The present study reveals the influence of both the chalcogen substitution element and initial spectroscopic state on the excited-state relaxation mechanism of nucleobase photosensitizers and also highlights the important role of multi-state quasi-degeneracy in mediating the complex relaxation process. These theoretical results provide additional insights into the intrinsic photophysics of nucleobase-based photosensitizers and are helpful for designing novel photo-sensitizers for real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy & Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Xiao Ren
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy & Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Die Hu
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy & Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Meng Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy & Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy & Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Yin Tan
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy & Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ping Li
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Si
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy & Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Jun Cao
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy & Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Nano-Material Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550018, P. R. China.
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45
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Menger MFSJ, Ou Q, Shao Y, Faraji S, Subotnik JE, Cofer-Shabica DV. Nature of Hops, Coordinates, and Detailed Balance for Nonadiabatic Simulations in the Condensed Phase. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8427-8436. [PMID: 37782887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced processes play a crucial role in a multitude of important molecular phenomena. Accurately modeling these processes in an environment other than a vacuum requires a detailed description of the electronic states involved as well as how energy flows are coupled to the surroundings. Nonadiabatic effects must also be included in order to describe the exchange of energy between electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom correctly. In this work, we revisit the ring-opening reaction 1,3-cylohexadiene (CHD) in a solvent environment. Using our newly developed Interface for Non-Adiabatic Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics in Solvent (INAQS) we trace the evolution of the reaction via hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) surface hopping with a focus on the solvent's participation in the nonadiabatic relaxation process and the long-time approach to equilibrium. We explicitly include the MM solvent contribution to the nonadiabatic coupling vector─enabling an accurate approach to equilibrium at long times─and find that in highly multidimensional systems gradients can have little or nothing to do with the nonadiabatic couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian F S J Menger
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, University Heidelberg, INF 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qi Ou
- AI for Science Institute, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Shirin Faraji
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34 Street, Cret Wing 141D, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
| | - D Vale Cofer-Shabica
- Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34 Street, Cret Wing 141D, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
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46
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Zhao X, Merritt ICD, Lei R, Shu Y, Jacquemin D, Zhang L, Xu X, Vacher M, Truhlar DG. Nonadiabatic Coupling in Trajectory Surface Hopping: Accurate Time Derivative Couplings by the Curvature-Driven Approximation. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:6577-6588. [PMID: 37772732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Trajectory surface hopping (TSH) is a widely used mixed quantum-classical dynamics method that is used to simulate molecular dynamics with multiple electronic states. In TSH, time-derivative coupling is employed to propagate the electronic coefficients and in that way to determine when the electronic state on which the nuclear trajectory is propagated switches. In this work, we discuss nonadiabatic TSH dynamics algorithms employing the curvature-driven approximation and overlap-based time derivative couplings, and we report test calculations on six photochemical reactions where we compare the results to one another and to calculations employing analytic nonadiabatic coupling vectors. We correct previous published results thanks to a bug found in the software. We also provide additional, more detailed studies of the time-derivative couplings. Our results show good agreement between curvature-driven algorithms and overlap-based algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Zhao
- Center for Combustion Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | | | - Ruiqing Lei
- Center for Combustion Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris 75005, France
| | - Linyao Zhang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Xuefei Xu
- Center for Combustion Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Morgane Vacher
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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47
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Issler K, Mitrić R, Petersen J. HORTENSIA, a program package for the simulation of nonadiabatic autoionization dynamics in molecules. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:134801. [PMID: 37787145 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a program package for the simulation of ultrafast vibration-induced autoionization dynamics in molecular anions in the manifold of the adiabatic anionic states and the discretized ionization continuum. This program, called HORTENSIA (Hopping Real-time Trajectories for Electron-ejection by Nonadiabatic Self-Ionization in Anions), is based on the nonadiabatic surface-hopping methodology, wherein nuclei are propagated as an ensemble along classical trajectories in the quantum-mechanical potential created by the electronic density of the molecular system. The electronic Schrödinger equation is numerically integrated along the trajectory, providing the time evolution of electronic state coefficients, from which switching probabilities into discrete electronic states are determined. In the case of a discretized continuum state, this hopping event is interpreted as the ejection on an electron. The derived diabatic and nonadiabatic couplings in the time-dependent electronic Schrödinger equation are calculated from anionic and neutral wavefunctions obtained from quantum-chemical calculations with commercially available program packages interfaced with our program. Based on this methodology, we demonstrate the simulation of autoionization electron kinetic energy spectra that are both time- and angle-resolved. In addition, the program yields data that can be interpreted easily with respect to geometric characteristics, such as bonding distances and angles, which facilitate the detection of molecular configurations important for the autoionization process. Furthermore, several useful extensions are included, namely, tools for the generation of initial conditions and input files as well as for the evaluation of output files, all of this both through console commands and a graphical user interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Issler
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Mitrić
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Petersen
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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48
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Xu H, Zhang B, Tao Y, Xu W, Hu B, Yan F, Wen J. Ultrafast Photocontrolled Rotation in a Molecular Motor Investigated by Machine Learning-Based Nonadiabatic Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7682-7693. [PMID: 37672626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The thermal helix inversion (THI) of the overcrowded alkene-based molecular motors determines the speed of the unidirectional rotation due to the high reaction barrier in the ground state, in comparison with the ultrafast photoreaction process. Recently, a phosphine-based motor has achieved all-photochemical rotation experimentally, promising to be controlled without a thermal step. However, the mechanism of this photochemical reaction has not yet been fully revealed. The comprehensive computational studies on photoisomerization still resort to nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) simulations based on electronic structure calculations, which remains a high computational cost for large systems such as molecular motors. Machine learning (ML) has become an accelerating tool in NAMD simulations recently, where excited-state potential energy surfaces (PESs) are constructed analytically with high accuracy, providing an efficient approach for simulations in photochemistry. Herein the reaction pathway is explored by a spin-flip time-dependent density functional theory (SF-TDDFT) approach in combination with ML-based NAMD simulations. According to our computational simulations, we notice that one of the key factors of fulfilling all-photochemical rotation in the phosphine-based motor is that the excitation energies of four isomers are similar. Additionally, a shortcut photoinduced transformation between unstable isomers replaces the THI step, which shares the conical intersection (CI) with photoisomerization. In this study, we provide a practical approach to speed up the NAMD simulations in photochemical reactions for a large system that could be extended to other complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Boyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuanda Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Weijia Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Feng Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Jin Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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49
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Wang B, Wu Y, Liu D, Vasenko AS, Casanova D, Prezhdo OV. Efficient Modeling of Quantum Dynamics of Charge Carriers in Materials Using Short Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8289-8295. [PMID: 37681642 PMCID: PMC10518862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics provides essential insights into excited-state processes, but it is computationally intense and simplifications are needed. The classical path approximation provides critical savings. Still, long heating and equilibration steps are required. We demonstrate that practical results can be obtained with short, partially equilibrated ab initio trajectories. Once the system's structure is adequate and essential fluctuations are sampled, the nonadiabatic Hamiltonian can be constructed. Local structures require only 1-2 ps trajectories, as demonstrated with point defects in metal halide perovskites. Short trajectories represent anharmonic motions common in defective structures, an essential improvement over the harmonic approximation around the optimized geometry. Glassy systems, such as grain boundaries, require different simulation protocols, e.g., involving machine learning force fields. 10-fold shorter trajectories generate 10-20% time scale errors, which are acceptable, given experimental uncertainties and other approximations. The practical NAMD protocol enables fast screening of excited-state dynamics for rapid exploration of new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipeng Wang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | | | - Andrey S. Vasenko
- HSE
University, 101000 Moscow, Russia
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 San Sebastián-Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 San Sebastián-Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Oleg V. Prezhdo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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50
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Nag P, Babu P M J, Vennapusa SR. Significance of Nonadiabatic Effects on Efficient Triplet Generation in Lumazines. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7739-7746. [PMID: 37677159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The photophysics of lumazines leading to triplet formation and the effect of thionation are explored in the presence of near-degenerate electronic states. Wave packet simulations are performed on model potential energy surfaces to understand the nonadiabatic population transfer among close-lying excited states. Ultrafast population transfer among singlets opens up new intersystem crossing channels from the higher states. An increased spin-orbit coupling strength originating from thionation enhances intersystem crossing and populates the higher triplets first. The rapid internal conversion in the triplet manifold eventually brings the molecules to their respective low-lying long-lived triplet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Probal Nag
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Janaarthana Babu P M
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Sivaranjana Reddy Vennapusa
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
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