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Moore TL, Pannuzzo G, Costabile G, Palange AL, Spanò R, Ferreira M, Graziano ACE, Decuzzi P, Cardile V. Nanomedicines to treat rare neurological disorders: The case of Krabbe disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115132. [PMID: 37918668 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The brain remains one of the most challenging therapeutic targets due to the low and selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier and complex architecture of the brain tissue. Nanomedicines, despite their relatively large size compared to small molecules and nucleic acids, are being heavily investigated as vehicles to delivery therapeutics into the brain. Here we elaborate on how nanomedicines may be used to treat rare neurodevelopmental disorders, using Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy) to frame the discussion. As a monogenetic disorder and lysosomal storage disease affecting the nervous system, the lessons learned from examining nanoparticle delivery to the brain in the context of Krabbe disease can have a broader impact on the treatment of various other neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we introduce the epidemiology and genetic basis of Krabbe disease, discuss current in vitro and in vivo models of the disease, as well as current therapeutic approaches either approved or at different stage of clinical developments. We then elaborate on challenges in particle delivery to the brain, with a specific emphasis on methods to transport nanomedicines across the blood-brain barrier. We highlight nanoparticles for delivering therapeutics for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases, classified by the therapeutic payload, including gene therapy, enzyme replacement therapy, and small molecule delivery. Finally, we provide some useful hints on the design of nanomedicines for the treatment of rare neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lee Moore
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Pannuzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Università di Catania, Catania 95123, CT, Italy
| | - Gabriella Costabile
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples 80131, NA, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Palange
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy
| | - Raffaele Spanò
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy
| | - Miguel Ferreira
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy
| | - Adriana Carol Eleonora Graziano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Università di Catania, Catania 95123, CT, Italy; Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Enna "Kore", Enna 94100, EN, Italy
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Università di Catania, Catania 95123, CT, Italy.
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Uzhytchak M, Smolková B, Lunova M, Frtús A, Jirsa M, Dejneka A, Lunov O. Lysosomal nanotoxicity: Impact of nanomedicines on lysosomal function. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114828. [PMID: 37075952 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Although several nanomedicines got clinical approval over the past two decades, the clinical translation rate is relatively small so far. There are many post-surveillance withdrawals of nanomedicines caused by various safety issues. For successful clinical advancement of nanotechnology, it is of unmet need to realize cellular and molecular foundation of nanotoxicity. Current data suggest that lysosomal dysfunction caused by nanoparticles is emerging as the most common intracellular trigger of nanotoxicity. This review analyzes prospect mechanisms of lysosomal dysfunction-mediated toxicity induced by nanoparticles. We summarized and critically assessed adverse drug reactions of current clinically approved nanomedicines. Importantly, we show that physicochemical properties have great impact on nanoparticles interaction with cells, excretion route and kinetics, and subsequently on toxicity. We analyzed literature on adverse reactions of current nanomedicines and hypothesized that adverse reactions might be linked with lysosomal dysfunction caused by nanomedicines. Finally, from our analysis it becomes clear that it is unjustifiable to generalize safety and toxicity of nanoparticles, since different particles possess distinct toxicological properties. We propose that the biological mechanism of the disease progression and treatment should be central in the optimization of nanoparticle design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Uzhytchak
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Smolková
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mariia Lunova
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Frtús
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic.
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3
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Critchley BJ, Gaspar HB, Benedetti S. Targeting the central nervous system in lysosomal storage diseases: Strategies to deliver therapeutics across the blood-brain barrier. Mol Ther 2023; 31:657-675. [PMID: 36457248 PMCID: PMC10014236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are multisystem inherited metabolic disorders caused by dysfunctional lysosomal activity, resulting in the accumulation of undegraded macromolecules in a variety of organs/tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). Treatments include enzyme replacement therapy, stem/progenitor cell transplantation, and in vivo gene therapy. However, these treatments are not fully effective in treating the CNS as neither enzymes, stem cells, nor viral vectors efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier. Here, we review the latest advancements in improving delivery of different therapeutic agents to the CNS and comment upon outstanding questions in the field of neurological LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan J Critchley
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - H Bobby Gaspar
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research, London WC1N 1DZ, UK; Orchard Therapeutics Ltd., London EC4N 6EU, UK
| | - Sara Benedetti
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research, London WC1N 1DZ, UK; NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
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4
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Tomsen-Melero J, Merlo-Mas J, Carreño A, Sala S, Córdoba A, Veciana J, González-Mira E, Ventosa N. Liposomal formulations for treating lysosomal storage disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 190:114531. [PMID: 36089182 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are a group of rare life-threatening diseases caused by a lysosomal dysfunction, usually due to the lack of a single enzyme required for the metabolism of macromolecules, which leads to a lysosomal accumulation of specific substrates, resulting in severe disease manifestations and early death. There is currently no definitive cure for LSD, and despite the approval of certain therapies, their effectiveness is limited. Therefore, an appropriate nanocarrier could help improve the efficacy of some of these therapies. Liposomes show excellent properties as drug carriers, because they can entrap active therapeutic compounds offering protection, biocompatibility, and selectivity. Here, we discuss the potential of liposomes for LSD treatment and conduct a detailed analysis of promising liposomal formulations still in the preclinical development stage from various perspectives, including treatment strategy, manufacturing, characterization, and future directions for implementing liposomal formulations for LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Tomsen-Melero
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | | | - Aida Carreño
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Santi Sala
- Nanomol Technologies SL, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Alba Córdoba
- Nanomol Technologies SL, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Elisabet González-Mira
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
| | - Nora Ventosa
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
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Del Grosso A, Parlanti G, Mezzena R, Cecchini M. Current treatment options and novel nanotechnology-driven enzyme replacement strategies for lysosomal storage disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114464. [PMID: 35878795 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a vast group of more than 50 clinically identified metabolic diseases. They are singly rare, but they affect collectively 1 on 5,000 live births. They result in most of the cases from an enzymatic defect within lysosomes, which causes the subsequent augmentation of unwanted substrates. This accumulation process leads to plenty of clinical signs, determined by the specific substrate and accumulation area. The majority of LSDs present a broad organ and tissue engagement. Brain, connective tissues, viscera and bones are usually afflicted. Among them, brain disease is markedly frequent (two-thirds of LSDs). The most clinically employed approach to treat LSDs is enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), which is practiced by administering systemically the missed or defective enzyme. It represents a healthful strategy for 11 LSDs at the moment, but it solves the pathology only in the case of Gaucher disease. This approach, in fact, is not efficacious in the case of LSDs that have an effect on the central nervous system (CNS) due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, ERT suffers from several other weak points, such as low penetration of the exogenously administered enzyme to poorly vascularized areas, the development of immunogenicity and infusion-associated reactions (IARs), and, last but not least, the very high cost and lifelong needed. To ameliorate these weaknesses lot of efforts have been recently spent around the development of innovative nanotechnology-driven ERT strategies. They may boost the power of ERT and minimize adverse reactions by loading enzymes into biodegradable nanomaterials. Enzyme encapsulation into biocompatible liposomes, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, for example, can protect enzymatic activity, eliminating immunologic reactions and premature enzyme degradation. It can also permit a controlled release of the payload, ameliorating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug. Additionally, the potential to functionalize the surface of the nanocarrier with targeting agents (antibodies or peptides), could promote the passage through biological barriers. In this review we examined the clinically applied ERTs, highlighting limitations that do not allow to completely cure the specific LSD. Later, we critically consider the nanotechnology-based ERT strategies that have beenin-vitroand/orin-vivotested to improve ERT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Del Grosso
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Parlanti
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Mezzena
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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Lu B, Ku J, Flojo R, Olson C, Bengford D, Marriott G. Exosome- and extracellular vesicle-based approaches for the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114465. [PMID: 35878794 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell-generated extracellular vesicles (EVs) are being engineered as biologically-inspired vehicles for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to treat difficult-to-manage human diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Engineered EVs offer distinct advantages for targeted delivery of therapeutics compared to existing synthetic and semi-synthetic nanoscale systems, for example with regard to their biocompatibility, circulation lifetime, efficiencies in delivery of drugs and biologics to target cells, and clearance from the body. Here, we review literature related to the design and preparation of EVs as therapeutic carriers for targeted delivery and therapy of drugs and biologics with a focus on LSDs. First, we introduce the basic pathophysiology of LDSs and summarize current approaches to diagnose and treat LSDs. Second, we will provide specific details about EVs, including subtypes, biogenesis, biological properties and their potential to treat LSDs. Third, we review state-of-the-art approaches to engineer EVs for treatments of LSDs. Finally, we summarize explorative basic research and applied applications of engineered EVs for LSDs, and highlight current challenges, and new directions in developing EV-based therapies and their potential impact on clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Joy Ku
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Renceh Flojo
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Chris Olson
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - David Bengford
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Gerard Marriott
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Tween ® Preserves Enzyme Activity and Stability in PLGA Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112946. [PMID: 34835710 PMCID: PMC8625811 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes, as natural and potentially long-term treatment options, have become one of the most sought-after pharmaceutical molecules to be delivered with nanoparticles (NPs); however, their instability during formulation often leads to underwhelming results. Various molecules, including the Tween® polysorbate series, have demonstrated enzyme activity protection but are often used uncontrolled without optimization. Here, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) NPs loaded with β-glucosidase (β-Glu) solutions containing Tween® 20, 60, or 80 were compared. Mixing the enzyme with Tween® pre-formulation had no effect on particle size or physical characteristics, but increased the amount of enzyme loaded. More importantly, NPs made with Tween® 20:enzyme solutions maintained significantly higher enzyme activity. Therefore, Tween® 20:enzyme solutions ranging from 60:1 to 2419:1 mol:mol were further analyzed. Isothermal titration calorimetry analysis demonstrated low affinity and unquantifiable binding between Tween® 20 and β-Glu. Incorporating these solutions in NPs showed no effect on size, zeta potential, or morphology. The amount of enzyme and Tween® 20 in the NPs was constant for all samples, but a trend towards higher activity with higher molar rapports of Tween® 20:β-Glu was observed. Finally, a burst release from NPs in the first hour with Tween®:β-Glu solutions was the same as free enzyme, but the enzyme remained active longer in solution. These results highlight the importance of stabilizers during NP formulation and how optimizing their use to stabilize an enzyme can help researchers design more efficient and effective enzyme loaded NPs.
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Seras‐Franzoso J, Díaz‐Riascos ZV, Corchero JL, González P, García‐Aranda N, Mandaña M, Riera R, Boullosa A, Mancilla S, Grayston A, Moltó‐Abad M, Garcia‐Fruitós E, Mendoza R, Pintos‐Morell G, Albertazzi L, Rosell A, Casas J, Villaverde A, Schwartz S, Abasolo I. Extracellular vesicles from recombinant cell factories improve the activity and efficacy of enzymes defective in lysosomal storage disorders. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12058. [PMID: 33738082 PMCID: PMC7953474 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as vehicles for therapeutic enzymes in lysosomal storage disorders was explored. EVs were isolated from mammalian cells overexpressing alpha-galactosidase A (GLA) or N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase (SGSH) enzymes, defective in Fabry and Sanfilippo A diseases, respectively. Direct purification of EVs from cell supernatants was found to be a simple and efficient method to obtain highly active GLA and SGSH proteins, even after EV lyophilization. Likewise, EVs carrying GLA (EV-GLA) were rapidly uptaken and reached the lysosomes in cellular models of Fabry disease, restoring lysosomal functionality much more efficiently than the recombinant enzyme in clinical use. In vivo, EVs were well tolerated and distributed among all main organs, including the brain. DiR-labelled EVs were localized in brain parenchyma 1 h after intra-arterial (internal carotid artery) or intravenous (tail vein) administrations. Moreover, a single intravenous administration of EV-GLA was able to reduce globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) substrate levels in clinically relevant tissues, such kidneys and brain. Overall, our results demonstrate that EVs from cells overexpressing lysosomal enzymes act as natural protein delivery systems, improving the activity and the efficacy of the recombinant proteins and facilitating their access to organs neglected by conventional enzyme replacement therapies.
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Goyal M, Gupta A. Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Clinical, Biochemical and molecular profile from Rare disease centre, India. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2021; 24:686-692. [PMID: 35002125 PMCID: PMC8680872 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_1009_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a heterogeneous group of large molecule inborn errors of metabolism, rather commonly seen by clinician. OBJECTIVES This study aims to highlight the more common type of LSDs, their frequency, clinical spectrum and outcome from Rare disease centre in Rajasthan. METHODS The retrospective data were collected including clinical profile, investigations, screening test and enzyme analysis results. All outcomes were recorded from follow-up clinic. RESULTS This cohort comprised 65 children with different type of LSDs including 54 males and 11 females. The average age of presentation of the LSD patients was 3.5 years (range 6 months to 13 years). Gaucher disease was the most commonly found LSD (46.1%) followed by mucopolysaccharidosis (35.3%). Common presentations among GD patients were anemia, thrombocytopenia, and abdominal distension due to splenohepatomegaly/hepatomegaly. Among MPS Disorder, MPS type 2 (Hunter syndrome) was the most common (39.1%), followed by MPS type 1(Hurler syndrome) (30%) and MPS type IVA (Morquio syndrome) (17.3%). Non GD non MPS group comprised most commonly of GM1 gangliosidosis followed by pompe disease, Metachromatic Leucodystrophy, Mucolipidosis type II (I cell disease), and Sandhoff disease. CONCLUSIONS LSDs comprises an important group of genetic metabolic disorders. Among these GD are the most common, followed by MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Goyal
- Centre of Rare Disease, Department of Pediatrics, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Manisha Goyal, Centre of Rare Disease, Department of Pediatrics, J. K. Lon Hospital, SMS Medical College, Jaipur - 302 004, Rajasthan, India. E-mail:
| | - Ashok Gupta
- Centre of Rare Disease, Department of Pediatrics, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Abasolo I, Seras-Franzoso J, Moltó-Abad M, Díaz-Riascos V, Corchero JL, Pintos-Morell G, Schwartz S. Nanotechnology-based approaches for treating lysosomal storage disorders, a focus on Fabry disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 13:e1684. [PMID: 33314628 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a group of rare diseases in which the defect of a lysosomal protein results in a pathogenic accumulation of nonmetabolized products within the cells. The main treatment for LSDs is enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), consisting in the exogenous administration a recombinant protein to replace the defective one. Although several diseases such as Gaucher, Fabry, and Pompe are treated following this approach, ERT is limited to LSDs without severe neuronal affectation because recombinant enzymes do not cross the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, ERT shows additional drawbacks, including enzyme low half-life, poor bioavailability, and immunogenic responses. In this scenario, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (DDS) have been proposed as solution to overcome these limitations and improve the efficacy of ERT. The present review summarizes distinct approaches followed by our group and collaborators on the use of DDS for restoring lysosomal enzymes in disease-affected cells. During the last decade, we have been exploring different synthetic nanoparticles, from electrolytic complexes, to liposomes and aggresomes, for the delivery of α-galactosidase A (GLA) enzyme. Studies were mainly conducted on Fabry disease models, but results can be also extrapolated to other LSDs, as well as to other diseases treated with alternative therapeutic proteins. The advantages and disadvantages of different DDS, the difficulties from working with very labile and highly glycosylated enzymes and the relevance of using appropriate targeting moieties is thoroughly discussed. Finally, the use of natural DDS, namely extracellular vesicles (EVs) is also introduced. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibane Abasolo
- Functional Validation & Preclinical Research, Drug Delivery & Targeting Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Seras-Franzoso
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Drug Delivery & Targeting Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Moltó-Abad
- Functional Validation & Preclinical Research, Drug Delivery & Targeting Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Division of Rare Diseases, Reference Center for Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (CSUR, XUEC, MetabERN, and CIBER-ER), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Díaz-Riascos
- Functional Validation & Preclinical Research, Drug Delivery & Targeting Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Corchero
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB) and Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Pintos-Morell
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Drug Delivery & Targeting Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Division of Rare Diseases, Reference Center for Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (CSUR, XUEC, MetabERN, and CIBER-ER), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simó Schwartz
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Drug Delivery & Targeting Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Enzyme Stability in Nanoparticle Preparations Part 1: Bovine Serum Albumin Improves Enzyme Function. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204593. [PMID: 33050145 PMCID: PMC7587188 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes have gained attention for their role in numerous disease states, calling for research for their efficient delivery. Loading enzymes into polymeric nanoparticles to improve biodistribution, stability, and targeting in vivo has led the field with promising results, but these enzymes still suffer from a degradation effect during the formulation process that leads to lower kinetics and specific activity leading to a loss of therapeutic potential. Stabilizers, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), can be beneficial, but the knowledge and understanding of their interaction with enzymes are not fully elucidated. To this end, the interaction of BSA with a model enzyme B-Glu, part of the hydrolase class and linked to Gaucher disease, was analyzed. To quantify the natural interaction of beta-glucosidase (B-Glu,) and BSA in solution, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis was performed. Afterwards, polymeric nanoparticles encapsulating these complexes were fully characterized, and the encapsulation efficiency, activity of the encapsulated enzyme, and release kinetics of the enzyme were compared. ITC results showed that a natural binding of 1:1 was seen between B-Glu and BSA. Complex concentrations did not affect nanoparticle characteristics which maintained a size between 250 and 350 nm, but increased loading capacity (from 6% to 30%), enzyme activity, and extended-release kinetics (from less than one day to six days) were observed for particles containing higher B-Glu:BSA ratios. These results highlight the importance of understanding enzyme:stabilizer interactions in various nanoparticle systems to improve not only enzyme activity but also biodistribution and release kinetics for improved therapeutic effects. These results will be critical to fully characterize and compare the effect of stabilizers, such as BSA with other, more relevant therapeutic enzymes for central nervous system (CNS) disease treatments.
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Lieser RM, Yur D, Sullivan MO, Chen W. Site-Specific Bioconjugation Approaches for Enhanced Delivery of Protein Therapeutics and Protein Drug Carriers. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2272-2282. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Lieser
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States of America
| | - Daniel Yur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States of America
| | - Millicent O. Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States of America
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States of America
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13
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Ju Y, Guo H, Edman M, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Application of advances in endocytosis and membrane trafficking to drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 157:118-141. [PMID: 32758615 PMCID: PMC7853512 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multidisciplinary research efforts in the field of drug delivery have led to the development of a variety of drug delivery systems (DDS) designed for site-specific delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Since efficient uptake of drug carriers into target cells is central to effective drug delivery, a comprehensive understanding of the biological pathways for cellular internalization of DDS can facilitate the development of DDS capable of precise tissue targeting and enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Diverse methods have been applied to study the internalization mechanisms responsible for endocytotic uptake of extracellular materials, which are also the principal pathways exploited by many DDS. Chemical inhibitors remain the most commonly used method to explore endocytotic internalization mechanisms, although genetic methods are increasingly accessible and may constitute more specific approaches. This review highlights the molecular basis of internalization pathways most relevant to internalization of DDS, and the principal methods used to study each route. This review also showcases examples of DDS that are internalized by each route, and reviews the general effects of biophysical properties of DDS on the internalization efficiency. Finally, options for intracellular trafficking and targeting of internalized DDS are briefly reviewed, representing an additional opportunity for multi-level targeting to achieve further specificity and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Ju
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, USA
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, USA
| | - Maria Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA.
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Sawamoto K, Álvarez González JV, Piechnik M, Otero FJ, Couce ML, Suzuki Y, Tomatsu S. Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1517. [PMID: 32102177 PMCID: PMC7073202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA, or Morquio syndrome type A) is an inherited metabolic lysosomal disease caused by the deficiency of the N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase enzyme. The deficiency of this enzyme accumulates the specific glycosaminoglycans (GAG), keratan sulfate, and chondroitin-6-sulfate mainly in bone, cartilage, and its extracellular matrix. GAG accumulation in these lesions leads to unique skeletal dysplasia in MPS IVA patients. Clinical, radiographic, and biochemical tests are needed to complete the diagnosis of MPS IVA since some clinical characteristics in MPS IVA are overlapped with other disorders. Early and accurate diagnosis is vital to optimizing patient management, which provides a better quality of life and prolonged life-time in MPS IVA patients. Currently, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are available for patients with MPS IVA. However, ERT and HSCT do not have enough impact on bone and cartilage lesions in patients with MPS IVA. Penetrating the deficient enzyme into an avascular lesion remains an unmet challenge, and several innovative therapies are under development in a preclinical study. In this review article, we comprehensively describe the current diagnosis, treatment, and management for MPS IVA. We also illustrate developing future therapies focused on the improvement of skeletal dysplasia in MPS IVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sawamoto
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (K.S.); (J.V.Á.G.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Matthew Piechnik
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (K.S.); (J.V.Á.G.); (M.P.)
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Francisco J. Otero
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Maria L. Couce
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Pathology, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Pediatrics Neonatology Service, Metabolic Unit, IDIS, CIBERER, MetabERN, University Clinic Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan;
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (K.S.); (J.V.Á.G.); (M.P.)
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan;
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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15
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Varini K, Lécorché P, Sonnette R, Gassiot F, Broc B, Godard M, David M, Faucon A, Abouzid K, Ferracci G, Temsamani J, Khrestchatisky M, Jacquot G. Target engagement and intracellular delivery of mono- and bivalent LDL receptor-binding peptide-cargo conjugates: Implications for the rational design of new targeted drug therapies. J Control Release 2019; 314:141-161. [PMID: 31644939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery to specific tissues and subcellular compartments is of paramount importance to optimize therapeutic or diagnostic interventions while minimizing side-effects. Using recently identified LDL receptor (LDLR) -targeting small synthetic peptide-vectors conjugated to model cargos of different nature and size, we investigated in LDLR-expressing cells the impact of vector-cargo molecular engineering and coupling valency, as well as the cellular exposure duration on their target engagement and intracellular trafficking and delivery profiles. All vector-cargo conjugates evaluated were found to be delivered to late compartments together with the natural ligand LDL, although to varying extents and with different kinetics. Partial recycling together with the LDLR was also consistently observed. Under continuous cellular exposure, the extent of intracellular vector-cargo delivery primarily relies on their endosomal unloading potential. In this condition, the highest intracellular delivery potential was observed with a monovalent conjugate displaying a rather high LDLR dissociation rate. On the contrary, under transient cellular exposure followed by chase, low dissociation-rate bivalent conjugates revealed a higher intracellular delivery potential than the monovalent conjugate. This was shown to rely on their ability to undergo multiple endocytosis-recycling rounds, with limited release in the ligand-free medium. The absence of reciprocal competition with the natural ligand LDL on their respective intracellular trafficking was also demonstrated, which is essential in terms of potential safety liabilities. These results demonstrate that not only molecular engineering of new therapeutic conjugates of interest, but also the cellular exposure mode used during in vitro evaluations are critical to anticipate and optimize their delivery potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Varini
- VECT-HORUS SAS, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, INP, Inst. Neurophysiopathol., Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - B Broc
- VECT-HORUS SAS, Marseille, France
| | - M Godard
- VECT-HORUS SAS, Marseille, France
| | - M David
- VECT-HORUS SAS, Marseille, France
| | - A Faucon
- VECT-HORUS SAS, Marseille, France
| | | | - G Ferracci
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, INP, Inst. Neurophysiopathol., Marseille, France
| | | | - M Khrestchatisky
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, INP, Inst. Neurophysiopathol., Marseille, France
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Del Grosso A, Galliani M, Angella L, Santi M, Tonazzini I, Parlanti G, Signore G, Cecchini M. Brain-targeted enzyme-loaded nanoparticles: A breach through the blood-brain barrier for enzyme replacement therapy in Krabbe disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax7462. [PMID: 31799395 PMCID: PMC6867879 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) result from an enzyme deficiency within lysosomes. The systemic administration of the missing enzyme, however, is not effective in the case of LSDs with central nervous system (CNS)-involvement. Here, an enzyme delivery system based on the encapsulation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) into poly-(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with brain targeting peptides (Ang2, g7 or Tf2) is demonstrated for Krabbe disease, a neurodegenerative LSD caused by galactosylceramidase (GALC) deficiency. We first synthesize and characterize Ang2-, g7- and Tf2-targeted GALC CLEA NPs. We study NP cell trafficking and capability to reinstate enzymatic activity in vitro. Then, we successfully test our formulations in the Twitcher mouse. We report enzymatic activity measurements in the nervous system and in accumulation districts upon intraperitoneal injections, demonstrating activity recovery in the brain up to the unaffected mice level. Together, these results open new therapeutic perspectives for all LSDs with major CNS-involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Del Grosso
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marianna Galliani
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Angella
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Melissa Santi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tonazzini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Parlanti
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Signore
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, 56017 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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17
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Álvarez JV, Herrero Filgueira C, González ADLF, Colón Mejeras C, Beiras Iglesias A, Tomatsu S, Blanco Méndez J, Luzardo Álvarez A, Couce ML, Otero Espinar FJ. Enzyme-Loaded Gel Core Nanostructured Lipid Carriers to Improve Treatment of Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Formulation and In Vitro Cellular Studies of Elosulfase Alfa-Loaded Systems. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11100522. [PMID: 31614479 PMCID: PMC6835858 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (Morquio A) is a rare inherited metabolic disease caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetylgalatosamine-6-sulfate-sulfatase (GALNS). Until now, treatments employed included hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT); the latter being the most commonly used to treat mucopolysaccharidoses, but with serious disadvantages due to rapid degradation and clearance. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the potential of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) by encapsulating elosulfase alfa and preserving its enzyme activity, leading to enhancement of its biological effect in chondrocyte cells. A pegylated elosulfase alfa-loaded NLC was characterized in terms of size, ζ potential, structural lipid composition (DSC and XRD), morphology (TEM microscopy), and stability in human plasma. The final formulation was freeze-dried by selecting the appropriate cryoprotective agent. Viability assays confirmed that NLCs were non-cytotoxic to human fibroblasts. Imaging techniques (confocal and TEM) were used to assess the cellular uptake of NLCs loaded with elosulfase alfa. This study provides evidence that the encapsulated drug exhibits enzyme activity inside the cells. Overall, this study provides a new approach regarding NLCs as a promising delivery system for the encapsulation of elosulfase alfa or other enzymes and the preservation of its activity and stability to be used in enzymatic replacement therapy (ERT).
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Víctor Álvarez
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy. Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.V.Á.); (J.B.M.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), CIBERER, MetabERN, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Skeletal Dysplasia Lab Nemours Biomedical Research Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road,Wilmington, DE 19803, USA;
| | - Carolina Herrero Filgueira
- Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Nasasbiotech, S.L., Canton Grande 3, 15003 A Coruña, Spain;
| | | | - Cristóbal Colón Mejeras
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), CIBERER, MetabERN, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Andrés Beiras Iglesias
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Skeletal Dysplasia Lab Nemours Biomedical Research Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road,Wilmington, DE 19803, USA;
| | - José Blanco Méndez
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy. Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.V.Á.); (J.B.M.)
| | - Asteria Luzardo Álvarez
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Sciences, Campus de Lugo, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.L.Á.); (M.L.C.); (F.J.O.E.); Tel.: +34-981563100 (ext. 24142 (A.L.Á.); ext. 14878 (F.J.O.E.)); +34-981951134 (M.L.C.)
| | - María Luz Couce
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), CIBERER, MetabERN, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.L.Á.); (M.L.C.); (F.J.O.E.); Tel.: +34-981563100 (ext. 24142 (A.L.Á.); ext. 14878 (F.J.O.E.)); +34-981951134 (M.L.C.)
| | - Francisco J. Otero Espinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy. Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.V.Á.); (J.B.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.Á.); (M.L.C.); (F.J.O.E.); Tel.: +34-981563100 (ext. 24142 (A.L.Á.); ext. 14878 (F.J.O.E.)); +34-981951134 (M.L.C.)
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18
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Gigliobianco MR, Di Martino P, Deng S, Casadidio C, Censi R. New Advanced Strategies for the Treatment of Lysosomal Diseases Affecting the Central Nervous System. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1933-1950. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190708213159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs), also known as lysosomal diseases (LDs) are a group of serious genetic diseases characterized by not only the accumulation of non-catabolized compounds in the lysosomes due to the deficiency of specific enzymes which usually eliminate these compounds, but also by trafficking, calcium changes and acidification. LDs mainly affect the central nervous system (CNS), which is difficult to reach for drugs and biological molecules due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). While some therapies have proven highly effective in treating peripheral disorders in LD patients, they fail to overcome the BBB. Researchers have developed many strategies to circumvent this problem, for example, by creating carriers for enzyme delivery, which improve the enzyme’s half-life and the overexpression of receptors and transporters in the luminal or abluminal membranes of the BBB. This review aims to successfully examine the strategies developed during the last decade for the treatment of LDs, which mainly affect the CNS. Among the LD treatments, enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT) and gene therapy have proven effective, while nanoparticle, fusion protein, and small molecule-based therapies seem to offer considerable promise to treat the CNS pathology. This work also analyzed the challenges of the study to design new drug delivery systems for the effective treatment of LDs. Polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes are explored from their technological point of view and for the most relevant preclinical studies showing that they are excellent choices to protect active molecules and transport them through the BBB to target specific brain substrates for the treatment of LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R. Gigliobianco
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via A. D'Accoiso, 16, 62032, Camerino MC, Italy
| | - Piera Di Martino
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via A. D'Accoiso, 16, 62032, Camerino MC, Italy
| | - Siyuan Deng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via A. D'Accoiso, 16, 62032, Camerino MC, Italy
| | - Cristina Casadidio
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via A. D'Accoiso, 16, 62032, Camerino MC, Italy
| | - Roberta Censi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via A. D'Accoiso, 16, 62032, Camerino MC, Italy
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Safary A, Akbarzadeh Khiavi M, Omidi Y, Rafi MA. Targeted enzyme delivery systems in lysosomal disorders: an innovative form of therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3363-3381. [PMID: 31101939 PMCID: PMC11105648 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs), which are inherited lysosomal storage disorders caused by the accumulation of undegraded glycosaminoglycans, can affect the central nervous system (CNS) and elicit cognitive and behavioral issues. Currently used enzyme replacement therapy methodologies often fail to adequately treat the manifestations of the disease in the CNS and other organs such as bone, cartilage, cornea, and heart. Targeted enzyme delivery systems (EDSs) can efficiently cross biological barriers such as blood-brain barrier and provide maximal therapeutic effects with minimal side effects, and hence, offer great clinical benefits over the currently used conventional enzyme replacement therapies. In this review, we provide comprehensive insights into MPSs and explore the clinical impacts of multimodal targeted EDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Safary
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51656-65811, Iran
| | - Mostafa Akbarzadeh Khiavi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51656-65811, Iran
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51656-65811, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad A Rafi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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20
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Calzoni E, Cesaretti A, Polchi A, Di Michele A, Tancini B, Emiliani C. Biocompatible Polymer Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Disorder Therapies. J Funct Biomater 2019; 10:jfb10010004. [PMID: 30626094 PMCID: PMC6463038 DOI: 10.3390/jfb10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer nanoparticles (NPs) represent one of the most innovative non-invasive approaches for drug delivery applications. NPs main objective is to convey the therapeutic molecule be they drugs, proteins, or nucleic acids directly into the target organ or tissue. Many polymers are used for the synthesis of NPs and among the currently most employed materials several biocompatible synthetic polymers, namely polylactic acid (PLA), poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), and polyethylene glycol (PEG), can be cited. These molecules are made of simple monomers which are naturally present in the body and therefore easily excreted without being toxic. The present review addresses the different approaches that are most commonly adopted to synthetize biocompatible NPs to date, as well as the experimental strategies designed to load them with therapeutic agents. In fact, drugs may be internalized in the NPs or physically dispersed therein. In this paper the various types of biodegradable polymer NPs will be discussed with emphasis on their applications in drug delivery. Close attention will be devoted to the treatment of cancer, where both active and passive targeting is used to enhance efficacy and reduce systemic toxicity, and to diseases affecting the central nervous system, inasmuch as NPs can be modified to target specific cells or cross membrane barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Calzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- Centro di Eccellenza su Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Alessio Cesaretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- Centro di Eccellenza su Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Alice Polchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- Centro di Eccellenza su Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Di Michele
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, via Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Brunella Tancini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- Centro di Eccellenza su Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- Centro di Eccellenza su Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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21
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Production and Purification of Therapeutic Enzymes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1148:1-24. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7709-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Muro S. Alterations in Cellular Processes Involving Vesicular Trafficking and Implications in Drug Delivery. Biomimetics (Basel) 2018; 3:biomimetics3030019. [PMID: 31105241 PMCID: PMC6352689 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics3030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis and vesicular trafficking are cellular processes that regulate numerous functions required to sustain life. From a translational perspective, they offer avenues to improve the access of therapeutic drugs across cellular barriers that separate body compartments and into diseased cells. However, the fact that many factors have the potential to alter these routes, impacting our ability to effectively exploit them, is often overlooked. Altered vesicular transport may arise from the molecular defects underlying the pathological syndrome which we aim to treat, the activity of the drugs being used, or side effects derived from the drug carriers employed. In addition, most cellular models currently available do not properly reflect key physiological parameters of the biological environment in the body, hindering translational progress. This article offers a critical overview of these topics, discussing current achievements, limitations and future perspectives on the use of vesicular transport for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Safary A, Akbarzadeh Khiavi M, Mousavi R, Barar J, Rafi MA. Enzyme replacement therapies: what is the best option? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 8:153-157. [PMID: 30211074 PMCID: PMC6128977 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2018.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite many beneficial outcomes of the conventional enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), several limitations such as the high-cost of the treatment and various inadvertent side effects including the occurrence of an immunological response against the infused enzyme and development of resistance to enzymes persist. These issues may limit the desired therapeutic outcomes of a majority of the lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Furthermore, the biodistribution of the recombinant enzymes into the target cells within the central nervous system (CNS), bone, cartilage, cornea, and heart still remain unresolved. All these shortcomings necessitate the development of more effective diagnosis and treatment modalities against LSDs. Taken all, maximizing the therapeutic response with minimal undesired side effects might be attainable by the development of targeted enzyme delivery systems (EDSs) as a promising alternative to the LSDs treatments, including different types of mucopolysaccharidoses ( MPSs ) as well as Fabry, Krabbe, Gaucher and Pompe diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Safary
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Akbarzadeh Khiavi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rahimeh Mousavi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad A Rafi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvanian 19107, USA
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24
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Gordon MR, Zhao B, Anson F, Fernandez A, Singh K, Homyak C, Canakci M, Vachet RW, Thayumanavan S. Matrix Metalloproteinase-9-Responsive Nanogels for Proximal Surface Conversion and Activated Cellular Uptake. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:860-871. [PMID: 29360342 PMCID: PMC6298948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Here, we have exploited the heightened extracellular concentration of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) to induce surface-conversional properties of nanogels with the aim of tumor-specific enhanced cellular uptake. A modular polymeric nanogel platform was designed and synthesized for facile formulation and validation of MMP-9-mediated dePEGylation and generation of polyamine-type surface characteristics through peptide N-termini. Nanogels containing MMP-9-cleavable motifs and different poly(ethylene glycol) corona lengths (350 and 750 g/mol) were prepared, and enzymatic surface conversional properties were validated by MALDI characterization of cleaved byproducts, fluorescamine assay amine quantification, and zeta potential. The nanogel with a shorter PEG length, mPEG350-NG, exhibited superior surface conversion in response to extracellular concentrations of MMP-9 compared to that of the longer PEG length, mPEG750-NG. Confocal microscopy images of HeLa cells incubated with both fluorescein-labeled nanogels and DiI-encapsulated nanogels demonstrated greater uptake following MMP-9 "activation" for mPEG350-NG compared to its nontreated "passive" mPEG350-NG parent, demonstrating the versatility of such systems to achieve stimuli-responsive uptake in response to cancer-relevant proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory R. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Francesca Anson
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Ann Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Khushboo Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Celia Homyak
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Mine Canakci
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Richard W. Vachet
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
- Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
- Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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25
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Kelly JM, Gross AL, Martin DR, Byrne ME. Polyethylene glycol-b-poly(lactic acid) polymersomes as vehicles for enzyme replacement therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:2591-2606. [PMID: 29111890 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Polymersomes are created to deliver an enzyme-based therapy to the brain in lysosomal storage disease patients. MATERIALS & METHODS Polymersomes are formed via the injection method using poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactic acid) (PEGPLA) and bound to apolipoprotein E, to create a brain-targeted delivery vehicle. RESULTS Polymersomes have a smallest average diameter of 145 ± 21 nm and encapsulate β-galactosidase at 72.0 ± 12.2% efficiency. PEGPLA polymersomes demonstrate limited release at physiologic pH (7.4), with a burst release at the acidic pH (4.8) of the lysosome. PEGPLA polymersomes facilitate delivery of active β-galactosidase to an in vitro model of GM1 gangliosidosis. CONCLUSION The foundation has been laid for testing of PEGPLA polymersomes to deliver enzymatic treatments to the brain in lysosomal storage disorders for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Kelly
- Biomimetic & Biohybrid Materials, Biomedical Devices, & Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.,Scott Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.,US Department of Education GAANN Graduate Fellowship Program in Biological & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Amanda L Gross
- Scott Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, & Pharmacology, Scott Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Douglas R Martin
- Scott Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.,US Department of Education GAANN Graduate Fellowship Program in Biological & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, & Pharmacology, Scott Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Mark E Byrne
- Biomimetic & Biohybrid Materials, Biomedical Devices, & Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.,US Department of Education GAANN Graduate Fellowship Program in Biological & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.,Biomimetic & Biohybrid Materials, Biomedical Devices, & Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
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26
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Sharma A, Vaghasiya K, Ray E, Verma RK. Lysosomal targeting strategies for design and delivery of bioactive for therapeutic interventions. J Drug Target 2017; 26:208-221. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1374390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sharma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase 10, Mohali, India
| | - Kalpesh Vaghasiya
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase 10, Mohali, India
| | - Eupa Ray
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase 10, Mohali, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Verma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Phase 10, Mohali, India
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27
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Solomon M, Muro S. Lysosomal enzyme replacement therapies: Historical development, clinical outcomes, and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 118:109-134. [PMID: 28502768 PMCID: PMC5828774 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes and lysosomal enzymes play a central role in numerous cellular processes, including cellular nutrition, recycling, signaling, defense, and cell death. Genetic deficiencies of lysosomal components, most commonly enzymes, are known as "lysosomal storage disorders" or "lysosomal diseases" (LDs) and lead to lysosomal dysfunction. LDs broadly affect peripheral organs and the central nervous system (CNS), debilitating patients and frequently causing fatality. Among other approaches, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has advanced to the clinic and represents a beneficial strategy for 8 out of the 50-60 known LDs. However, despite its value, current ERT suffers from several shortcomings, including various side effects, development of "resistance", and suboptimal delivery throughout the body, particularly to the CNS, lowering the therapeutic outcome and precluding the use of this strategy for a majority of LDs. This review offers an overview of the biomedical causes of LDs, their socio-medical relevance, treatment modalities and caveats, experimental alternatives, and future treatment perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melani Solomon
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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28
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Martinez AP, Qamar B, Fuerst TR, Muro S, Andrianov AK. Biodegradable "Smart" Polyphosphazenes with Intrinsic Multifunctionality as Intracellular Protein Delivery Vehicles. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2000-2011. [PMID: 28525259 PMCID: PMC7206414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of biodegradable drug delivery polymers with intrinsic multifunctionality have been designed and synthesized utilizing a polyphosphazene macromolecular engineering approach. Novel water-soluble polymers, which contain carboxylic acid and pyrrolidone moieties attached to an inorganic phosphorus-nitrogen backbone, were characterized by a suite of physicochemical methods to confirm their structure, composition, and molecular sizes. All synthesized polyphosphazenes displayed composition-dependent hydrolytic degradability in aqueous solutions at neutral pH. Their formulations were stable at lower temperatures, potentially indicating adequate shelf life, but were characterized by accelerated degradation kinetics at elevated temperatures, including 37 °C. It was found that synthesized polyphosphazenes are capable of environmentally triggered self-assembly to produce nanoparticles with narrow polydispersity in the size range of 150-700 nm. Protein loading capacity of copolymers has been validated via their ability to noncovalently bind avidin without altering biological functionality. Acid-induced membrane-disruptive activity of polyphosphazenes has been established with an onset corresponding to the endosomal pH range and being dependent on polymer composition. The synthesized polyphosphazenes facilitated cell-surface interactions followed by time-dependent, vesicular-mediated, and saturable internalization of a model protein cargo into cancer cells, demonstrating the potential for intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre P. Martinez
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - Bareera Qamar
- Neurobiology and Physiology Program of the Department of Biology, 1210 Biology-Psychology Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Thomas R. Fuerst
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 1109 Microbiology Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, United States
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2330 Jeong Kim Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Alexander K. Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, United States
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29
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Garnacho C, Dhami R, Solomon M, Schuchman EH, Muro S. Enhanced Delivery and Effects of Acid Sphingomyelinase by ICAM-1-Targeted Nanocarriers in Type B Niemann-Pick Disease Mice. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1686-1696. [PMID: 28606376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency in type B Niemann-Pick disease leads to lysosomal sphingomyelin storage, principally affecting lungs, liver, and spleen. Infused recombinant enzyme is beneficial, yet its delivery to the lungs is limited and requires higher dosing than liver and spleen, leading to potentially adverse reactions. Previous studies showed increased enzyme pulmonary uptake by nanocarriers targeted to ICAM-1, a protein overexpressed during inflammation. Here, using polystyrene and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanocarriers, we optimized lung delivery by varying enzyme dose and nanocarrier concentration, verified endocytosis and lysosomal trafficking in vivo, and evaluated delivered activity and effects. Raising the enzyme load of nanocarriers progressively increased absolute enzyme delivery to all lung, liver, and spleen, over the naked enzyme. Varying nanocarrier concentration inversely impacted lung versus liver and spleen uptake. Mouse intravital and postmortem examination verified endocytosis, transcytosis, and lysosomal trafficking using nanocarriers. Compared to naked enzyme, nanocarriers increased enzyme activity in organs and reduced lung sphingomyelin storage and macrophage infiltration. Although old mice with advanced disease showed reactivity (pulmonary leukocyte infiltration) to injections, including buffer without carriers, antibody, or enzyme, younger mice with mild disease did not. We conclude that anti-ICAM nanocarriers may result in effective lung enzyme therapy using low enzyme doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Garnacho
- Department of Normal and Pathological Histology and Cytology, University of Seville School of Medicine, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Rajwinder Dhami
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Melani Solomon
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Edward H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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30
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Emerging therapies for neuropathic lysosomal storage disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 152:166-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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Schuster T, Mühlstein A, Yaghootfam C, Maksimenko O, Shipulo E, Gelperina S, Kreuter J, Gieselmann V, Matzner U. Potential of surfactant-coated nanoparticles to improve brain delivery of arylsulfatase A. J Control Release 2017; 253:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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32
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Supriya M, De T, Christopher R. Effect of temperature on lysosomal enzyme activity during preparation and storage of dried blood spots. J Clin Lab Anal 2017; 32. [PMID: 28345760 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of dried blood spots (DBS) for the assay of lysosomal enzymes has facilitated the implementation of pilot studies for newborn screening for lysosomal storage disorders in various developed countries. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of ambient temperature during DBS preparation and storage on lysosomal enzyme activity in a developing, tropical country. METHODS Blood samples from 12 healthy subjects collected on a S&S 903 filter paper were dried and stored at different temperatures for different periods of time. Activities of five lysosomal enzymes (acid α-glucosidase, acid α-galactosidase, acid β-glucocerebrosidase, acid sphingomyelinase, and galactocerebrosidase) were determined by tandem mass spectrometric and fluorimetric (acid α-glucosidase and acid β-glucocerebrosidase only) assays. RESULTS The mean activities of all five enzymes decreased significantly when DBS was dried at temperatures above 24°C (P<.0001). DBS stored at 4°C, 24°C, 30°C, 37°C, and 45°C for 10 days and more, also showed significant reduction in activities of all five enzymes (P<.0001). CONCLUSION The results highlight the importance of maintaining the correct ambient temperature during DBS preparation and storage to avoid false positive results when screening for lysosomal storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath Supriya
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Tanima De
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Rita Christopher
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
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33
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Current Strategies for the Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins and Enzymes to Treat Brain Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 137:1-28. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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34
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Bourdenx M, Daniel J, Genin E, Soria FN, Blanchard-Desce M, Bezard E, Dehay B. Nanoparticles restore lysosomal acidification defects: Implications for Parkinson and other lysosomal-related diseases. Autophagy 2016; 12:472-83. [PMID: 26761717 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1136769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal impairment causes lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) and is involved in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, notably Parkinson disease (PD). Strategies enhancing or restoring lysosomal-mediated degradation thus appear as tantalizing disease-modifying therapeutics. Here we demonstrate that poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) acidic nanoparticles (aNP) restore impaired lysosomal function in a series of toxin and genetic cellular models of PD, i.e. ATP13A2-mutant or depleted cells or glucocerebrosidase (GBA)-mutant cells, as well as in a genetic model of lysosomal-related myopathy. We show that PLGA-aNP are transported to the lysosome within 24 h, lower lysosomal pH and rescue chloroquine (CQ)-induced toxicity. Re-acidification of defective lysosomes following PLGA-aNP treatment restores lysosomal function in different pathological contexts. Finally, our results show that PLGA-aNP may be detected after intracerebral injection in neurons and attenuate PD-related neurodegeneration in vivo by mechanisms involving a rescue of compromised lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Bourdenx
- a University de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives , UMR 5293, Bordeaux , France.,b CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives , UMR 5293, Bordeaux , France
| | - Jonathan Daniel
- c University de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires , UMR 5255, Talence , France
| | - Emilie Genin
- c University de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires , UMR 5255, Talence , France
| | - Federico N Soria
- a University de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives , UMR 5293, Bordeaux , France.,b CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives , UMR 5293, Bordeaux , France
| | | | - Erwan Bezard
- a University de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives , UMR 5293, Bordeaux , France.,b CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives , UMR 5293, Bordeaux , France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- a University de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives , UMR 5293, Bordeaux , France.,b CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives , UMR 5293, Bordeaux , France
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35
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Geraets RD, Koh SY, Hastings ML, Kielian T, Pearce DA, Weimer JM. Moving towards effective therapeutic strategies for Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:40. [PMID: 27083890 PMCID: PMC4833901 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a family of autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorders that annually affect 1:100,000 live births worldwide. This family of diseases results from mutations in one of 14 different genes that share common clinical and pathological etiologies. Clinically, the diseases are subcategorized into infantile, late-infantile, juvenile and adult forms based on their age of onset. Though the disease phenotypes may vary in their age and order of presentation, all typically include progressive visual deterioration and blindness, cognitive impairment, motor deficits and seizures. Pathological hallmarks of NCLs include the accumulation of storage material or ceroid in the lysosome, progressive neuronal degeneration and massive glial activation. Advances have been made in genetic diagnosis and counseling for families. However, comprehensive treatment programs that delay or halt disease progression have been elusive. Current disease management is primarily targeted at controlling the symptoms rather than "curing" the disease. Recognizing the growing need for transparency and synergistic efforts to move the field forward, this review will provide an overview of the therapeutic approaches currently being pursued in preclinical and clinical trials to treat different forms of NCL as well as provide insight to novel therapeutic approaches in development for the NCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Geraets
- />Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD USA
- />Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD USA
| | - Seung yon Koh
- />Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD USA
| | - Michelle L. Hastings
- />Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL USA
| | - Tammy Kielian
- />Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - David A. Pearce
- />Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD USA
- />Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD USA
| | - Jill M. Weimer
- />Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD USA
- />Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD USA
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36
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Stewart MP, Lorenz A, Dahlman J, Sahay G. Challenges in carrier-mediated intracellular delivery: moving beyond endosomal barriers. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 8:465-78. [PMID: 26542891 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The deployment of molecular to microscale carriers for intracellular delivery has tremendous potential for biology and medicine, especially for in vivo therapies. The field remains limited, however, by a poor understanding of how carriers gain access to the cell interior. In this review, we provide an overview of the different types of carriers, their speculated modes of entry, putative pathways of vesicular transport, and sites of endosomal escape. We compare this alongside pertinent examples from the cell biology of how viruses, bacteria, and their effectors enter cells and escape endosomal confinement. We anticipate insights into the mechanisms of cellular entry and endosomal escape will benefit future research efforts on effective carrier-mediated intracellular delivery. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:465-478. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1377 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Stewart
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anna Lorenz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, OSU/OHSU College of Pharmacy, Portland, OR, USA
| | - James Dahlman
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, OSU/OHSU College of Pharmacy, Portland, OR, USA
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37
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Shuvaev VV, Brenner JS, Muzykantov VR. Targeted endothelial nanomedicine for common acute pathological conditions. J Control Release 2015; 219:576-595. [PMID: 26435455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium, a thin monolayer of specialized cells lining the lumen of blood vessels is the key regulatory interface between blood and tissues. Endothelial abnormalities are implicated in many diseases, including common acute conditions with high morbidity and mortality lacking therapy, in part because drugs and drug carriers have no natural endothelial affinity. Precise endothelial drug delivery may improve management of these conditions. Using ligands of molecules exposed to the bloodstream on the endothelial surface enables design of diverse targeted endothelial nanomedicine agents. Target molecules and binding epitopes must be accessible to drug carriers, carriers must be free of harmful effects, and targeting should provide desirable sub-cellular addressing of the drug cargo. The roster of current candidate target molecules for endothelial nanomedicine includes peptidases and other enzymes, cell adhesion molecules and integrins, localized in different domains of the endothelial plasmalemma and differentially distributed throughout the vasculature. Endowing carriers with an affinity to specific endothelial epitopes enables an unprecedented level of precision of control of drug delivery: binding to selected endothelial cell phenotypes, cellular addressing and duration of therapeutic effects. Features of nanocarrier design such as choice of epitope and ligand control delivery and effect of targeted endothelial nanomedicine agents. Pathological factors modulate endothelial targeting and uptake of nanocarriers. Selection of optimal binding sites and design features of nanocarriers are key controllable factors that can be iteratively engineered based on their performance from in vitro to pre-clinical in vivo experimental models. Targeted endothelial nanomedicine agents provide antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other therapeutic effects unattainable by non-targeted counterparts in animal models of common acute severe human disease conditions. The results of animal studies provide the basis for the challenging translation endothelial nanomedicine into the clinical domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Shuvaev
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jacob S Brenner
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Han J, Shuvaev VV, Davies PF, Eckmann DM, Muro S, Muzykantov VR. Flow shear stress differentially regulates endothelial uptake of nanocarriers targeted to distinct epitopes of PECAM-1. J Control Release 2015; 210:39-47. [PMID: 25966362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Targeting nanocarriers (NC) to endothelial cell adhesion molecules including Platelet-Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1 or CD31) improves drug delivery and pharmacotherapy of inflammation, oxidative stress, thrombosis and ischemia in animal models. Recent studies unveiled that hydrodynamic conditions modulate endothelial endocytosis of NC targeted to PECAM-1, but the specificity and mechanism of effects of flow remain unknown. Here we studied the effect of flow on endocytosis by human endothelial cells of NC targeted by monoclonal antibodies Ab62 and Ab37 to distinct epitopes on the distal extracellular domain of PECAM. Flow in the range of 1-8dyn/cm(2), typical for venous vasculature, stimulated the uptake of spherical Ab/NC (~180nm diameter) carrying ~50 vs 200 Ab62 and Ab37 per NC, respectively. Effect of flow was inhibited by disruption of cholesterol-rich plasmalemma domains and deletion of PECAM-1 cytosolic tail. Flow stimulated endocytosis of Ab62/NC and Ab37/NC via eliciting distinct signaling pathways mediated by RhoA/ROCK and Src Family Kinases, respectively. Therefore, flow stimulates endothelial endocytosis of Ab/NC in a PECAM-1 epitope specific manner. Using ligands of binding to distinct epitopes on the same target molecule may enable fine-tuning of intracellular delivery based on the hemodynamic conditions in the vascular area of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA; Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02421, USA
| | - Vladimir V Shuvaev
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA
| | - Peter F Davies
- Department of Pathology & Lab Medicine and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA
| | - David M Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA
| | - Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA.
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Rappaport J, Manthe RL, Garnacho C, Muro S. Altered Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis in Type A Niemann-Pick Disease Cells and Rescue by ICAM-1-Targeted Enzyme Delivery. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1366-76. [PMID: 25849869 DOI: 10.1021/mp5005959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical intervention often requires therapeutics and/or their carriers to enter cells via endocytosis. Therefore, endocytic aberrancies resulting from disease represent a key, yet often overlooked, parameter in designing therapeutic strategies. In the case of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), characterized by lysosomal accumulation of undegraded substances, common clinical interventions rely on endocytosis of recombinant enzymes. However, the lysosomal defect in these diseases can affect endocytosis, as we recently demonstrated for clathrin-mediated uptake in patient fibroblasts with type A Niemann-Pick disease (NPD), a disorder characterized by acid sphingomylinase (ASM) deficiency and subsequent sphingomyelin storage. Using similar cells, we have examined if this is also the case for clathrin-independent pathways, including caveolae-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. We observed impaired caveolin-1 enrichment at ligand-binding sites in NPD relative to wild type fibroblasts, corresponding with altered uptake of ligands and fluid-phase markers by both pathways. Similarly, aberrant lysosomal storage of sphingomyelin induced by pharmacological means also diminished uptake. Partial degradation of the lysosomal storage by untargeted recombinant ASM led to partial uptake enhancement, whereas both parameters were restored to wild type levels by ASM delivery using model polymer nanocarriers specifically targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Carriers also restored caveolin-1 enrichment at ligand-binding sites and uptake through the caveolar and macropinocytic routes. These results demonstrate a link between lysosomal storage in NPD and alterations in clathrin-independent endocytosis, which could apply to other LSDs. Hence, this study shall guide the design of therapeutic approaches using viable endocytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Rappaport
- †Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4450, United States
| | - Rachel L Manthe
- †Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4450, United States
| | - Carmen Garnacho
- ‡Department of Normal and Pathological Histology and Cytology, University of Seville School of Medicine, Seville 41009, Spain
| | - Silvia Muro
- †Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4450, United States.,§Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742-4450, United States
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Muro S. Strategies for delivery of therapeutics into the central nervous system for treatment of lysosomal storage disorders. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 2:169-86. [PMID: 24688886 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a group of about fifty life-threatening conditions caused by genetic defects affecting lysosomal components. The underscoring molecular deficiency leads to widespread cellular dysfunction through most tissues in the body, including peripheral organs and the central nervous system (CNS). Efforts during the last few decades have rendered a remarkable advance regarding our knowledge, medical awareness, and early detection of these genetic defects, as well as development of several treatment modalities. Clinical and experimental strategies encompassing enzyme replacement, gene and cell therapies, substrate reduction, and chemical chaperones are showing considerable potential in attenuating the peripheral pathology. However, a major drawback has been encountered regarding the suboptimal impact of these approaches on the CNS pathology. Particular anatomical and biochemical constraints of this tissue pose a major obstacle to the delivery of therapeutics into the CNS. Approaches to overcome these obstacles include modalities of local administration, strategies to enhance the blood-CNS permeability, intranasal delivery, use of exosomes, and those exploiting targeting of transporters and transcytosis pathways in the endothelial lining. The later two approaches are being pursued at the time by coupling therapeutic agents to affinity moieties and drug delivery systems capable of targeting these natural transport routes. This approach is particularly promising, as using paths naturally active at this interface may render safe and effective delivery of LSD therapies into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA ; Fischell Dept. of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Ghaffarian R, Muro S. Distinct subcellular trafficking resulting from monomeric vs multimeric targeting to endothelial ICAM-1: implications for drug delivery. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4350-62. [PMID: 25301142 PMCID: PMC4255724 DOI: 10.1021/mp500409y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Ligand-targeted,
receptor-mediated endocytosis is commonly exploited for intracellular
drug delivery. However, cells-surface receptors may follow distinct
endocytic fates when bound by monomeric vs multimeric ligands. Our
purpose was to study this paradigm using ICAM-1, an endothelial receptor
involved in inflammation, to better understand its regulation and
potential for drug delivery. Our procedure involved fluorescence microscopy
of human endothelial cells to determine the endocytic behavior of
unbound ICAM-1 vs ICAM-1 bound by model ligands: monomeric (anti-ICAM)
vs multimeric (anti-ICAM biotin–streptavidin conjugates or
anti-ICAM coated onto 100 nm nanocarriers). Our findings suggest that
both monomeric and multimeric ligands undergo a similar endocytic
pathway sensitive to amiloride (∼50% inhibition), but not inhibitors
of clathrin-pits or caveoli. After 30 min, ∼60–70% of
both ligands colocalized with Rab11a-compartments. By 3–5 h,
∼65–80% of multimeric anti-ICAM colocalized with perinuclear
lysosomes with ∼60–80% degradation, while 70% of monomeric
anti-ICAM remained associated with Rab11a at the cell periphery and
recycled to and from the cell-surface with minimal (<10%) lysosomal
colocalization and minimal (≤15%) degradation. In the absence
of ligands, ICAM-1 also underwent amiloride-sensitive endocytosis
with peripheral distribution, suggesting that monomeric (not multimeric)
anti-ICAM follows the route of this receptor. In conclusion, ICAM-1
can mediate different intracellular itineraries, revealing new insight
into this biological pathway and alternative avenues for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Ghaffarian
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Combination-targeting to multiple endothelial cell adhesion molecules modulates binding, endocytosis, and in vivo biodistribution of drug nanocarriers and their therapeutic cargoes. J Control Release 2014; 188:87-98. [PMID: 24933603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Designing of drug nanocarriers to aid delivery of therapeutics is an expanding field that can improve medical treatments. Nanocarriers are often functionalized with elements that recognize cell-surface molecules involved in subcellular transport to improve targeting and endocytosis of therapeutics. Combination-targeting using several affinity elements further modulates this outcome. The most studied example is endothelial targeting via multiple cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which mimics the strategy of leukocytes to adhere and traverse the vascular endothelium. Yet, the implications of this strategy on intracellular transport and in vivo biodistribution remain uncharacterized. We examined this using nanocarriers functionalized for dual- or triple-targeting to intercellular, platelet-endothelial, and/or vascular CAMs (ICAM-1, PECAM-1, VCAM-1). These molecules differ in expression level, location, pathological stimulation, and/or endocytic pathway. In endothelial cells, binding of PECAM-1/VCAM-1-targeted nanocarriers was intermediate to single-targeted counterparts and enhanced in disease-like conditions. ICAM-1/PECAM-1-targeted nanocarriers surpassed PECAM-1/VCAM-1 in control, but showed lower selectivity toward disease-like conditions. Triple-targeting resulted in binding similar to ICAM-1/PECAM-1 combination and displayed the highest selectivity in disease-like conditions. All combinations were effectively internalized by the cells, with slightly better performance when targeting receptors of different endocytic pathways. In vivo, ICAM-1/PECAM-1-targeted nanocarriers outperformed PECAM-1/VCAM-1 in control and disease-like conditions, and triple-targeted counterparts slightly enhanced this outcome in some organs. As a result, delivery of a model therapeutic cargo (acid sphingomyelinase, deficient in Niemann-Pick disease A-B) was enhanced to all affected organs by triple-targeted nanocarriers, particularly in disease-like conditions. Therefore, multi-CAM targeting may aid the optimization of some therapeutic nanocarriers, where the combination and multiplicity of the affinity moieties utilized allow modulation of targeting performance.
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Howard M, Zern BJ, Anselmo AC, Shuvaev VV, Mitragotri S, Muzykantov V. Vascular targeting of nanocarriers: perplexing aspects of the seemingly straightforward paradigm. ACS NANO 2014; 8:4100-32. [PMID: 24787360 PMCID: PMC4046791 DOI: 10.1021/nn500136z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Targeted nanomedicine holds promise to find clinical use in many medical areas. Endothelial cells that line the luminal surface of blood vessels represent a key target for treatment of inflammation, ischemia, thrombosis, stroke, and other neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and oncological conditions. In other cases, the endothelium is a barrier for tissue penetration or a victim of adverse effects. Several endothelial surface markers including peptidases (e.g., ACE, APP, and APN) and adhesion molecules (e.g., ICAM-1 and PECAM) have been identified as key targets. Binding of nanocarriers to these molecules enables drug targeting and subsequent penetration into or across the endothelium, offering therapeutic effects that are unattainable by their nontargeted counterparts. We analyze diverse aspects of endothelial nanomedicine including (i) circulation and targeting of carriers with diverse geometries, (ii) multivalent interactions of carrier with endothelium, (iii) anchoring to multiple determinants, (iv) accessibility of binding sites and cellular response to their engagement, (v) role of cell phenotype and microenvironment in targeting, (vi) optimization of targeting by lowering carrier avidity, (vii) endocytosis of multivalent carriers via molecules not implicated in internalization of their ligands, and (viii) modulation of cellular uptake and trafficking by selection of specific epitopes on the target determinant, carrier geometry, and hydrodynamic factors. Refinement of these aspects and improving our understanding of vascular biology and pathology is likely to enable the clinical translation of vascular endothelial targeting of nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Howard
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Blaine J. Zern
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Aaron C. Anselmo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Shuvaev
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vladimir Muzykantov
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Hsu J, Bhowmick T, Burks SR, Kao JPY, Muro S. Enhancing biodistribution of therapeutic enzymes in vivo by modulating surface coating and concentration of ICAM-1-targeted nanocarriers. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2014; 10:345-54. [PMID: 24738342 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2014.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Coupling therapeutic proteins to targeted nanocarriers can enhance their biodistribution. This is the case for enzyme replacement therapies where intravenously injected enzymes must avoid prolonged blood exposure while reaching body organs. We have shown enhanced tissue targeting of various lysosomal enzymes by coupling to nanocarriers targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Here, we varied design parameters to modify tissue enzyme levels without affecting specific targeting and relative biodistribution. We coupled a-galactosidase (aGal; affected in Fabry disease) to model polymer nanocarriers and varied enzyme load (50 vs. 500 molecules/particle), anti-ICAM surface density (80 vs. 180 molecules/particle), and nanocarrier concentration (1.6 x 1013 vs. 2.4 x 1013 carriers/kg) to render three formulations (45, 449, 555 microg alphaGal/kg). Naked alpha Gal preferentially distributed in blood vs. organs, while nanocarriers shifted biodistribution from blood to tissues. Accumulation in brain, kidneys, heart, liver, lungs, and spleen did not vary among nanocarrier formulations, with enhanced specific tissue accumulation compared to naked aGal. The highest specificity was associated with lowest antibody density and nanocarrier concentration, but highest enzyme load; possibly because of synergistic enzyme affinity toward cell-surface markers. Variation of these parameters significantly increased absolute enzyme accumulation. This strategy may help optimize delivery of lysosomal enzyme replacement and, likely, other protein delivery approaches.
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Ansar M, Serrano D, Papademetriou I, Bhowmick TK, Muro S. Biological functionalization of drug delivery carriers to bypass size restrictions of receptor-mediated endocytosis independently from receptor targeting. ACS NANO 2013; 7:10597-10611. [PMID: 24237309 PMCID: PMC3901850 DOI: 10.1021/nn404719c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of drug carriers to cell-surface receptors involved in endocytosis is commonly used for intracellular drug delivery. However, most endocytic receptors mediate uptake via clathrin or caveolar pathways associated with ≤200-nm vesicles, restricting carrier design. We recently showed that endocytosis mediated by intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), which differs from clathrin- and caveolae-mediated pathways, allows uptake of nano- and microcarriers in cell culture and in vivo due to recruitment of cellular sphingomyelinases to the plasmalemma. This leads to ceramide generation at carrier binding sites and formation of actin stress-fibers, enabling engulfment and uptake of a wide size-range of carriers. Here we adapted this paradigm to enhance uptake of drug carriers targeted to receptors associated with size-restricted pathways. We coated sphingomyelinase onto model (polystyrene) submicro- and microcarriers targeted to clathrin-associated mannose-6-phosphate receptor. In endothelial cells, this provided ceramide enrichment at the cell surface and actin stress-fiber formation, modifying the uptake pathway and enhancing carrier endocytosis without affecting targeting, endosomal transport, cell-associated degradation, or cell viability. This improvement depended on the carrier size and enzyme dose, and similar results were observed for other receptors (transferrin receptor) and cell types (epithelial cells). This phenomenon also enhanced tissue accumulation of carriers after intravenous injection in mice. Hence, it is possible to maintain targeting toward a selected receptor while bypassing natural size restrictions of its associated endocytic route by functionalization of drug carriers with biological elements mimicking the ICAM-1 pathway. This strategy holds considerable promise to enhance flexibility of design of targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ansar
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Daniel Serrano
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics and Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Iason Papademetriou
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Tridib Kumar Bhowmick
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
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Ernsting MJ, Murakami M, Roy A, Li SD. Factors controlling the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and intratumoral penetration of nanoparticles. J Control Release 2013; 172:782-94. [PMID: 24075927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle drug delivery to the tumor is impacted by multiple factors: nanoparticles must evade clearance by renal filtration and the reticuloendothelial system, extravasate through the enlarged endothelial gaps in tumors, penetrate through dense stroma in the tumor microenvironment to reach the tumor cells, remain in the tumor tissue for a prolonged period of time, and finally release the active agent to induce pharmacological effect. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles such as size, shape, surface charge, surface chemistry (PEGylation, ligand conjugation) and composition affect the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, intratumoral penetration and tumor bioavailability. On the other hand, tumor biology (blood flow, perfusion, permeability, interstitial fluid pressure and stroma content) and patient characteristics (age, gender, tumor type, tumor location, body composition and prior treatments) also have impact on drug delivery by nanoparticles. It is now believed that both nanoparticles and the tumor microenvironment have to be optimized or adjusted for optimal delivery. This review provides a comprehensive summary of how these nanoparticle and biological factors impact nanoparticle delivery to tumors, with discussion on how the tumor microenvironment can be adjusted and how patients can be stratified by imaging methods to receive the maximal benefit of nanomedicine. Perspectives and future directions are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ernsting
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada; Ryerson University, Faculty of Architectural Science and Engineering, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1Z2, Canada
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Abstract
Endothelial cells represent important targets for therapeutic and diagnostic interventions in many cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurological, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. Targeted delivery of drugs (especially potent and labile biotherapeutics that require specific subcellular addressing) and imaging probes to endothelium holds promise to improve management of these maladies. In order to achieve this goal, drug cargoes or their carriers including liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles are chemically conjugated or fused using recombinant techniques with affinity ligands of endothelial surface molecules. Cell adhesion molecules, constitutively expressed on the endothelial surface and exposed on the surface of pathologically altered endothelium—selectins, VCAM-1, PECAM-1, and ICAM-1—represent good determinants for such a delivery. In particular, PECAM-1 and ICAM-1 meet criteria of accessibility, safety, and relevance to the (patho)physiological context of treatment of inflammation, ischemia, and thrombosis and offer a unique combination of targeting options including surface anchoring as well as intra- and transcellular targeting, modulated by parameters of the design of drug delivery system and local biological factors including flow and endothelial phenotype. This review includes analysis of these factors and examples of targeting selected classes of therapeutics showing promising results in animal studies, supporting translational potential of these interventions.
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Papademetriou J, Garnacho C, Serrano D, Bhowmick T, Schuchman EH, Muro S. Comparative binding, endocytosis, and biodistribution of antibodies and antibody-coated carriers for targeted delivery of lysosomal enzymes to ICAM-1 versus transferrin receptor. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:467-77. [PMID: 22968581 PMCID: PMC3556357 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeting lysosomal enzymes to receptors involved in transport into and across cells holds promise to enhance peripheral and brain delivery of enzyme replacement therapies (ERTs) for lysosomal storage disorders. Receptors being explored include those associated with clathrin-mediated pathways, yet other pathways seem also viable. Well characterized examples are that of transferrin receptor (TfR) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), involved in iron transport and leukocyte extravasation, respectively. TfR and ICAM-1 support ERT delivery via clathrin- vs. cell adhesion molecule-mediated mechanisms, displaying different valency and size restrictions. To comparatively assess this, we used antibodies vs. larger multivalent antibody-coated carriers and evaluated TfR vs. ICAM-1 binding and endocytosis in endothelial cells, as well as in vivo biodistribution and delivery of a model lysosomal enzyme required in peripheral organs and brain: acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), deficient in types A-B Niemann Pick disease. We found similar binding of antibodies to both receptors under control conditions, with enhanced binding to activated endothelium for ICAM-1, yet only anti-TfR induced endocytosis efficiently. Contrarily, antibody-coated carriers showed enhanced binding, engulfment, and endocytosis for ICAM-1. In mice, anti-TfR enhanced brain targeting over anti-ICAM, with an opposite outcome in the lungs, while carriers enhanced ICAM-1 targeting over TfR in both organs. Both targeted carriers enhanced ASM delivery to the brain and lungs vs. free ASM, with greater enhancement for anti-ICAM carriers. Therefore, targeting TfR or ICAM-1 improves lysosomal enzyme delivery. Yet, TfR targeting may be more efficient for smaller conjugates or fusion proteins, while ICAM-1 targeting seems superior for multivalent carrier formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Papademetriou
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Carmen Garnacho
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville 41009, Spain
| | - Daniel Serrano
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics and Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Tridib Bhowmick
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Edward H. Schuchman
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Silvia Muro, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742-4450.
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Muro S. Challenges in design and characterization of ligand-targeted drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2012; 164:125-37. [PMID: 22709588 PMCID: PMC3481020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of therapeutic agents to molecular markers expressed on the surface of cells requiring clinical intervention holds promise to improve specificity of delivery, enhancing therapeutic effects while decreasing potential damage to healthy tissues. Drug targeting to cellular receptors involved in endocytic transport facilitates intracellular delivery, a requirement for a number of therapeutic goals. However, after several decades of experimental design, there is still considerable controversy on the practical outcome of drug targeting strategies. The plethora of factors contributing to the relative efficacy of targeting makes the success of these approaches hardly predictable. Lack of fully specific targets, along with selection of targets with spatial and temporal expression well aligned to interventional requirements, pose difficulties to this process. Selection of adequate sub-molecular target epitopes determines accessibility for anchoring of drug conjugates and bulkier drug carriers, as well as proper signaling for uptake within the cell. Targeting design must adapt to physiological variables of blood flow, disease status, and tissue architecture by accommodating physicochemical parameters such as carrier composition, functionalization, geometry, and avidity. In many cases, opposite features need to meet a balance, e.g., sustained circulation versus efficient targeting, penetration through tissues versus uptake within cells, internalization within endocytic compartment to avoid efflux pumps versus accessibility to molecular targets within the cytosol, etc. Detailed characterization of these complex physiological factors and design parameters, along with a deep understanding of the mechanisms governing the interaction of targeted drugs and carriers with the biological environment, are necessary steps toward achieving efficient drug targeting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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50
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Han J, Zern BJ, Shuvaev VV, Davies PF, Muro S, Muzykantov V. Acute and chronic shear stress differently regulate endothelial internalization of nanocarriers targeted to platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1. ACS NANO 2012; 6:8824-36. [PMID: 22957767 PMCID: PMC3874124 DOI: 10.1021/nn302687n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of nanocarriers (NC) is controlled by their design and target cell phenotype, microenvironment, and functional status. Endothelial cells (EC) lining the vascular lumen represent an important target for drug delivery. Endothelium in vivo is constantly or intermittently (as, for example, during ischemia-reperfusion) exposed to blood flow, which influences NC-EC interactions by changing NC transport properties, and by direct mechanical effects upon EC mechanisms involved in NC binding and uptake. EC do not internalize antibodies to marker glycoprotein PECAM(CD31), yet internalize multivalent NC coated with PECAM antibodies (anti-PECAM/NC) via a noncanonical endocytic pathway distantly related to macropinocytosis. Here we studied the effects of flow on EC uptake of anti-PECAM/NC spheres (~180 nm diameter). EC adaptation to chronic flow, manifested by cellular alignment with flow direction and formation of actin stress fibers, inhibited anti-PECAM/NC endocytosis consistent with lower rates of anti-PECAM/NC endocytosis in vivo in arterial compared to capillary vessels. Acute induction of actin stress fibers by thrombin also inhibited anti-PECAM/NC endocytosis, demonstrating that formation of actin stress fibers impedes EC endocytic machinery. In contrast, acute flow without stress fiber formation, stimulated anti-PECAM/NC endocytosis. Anti-PECAM/NC endocytosis did not correlate with the number of cell-bound particles under flow or static conditions. PECAM cytosolic tail deletion and disruption of cholesterol-rich plasmalemma domains abrogated anti-PECAM/NC endocytosis stimulation by acute flow, suggesting complex regulation of a flow-sensitive endocytic pathway in EC. The studies demonstrate the importance of the local flow microenvironment for NC uptake by the endothelium and suggest that cell culture models of nanoparticle uptake should reflect the microenvironment and phenotype of the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics
| | - Blaine J. Zern
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics
| | - Vladimir V. Shuvaev
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics
| | - Peter F. Davies
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Vladimir Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics
- Address correspondence to
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