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Zhang J, Xu W, Han H, Zhang L, Wang T. Dietary Leucine Supplementation Restores Serum Glucose Levels, and Modifying Hepatic Gene Expression Related to the Insulin Signal Pathway in IUGR Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121138. [PMID: 31847151 PMCID: PMC6941017 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Intrauterine malnutrition may compromise the size and structure of fetal organs and tissues, which leads to lower birth weight and a slower rate of growth after weaning. Intrauterine growth restriction/retardation (IUGR) impairs pancreas function, resulting in the decreased glucose levels in serum. Leucine, one of branched chain amino acids, is an essential amino acid and the substrate of protein synthesis. Leucine also acts as a major regulator of hormone signal transduction, like insulin. Dietary branched chain amino acids or leucine have beneficial effects on the glucose metabolism and glycogen synthesis of muscle. Leucine supplementation improves the insulin sensitivity in liver and muscle and then influences the systemic glucose homeostasis. However, it is still unclear whether leucine supplementation would alter insulin sensitivity in IUGR neonatal piglets. Our results showed that dietary leucine supplementation restored serum glucose concentrations, increased insulin and creatinine concentrations, and enhanced protein kinase adenosine monophosphate-activated γ 3-subunit and glucose transporter type 2 expression. These findings suggest that leucine might play a positive role in hepatic lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism in IUGR. Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effects of leucine with different levels on the insulin resistance in intrauterine growth restriction/retardation (IUGR) piglets. Thirty-two weaned piglets were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design and four treatments (n = 8) were as follow: (1) normal weaned piglets fed a basal diet (CONT), (2) IUGR weaned piglets fed a basal diet (IUGR), (3) normal weaned piglets fed a basal diet with the addition of 0.35% l-leucine (C-LEU), and (4) IUGR fed a basal diet with the addition of 0.35% l-leucine (I-LEU) for a 21-days trial. The results showed that compared to the IUGR group, the I-LEU group had higher final body weight and body weight gain, higher serum glucose concentrations, and higher serum insulin concentrations (p < 0.05). The gene expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110 gamma, protein kinase adenosine monophosphate-activated γ 3-subunit, glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha, and glucose transporter type 2 were increased in the I-LEU group as compared to the IUGR group (p < 0.05). It was concluded that dietary leucine supplementation restored serum glucose concentrations, increased insulin and creatinine concentrations, and enhanced protein kinase adenosine monophosphate-activated γ 3-subunit and glucose transporter type 2 expression, suggesting that leucine might play a positive role in hepatic lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism in IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tian Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-25-84395156
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Martins HA, Bazotte RB, Vicentini GE, Lima MM, Guarnier FA, Hermes-Uliana C, Frez FCV, Bossolani GDP, Fracaro L, Fávaro LDS, Manzano MI, Zanoni JN. l-Glutamine supplementation promotes an improved energetic balance in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695960. [PMID: 28345452 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of supplementation with oral l-glutamine in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. A total of 32 male Wistar rats aged 54 days were randomly divided into four groups: rats without Walker-256 tumor, that is, control rats (C group); control rats supplemented with l-glutamine (CG group); Walker-256 tumor rats without l-glutamine supplementation (WT group); and WT rats supplemented with l-glutamine (WTG group). l-Glutamine was incorporated into standard food at a proportion of 2 g/100 g (2%). After 10 days of the experimental period, the jejunum and duodenum were removed and processed. Protein expression levels of key enzymes of gluconeogenesis, that is, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase, were analyzed by western blot and immunohistochemical techniques. In addition, plasma corticosterone, glucose, insulin, and urea levels were evaluated. The WTG group showed significantly increased plasma glucose and insulin levels ( p < 0.05); however, plasma corticosterone and urea remained unchanged. Moreover, the WTG group showed increased immunoreactive staining for jejunal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and increased expression of duodenal glucose-6-phosphatase. Furthermore, the WTG group presented with less intense cancer cachexia and slower tumor growth. These results could be attributed, at least partly, to increased intestinal gluconeogenesis and insulinemia, and better glycemia maintenance during fasting in Walker-256 tumor rats on a diet supplemented with l-glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heber Amilcar Martins
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Roberto Barbosa Bazotte
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Machado Lima
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Catchia Hermes-Uliana
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciane Fracaro
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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Xie C, Wang Q, Wang J, Tan B, Fan Z, Deng ZY, Wu X, Yin Y. Developmental changes in hepatic glucose metabolism in a newborn piglet model: A comparative analysis for suckling period and early weaning period. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:824-30. [PMID: 26802463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver glucose metabolism, supplying sufficient energy for glucose-dependent tissues, is important in suckling or weaned animals, although there are few studies with piglet model. To better understand the development of glucose metabolism in the piglets during suckling period and early weaning period, we determined the hepatic glycogen content, and investigated the relative protein expression of key enzymes of glucogenesis (GNG) and mRNA levels of some glucose metabolism-related genes. During suckling period, the protein level of G6Pase in the liver of suckling piglets progressively declined with day of age compared with that of newborn piglets (at 1 day of age), whereas the PEPCK level stabilized until day 21 of age, indicating that hepatic GNG capacity gradually weakened in suckling piglets. The synthesis of hepatic glycogen, which was consistent with the fluctuation of glycolytic key genes PFKL and PKLR that gradually decreased after birth and was more or less steady during latter suckling period, although both the mRNA levels of GCK and key glucose transporter GLUT2 presented uptrend in suckling piglets. However, early weaning significantly suppressed the hepatic GNG in the weaned piglets, especially at d 3-5 of weaning period, then gradually recovered at d 7 of weaning period. Meanwhile, PFKL, PKLR and GLUT2 showed the similar trend during weaning period. On the contrast, the hepatic glycogen reached the maximum value when the G6Pase and PEPCK protein expression were at the lowest level, although the GCK level maintained increasing through 7 days of weaning period. Altogether, our study provides evidence that hepatic GNG and glycolysis in newborn piglets were more active than other days during suckling period, and early weaning could significantly suppressed glucose metabolism in liver, but this inhibition would progressively recover at day 7 after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Xie
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10008, China
| | - Qinhua Wang
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10008, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Ze-yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China; School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 41008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10008, China.
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Panadero M, Vidal H, Herrera E, Bocos C. Nutritionally induced changes in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha gene expression in liver of suckling rats are dependent on insulinaemia. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 394:182-8. [PMID: 11594732 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It was previously found that the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) was markedly augmented in the liver of suckling rats, in comparison to the fetuses and most notably to adult rats and it paralleled similar changes in hepatic lipid concentration. To determine whether these changes could be related to the high lipid content of the maternal milk and/or to hormonal status, the role of changes in nutrient availability and in plasma insulin concentration on liver expression during the perinatal stage in vivo in the rat was studied. When suckling rats were weaned on day 17, instead of on day 20, the level of hepatic PPARalpha mRNA decreased earlier than in rats weaned later. When 10-day-old rats were force-fed with either glucose or Intralipid or a combination of both diets, it was found that, at similar low levels of plasma insulin, a high level of FFA stimulated PPARalpha expression, whereas, at similar high plasma FFA concentrations, an elevated insulin level attenuated the increase in PPARalpha expression. It is proposed that both the high lipid intake and decreased plasma insulin level are responsible for the high PPARalpha expression detected in rat neonates.
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MESH Headings
- Acyl-CoA Oxidase
- Administration, Oral
- Aging/metabolism
- Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
- Animals
- Animals, Suckling
- Diet
- Fat Emulsions, Intravenous/administration & dosage
- Fat Emulsions, Intravenous/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glucose/administration & dosage
- Glucose/metabolism
- Insulin/blood
- Lipid Metabolism
- Lipids/analysis
- Liver/chemistry
- Liver/metabolism
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Weaning
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Affiliation(s)
- M Panadero
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales y Técnicas, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Gluconeogenesis (GNG), a key metabolic process, involves the formation of glucose and glycogen from non-glucose precursors via pyruvate. In the strict sense, it also includes the contribution of glycerol as well as recycled glucose carbon (Cori's cycle). The developmental expression of GNG in the fetus and newborn and the quantitative contribution of GNG to glucose has been extensively investigated in humans and other mammalian species. Data from studies in rodents, rabbits, and sheep fetuses show that the development of GNG is a well-orchestrated process that is regulated by the expression of specific factors involved in the transcription of the genes for specific regulating enzymes, which catalyze GNG. These transcription factors and the genes for gluconeogenic enzymes are expressed at specific time periods during development. Although the fetus has the potential for GNG, the actual formation of glucose from pyruvate is not apparent until after birth because the rate limiting enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase appears only after birth in the immediate newborn period. Several tracer isotope methods have been employed to quantify the contribution of GNG to glucose. Of these, the recently developed stable isotope techniques with deuterium labeled water and the mass isotopomer distribution analysis appear to be the most precise and easily applicable in human studies. The available data show that in the human newborn, GNG appears soon after birth and contributes 30% to 70% to glucose produced. Application of new molecular biology techniques, in combination with sensitive tracer isotopic methods, will allow us to identify and examine metabolic disorders that impact GNG and help develop intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Schwartz M.D. Center for Metabolism and Nutrition, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109-1998, USA.
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