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Steuer AE, Wartmann Y, Schellenberg R, Mantinieks D, Glowacki LL, Gerostamoulos D, Kraemer T, Brockbals L. Postmortem metabolomics: influence of time since death on the level of endogenous compounds in human femoral blood. Necessary to be considered in metabolome study planning? Metabolomics 2024; 20:51. [PMID: 38722380 PMCID: PMC11081988 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-024-02117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The (un)targeted analysis of endogenous compounds has gained interest in the field of forensic postmortem investigations. The blood metabolome is influenced by many factors, and postmortem specimens are considered particularly challenging due to unpredictable decomposition processes. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to systematically investigate the influence of the time since death on endogenous compounds and its relevance in designing postmortem metabolome studies. METHODS Femoral blood samples of 427 authentic postmortem cases, were collected at two time points after death (854 samples in total; t1: admission to the institute, 1.3-290 h; t2: autopsy, 11-478 h; median ∆t = 71 h). All samples were analyzed using an untargeted metabolome approach, and peak areas were determined for 38 compounds (acylcarnitines, amino acids, phospholipids, and others). Differences between t2 and t1 were assessed by Wilcoxon signed-ranked test (p < 0.05). Moreover, all samples (n = 854) were binned into time groups (6 h, 12 h, or 24 h intervals) and compared by Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's multiple comparison tests (p < 0.05 each) to investigate the effect of the estimated time since death. RESULTS Except for serine, threonine, and PC 34:1, all tested analytes revealed statistically significant changes between t1 and t2 (highest median increase 166%). Unpaired analysis of all 854 blood samples in-between groups indicated similar results. Significant differences were typically observed between blood samples collected within the first and later than 48 h after death, respectively. CONCLUSIONS To improve the consistency of comprehensive data evaluation in postmortem metabolome studies, it seems advisable to only include specimens collected within the first 2 days after death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Steuer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Yannick Wartmann
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rena Schellenberg
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dylan Mantinieks
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Dimitri Gerostamoulos
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lana Brockbals
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Centre for Forensic Science, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Aly SM, Hennart B, Gaulier JM, Allorge D. Effect of CYP2D6, 2C19, and 3A4 Phenoconversion in Drug-Related Deaths. TOXICS 2024; 12:260. [PMID: 38668482 PMCID: PMC11054314 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Molecular autopsy is a very important tool in forensic toxicology. However, many determinants, such as co-medication and physiological parameters, should be considered for optimal results. These determinants could cause phenoconversion (PC), a discrepancy between the real metabolic profile after phenoconversion and the phenotype determined by the genotype. This study's objective was to assess the PC of drug-metabolizing enzymes, namely CYP2D6, 2C19, and 3A4, in 45 post-mortem cases where medications that are substrates, inducers, or inhibitors of these enzymes were detected. It also intended to evaluate how PC affected the drug's metabolic ratio (MR) in four cases. Blood samples from 45 cases of drug-related deaths were analyzed to detect and determine drug and metabolite concentrations. Moreover, all the samples underwent genotyping utilizing the HaloPlex Target Enrichment System for CYP2D6, 2C19, and 3A4. The results of the present study revealed a statistically significant rate of PC for the three investigated enzymes, with a higher frequency of poor metabolizers after PC. A compatibility was seen between the results of the genomic evaluation after PC and the observed MRs of venlafaxine, citalopram, and fentanyl. This leads us to focus on the determinants causing PC that may be mainly induced by drug interactions. This complex phenomenon can have a significant impact on the analysis, interpretation of genotypes, and accurate conclusions in forensic toxicology. Nevertheless, more research with more cases in the future is needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa M. Aly
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- CHU Lille, Service de Toxicologie-Génopathies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Hennart
- CHU Lille, Service de Toxicologie-Génopathies, F-59000 Lille, France
- ULR 4483—IMPECS—IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- CHU Lille, Service de Toxicologie-Génopathies, F-59000 Lille, France
- ULR 4483—IMPECS—IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Delphine Allorge
- CHU Lille, Service de Toxicologie-Génopathies, F-59000 Lille, France
- ULR 4483—IMPECS—IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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Aldubayyan AA, Castrignanò E, Elliott S, Abbate V. Short- and long-term stability of synthetic cathinones and dihydro-metabolites in human urine samples. Forensic Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s11419-024-00684-2. [PMID: 38554217 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-024-00684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Synthetic cathinones constitute the second largest group of new psychoactive substances, which are often used for recreational purposes and reported in toxicological analysis. Various factors may influence the stability of synthetic cathinones between sampling and analysis, and therefore, stability studies are required to determine the best storage conditions as well as extend the period of detection. METHODS This study involved sixteen synthetic cathinones and ten dihydro-metabolites spiked in human urine to evaluate the stability under common storage conditions to imitate real forensic toxicology samples. The samples were stored at either room temperature (22-23 °C) for up to 3 days, refrigerated (4 °C) for up to 14 days or frozen (-40 °C) for up to 12 months, and analyzed in triplicate using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. RESULTS Analytes' concentrations decreased over time, although slower when stored frozen. All analytes remained stable (> 80%) for 1 month when stored frozen before losses in content were more apparent for some compounds, depending on their chemical structure. Under all storage conditions, the highest instability was observed for analytes containing halogens (i.e., chlorine or fluorine). Thus, halogenated analytes were further investigated by using liquid chromatography coupled to quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry to attempt identifying degradation products. CONCLUSIONS Irrespective of parent analytes, dihydro-metabolites had improved stability at each tested temperature, which highlights their importance as appropriate urine biomarkers when retesting is required after a long period of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz A Aldubayyan
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Toxicology, Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Erika Castrignanò
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Elliott
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Elliott Forensic Consulting, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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Nielsen F, Fischer FC, Leth PM, Grandjean P. Occurrence of Major Perfluorinated Alkylate Substances in Human Blood and Target Organs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:143-149. [PMID: 38154793 PMCID: PMC10785751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to perfluorinated alkylate substances (PFASs) is usually assessed from the concentrations in serum or plasma, assuming one-compartment toxicokinetics. To characterize body distributions of major PFASs, we obtained and extracted tissue samples from 19 forensic autopsies of healthy adult subjects who had died suddenly and were not known to have elevated levels of PFAS exposure. As target organs of toxicological importance, we selected the liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen, and brain, as well as whole blood. Samples weighing about 0.1 g were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to triple mass spectrometers. Minor variations in PFAS concentrations were found between the kidney cortex and medulla and between lung lobes. Organ concentrations of perfluorooctanoic sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) correlated well with blood concentrations, while perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorohexanoic sulfonate (PFHxS) showed more variable associations. Likewise, the liver concentrations correlated well with those of other organs. Calculations of relative distributions were carried out to assess the interdependence of organ retentions. Equilibrium model predictions largely explained the observed PFAS distributions, except for the brain. Although the samples were small and affected by a possible lack of homogeneity, these findings support the use of blood-PFAS concentrations as a measure of PFAS exposure, with the liver possibly acting as the main organ of retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flemming Nielsen
- Department
of Environmental Medicine, University of
Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Fabian C. Fischer
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Peter M. Leth
- Department
of Forensic Medicine, University of Southern
Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department
of Environmental Medicine, University of
Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
- Department
of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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Yamagishi Y, Nagasawa S, Iwase H, Ogra Y. Identification of post-mortem product of zolpidem degradation by hemoglobin via the Fenton reaction. J Toxicol Sci 2024; 49:261-268. [PMID: 38825485 DOI: 10.2131/jts.49.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Zolpidem, N,N-dimethyl-2-[6-methyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl]acetamide, is a hypnotic agent widely used in clinical practice but is detected in many clinical cases of fatal intoxication and suicide. In forensic toxicology, the precise determination of zolpidem concentration in blood is a must to provide concrete evidence of death by zolpidem poisoning. However, the concentrations of zolpidem in blood at autopsy often differ from those at the estimated time of death. In the present study, we found that zolpidem was degraded by hemoglobin (Hb) via the Fenton reaction at various temperatures. The mechanism underlying zolpidem degradation involved the oxidation of its linker moiety. The MS and MS/MS spectra obtained by liquid chromatography quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-Q-Orbitrap-MS) showed the formation of 2-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-2-(6-methyl-2-(p-tolyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)acetamide (2-OH ZOL) in Hb/H2O2 solution incubated with zolpidem and in the blood of several individuals who died from ingestion of zolpidem. These results suggest that 2-OH ZOL is the post-mortem product of zolpidem degradation by Hb via the Fenton reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayaka Nagasawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University
- Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University
- Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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Ramirez-Cardenas A, Wingate KC, Pompei R, King B, Scott KA, Hagan-Haynes K, Chosewood LC. Fatalities Involving Substance Use Among US Oil and Gas Extraction Workers Identified Through an Industry Specific Surveillance System (2014-2019). J Occup Environ Med 2023; 65:488-494. [PMID: 36998177 PMCID: PMC11081204 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Characteristics of oil and gas extraction (OGE) work, including long hours, shiftwork, fatigue, physically demanding work, and job insecurity are risk factors for substance use among workers. Limited information exists examining worker fatalities involving substance use among OGE workers. METHODS The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Fatalities in Oil and Gas Extraction database was screened for fatalities involving substance use from 2014 through 2019. RESULTS Twenty-six worker deaths were identified as involving substance use. Methamphetamine or amphetamine was the most common substances (61.5%) identified. Other contributing factors were lack of seatbelt use (85.7%), working in high temperatures (19.2%), and workers' first day with the company (11.5%). CONCLUSIONS Employer recommendations to mitigate substance use-related risks in OGE workers include training, medical screening, drug testing, and workplace supported recovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ramirez-Cardenas
- From the Western States Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Lakewood, Colorado (A.R.-C., K.C.W., B.K., K.A.S., K.H.-H.); Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, CU Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado (R.P.); Office of the Director, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Atlanta, Georgia (L.C.C.)
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Giorgetti A, Amurri S, Fazio G, Bini C, Anniballi L, Pirani F, Pelletti G, Pelotti S. The Evaluation of CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6 Phenoconversion in Post-Mortem Casework: The Challenge of Forensic Toxicogenetics. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050661. [PMID: 37233702 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In toxicogenetics, an integrative approach including the prediction of phenotype based on post-mortem genotyping of drug-metabolising enzymes might help explain the cause of death (CoD) and manner of death (MoD). The use of concomitant drugs, however, might lead to phenoconversion, a mismatch between the phenotype based on the genotype and the metabolic profile actually observed after phenoconversion. The aim of our study was to evaluate the phenoconversion of CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6 drug-metabolising enzymes in a series of autopsy cases tested positive for drugs that are substrates, inducers, or inhibitors of these enzymes. Our results showed a high rate of phenoconversion for all enzymes and a statistically significant higher frequency of poor and intermediate metabolisers for CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 after phenoconversion. No association was found between phenotypes and CoD or MoD, suggesting that, although phenoconversion might be useful for a forensic toxicogenetics approach, more research is needed to overcome the challenges arising from the post-mortem setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Giorgetti
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Amurri
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Fazio
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Bini
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Anniballi
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Pirani
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Pelletti
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Susi Pelotti
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Yamagishi Y, Nagasawa S, Iwase H, Ogra Y. Post-mortem interaction between methidathion and human serum albumin in blood. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:139-146. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayaka Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University
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Yamagishi Y, Iwase H, Ogra Y. Effects of human serum albumin on post-mortem changes of malathion. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11573. [PMID: 34079008 PMCID: PMC8172840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malathion, diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphinothioyl)thio]butanedioate, is one of most widely used organophosphoryl pesticide, and it has been detected in several clinical cases of accidental exposure and suicide. It is reported that the observed malathion concentration in blood of persons who suffer from malathion poisoning is smaller than the expected concentration. Because malathion is bound to human serum albumin (HSA), recovery of malathion in the free form is insufficient. We detected malathion adducts in HSA by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF–MS). The mass spectra showed that malathion was preferably bound to the lysine (K) and cysteinylproline (CP) residues of HSA. The K- and CP-adducts of malathion were increased in vitro with a dose-dependent fashion when its concentration was smaller than the lethal dose. Further, the K-adduct was also detected in post-mortem blood of an autopsied subject suffering from intentional malathion ingestion. These results suggest that the K-adduct seems to be available to use a biomarker of malathion poisoning, and the determination of the K-adduct could make possible to estimate the amount of malathion ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Yamagishi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.,Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan. .,Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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10
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Yamagishi Y, Iwase H, Ogra Y. Post-Mortem Changes of Methomyl in Blood with Hemoglobin. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:161-168. [PMID: 33405899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methomyl, (E,Z)-methyl N-{[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy}ethanimidothioate, is a widely used pesticide that has been detected in many fatal cases of accidental exposure or suicide. Forensic toxicologists have been baffled that the blood methomyl concentration in persons who have died of methomyl poisoning is much lower than the expected concentration in blood. In this study, we speculated two mechanisms underlying the insufficient recovery of methomyl in blood. First, methomyl is decomposed by serum albumin as esterase. Second, methomyl is bound to a specific blood protein, resulting in insufficient recovery in the free form. However, human serum albumin does not show esterase activity for the decomposition of methomyl. On the contrary, specific methomyl hemoglobin adducts have been detected by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF-MS). The mass spectra indicated that methomyl was specifically bound to tryptophan (W), tyrosine (Y), and valine (V) residues in hemoglobin. The amounts of W- and V-adducts dose-dependently increased in vitro when the methomyl concentration was lower than the lethal concentration. In addition, the W-adduct was detected in blood sampled from an autopsied subject who died of intentional methomyl ingestion, suggesting that the W-adduct could be used as a biomarker of methomyl poisoning. We were able to estimate the amount of methomyl ingested on the basis of the amount of the W-adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Yamagishi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.,Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.,Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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