1
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Song W, Xia X, Fan Y, Zhang B, Chen X. Functional and Genetic Analyses Unveil the Implication of CDC27 in Hemifacial Microsomia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4707. [PMID: 38731925 PMCID: PMC11083823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is a rare congenital genetic syndrome primarily affecting the first and second pharyngeal arches, leading to defects in the mandible, external ear, and middle ear. The pathogenic genes remain largely unidentified. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was conducted on 12 HFM probands and their unaffected biological parents. Predictive structural analysis of the target gene was conducted using PSIPRED (v3.3) and SWISS-MODEL, while STRING facilitated protein-to-protein interaction predictions. CRISPR/Cas9 was applied for gene knockout in zebrafish. In situ hybridization (ISH) was employed to examine the spatiotemporal expression of the target gene and neural crest cell (NCC) markers. Immunofluorescence with PH3 and TUNEL assays were used to assess cell proliferation and apoptosis. RNA sequencing was performed on mutant and control embryos, with rescue experiments involving target mRNA injections and specific gene knockouts. CDC27 was identified as a novel candidate gene for HFM, with four nonsynonymous de novo variants detected in three unrelated probands. Structural predictions indicated significant alterations in the secondary and tertiary structures of CDC27. cdc27 knockout in zebrafish resulted in craniofacial malformation, spine deformity, and cardiac edema, mirroring typical HFM phenotypes. Abnormalities in somatic cell apoptosis, reduced NCC proliferation in pharyngeal arches, and chondrocyte differentiation issues were observed in cdc27-/- mutants. cdc27 mRNA injections and cdkn1a or tp53 knockout significantly rescued pharyngeal arch cartilage dysplasia, while sox9a mRNA administration partially restored the defective phenotypes. Our findings suggest a functional link between CDC27 and HFM, primarily through the inhibition of CNCC proliferation and disruption of pharyngeal chondrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Song
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xin Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yue Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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2
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Casey-Clyde T, Liu SJ, Serrano JAC, Teng C, Jang YG, Vasudevan HN, Bush JO, Raleigh DR. Eed controls craniofacial osteoblast differentiation and mesenchymal proliferation from the neural crest. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.13.584903. [PMID: 38558995 PMCID: PMC10979956 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.13.584903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The histone methyltransferase Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is required for specification of the neural crest, and mis-regulation of the neural crest can cause severe congenital malformations. PRC2 is required for induction of the neural crest, but the embryonic, cellular, and molecular consequences of PRC2 activity after neural crest induction are incompletely understood. Here we show that Eed, a core subunit of PRC2, is required for craniofacial osteoblast differentiation and mesenchymal proliferation after induction of the neural crest. Integrating mouse genetics with single-cell RNA sequencing, our results reveal that conditional knockout of Eed after neural crest cell induction causes severe craniofacial hypoplasia, impaired craniofacial osteogenesis, and attenuated craniofacial mesenchymal cell proliferation that is first evident in post-migratory neural crest cell populations. We show that Eed drives mesenchymal differentiation and proliferation in vivo and in primary craniofacial cell cultures by regulating diverse transcription factor programs that are required for specification of post-migratory neural crest cells. These data enhance understanding of epigenetic mechanisms that underlie craniofacial development, and shed light on the embryonic, cellular, and molecular drivers of rare congenital syndromes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Casey-Clyde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S. John Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Juan Antonio Camara Serrano
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Camilla Teng
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yoon-Gu Jang
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Harish N. Vasudevan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey O. Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David R. Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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3
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Rajderkar SS, Paraiso K, Amaral ML, Kosicki M, Cook LE, Darbellay F, Spurrell CH, Osterwalder M, Zhu Y, Wu H, Afzal SY, Blow MJ, Kelman G, Barozzi I, Fukuda-Yuzawa Y, Akiyama JA, Afzal V, Tran S, Plajzer-Frick I, Novak CS, Kato M, Hunter RD, von Maydell K, Wang A, Lin L, Preissl S, Lisgo S, Ren B, Dickel DE, Pennacchio LA, Visel A. Dynamic enhancer landscapes in human craniofacial development. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2030. [PMID: 38448444 PMCID: PMC10917818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of human facial variation and craniofacial birth defects remains poorly understood. Distant-acting transcriptional enhancers control the fine-tuned spatiotemporal expression of genes during critical stages of craniofacial development. However, a lack of accurate maps of the genomic locations and cell type-resolved activities of craniofacial enhancers prevents their systematic exploration in human genetics studies. Here, we combine histone modification, chromatin accessibility, and gene expression profiling of human craniofacial development with single-cell analyses of the developing mouse face to define the regulatory landscape of facial development at tissue- and single cell-resolution. We provide temporal activity profiles for 14,000 human developmental craniofacial enhancers. We find that 56% of human craniofacial enhancers share chromatin accessibility in the mouse and we provide cell population- and embryonic stage-resolved predictions of their in vivo activity. Taken together, our data provide an expansive resource for genetic and developmental studies of human craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Sunil Rajderkar
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kitt Paraiso
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Amaral
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Kosicki
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Laura E Cook
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Fabrice Darbellay
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cailyn H Spurrell
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marco Osterwalder
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Yiwen Zhu
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Han Wu
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sarah Yasmeen Afzal
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Matthew J Blow
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Guy Kelman
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- The Jerusalem Center for Personalized Computational Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iros Barozzi
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yoko Fukuda-Yuzawa
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- University Research Management Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jennifer A Akiyama
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Veena Afzal
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stella Tran
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ingrid Plajzer-Frick
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Catherine S Novak
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Momoe Kato
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Riana D Hunter
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- UC San Francisco, Division of Experimental Medicine, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Kianna von Maydell
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Allen Wang
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Preissl
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steven Lisgo
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Bing Ren
- Institute of Genome Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Diane E Dickel
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Octant Inc., Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Len A Pennacchio
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Comparative Biochemistry Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Axel Visel
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
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4
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Kanai SM, Clouthier DE. Endothelin signaling in development. Development 2023; 150:dev201786. [PMID: 38078652 PMCID: PMC10753589 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of endothelin 1 (EDN1) in 1988, the role of endothelin ligands and their receptors in the regulation of blood pressure in normal and disease states has been extensively studied. However, endothelin signaling also plays crucial roles in the development of neural crest cell-derived tissues. Mechanisms of endothelin action during neural crest cell maturation have been deciphered using a variety of in vivo and in vitro approaches, with these studies elucidating the basis of human syndromes involving developmental differences resulting from altered endothelin signaling. In this Review, we describe the endothelin pathway and its functions during the development of neural crest-derived tissues. We also summarize how dysregulated endothelin signaling causes developmental differences and how this knowledge may lead to potential treatments for individuals with gene variants in the endothelin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M. Kanai
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David E. Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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5
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Toro-Tobon S, Manrique M, Paredes-Gutierrez J, Mantilla-Rivas E, Oh H, Ahmad L, Oh AK, Rogers GF. Pharyngeal Arches, Chapter 1: Normal Development and Derivatives. J Craniofac Surg 2023; 34:2237-2241. [PMID: 37264513 PMCID: PMC10521768 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharyngeal arches form the cornerstone of the complex anatomy of the face and neck. These embryologic structures are the foundation of face and neck development, and anomalous growth can result in craniofacial abnormalities. Surgeons who manage head and neck pathology and pathoanatomy will invariably encounter conditions associated with aberrant pharyngeal arch anatomy, and a thorough understanding of the normal and pathological development of these important structures is paramount to accurate diagnosis and treatment. This manuscript is the first of a three-part educational series that addressed the pharyngeal/branchial arch embryology, development, nomenclature, and normal anatomy (Part I), pathologic anomalies of ear and neck derived from abnormal development of the arches (Part II), and different types of orofacial clefts, including Tessier clefts (Part III).
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6
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Steinhart MR, van der Valk WH, Osorio D, Serdy SA, Zhang J, Nist-Lund C, Kim J, Moncada-Reid C, Sun L, Lee J, Koehler KR. Mapping oto-pharyngeal development in a human inner ear organoid model. Development 2023; 150:dev201871. [PMID: 37796037 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Inner ear development requires the coordination of cell types from distinct epithelial, mesenchymal and neuronal lineages. Although we have learned much from animal models, many details about human inner ear development remain elusive. We recently developed an in vitro model of human inner ear organogenesis using pluripotent stem cells in a 3D culture, fostering the growth of a sensorineural circuit, including hair cells and neurons. Despite previously characterizing some cell types, many remain undefined. This study aimed to chart the in vitro development timeline of the inner ear organoid to understand the mechanisms at play. Using single-cell RNA sequencing at ten stages during the first 36 days of differentiation, we tracked the evolution from pluripotency to various ear cell types after exposure to specific signaling modulators. Our findings showcase gene expression that influences differentiation, identifying a plethora of ectodermal and mesenchymal cell types. We also discern aspects of the organoid model consistent with in vivo development, while highlighting potential discrepancies. Our study establishes the Inner Ear Organoid Developmental Atlas (IODA), offering deeper insights into human biology and improving inner ear tissue differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Steinhart
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Wouter H van der Valk
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- OtoBiology Leiden, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery; Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW); Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Osorio
- Research Computing, Department of Information Technology; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara A Serdy
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carl Nist-Lund
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cynthia Moncada-Reid
- Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology (SHBT) Graduate Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liang Sun
- Research Computing, Department of Information Technology; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiyoon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karl R Koehler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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7
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Menter T, Holland-Cunz S. Ectopic Salivary Gland - A Possible Differential Diagnosis of a Branchial Cleft Cyst. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2023; 42:706-708. [PMID: 36988296 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2023.2193847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: Branchial cleft cysts or fistulae are common in pediatric surgical pathology and are cured by surgery. Lesions in this area may not show the classical features of a cyst or duct lined by squamous or respiratory epithelium and other differential diagnoses should be considered. Case report: A seven-year-old otherwise healthy boy presented with bilateral swelling of the lower neck and reported intermittent secretion of clear fluid on the right side. Excision of the right sided lesion revealed an ectopic salivary gland, the excision of the left showed only subtle fibrosis. Conclusion: Ectopic salivary glands may occur in the distribution of branchial cleft remnants. Clear fluid drainage (saliva) may be a clinical clue that these are not branchial cleft cremnants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Menter
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Holland-Cunz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital of both Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Pitirri MK, Richtsmeier JT, Kawasaki M, Coupe AP, Perrine SM, Kawasaki K. Come together over me: Cells that form the dermatocranium and chondrocranium in mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023:10.1002/ar.25295. [PMID: 37497849 PMCID: PMC10818014 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Most bone develops either by intramembranous ossification where bone forms within a soft connective tissue, or by endochondral ossification by way of a cartilage anlagen or model. Bones of the skull can form endochondrally or intramembranously or represent a combination of the two types of ossification. Contrary to the classical definition of intramembranous ossification, we have previously described a tight temporo-spatial relationship between cranial cartilages and dermal bone formation and proposed a mechanistic relationship between chondrocranial cartilage and dermal bone. Here, we further investigate this relationship through an analysis of how cells organize to form cranial cartilages and dermal bone. Using Wnt1-Cre2 and Mesp1-Cre transgenic mice, we determine the derivation of cells that comprise cranial cartilages from either cranial neural crest (CNC) or paraxial mesoderm (PM). We confirm a previously determined CNC-PM boundary that runs through the hypophyseal fenestra in the cartilaginous braincase floor and identify four additional CNC-PM boundaries in the chondrocranial lateral wall, including a boundary that runs along the basal and apical ends of the hypochiasmatic cartilage. Based on the knowledge that as osteoblasts differentiate from CNC- and PM-derived mesenchyme, the differentiating cells express the transcription factor genes RUNX2 and osterix (OSX), we created a new transgenic mouse line called R2Tom. R2Tom mice carry a tdTomato reporter gene joined with an evolutionarily well-conserved enhancer sequence of RUNX2. R2Tom mice crossed with Osx-GFP mice yield R2Tom;Osx-GFP double transgenic mice in which various stages of osteoblasts and their precursors are detected with different fluorescent reporters. We use the R2Tom;Osx-GFP mice, new data on the cell derivation of cranial cartilages, histology, immunohistochemistry, and detailed morphological observations combined with data from other investigators to summarize the differentiation of cranial mesenchyme as it forms condensations that become chondrocranial cartilages and associated dermal bones of the lateral cranial wall. These data advance our previous findings of a tendency of cranial cartilage and dermal bone development to vary jointly in a coordinated manner, promoting a role for cranial cartilages in intramembranous bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kathleen Pitirri
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mizuho Kawasaki
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abigail P Coupe
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan Motch Perrine
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kazuhiko Kawasaki
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Rajderkar SS, Paraiso K, Amaral ML, Kosicki M, Cook LE, Darbellay F, Spurrell CH, Osterwalder M, Zhu Y, Wu H, Afzal SY, Blow MJ, Kelman G, Barozzi I, Fukuda-Yuzawa Y, Akiyama JA, Afzal V, Tran S, Plajzer-Frick I, Novak CS, Kato M, Hunter RD, von Maydell K, Wang A, Lin L, Preissl S, Lisgo S, Ren B, Dickel DE, Pennacchio LA, Visel A. Cell Type- and Tissue-specific Enhancers in Craniofacial Development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.26.546603. [PMID: 37425964 PMCID: PMC10327103 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.26.546603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis of craniofacial birth defects and general variation in human facial shape remains poorly understood. Distant-acting transcriptional enhancers are a major category of non-coding genome function and have been shown to control the fine-tuned spatiotemporal expression of genes during critical stages of craniofacial development1-3. However, a lack of accurate maps of the genomic location and cell type-specific in vivo activities of all craniofacial enhancers prevents their systematic exploration in human genetics studies. Here, we combined histone modification and chromatin accessibility profiling from different stages of human craniofacial development with single-cell analyses of the developing mouse face to create a comprehensive catalogue of the regulatory landscape of facial development at tissue- and single cell-resolution. In total, we identified approximately 14,000 enhancers across seven developmental stages from weeks 4 through 8 of human embryonic face development. We used transgenic mouse reporter assays to determine the in vivo activity patterns of human face enhancers predicted from these data. Across 16 in vivo validated human enhancers, we observed a rich diversity of craniofacial subregions in which these enhancers are active in vivo. To annotate the cell type specificities of human-mouse conserved enhancers, we performed single-cell RNA-seq and single-nucleus ATAC-seq of mouse craniofacial tissues from embryonic days e11.5 to e15.5. By integrating these data across species, we find that the majority (56%) of human craniofacial enhancers are functionally conserved in mice, providing cell type- and embryonic stage-resolved predictions of their in vivo activity profiles. Using retrospective analysis of known craniofacial enhancers in combination with single cell-resolved transgenic reporter assays, we demonstrate the utility of these data for predicting the in vivo cell type specificity of enhancers. Taken together, our data provide an expansive resource for genetic and developmental studies of human craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Sunil Rajderkar
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kitt Paraiso
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Amaral
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Kosicki
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laura E. Cook
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fabrice Darbellay
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cailyn H. Spurrell
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marco Osterwalder
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yiwen Zhu
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Han Wu
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sarah Yasmeen Afzal
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304
| | - Matthew J. Blow
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Guy Kelman
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Jerusalem Center for Personalized Computational Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iros Barozzi
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yoko Fukuda-Yuzawa
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- University Research Management Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jennifer A. Akiyama
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Veena Afzal
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stella Tran
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ingrid Plajzer-Frick
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Catherine S. Novak
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Momoe Kato
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Riana D. Hunter
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- UC San Francisco, Division of Experimental Medicine, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Kianna von Maydell
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Allen Wang
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Preissl
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steven Lisgo
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Bing Ren
- Institute of Genome Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Diane E. Dickel
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Octant Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Len A. Pennacchio
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Comparative Biochemistry Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Axel Visel
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA
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10
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LaBelle J, Wyatt T, Woo S. Endodermal cells use contact inhibition of locomotion to achieve uniform cell dispersal during zebrafish gastrulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.01.543209. [PMID: 37333383 PMCID: PMC10274714 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.01.543209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The endoderm is one of the three primary germ layers that ultimately gives rise to the gastrointestinal and respiratory epithelia and other tissues. In zebrafish and other vertebrates, endodermal cells are initially highly migratory with only transient interactions among one other, but later converge together to form an epithelial sheet. Here, we show that during their early, migratory phase, endodermal cells actively avoid each other through contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), a characteristic response consisting of 1) actin depolymerization and membrane retraction at the site of contact, 2) preferential actin polymerization along a cell-free edge, and 3) reorientation of migration away from the other cell. We found that this response is dependent on the Rho GTPase RhoA and EphA/ephrin-A signaling - expression of dominant-negative (DN) RhoA or treatment with the EphA inhibitor dasatinib resulted in behaviors consistent with loss of CIL, including increased contact duration times and decreased likelihood of migration reorientation after contact. Computational modeling predicted that CIL is required to achieve the efficient and uniform dispersal characteristic of endodermal cells. Consistent with our model, we found that loss of CIL via DN RhoA expression resulted in irregular clustering of cells within the endoderm. Together, our results suggest that endodermal cells use EphA2- and RhoA-dependent CIL as a cell dispersal and spacing mechanism, demonstrating how local interactions can give rise to tissue-scale patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesselynn LaBelle
- Quantiative and Systems Biology, University of California, Merced, CA USA
| | - Tom Wyatt
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS, Université de Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Woo
- Quantiative and Systems Biology, University of California, Merced, CA USA
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA USA
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11
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Gleeson BT, Wilson LAB. Shared reproductive disruption, not neural crest or tameness, explains the domestication syndrome. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222464. [PMID: 36946116 PMCID: PMC10031412 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered neural crest cell (NCC) behaviour is an increasingly cited explanation for the domestication syndrome in animals. However, recent authors have questioned this explanation, while others cast doubt on whether domestication syndrome even exists. Here, we review published literature concerning this syndrome and the NCC hypothesis, together with recent critiques of both. We synthesize these contributions and propose a novel interpretation, arguing shared trait changes under ancient domestication resulted primarily from shared disruption of wild reproductive regimes. We detail four primary selective pathways for 'reproductive disruption' under domestication and contrast these succinct and demonstrable mechanisms with cryptic genetic associations posited by the NCC hypothesis. In support of our perspective, we illustrate numerous important ways in which NCCs contribute to vertebrate reproductive phenotypes, and argue it is not surprising that features derived from these cells would be coincidentally altered under major selective regime changes, as occur in domestication. We then illustrate several pertinent examples of Darwin's 'unconscious selection' in action, and compare applied selection and phenotypic responses in each case. Lastly, we explore the ramifications of reproductive disruption for wider evolutionary discourse, including links to wild 'self-domestication' and 'island effect', and discuss outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Thomas Gleeson
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Laura A B Wilson
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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12
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Dhawan SS, Yedavalli V, Massoud TF. Atavistic and vestigial anatomical structures in the head, neck, and spine: an overview. Anat Sci Int 2023:10.1007/s12565-022-00701-7. [PMID: 36680662 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-022-00701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Organisms may retain nonfunctional anatomical features as a consequence of evolutionary natural selection. Resultant atavistic and vestigial anatomical structures have long been a source of perplexity. Atavism is when an ancestral trait reappears after loss through an evolutionary change in previous generations, whereas vestigial structures are remnants that are largely or entirely functionless relative to their original roles. While physicians are cognizant of their existence, atavistic and vestigial structures are rarely emphasized in anatomical curricula and can, therefore, be puzzling when discovered incidentally. In addition, the literature is replete with examples of the terms atavistic and vestigial being used interchangeably without careful distinction between them. We provide an overview of important atavistic and vestigial structures in the head, neck, and spine that can serve as a reference for anatomists and clinical neuroscientists. We review the literature on atavistic and vestigial anatomical structures of the head, neck, and spine that may be encountered in clinical practice. We define atavistic and vestigial structures and employ these definitions consistently when classifying anatomical structures. Pertinent anatomical structures are numerous and include human tails, plica semilunaris, the vomeronasal organ, levator claviculae, and external ear muscles, to name a few. Atavistic and vestigial structures are found throughout the head, neck, and spine. Some, such as human tails and branchial cysts may be clinically symptomatic. Literature reports indicate that their prevalence varies across populations. Knowledge of atavistic and vestigial anatomical structures can inform diagnoses, prevent misrecognition of variation for pathology, and guide clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhant Suri Dhawan
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Vivek Yedavalli
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Tarik F Massoud
- Division of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, and Stanford Initiative for Multimodality Neuro-Imaging in Translational Anatomy Research (SIMITAR), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA. .,Center for Academic Medicine, Radiology MC: 5659; 453 Quarry Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
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13
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A 5-Year-Old Child with a Deep Neck Abscess Complicated by Laryngeal Obstruction. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:children10010017. [PMID: 36670568 PMCID: PMC9856470 DOI: 10.3390/children10010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Deep neck space infections (DNSI) are defined as infections in the potential spaces and fascial planes of the neck. We show the clinical case of a retro and para-pharyngeal abscess in a healthy 5-year-old child complicated by compression and dislocation of the larynx with marked airway caliber reduction and potentially fatal extension up to the mediastinal aditus. DNSI can occur at any age and, due to its rapid progression, requires immediate treatment in children. In healthy children, concurrent abscesses in separate neck spaces are rare. DNSI recurrence should alert the physician to the possibility of a congenital problem, and if imaging fails, laryngoscopy may be the best diagnostic technique.
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14
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Sun Y, Kumar SR, Wong CED, Tian Z, Bai H, Crump JG, Bajpai R, Lien CL. Craniofacial and cardiac defects in chd7 zebrafish mutants mimic CHARGE syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1030587. [PMID: 36568983 PMCID: PMC9768498 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects occur in almost 80% of patients with CHARGE syndrome, a sporadically occurring disease causing craniofacial and other abnormalities due to mutations in the CHD7 gene. Animal models have been generated to mimic CHARGE syndrome; however, heart defects are not extensively described in zebrafish disease models of CHARGE using morpholino injections or genetic mutants. Here, we describe the co-occurrence of craniofacial abnormalities and heart defects in zebrafish chd7 mutants. These mutant phenotypes are enhanced in the maternal zygotic mutant background. In the chd7 mutant fish, we found shortened craniofacial cartilages and extra cartilage formation. Furthermore, the length of the ventral aorta is altered in chd7 mutants. Many CHARGE patients have aortic arch anomalies. It should be noted that the aberrant branching of the first branchial arch artery is observed for the first time in chd7 fish mutants. To understand the cellular mechanism of CHARGE syndrome, neural crest cells (NCCs), that contribute to craniofacial and cardiovascular tissues, are examined using sox10:Cre lineage tracing. In contrast to its function in cranial NCCs, we found that the cardiac NCC-derived mural cells along the ventral aorta and aortic arch arteries are not affected in chd7 mutant fish. The chd7 fish mutants we generated recapitulate some of the craniofacial and cardiovascular phenotypes found in CHARGE patients and can be used to further determine the roles of CHD7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Sun
- Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - S. Ram Kumar
- Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chee Ern David Wong
- Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhiyu Tian
- Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Haipeng Bai
- Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - J. Gage Crump
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ruchi Bajpai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ching Ling Lien
- Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Ching Ling Lien,
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15
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Fitriasari S, Trainor PA. Gene-environment interactions in the pathogenesis of common craniofacial anomalies. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 152:139-168. [PMID: 36707210 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial anomalies often exhibit phenotype variability and non-mendelian inheritance due to their multifactorial origin, involving both genetic and environmental factors. A combination of epidemiologic studies, genome-wide association, and analysis of animal models have provided insight into the effects of gene-environment interactions on craniofacial and brain development and the pathogenesis of congenital disorders. In this chapter, we briefly summarize the etiology and pathogenesis of common craniofacial anomalies, focusing on orofacial clefts, hemifacial microsomia, and microcephaly. We then discuss how environmental risk factors interact with genes to modulate the incidence and phenotype severity of craniofacial anomalies. Identifying environmental risk factors and dissecting their interaction with different genes and modifiers is central to improved strategies for preventing craniofacial anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.
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16
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Fabik J, Psutkova V, Machon O. Meis2 controls skeletal formation in the hyoid region. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:951063. [PMID: 36247013 PMCID: PMC9554219 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.951063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A vertebrate skull is composed of many skeletal elements which display enormous diversity of shapes. Cranial bone formation embodies a multitude of processes, i.e., epithelial-mesenchymal induction, mesenchymal condensation, and endochondral or intramembranous ossification. Molecular pathways determining complex architecture and growth of the cranial skeleton during embryogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we present a model of the hyoid apparatus development in Wnt1-Cre2-induced Meis2 conditional knock-out (cKO) mice. Meis2 cKO embryos develop an aberrant hyoid apparatus—a complete skeletal chain from the base of the neurocranium to lesser horns of the hyoid, resembling extreme human pathologies of the hyoid-larynx region. We examined key stages of hyoid skeletogenesis to obtain a complex image of the hyoid apparatus formation. Lack of Meis2 resulted in ectopic loci of mesenchymal condensations, ectopic cartilage and bone formation, disinhibition of skeletogenesis, and elevated proliferation of cartilage precursors. We presume that all these mechanisms contribute to formation of the aberrant skeletal chain in the hyoid region. Moreover, Meis2 cKO embryos exhibit severely reduced expression of PBX1 and HAND2 in the hyoid region. Altogether, MEIS2 in conjunction with PBX1 and HAND2 affects mesenchymal condensation, specification and proliferation of cartilage precursors to ensure development of the anatomically correct hyoid apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Fabik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Viktorie Psutkova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Machon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Ondrej Machon,
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17
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Ye Q, Bhojwani A, Hu JK. Understanding the development of oral epithelial organs through single cell transcriptomic analysis. Development 2022; 149:dev200539. [PMID: 35831953 PMCID: PMC9481975 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
During craniofacial development, the oral epithelium begins as a morphologically homogeneous tissue that gives rise to locally complex structures, including the teeth, salivary glands and taste buds. How the epithelium is initially patterned and specified to generate diverse cell types remains largely unknown. To elucidate the genetic programs that direct the formation of distinct oral epithelial populations, we mapped the transcriptional landscape of embryonic day 12 mouse mandibular epithelia at single cell resolution. Our analysis identified key transcription factors and gene regulatory networks that define different epithelial cell types. By examining the spatiotemporal patterning process along the oral-aboral axis, our results propose a model in which the dental field is progressively confined to its position by the formation of the aboral epithelium anteriorly and the non-dental oral epithelium posteriorly. Using our data, we also identified Ntrk2 as a proliferation driver in the forming incisor, contributing to its invagination. Together, our results provide a detailed transcriptional atlas of the embryonic mandibular epithelium, and unveil new genetic markers and regulators that are present during the specification of various oral epithelial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianlin Ye
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arshia Bhojwani
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jimmy K. Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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18
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Vaivads M, Akota I, Pilmane M. Immunohistochemical Evaluation of BARX1, DLX4, FOXE1, HOXB3, and MSX2 in Nonsyndromic Cleft Affected Tissue. Acta Med Litu 2022; 29:271-294. [PMID: 37733420 PMCID: PMC9799009 DOI: 10.15388/amed.2022.29.2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonsyndromic craniofacial clefts are relatively common congenital malformations which could create a significant negative effect on the health status and life quality of affected individuals within the pediatric population. Multiple cleft candidate genes and their coded proteins have been described with their possible involvement during cleft formation. Some of these proteins like Homeobox Protein BarH-like 1 (BARX1), Distal-Less Homeobox 4 (DLX4), Forkhead Box E1 (FOXE1), Homeobox Protein Hox-B3 (HOXB3), and Muscle Segment Homeobox 2 (MSX2) have been associated with the formation of craniofacial clefts. Understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of nonsyndromic craniofacial cleft formation could provide a better knowledge in cleft management and could be a possible basis for development and improvement of cleft treatment options. This study investigates the presence of BARX1, DLX4, FOXE1, HOXB3, and MSX2 positive cells by using immunohistochemistry in different types of cleft-affected tissue while determining their possible connection with cleft pathogenesis process. Materials and Methods Craniofacial cleft tissue material was obtained during cleft-correcting surgery from patients with nonsyndromic craniofacial cleft diagnosis. Tissue material was gathered from patients who had unilateral cleft lip (n=36), bilateral cleft lip (n=13), and cleft palate (n=26). Control group (n=7) tissue material was received from individuals without any craniofacial clefts. The number of factor positive cells in the control group and patient group tissue was evaluated by using the semiquantitative counting method. Data was evaluated with the use of nonparametric statistical methods. Results Statistically significant differences were identified between the number of BARX1, FOXE1, HOXB3, and MSX2-containing cells in controls and cleft patient groups but no statistically significant difference was found for DLX4. Statistically significant correlations between the evaluated factors were also notified in cleft patient groups. Conclusions HOXB3 could be more associated with morphopathogenesis of unilateral cleft lip during postnatal course of the disorder. FOXE1 and BARX1 could be involved with both unilateral and bilateral cleft lip morphopathogenesis. The persistence of MSX2 in all evaluated cleft types could indicate its possible interaction within multiple cleft types. DLX4 most likely is not involved with postnatal cleft morphopathogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mārtiņš Vaivads
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilze Akota
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- Cleft Lip and Palate Centre, Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Māra Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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19
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Provin N, Giraud M. Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells Into Thymic Epithelial Cells and Generation of Thymic Organoids: Applications for Therapeutic Strategies Against APECED. Front Immunol 2022; 13:930963. [PMID: 35844523 PMCID: PMC9277542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ essential for the induction of central immune tolerance. Maturing T cells undergo several steps of expansion and selection mediated by thymic epithelial cells (TECs). In APECED and other congenital pathologies, a deficiency in genes that regulate TEC development or their ability to select non auto-reactive thymocytes results in a defective immune balance, and consequently in a general autoimmune syndrome. Restoration of thymic function is thus crucial for the emergence of curative treatments. The last decade has seen remarkable progress in both gene editing and pluripotent stem cell differentiation, with the emergence of CRISPR-based gene correction, the trivialization of reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) and their subsequent differentiation into multiple cellular fates. The combination of these two approaches has paved the way to the generation of genetically corrected thymic organoids and their use to control thymic genetic pathologies affecting self-tolerance. Here we review the recent advances in differentiation of iPSc into TECs and the ability of the latter to support a proper and efficient maturation of thymocytes into functional and non-autoreactive T cells. A special focus is given on thymus organogenesis and pathway modulation during iPSc differentiation, on the impact of the 2/3D structure on the generated TECs, and on perspectives for therapeutic strategies in APECED based on patient-derived iPSc corrected for AIRE gene mutations.
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20
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Pitirri MK, Durham EL, Romano NA, Santos JI, Coupe AP, Zheng H, Chen DZ, Kawasaki K, Jabs EW, Richtsmeier JT, Wu M, Motch Perrine SM. Meckel's Cartilage in Mandibular Development and Dysmorphogenesis. Front Genet 2022; 13:871927. [PMID: 35651944 PMCID: PMC9149363 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.871927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fgfr2cC342Y/+ Crouzon syndrome mouse model carries a cysteine to tyrosine substitution at amino acid position 342 (Cys342Tyr; C342Y) in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Fgfr2) gene equivalent to a FGFR2 mutation commonly associated with Crouzon and Pfeiffer syndromes in humans. The Fgfr2c C342Y mutation results in constitutive activation of the receptor and is associated with upregulation of osteogenic differentiation. Fgfr2cC342Y/+ Crouzon syndrome mice show premature closure of the coronal suture and other craniofacial anomalies including malocclusion of teeth, most likely due to abnormal craniofacial form. Malformation of the mandible can precipitate a plethora of complications including disrupting development of the upper jaw and palate, impediment of the airway, and alteration of occlusion necessary for proper mastication. The current paradigm of mandibular development assumes that Meckel’s cartilage (MC) serves as a support or model for mandibular bone formation and as a template for the later forming mandible. If valid, this implies a functional relationship between MC and the forming mandible, so mandibular dysmorphogenesis might be discerned in MC affecting the relationship between MC and mandibular bone. Here we investigate the relationship of MC to mandible development from the early mineralization of the mandible (E13.5) through the initiation of MC degradation at E17.7 using Fgfr2cC342Y/+ Crouzon syndrome embryos and their unaffected littermates (Fgfr2c+/+). Differences between genotypes in both MC and mandibular bone are subtle, however MC of Fgfr2cC342Y/+ embryos is generally longer relative to unaffected littermates at E15.5 with specific aspects remaining relatively large at E17.5. In contrast, mandibular bone is smaller overall in Fgfr2cC342Y/+ embryos relative to their unaffected littermates at E15.5 with the posterior aspect remaining relatively small at E17.5. At a cellular level, differences are identified between genotypes early (E13.5) followed by reduced proliferation in MC (E15.5) and in the forming mandible (E17.5) in Fgfr2cC342Y/+ embryos. Activation of the ERK pathways is reduced in the perichondrium of MC in Fgfr2cC342Y/+ embryos and increased in bone related cells at E15.5. These data reveal that the Fgfr2c C342Y mutation differentially affects cells by type, location, and developmental age indicating a complex set of changes in the cells that make up the lower jaw.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kathleen Pitirri
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Emily L Durham
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Natalie A Romano
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jacob I Santos
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Abigail P Coupe
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Danny Z Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Kazuhiko Kawasaki
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Susan M Motch Perrine
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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21
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To Stick or Not to Stick: Adhesions in Orofacial Clefts. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020153. [PMID: 35205020 PMCID: PMC8869391 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis requires a tight coordination between mechanical forces and biochemical signals to inform individual cellular behavior. For these developmental processes to happen correctly the organism requires precise spatial and temporal coordination of the adhesion, migration, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis of cells originating from the three key embryonic layers, namely the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The cytoskeleton and its remodeling are essential to organize and amplify many of the signaling pathways required for proper morphogenesis. In particular, the interaction of the cell junctions with the cytoskeleton functions to amplify the behavior of individual cells into collective events that are critical for development. In this review we summarize the key morphogenic events that occur during the formation of the face and the palate, as well as the protein complexes required for cell-to-cell adhesions. We then integrate the current knowledge into a comprehensive review of how mutations in cell-to-cell adhesion genes lead to abnormal craniofacial development, with a particular focus on cleft lip with or without cleft palate.
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22
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Vrînceanu D, Sajin M, Dumitru M, Mogoantă CA, Cergan R, Georgescu MG. Current approach to branchial remnants in the neck. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2022; 63:485-490. [PMID: 36588486 PMCID: PMC9926148 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.63.3.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Congenital branchial fistulas and cysts are an interesting subject in cervical pathology. There are congenital malformations with late expression in young adults that require correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment. We review essential notions of cervical embryology to understand the mechanism of occurrence of these malformations and their clinical expression. The most common cases present vestiges from the second branchial arch, with the appearance of a cystic tumor or a fistulous orifice on the anterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, at the level of the hyoid bone. Performant imagery is mandatory for appropriate diagnosis, so we recommend a cervical computed tomography (CT) scan or cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate the relations with great vessels of the neck or other lesions. The treatment implies complete surgical excision because otherwise there is a high risk of recurrence of the lesion. The differential diagnosis includes cystic lymphangioma, dermoid cyst, tuberculous adenopathy, cystic hygroma, lateral cervical cystic metastases. Histological examination is mandatory for a definite diagnosis. Also, there is a small percentage of malignancy of these malformations, but it is very important to check that all the histological diagnostic criteria for a primary branchiogenic carcinoma are accomplished. Therefore, although it is a benign cystic cervical pathology, the diagnosis and treatment must be made very accurately for a complete cure, and this review aims to summarize the current approach to branchial remnants of the neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vrînceanu
- Department of ENT, Bucharest Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; ; Department of ENT, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania;
| | - Maria Sajin
- Department of Pathology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Dumitru
- Department of ENT, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Romică Cergan
- Department of Anatomy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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23
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Feng J, Han X, Yuan Y, Cho CK, Janečková E, Guo T, Pareek S, Rahman MS, Zheng B, Bi J, Jing J, Zhang M, Xu J, Ho TV, Chai Y. TGF-β signaling and Creb5 cooperatively regulate Fgf18 to control pharyngeal muscle development. eLife 2022; 11:80405. [PMID: 36542062 PMCID: PMC9771365 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The communication between myogenic cells and their surrounding connective tissues is indispensable for muscle morphogenesis. During late embryonic development in mice, myogenic progenitors migrate to discrete sites to form individual muscles. The detailed mechanism of this process remains unclear. Using mouse levator veli palatini (LVP) development as a model, we systematically investigated how a distinct connective tissue subpopulation, perimysial fibroblasts, communicates with myogenic cells to regulate mouse pharyngeal myogenesis. Using single-cell RNAseq data analysis, we identified that TGF-β signaling is a key regulator for the perimysial fibroblasts. Loss of TGF-β signaling in the neural crest-derived palatal mesenchyme leads to defects in perimysial fibroblasts and muscle malformation in the soft palate in Osr2Cre;Tgfbr1fl/fl mice. In particular, Creb5, a transcription factor expressed in the perimysial fibroblasts, cooperates with TGF-β signaling to activate expression of Fgf18. Moreover, Fgf18 supports pharyngeal muscle development in vivo and exogenous Fgf18 can partially rescue myogenic cell numbers in Osr2Cre;Tgfbr1fl/fl samples, illustrating that TGF-β-regulated Fgf18 signaling is required for LVP development. Collectively, our findings reveal the mechanism by which TGF-β signaling achieves its functional specificity in defining the perimysial-to-myogenic signals for pharyngeal myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifan Feng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Xia Han
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Courtney Kyeong Cho
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Eva Janečková
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Tingwei Guo
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Siddhika Pareek
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Md Shaifur Rahman
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Banghong Zheng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Jing Bi
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Junjun Jing
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Mingyi Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Thach-Vu Ho
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
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24
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Feeding and swallowing outcomes following mandibular distraction osteogenesis: an analysis of 22 non-isolated paediatric cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 51:892-899. [PMID: 34952774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with mandibular hypoplasia and upper airway obstruction are at an increased risk of feeding and swallowing difficulties. Little has been described regarding these outcomes following mandibular distraction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mandibular distraction on feeding and swallowing function. A retrospective study was performed on 22 patients with non-isolated mandibular hypoplasia and severe upper airway obstruction treated with mandibular distraction. Median age at first mandibular distraction was 3.1 years (interquartile range 2.3-6.0 years) and the median follow-up time was 3.5 years (interquartile range 2.0-9.4 years). Prior to mandibular distraction, feeding difficulties were present in 18 patients. Swallowing difficulties were present in 20 patients, all of whom had problems in the oral phase of swallowing, while 11 patients had additional problems in the pharyngeal phase. Following mandibular distraction, at the time of follow-up, feeding difficulties persisted in 13 patients. Swallowing difficulties in the oral phase remained present in all 20 patients, while pharyngeal phase problems persisted in seven patients. In conclusion, feeding and swallowing difficulties are highly prevalent in non-isolated patients and often persist following mandibular distraction. Moreover, these can be the reason that decannulation cannot be accomplished. Hence, awareness and close follow-up by a specialized speech therapist is of paramount importance.
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25
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Xia Z, Bi X, Yang S, Yang X, Song Z, Wei J, Xu P, Rink L, Min J, Wang F. Metal transporter Slc30a1 controls pharyngeal neural crest differentiation via the zinc-Snai2-Jag1 cascade. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:778-797. [PMID: 34977877 PMCID: PMC8706747 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharyngeal arch (PA) is a neural crest (NC)-derived organ that is transiently developed during embryogenesis and is required for the subsequent development of various tissues. However, the role of zinc during PA differentiation from NC progenitor cells is unknown. Here, we found that the metal transporters Slc30a1a and Slc30a1b mediate zinc homeostasis during PA differentiation. Slc30a1-deficient zebrafish develop zinc accumulation in NC cells, with increased expression of stemness markers and PA dorsal genes, and SMART-seq analyses revealed that the genes snai2 and jag1b may serve as downstream targets. Furthermore, functional studies showed that knocking down either snai2 or jag1b rescues PA development in Slc30a1-deficient zebrafish. Notably, we identified the double zinc-finger domain in the transcription factor Snai2 as a zinc-responsive element that regulates jag1b expression. Our findings indicate that the Slc30a1/zinc-snai2-jag1b axis is an essential regulatory network controlling PA differentiation, shedding new light on the function of zinc homeostasis in maintaining NC cell stemness and multipotency in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidan Xia
- The First Affiliated HospitalSchool of Public HealthInstitute of Translational MedicineInstitute of GeneticsZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xinying Bi
- The First Affiliated HospitalSchool of Public HealthInstitute of Translational MedicineInstitute of GeneticsZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- The First Affiliated HospitalHengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Sisi Yang
- The First Affiliated HospitalSchool of Public HealthInstitute of Translational MedicineInstitute of GeneticsZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xiu Yang
- The First Affiliated HospitalSchool of Public HealthInstitute of Translational MedicineInstitute of GeneticsZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Zijun Song
- The First Affiliated HospitalSchool of Public HealthInstitute of Translational MedicineInstitute of GeneticsZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Jiayu Wei
- The First Affiliated HospitalSchool of Public HealthInstitute of Translational MedicineInstitute of GeneticsZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Pengfei Xu
- The First Affiliated HospitalSchool of Public HealthInstitute of Translational MedicineInstitute of GeneticsZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Lothar Rink
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute of ImmunologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Junxia Min
- The First Affiliated HospitalSchool of Public HealthInstitute of Translational MedicineInstitute of GeneticsZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Fudi Wang
- The First Affiliated HospitalSchool of Public HealthInstitute of Translational MedicineInstitute of GeneticsZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- The First Affiliated HospitalHengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
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26
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Morrison JA, McLennan R, Teddy JM, Scott AR, Kasemeier-Kulesa JC, Gogol MM, Kulesa PM. Single-cell reconstruction with spatial context of migrating neural crest cells and their microenvironments during vertebrate head and neck formation. Development 2021; 148:273452. [PMID: 35020873 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of multipotent neural crest cell differentiation and invasion as cells travel throughout the vertebrate embryo remain unclear. Here, we preserve spatial information to derive the transcriptional states of migrating neural crest cells and the cellular landscape of the first four chick cranial to cardiac branchial arches (BA1-4) using label-free, unsorted single-cell RNA sequencing. The faithful capture of branchial arch-specific genes led to identification of novel markers of migrating neural crest cells and 266 invasion genes common to all BA1-4 streams. Perturbation analysis of a small subset of invasion genes and time-lapse imaging identified their functional role to regulate neural crest cell behaviors. Comparison of the neural crest invasion signature to other cell invasion phenomena revealed a shared set of 45 genes, a subset of which showed direct relevance to human neuroblastoma cell lines analyzed after exposure to the in vivo chick embryonic neural crest microenvironment. Our data define an important spatio-temporal reference resource to address patterning of the vertebrate head and neck, and previously unidentified cell invasion genes with the potential for broad impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Morrison
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Rebecca McLennan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jessica M Teddy
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Allison R Scott
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | | | | | - Paul M Kulesa
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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27
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Huysseune A, Cerny R, Witten PE. The conundrum of pharyngeal teeth origin: the role of germ layers, pouches, and gill slits. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:414-447. [PMID: 34647411 PMCID: PMC9293187 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There are several competing hypotheses on tooth origins, with discussions eventually settling in favour of an 'outside-in' scenario, in which internal odontodes (teeth) derived from external odontodes (skin denticles) in jawless vertebrates. The evolution of oral teeth from skin denticles can be intuitively understood from their location at the mouth entrance. However, the basal condition for jawed vertebrates is arguably to possess teeth distributed throughout the oropharynx (i.e. oral and pharyngeal teeth). As skin denticle development requires the presence of ectoderm-derived epithelium and of mesenchyme, it remains to be answered how odontode-forming skin epithelium, or its competence, were 'transferred' deep into the endoderm-covered oropharynx. The 'modified outside-in' hypothesis for tooth origins proposed that this transfer was accomplished through displacement of odontogenic epithelium, that is ectoderm, not only through the mouth, but also via any opening (e.g. gill slits) that connects the ectoderm to the epithelial lining of the pharynx (endoderm). This review explores from an evolutionary and from a developmental perspective whether ectoderm plays a role in (pharyngeal) tooth and denticle formation. Historic and recent studies on tooth development show that the odontogenic epithelium (enamel organ) of oral or pharyngeal teeth can be of ectodermal, endodermal, or of mixed ecto-endodermal origin. Comprehensive data are, however, only available for a few taxa. Interestingly, in these taxa, the enamel organ always develops from the basal layer of a stratified epithelium that is at least bilayered. In zebrafish, a miniaturised teleost that only retains pharyngeal teeth, an epithelial surface layer with ectoderm-like characters is required to initiate the formation of an enamel organ from the basal, endodermal epithelium. In urodele amphibians, the bilayered epithelium is endodermal, but the surface layer acquires ectodermal characters, here termed 'epidermalised endoderm'. Furthermore, ectoderm-endoderm contacts at pouch-cleft boundaries (i.e. the prospective gill slits) are important for pharyngeal tooth initiation, even if the influx of ectoderm via these routes is limited. A balance between sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid signalling could operate to assign tooth-initiating competence to the endoderm at the level of any particular pouch. In summary, three characters are identified as being required for pharyngeal tooth formation: (i) pouch-cleft contact, (ii) a stratified epithelium, of which (iii) the apical layer adopts ectodermal features. These characters delimit the area in which teeth can form, yet cannot alone explain the distribution of teeth over the different pharyngeal arches. The review concludes with a hypothetical evolutionary scenario regarding the persisting influence of ectoderm on pharyngeal tooth formation. Studies on basal osteichthyans with less-specialised types of early embryonic development will provide a crucial test for the potential role of ectoderm in pharyngeal tooth formation and for the 'modified outside-in' hypothesis of tooth origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Huysseune
- Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Robert Cerny
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - P Eckhard Witten
- Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
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28
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Bordoni B, Escher AR. Non-Instrumental Test for the Evaluation of Tongue Function. Cureus 2021; 13:e18333. [PMID: 34603903 PMCID: PMC8476096 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tongue undergoes various negative adaptations in the presence of local or systemic pathologies, adversely its behavior within the body context. Tongue assessments to correctly diagnose its functions are carried out using instrumentation, such as ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, electromyography and different intraoral devices (swallowing, strength, posture, phonesis). Currently, there is no dynamic non-instrumental test in the scientific literature to highlight any lingual dysfunctions. The article describes a non-instrumental test for the assessment of lingual function in the body context, to obtain preliminary information on the quality of the neurological activities of the tongue, with respect to the balance and muscle strength that the patient expresses. The text briefly reviews the anatomy of the tongue and describes a clinical case to better understand how to use this test. Further studies will be needed for the validation of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bordoni
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, ITA
| | - Allan R Escher
- Anesthesiology/Pain Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA
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29
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Bordoni B, Escher AR. A Missing Voice: The Lingual Complex and Osteopathic Manual Medicine in the Context of Five Osteopathic Models. Cureus 2021; 13:e18658. [PMID: 34659928 PMCID: PMC8503936 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The five osteopathic models recognized by the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine guide clinicians in the evaluation and therapeutic choice which must be the most appropriate concerning the patient's needs. Skeletal muscles represent an important interpretation, such as screening and treatment, on which these models are based. A muscle district that is not considered by the usual osteopathic practice is the tongue. The lingual complex has numerous functions, both local and systemic; it can adapt negatively in the presence of pathology, just as it can influence the body system in a non-physiological manner if it is a source of dysfunctions. This paper, the first of its kind in the panorama of scientific literature, briefly reviews the anatomy and neurophysiology of the tongue, trying to highlight the logic and the need to insert this muscle in the context of the five osteopathic models. The clinician's goal is to restore the patient's homeostasis, and we believe that this task is more concrete if the patient is approached after understanding all the contractile districts, including the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bordoni
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, ITA
| | - Allan R Escher
- Anesthesiology/Pain Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA
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30
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Grimaldi A, Tajbakhsh S. Diversity in cranial muscles: Origins and developmental programs. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 73:110-116. [PMID: 34500235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cranial muscles have been the focus of many studies over the years because of their unique developmental programs and relative resistance to illnesses. In addition, head muscles possess clonal relationships with heart muscles and have been highly remodeled during vertebrate evolution. Here, we provide an overview of recent findings that have helped to redefine the boundaries and lineages of cranial mesoderm. These studies have important implications regarding the emergence of muscle connective tissues, which can share a common origin with skeletal muscle. We also highlight new regulatory networks of various muscle subgroups, particularly those derived from the most caudal arches, which remain poorly defined. Finally, we suggest future research avenues to characterize the nature of their intrinsic specificities and their emergence during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Grimaldi
- Stem Cells & Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells & Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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31
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Arad M, Brown RA, Khatri R, Taylor RJ, Zalzman M. Direct differentiation of tonsillar biopsy-derived stem cells to the neuronal lineage. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:38. [PMID: 34407767 PMCID: PMC8371824 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-021-00279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological disorders are considered one of the greatest burdens to global public health and a leading cause of death. Stem cell therapies hold great promise for the cure of neurological disorders, as stem cells can serve as cell replacement, while also secreting factors to enhance endogenous tissue regeneration. Adult human multipotent stem cells (MSCs) reside on blood vessels, and therefore can be found in many tissues throughout the body, including palatine tonsils. Several studies have reported the capacity of MSCs to differentiate into, among other cell types, the neuronal lineage. However, unlike the case with embryonic stem cells, it is unclear whether MSCs can develop into mature neurons. METHODS Human tonsillar MSCs (T-MSCs) were isolated from a small, 0.6-g sample, of tonsillar biopsies with high viability and yield as we recently reported. Then, these cells were differentiated by a rapid, multi-stage procedure, into committed, post-mitotic, neuron-like cells using defined conditions. RESULTS Here we describe for the first time the derivation and differentiation of tonsillar biopsy-derived MSCs (T-MSCs), by a rapid, multi-step protocol, into post-mitotic, neuron-like cells using defined conditions without genetic manipulation. We characterized our T-MSC-derived neuronal cells and demonstrate their robust differentiation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our procedure leads to a rapid neuronal lineage commitment and loss of stemness markers, as early as three days following neurogenic differentiation. Our studies identify biopsy-derived T-MSCs as a potential source for generating neuron-like cells which may have potential use for in vitro modeling of neurodegenerative diseases or cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Arad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert A Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Raju Khatri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rodney J Taylor
- Marlene and Stewart Greenbaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Michal Zalzman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Marlene and Stewart Greenbaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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32
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Fabik J, Psutkova V, Machon O. The Mandibular and Hyoid Arches-From Molecular Patterning to Shaping Bone and Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7529. [PMID: 34299147 PMCID: PMC8303155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mandibular and hyoid arches collectively make up the facial skeleton, also known as the viscerocranium. Although all three germ layers come together to assemble the pharyngeal arches, the majority of tissue within viscerocranial skeletal components differentiates from the neural crest. Since nearly one third of all birth defects in humans affect the craniofacial region, it is important to understand how signalling pathways and transcription factors govern the embryogenesis and skeletogenesis of the viscerocranium. This review focuses on mouse and zebrafish models of craniofacial development. We highlight gene regulatory networks directing the patterning and osteochondrogenesis of the mandibular and hyoid arches that are actually conserved among all gnathostomes. The first part of this review describes the anatomy and development of mandibular and hyoid arches in both species. The second part analyses cell signalling and transcription factors that ensure the specificity of individual structures along the anatomical axes. The third part discusses the genes and molecules that control the formation of bone and cartilage within mandibular and hyoid arches and how dysregulation of molecular signalling influences the development of skeletal components of the viscerocranium. In conclusion, we notice that mandibular malformations in humans and mice often co-occur with hyoid malformations and pinpoint the similar molecular machinery controlling the development of mandibular and hyoid arches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Fabik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktorie Psutkova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Machon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
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Cleft Candidate Genes and Their Products in Human Unilateral Cleft Lip Tissue. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9020026. [PMID: 33917041 PMCID: PMC8167758 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip and palate are common congenital pathologies that affect the human population worldwide. The formation of cleft lip is associated with multiple genes and their coded proteins, which regulate the development of craniofacial region, but the exact role of these factors is not always clear. The use of morphological studies for evaluation of human cleft-affected tissue has been limited because of insufficiency of available pathological material. The aim of this study was to detect and compare the immunohistochemical expression of cleft candidate gene coded proteins (DLX4, MSX2, HOXB3, SHH, PAX7, SOX3, WNT3A, and FOXE1) in the non-syndromic unilateral cleft lip patient tissue and control group tissue. A semiquantitative counting method was used to evaluate the tissue in biotin-streptavidin-stained slides. Statistically significant differences between the patient and control groups were found for the number of immunoreactive structures for SHH (p = 0.019) and FOXE1 (p = 0.011) in the connective tissue and SOX3 (p = 0.012) in the epithelium. Multiple statistically significant very strong and strong correlations were found between the immunoreactives in cleft-affected tissue. These significant differences and various correlations indicate that multiple morphopathogenetic pathways are possibly involved in unilateral cleft lip pathogenesis. Therefore, we further discuss these possible interactions.
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Roth DM, Bayona F, Baddam P, Graf D. Craniofacial Development: Neural Crest in Molecular Embryology. Head Neck Pathol 2021; 15:1-15. [PMID: 33723764 PMCID: PMC8010074 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development, one of the most complex sequences of developmental events in embryology, features a uniquely transient, pluripotent stem cell-like population known as the neural crest (NC). Neural crest cells (NCCs) originate from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube and migrate along pre-determined routes into the developing branchial arches and frontonasal plate. The exceptional rates of proliferation and migration of NCCs enable their diverse contribution to a wide variety of craniofacial structures. Subsequent differentiation of these cells gives rise to cartilage, bones, and a number of mesenchymally-derived tissues. Deficiencies in any stage of differentiation can result in facial clefts and abnormalities associated with craniofacial syndromes. A small number of conserved signaling pathways are involved in controlling NC differentiation and craniofacial development. They are used in a reiterated fashion to help define precise temporospatial cell and tissue formation. Although many aspects of their cellular and molecular control have yet to be described, it is clear that together they form intricately integrated signaling networks required for spatial orientation and developmental stability and plasticity, which are hallmarks of craniofacial development. Mutations that affect the functions of these signaling pathways are often directly or indirectly identified in congenital syndromes. Clinical applications of NC-derived mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, persistent into adulthood, hold great promise for tissue repair and regeneration. Realization of NCC potential for regenerative therapies motivates understanding of the intricacies of cell communication and differentiation that underlie the complexities of NC-derived tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marta Roth
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 7020N Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, 11361-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Francy Bayona
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 7020N Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, 11361-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Pranidhi Baddam
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 7020N Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, 11361-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Daniel Graf
- Alberta Dental Association & College Chair for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 7020N Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, 11361-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
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Werner HM, Miller CA, Tillman KK, Wang Y, Vorperian HK. Growth and sexual dimorphism of the hyoid bone and its relationship to the mandible from birth to 19 years: A three-dimensional computed tomography study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:1901-1917. [PMID: 33580633 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The hyoid bone and the hyomandibular complex subserve the functions of respiration, deglutition, and speech. This study quantified the growth of the hyoid bone and the hyomandibular relationships in males and females from birth to 19 years. Using 97 computed tomography (CT) scans, from a previous study (Kelly et al., 2017) on mandibular growth from 49 individuals (16 with longitudinal scans), landmarks were placed on 3D CT models and used to calculate four distance, and three angular measurements. A general increase in growth trend was observed in hyoid bone linear measurements-length, width, and depth-as well as relational mandible-to-hyoid distance, throughout the developmental ages examined in both males and females, with most variables having larger measurements for females up to age 10 years. A general decrease in all three angular measurements was observed in both males and females up to approximately age 12 years, at which time male angular measurements gradually increased with significant sexual dimorphism emerging after age 15 years. As expected, postpubertal males had greater hyoid angle than females; they also had greater hyoid angle of inclination than mandible body inclination (with inclination relative to the anterior-posterior nasal plane), likely related to hyo-laryngeal descent. This study contributes to normative data on hyoid bone and hyomandibular relational growth in typically developing individuals and provides a baseline against which structural and functional influences on anatomic growth may be examined by clinical disciplines that address the aerodigestive and speech functions, as well as the fields of anatomy, forensics, and anthropology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Werner
- Vocal Tract Development Lab, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Biology, Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Courtney A Miller
- Vocal Tract Development Lab, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Katelyn K Tillman
- Vocal Tract Development Lab, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Houri K Vorperian
- Vocal Tract Development Lab, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Du W, Bhojwani A, Hu JK. FACEts of mechanical regulation in the morphogenesis of craniofacial structures. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33547271 PMCID: PMC7865003 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, organs undergo distinct and programmed morphological changes as they develop into their functional forms. While genetics and biochemical signals are well recognized regulators of morphogenesis, mechanical forces and the physical properties of tissues are now emerging as integral parts of this process as well. These physical factors drive coordinated cell movements and reorganizations, shape and size changes, proliferation and differentiation, as well as gene expression changes, and ultimately sculpt any developing structure by guiding correct cellular architectures and compositions. In this review we focus on several craniofacial structures, including the tooth, the mandible, the palate, and the cranium. We discuss the spatiotemporal regulation of different mechanical cues at both the cellular and tissue scales during craniofacial development and examine how tissue mechanics control various aspects of cell biology and signaling to shape a developing craniofacial organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arshia Bhojwani
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy K Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Zhang H, Xie J, So KKH, Tong KK, Sae-Pang JJ, Wang L, Tsang SL, Chan WY, Wong EYM, Sham MH. Hoxb3 Regulates Jag1 Expression in Pharyngeal Epithelium and Affects Interaction With Neural Crest Cells. Front Physiol 2021; 11:612230. [PMID: 33505317 PMCID: PMC7830521 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.612230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial morphogenesis depends on proper migration of neural crest cells and their interactions with placodes and other cell types. Hox genes provide positional information and are important in patterning the neural crest and pharyngeal arches (PAs) for coordinated formation of craniofacial structures. Hox genes are expressed in the surface ectoderm and epibranchial placodes, their roles in the pharyngeal epithelium and their downstream targets in regulating PA morphogenesis have not been established. We altered the Hox code in the pharyngeal region of the Hoxb3Tg/+ mutant, in which Hoxb3 is driven to ectopically expressed in Hoxb2 domain in the second pharyngeal arch (PA2). In the transgenic mutant, ectopic Hoxb3 expression was restricted to the surface ectoderm, including the proximal epibranchial placodal region and the distal pharyngeal epithelium. The Hoxb3Tg/+ mutants displayed hypoplasia of PA2, multiple neural crest-derived facial skeletal and nerve defects. Interestingly, we found that in the Hoxb3Tg/+ mutant, expression of the Notch ligand Jag1 was specifically up-regulated in the ectodermal pharyngeal epithelial cells of PA2. By molecular experiments, we demonstrated that Hoxb3 could bind to an upstream genomic site S2 and directly regulate Jag1 expression. In the Hoxb3Tg/+ mutant, elevated expression of Jag1 in the pharyngeal epithelium led to abnormal cellular interaction and deficiency of neural crest cells migrating into PA2. In summary, we showed that Hoxb3 regulates Jag1 expression and proposed a model of pharyngeal epithelium and neural crest interaction during pharyngeal arch development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Junjie Xie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Karl Kam Hei So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Kui Tong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jearn Jang Sae-Pang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Li Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sze Lan Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wood Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Elaine Yee Man Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Mai Har Sham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Kotwica AO, Rudd J, Howard DJ. Case report series: revisiting third and fourth pharyngeal arch anomalies, - are they thymopharyngeal duct remnants? J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 49:82. [PMID: 33308311 PMCID: PMC7733250 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-020-00475-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharyngeal arch anomalies are the second most common form of head and neck congenital defect. The second arch anomalies are the most common, and compromise 95% of cases. Little is known about the 3rd and 4th arch anomalies as they are extremely rare. They most commonly present in childhood with sudden severe left lateral neck infection and abscess formation with considerable tendency to recur, contributing to significant mortality and morbidity in those patients. Case presentation Here we present four cases finally diagnosed as third or fourth pharyngeal arch anomalies, with more than 20 years of follow-up following their definitive surgery. The possibility that they are thymopharyngeal duct remnants is discussed. Conclusion Meticulous open radical surgical excision of all involved paralaryngeal, parapharyngeal and thyroid tissue, with preservation of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves, is required for cure of recurrent cases. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Kotwica
- Rhinology and Laryngology Research Fund Fellow, London, UK.
| | - J Rudd
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - D J Howard
- Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, London, UK
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39
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Morice A, Cornette R, Giudice A, Collet C, Paternoster G, Arnaud É, Galliani E, Picard A, Legeai-Mallet L, Khonsari RH. Early mandibular morphological differences in patients with FGFR2 and FGFR3-related syndromic craniosynostoses: A 3D comparative study. Bone 2020; 141:115600. [PMID: 32822871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Syndromic craniosynostoses are defined by the premature fusion of one or more cranial and facial sutures, leading to skull vault deformation, and midfacial retrusion. More recently, mandibular shape modifications have been described in FGFR-related craniosynostoses, which represent almost 75% of the syndromic craniosynostoses. Here, further characterisation of the mandibular phenotype in FGFR-related craniosynostoses is provided in order to confirm mandibular shape modifications, as this could contribute to a better understanding of the involvement of the FGFR pathway in craniofacial development. The aim of our study was to analyse early mandibular morphology in a cohort of patients with FGFR2- (Crouzon and Apert) and FGFR3- (Muenke and Crouzonodermoskeletal) related syndromic craniosynostoses. We used a comparative geometric morphometric approach based on 3D imaging. Thirty-one anatomical landmarks and eleven curves with sliding semi-landmarks were defined to model the shape of the mandible. In total, 40 patients (12 with Crouzon, 12 with Apert, 12 with Muenke and 4 with Crouzonodermoskeletal syndromes) and 40 age and sex-matched controls were included (mean age: 13.7 months ±11.9). Mandibular shape differed significantly between controls and each patient group based on geometric morphometrics. Mandibular shape in FGFR2-craniosynostoses was characterized by open gonial angle, short ramus height, and high and prominent symphysis. Short ramus height appeared more pronounced in Apert than in Crouzon syndrome. Additionally, narrow inter-condylar and inter-gonial distances were observed in Crouzon syndrome. Mandibular shape in FGFR3-craniosynostoses was characterized by high and prominent symphysis and narrow inter-gonial distance. In addition, narrow condylar processes affected patients with Crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome. Statistical analysis of variance showed significant clustering of Apert and Crouzon, Crouzon and Muenke, and Apert and Muenke patients (p < 0.05). Our results confirm distinct mandibular shapes at early ages in FGFR2- (Crouzon and Apert syndromes) and FGFR3-related syndromic craniosynostoses (Muenke and Crouzonodermoskeletal syndromes) and reinforce the hypothesis of genotype-phenotype correspondence concerning mandibular morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morice
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Chirurgie Plastique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares MAFACE Fentes et Malformations Faciales, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Laboratoire 'Bases Moléculaires et Physiopathologiques des Ostéochondrodysplasies', INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
| | - R Cornette
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles, CNRS, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - A Giudice
- Università Degli Studi di Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia', Catanzaro, Italy
| | - C Collet
- BIOSCAR, INSERM U1132, Université de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France; Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU-Paris-GH Saint Louis Lariboisière Widal, Paris, France
| | - G Paternoster
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CRANIOST Craniosténoses et Malformations Craniofaciales, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - É Arnaud
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CRANIOST Craniosténoses et Malformations Craniofaciales, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - E Galliani
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Chirurgie Plastique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares MAFACE Fentes et Malformations Faciales, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - A Picard
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Chirurgie Plastique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares MAFACE Fentes et Malformations Faciales, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - L Legeai-Mallet
- Laboratoire 'Bases Moléculaires et Physiopathologiques des Ostéochondrodysplasies', INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - R H Khonsari
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Chirurgie Plastique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares MAFACE Fentes et Malformations Faciales, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Laboratoire 'Bases Moléculaires et Physiopathologiques des Ostéochondrodysplasies', INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CRANIOST Craniosténoses et Malformations Craniofaciales, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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40
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Atukorala ADS, Ratnayake RK. Cellular and molecular mechanisms in the development of a cleft lip and/or cleft palate; insights from zebrafish (Danio rerio). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1650-1660. [PMID: 33099891 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) are immediately recognizable congenital abnormalities of the face. Lip and palate develop from facial primordia through the coordinated activities of ectodermal epithelium and neural crest cells (NCCs) derived from ectomesenchyme tissue. Subtle changes in the regulatory mechanisms of NCC or ectodermal epithelial cells can result in CLP. Genetic and environmental contributions or a combination of both play a significant role in the progression of CLP. Model organisms provide us with a wealth of information in understanding the pathophysiology and genetic etiology of this complex disease. Small teleost, zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the popular model in craniofacial developmental biology. The short generation time and large number of optically transparent, easily manipulated embryos increase the value of zebrafish to identify novel candidate genes and gene regulatory networks underlying craniofacial development. In addition, it is widely used to identify the mechanisms of environmental teratogens and in therapeutic drug screening. Here, we discuss the value of zebrafish as a model to understand epithelial and NCC induced ectomesenchymal cell activities during early palate morphogenesis and robustness of the zebrafish in modern research on identifying the genetic and environmental etiological factors of CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atukorallaya Devi Sewvandini Atukorala
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ravindra Kumar Ratnayake
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Cadiz L, Jonz MG. A comparative perspective on lung and gill regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/19/jeb226076. [PMID: 33037099 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.226076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to continuously grow and regenerate the gills throughout life is a remarkable property of fish and amphibians. Considering that gill regeneration was first described over one century ago, it is surprising that the underlying mechanisms of cell and tissue replacement in the gills remain poorly understood. By contrast, the mammalian lung is a largely quiescent organ in adults but is capable of facultative regeneration following injury. In the course of the past decade, it has been recognized that lungs contain a population of stem or progenitor cells with an extensive ability to restore tissue; however, despite recent advances in regenerative biology of the lung, the signaling pathways that underlie regeneration are poorly understood. In this Review, we discuss the common evolutionary and embryological origins shared by gills and mammalian lungs. These are evident in homologies in tissue structure, cell populations, cellular function and genetic pathways. An integration of the literature on gill and lung regeneration in vertebrates is presented using a comparative approach in order to outline the challenges that remain in these areas, and to highlight the importance of using aquatic vertebrates as model organisms. The study of gill regeneration in fish and amphibians, which have a high regenerative potential and for which genetic tools are widely available, represents a unique opportunity to uncover common signaling mechanisms that may be important for regeneration of respiratory organs in all vertebrates. This may lead to new advances in tissue repair following lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cadiz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Michael G Jonz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
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Lungova V, Thibeault SL. Mechanisms of larynx and vocal fold development and pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3781-3795. [PMID: 32253462 PMCID: PMC7511430 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The larynx and vocal folds sit at the crossroad between digestive and respiratory tracts and fulfill multiple functions related to breathing, protection and phonation. They develop at the head and trunk interface through a sequence of morphogenetic events that require precise temporo-spatial coordination. We are beginning to understand some of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie critical processes such as specification of the laryngeal field, epithelial lamina formation and recanalization as well as the development and differentiation of mesenchymal cell populations. Nevertheless, many gaps remain in our knowledge, the filling of which is essential for understanding congenital laryngeal disorders and the evaluation and treatment approaches in human patients. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the laryngeal embryogenesis. Proposed genes and signaling pathways that are critical for the laryngeal development have a potential to be harnessed in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasta Lungova
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, 5103 WIMR, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Susan L Thibeault
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, 5103 WIMR, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Yitsege G, Stokes BA, Sabatino JA, Sugrue KF, Banyai G, Paronett EM, Karpinski BA, Maynard TM, LaMantia A, Zohn IE. Variations in maternal vitamin A intake modifies phenotypes in a mouse model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1194-1208. [PMID: 32431076 PMCID: PMC7586978 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin A regulates patterning of the pharyngeal arches, cranial nerves, and hindbrain that are essential for feeding and swallowing. In the LgDel mouse model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), morphogenesis of multiple structures involved in feeding and swallowing are dysmorphic. We asked whether changes in maternal dietary Vitamin A intake can modify cranial nerve, hindbrain and pharyngeal arch artery development in the embryo as well as lung pathology that can be a sign of aspiration dysphagia in LgDel pups. METHODS Three defined amounts of vitamin A (4, 10, and 16 IU/g) were provided in the maternal diet. Cranial nerve, hindbrain and pharyngeal arch artery development was evaluated in embryos and inflammation in the lungs of pups to determine the impact of altering maternal diet on these phenotypes. RESULTS Reduced maternal vitamin A intake improved whereas increased intake exacerbated lung inflammation in LgDel pups. These changes were accompanied by increased incidence and/or severity of pharyngeal arch artery and cranial nerve V (CN V) abnormalities in LgDel embryos as well as altered expression of Cyp26b1 in the hindbrain. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that variations in maternal vitamin A intake can influence the incidence and severity of phenotypes in a mouse model 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelila Yitsege
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Genetic MedicineChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Bethany A. Stokes
- Center for Neuroscience ResearchChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Genetic MedicineChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Julia A. Sabatino
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Kelsey F. Sugrue
- Center for Neuroscience ResearchChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Genetic MedicineChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Gabor Banyai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Neuroscience ResearchChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Elizabeth M. Paronett
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Beverly A. Karpinski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Thomas M. Maynard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion School of MedicineRoanokeVirginiaUSA
| | - Anthony‐S. LaMantia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion School of MedicineRoanokeVirginiaUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Irene E. Zohn
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Neuroscience ResearchChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Genetic MedicineChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
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44
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Wang Y, Ping L, Luan X, Chen Y, Fan X, Li L, Liu Y, Wang P, Zhang S, Zhang B, Chen X. A Mutation in VWA1, Encoding von Willebrand Factor A Domain-Containing Protein 1, Is Associated With Hemifacial Microsomia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:571004. [PMID: 33015062 PMCID: PMC7509151 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.571004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is a type of rare congenital syndrome caused by developmental disorders of the first and second pharyngeal arches that occurs in one out of 5,600 live births. There are significant gaps in our knowledge of the pathogenic genes underlying this syndrome. Methods Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on five patients, one asymptomatic carrier, and two marry-in members of a five-generation pedigree. Structure of WARP (product of VWA1) was predicted using the Phyre2 web portal. In situ hybridization and vwa1-knockdown/knockout studies in zebrafish using morpholino and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques were performed. Cartilage staining and immunofluorescence were carried out. Results Through WES and a set of filtration, we identified a c.G905A:p.R302Q point mutation in a novel candidate pathogenic gene, VWA1. The Phyre2 web portal predicted alterations in secondary and tertiary structures of WARP, indicating changes in its function as well. Predictions of protein-to-protein interactions in five pathways related to craniofacial development revealed possible interactions with four proteins in the FGF pathway. Knockdown/knockout studies of the zebrafish revealed deformities of pharyngeal cartilage. A decrease of the proliferation of cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) and alteration of the structure of pharyngeal chondrocytes were observed in the morphants as well. Conclusion Our data suggest that a mutation in VWA1 is functionally linked to HFM through suppression of CNCC proliferation and disruption of the organization of pharyngeal chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ping
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Luan
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yushan Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Xinmiao Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics and National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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45
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Charvet CJ. Closing the gap from transcription to the structural connectome enhances the study of connections in the human brain. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:1047-1061. [PMID: 32562584 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is composed of a complex web of networks but we have yet to map the structural connections of the human brain in detail. Diffusion MR imaging is a high-throughput method that relies on the principle of diffusion to reconstruct tracts (ie, pathways) across the brain. Although diffusion MR tractography is an exciting method to explore the structural connectivity of the brain in development and across species, the tractography has at times led to questionable interpretations. There are at present few if any alternative methods to trace structural pathways in the human brain. Given these limitations and the potential of diffusion MR imaging to map the human connectome, it is imperative that we develop new approaches to validate neuroimaging techniques. I discuss our recent studies integrating neuroimaging with transcriptional and anatomical variation across humans and other species over the course of development and in adulthood. Developing a novel framework to harness the potential of diffusion MR tractography provides new and exciting opportunities to study the evolution of developmental mechanisms generating variation in connections and bridge the gap between model systems to humans.
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46
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Fabik J, Kovacova K, Kozmik Z, Machon O. Neural crest cells require Meis2 for patterning the mandibular arch via the Sonic hedgehog pathway. Biol Open 2020; 9:9/6/bio052043. [PMID: 32616504 PMCID: PMC7331463 DOI: 10.1242/bio.052043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial neural crest cells (cNCCs) originate in the anterior neural tube and populate pharyngeal arches in which they contribute to formation of bone and cartilage. This cell population also provides molecular signals for the development of tissues of non-neural crest origin, such as the tongue muscles, teeth enamel or gland epithelium. Here we show that the transcription factor Meis2 is expressed in the oral region of the first pharyngeal arch (PA1) and later in the tongue primordium. Conditional inactivation of Meis2 in cNCCs resulted in loss of Sonic hedgehog signalling in the oropharyngeal epithelium and impaired patterning of PA1 along the lateral-medial and oral-aboral axis. Failure of molecular specification of PA1, illustrated by altered expression of Hand1/2, Dlx5, Barx1, Gsc and other markers, led to hypoplastic tongue and ectopic ossification of the mandible. Meis2-mutant mice thus display craniofacial defects that are reminiscent of several human syndromes and patients with mutations in the Meis2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Fabik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Kovacova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Machon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic .,Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
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47
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Campinho P, Vilfan A, Vermot J. Blood Flow Forces in Shaping the Vascular System: A Focus on Endothelial Cell Behavior. Front Physiol 2020; 11:552. [PMID: 32581842 PMCID: PMC7291788 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is the cell monolayer that lines the interior of the blood vessels separating the vessel lumen where blood circulates, from the surrounding tissues. During embryonic development, endothelial cells (ECs) must ensure that a tight barrier function is maintained whilst dynamically adapting to the growing vascular tree that is being formed and remodeled. Blood circulation generates mechanical forces, such as shear stress and circumferential stretch that are directly acting on the endothelium. ECs actively respond to flow-derived mechanical cues by becoming polarized, migrating and changing neighbors, undergoing shape changes, proliferating or even leaving the tissue and changing identity. It is now accepted that coordinated changes at the single cell level drive fundamental processes governing vascular network morphogenesis such as angiogenic sprouting, network pruning, lumen formation, regulation of vessel caliber and stability or cell fate transitions. Here we summarize the cell biology and mechanics of ECs in response to flow-derived forces, discuss the latest advances made at the single cell level with particular emphasis on in vivo studies and highlight potential implications for vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Campinho
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
- Department of Development and Stem Cells, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Andrej Vilfan
- Department of Living Matter Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
- Department of Development and Stem Cells, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Beichner TL, Speer B, Carpenter JW, Reavill DR. Surgical Management of an Intrathoracic Branchial Cyst in a Yellow-crested Cockatoo ( Cacatua sulphurea). J Avian Med Surg 2020; 33:289-295. [PMID: 31893625 DOI: 10.1647/2018-368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 40-year-old, female lesser crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea) was presented with a complaint of hyporexia and sudden onset of sneezing and wheezing. Physical examination revealed mild stertorous inhalation, and the apex of the heart was palpable caudoventral to the distal tip of the sternum. Projection radiographic images showed a soft tissue mass displacing the heart and the thoracic portion of the trachea. A subsequent computed tomography series revealed a single, large, and predominantly encapsulated soft-tissue mass. The mass was contained within the cranial thoracic region and occupied most of the anatomic location of the thoracic portion of the clavicular air sac, extending around a portion of the trachea. A surgical exploratory procedure was performed, with a thoracic inlet thoracotomy, and the mass was found to be cystic and deeply attached to surrounding tissues at its caudal-most aspect. Complete excision was not possible, and the mass was drained and an incomplete resection was accomplished with approximately one-half of the cystic structure removed and submitted for histopathology. The mass was found to be benign, epithelial-lined, dense, fibrous connective tissue that would be consistent with a branchial cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Beichner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA
| | - Brian Speer
- The Medical Center for Birds, Oakley, CA 94561, USA
| | - James W Carpenter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA
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Cardiac Neural Crest Cells: Their Rhombomeric Specification, Migration, and Association with Heart and Great Vessel Anomalies. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:403-429. [PMID: 32405705 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Outflow tract abnormalities are the most frequent congenital heart defects. These are due to the absence or dysfunction of the two main cell types, i.e., neural crest cells and secondary heart field cells that migrate in opposite directions at the same stage of development. These cells directly govern aortic arch patterning and development, ascending aorta dilatation, semi-valvular and coronary artery development, aortopulmonary septation abnormalities, persistence of the ductus arteriosus, trunk and proximal pulmonary arteries, sub-valvular conal ventricular septal/rotational defects, and non-compaction of the left ventricle. In some cases, depending on the functional defects of these cells, additional malformations are found in the expected spatial migratory area of the cells, namely in the pharyngeal arch derivatives and cervico-facial structures. Associated non-cardiovascular anomalies are often underestimated, since the multipotency and functional alteration of these cells can result in the modification of multiple neural, epidermal, and cervical structures at different levels. In most cases, patients do not display the full phenotype of abnormalities, but congenital cardiac defects involving the ventricular outflow tract, ascending aorta, aortic arch and supra-aortic trunks should be considered as markers for possible impaired function of these cells. Neural crest cells should not be considered as a unique cell population but on the basis of their cervical rhombomere origins R3-R5 or R6-R7-R8 and specific migration patterns: R3-R4 towards arch II, R5-R6 arch III and R7-R8 arch IV and VI. A better understanding of their development may lead to the discovery of unknown associated abnormalities, thereby enabling potential improvements to be made to the therapeutic approach.
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50
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Ortug G, Sipahi B, Ortug A, Ipsalali HO. Variations of the digastric muscle and accessory bellies - A study of gross anatomic dissections. Morphologie 2020; 104:125-132. [PMID: 31669207 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2019.09.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Variations of the bellies of the digastric muscle is reported for a long time and is not uncommon. However, there is still not a full consensus about the classifications and many different types of variations. The aim of this study was to examine the variations of the digastric muscle on cadaver dissections and to create a pictorial collection of variations related to present-day by combining with existing knowledge. METHOD In the present study, a total of 40 formalin-fixed cadavers and head specimens' digastric muscles were analyzed bilaterally. RESULTS Previous results were utilized for classification of the variations. Anterior belly, intermediate tendon, and posterior belly variations were evaluated according to unilateral, bilateral and unclassified types. 10 variations were identified in the digastric muscle of 40 cadavers. Thus, five of the variations were unilateral and rest of them were bilateral. Two of the variations were residing in the central area. One accessory muscle bundle was found obliquely residing between the left and right sides of the anterior bellies. Remaining variation was the crossing of the accessory anterior belly of digastric muscle fibers at the central line. Intermediate tendon variation as piercing the stylohyoid muscle was observed in only one case. Posterior belly exhibited no variation. CONCLUSION Reporting the abnormalities and variations of the digastric muscle is very important in surgical attempts and evaluation of the lymphadenopathy of the submental area and in the floor of the mouth tumors, numerous clinically significant esthetic surgeries for head and neck surgeons, radiologists and plastic surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ortug
- Bahçeşehir University, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - B Sipahi
- Bahçeşehir University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Ortug
- Istanbul Medipol University, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - H O Ipsalali
- Bahçeşehir University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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