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Uehara S, Uno Y, Yuki Y, Inoue T, Sasaki E, Yamazaki H. A New Marmoset P450 4F12 Enzyme Expressed in Small Intestines and Livers Efficiently Metabolizes Antihistaminic Drug Ebastine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:833-41. [PMID: 27044800 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are attracting attention as animal models in preclinical studies for drug development. However, cytochrome P450s (P450s), major drug-metabolizing enzymes, have not been fully identified and characterized in marmosets. In this study, based on the four novel P450 4F genes found on the marmoset genome, we successfully isolated P450 4F2, 4F3B, 4F11, and 4F12 cDNAs in marmoset livers. Deduced amino acid sequences of the four marmoset P450 4F forms exhibited high sequence identities (87%-93%) to the human and cynomolgus monkey P450 4F homologs. Marmoset P450 4F3B and 4F11 mRNAs were predominantly expressed in livers, whereas marmoset P450 4F2 and 4F12 mRNAs were highly expressed in small intestines and livers. Four marmoset P450 4F proteins heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli catalyzed the ω-hydroxylation of leukotriene B4 In addition, marmoset P450 4F12 effectively catalyzed the hydroxylation of antiallergy drug ebastine, a human P450 2J/4F probe substrate. Ebastine hydroxylation activities by small intestine and liver microsomes from marmosets and cynomolgus monkeys showed greatly higher values than those of humans. Ebastine hydroxylation activities by marmoset and cynomolgus monkey small intestine microsomes were inhibited (approximately 60%) by anti-P450 4F antibodies, unlike human small intestine microsomes, suggesting that contribution of P450 4F enzymes for ebastine hydroxylation in the small intestine might be different between marmosets/cynomolgus monkeys and humans. These results indicated that marmoset P450 4F2, 4F3B, 4F11, and 4F12 were expressed in livers and/or small intestines and were functional in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds, similar to those of cynomolgus monkeys and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., Y.Y., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., Y.Y., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Yukako Yuki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., Y.Y., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., Y.Y., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., Y.Y., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., Y.Y., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
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Uehara S, Uno Y, Inoue T, Kawano M, Shimizu M, Toda A, Utoh M, Sasaki E, Yamazaki H. Novel Marmoset Cytochrome P450 2C19 in Livers Efficiently Metabolizes Human P450 2C9 and 2C19 Substrates, S-Warfarin, Tolbutamide, Flurbiprofen, and Omeprazole. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1408-16. [PMID: 26228688 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small New World monkey, has the potential for use in human drug development due to its evolutionary closeness to humans. Four novel cDNAs, encoding cytochrome P450 (P450) 2C18, 2C19, 2C58, and 2C76, were cloned from marmoset livers to characterize P450 2C molecular properties, including previously reported P450 2C8. The deduced amino acid sequence showed high sequence identities (>86%) with those of human P450 2Cs, except for marmoset P450 2C76, which has a low sequence identity (∼70%) with any human P450 2Cs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that marmoset P450 2Cs were more closely clustered with those of humans and macaques than other species investigated. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that all of the marmoset P450 2C mRNAs were predominantly expressed in liver as opposed to the other tissues tested. Marmoset P450 2C proteins were detected in liver by immunoblotting using antibodies against human P450 2Cs. Among marmoset P450 2Cs heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, marmoset P450 2C19 efficiently catalyzed human P450 2C substrates, S-warfarin, diclofenac, tolbutamide, flurbiprofen, and omeprazole. Marmoset P450 2C19 had high Vmax and low Km values for S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation that were comparable to those in human liver microsomes, indicating warfarin stereoselectivity similar to findings in humans. Faster in vivo S-warfarin clearance than R-warfarin after intravenous administration of racemic warfarin (0.2 mg/kg) to marmosets was consistent with the in vitro kinetic parameters. These results indicated that marmoset P450 2C enzymes had functional characteristics similar to those of humans, and that P450 2C-dependent metabolic properties are likewise similar between marmosets and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Mirai Kawano
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Akiko Toda
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Masahiro Utoh
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., M.K., M.S., H.Y.); Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan (Y.U., A.T., M.U.); Department of Applied Developmental Biology (T.I.) and Center of Applied Developmental Biology (E.S.), Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; and Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.S.)
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Uehara S, Uno Y, Hagihira Y, Murayama N, Shimizu M, Inoue T, Sasaki E, Yamazaki H. Marmoset cytochrome P450 2D8 in livers and small intestines metabolizes typical human P450 2D6 substrates, metoprolol, bufuralol and dextromethorphan. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:766-72. [PMID: 25801057 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1019595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Although the New World non-human primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), is a potentially useful animal model, comprehensive understanding of drug metabolizing enzymes is insufficient. 2. A cDNA encoding a novel cytochrome P450 (P450) 2D8 was identified in marmosets. The amino acid sequence deduced from P450 2D8 cDNA showed a high sequence identity (83-86%) with other primate P450 2Ds. Phylogenetic analysis showed that marmoset P450 2D8 was closely clustered with human P450 2D6, unlike P450 2Ds of miniature pig, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, mouse or rat. 3. Marmoset P450 2D8 mRNA was predominantly expressed in the liver and small intestine among the tissues types analyzed, whereas marmoset P450 2D6 mRNA was expressed predominantly in the liver where P450 2D protein was detected by immunoblotting. 4. By metabolic assays using marmoset P450 2D8 protein heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, although P450 2D8 exhibits lower catalytic efficiency compared to marmoset and human P450 2D6 enzymes, P450 2D8 mediated O-demethylations of metoprolol and dextromethorphan and bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation. 5. These results suggest that marmoset P450 2D8 (also expressed in the extrahepatic tissues) has potential roles in drug metabolism in a similar manner to those of human and marmoset P450 2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- a Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
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Lyu C, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Kou F, Wei H, Zhang N, Zuo Z. Identification and characterization of in vitro and in vivo metabolites of steroidal alkaloid veratramine. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:308-24. [PMID: 25765359 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Veratramine, a steroidal alkaloid originating from Veratrum nigrum L., has demonstrated distinct anti-tumor and anti-hypertension effects, however, its metabolism has rarely been explored. The objective of the current study was to provide a comprehensive investigation of its metabolic pathways. The in vitro metabolic profiles of veratramine were evaluated by incubating it with liver microsomes and cytosols. The in vivo metabolic profiles in plasma, bile, urine and feces were monitored by UPLC-MS/MS after oral (20 mg/kg) and i.v. (50 µg/kg) administration in rats. Meanwhile, related P450s inhibitors and recombinant P450s and SULTs were used to identify the isozymes responsible for its metabolism. Eleven metabolites of veratramine, including seven hydroxylated, two sulfated and two glucuronidated metabolites, were characterized. Unlike most alkaloids, the major reactive sites of veratramine were on ring A and B instead of on the amine moiety. CYP2D6 was the major isozyme mediating hydroxylation, and substrate inhibition was observed with a Vmax , Ki and Clint of 2.05 ± 0.53 nmol/min/mg, 33.08 ± 10.13 µ m and 13.58 ± 1.27 µL/min/mg. SULT2A1, with Km , Vmax and Clint values of 19.37 ± 0.87 µ m, 1.51 ± 0.02 nmol/min/mg and 78.19 ± 8.57 µL/min/mg, was identified as the major isozyme contributing to its sulfation. In conclusion, CYP2D6 and SULT2A1 mediating hydroxylation and sulfation were identified as the major biotransformation for veratramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Lyu
- Technology Laboratory Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Shen Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medicine University, Shanghai, 200003, PR China
| | - Fang Kou
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hai Wei
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Technology Laboratory Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
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Kosugi Y, Takahashi J. Species differences and substrate specificity of CYP3A heteroactivation by efavirenz. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:345-52. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.981610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Grobler L, Grobler A, Haynes R, Masimirembwa C, Thelingwani R, Steenkamp P, Steyn HS. The effect of the Pheroid delivery system on the in vitro metabolism and in vivo pharmacokinetics of artemisone. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:313-25. [PMID: 24511903 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.885503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives were to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of artemisone and artemisone formulated in the Pheroid® drug delivery system in primates and to establish whether the formulation affects the in vitro metabolism of artemisone in human and monkey liver and intestinal microsomes. METHODS For the PK study, a single oral dose of artemisone was administered to vervet monkeys using a crossover design. Plasma samples were analyzed by means of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. For the in vitro metabolism study, clearance was determined using microsomes and recombinant CYP3A4 enzymes, and samples were analyzed by means of ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS Artemisone and M1 plasma levels were unexpectedly low compared to those previously recorded in rodents and humans. The in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint) of the reference formulation with monkey liver microsomes was much higher (1359.33 ± 103.24 vs 178.86 ± 23.42) than that of human liver microsomes. The in vitro data suggest that microsomal metabolism of artemisone is inhibited by the Pheroid delivery system. CONCLUSIONS The in vivo results obtained in this study indicate that the Pheroid delivery system improves the PK profile of artemisone. The in vitro results indicate that microsomal metabolism of artemisone is inhibited by the Pheroid delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizette Grobler
- North-West University, Faculty of Health Sciences, DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform , Potchefstroom , South Africa +27 18 299 2281, +27 18 299 4467 ; +27 18 285 2233 ; ;
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Holzgrefe H, Ferber G, Champeroux P, Gill M, Honda M, Greiter-Wilke A, Baird T, Meyer O, Saulnier M. Preclinical QT safety assessment: Cross-species comparisons and human translation from an industry consortium. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 69:61-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Mayumi K, Hanioka N, Masuda K, Koeda A, Naito S, Miyata A, Narimatsu S. Characterization of marmoset CYP2B6: cDNA cloning, protein expression and enzymatic functions. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1182-94. [PMID: 23395694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The common marmoset is a promising species for evaluating the safety of drug candidates. To further understand the capacity for drug metabolism in marmosets, a cDNA encoding a CYP2B enzyme was cloned from the total RNA fraction of marmoset liver by 3'- and 5'-RACE methods. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences showed 90.8 and 86.2% identity, respectively, with human CYP2B6. The marmoset CYP2B6 (marCYP2B6) protein was expressed in insect cells, and its enzymatic properties were compared with those of human (humCYP2B6) and cynomolgus monkey (cynCYP2B6) orthologs in liver and insect cell microsomes. Enzymatic functions were examined for the oxidation of 7-ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin (7-ETC), bupropion (BUP) and efavirenz (EFV). The kinetic profiles for the oxidation of the three substrates by liver microsomal fractions were similar between humans and cynomolgus monkeys (biphasic for 7-ETC and monophasic for BUP and EFV), but that of marmosets was unique (monophasic for 7-ETC and biphasic for BUP and EFV). Recombinant enzymes, humCYP2B6 and cynCYP2B6, also yielded similar kinetic profiles for the oxidation of the three substrates, whereas marCYP2B6 showed activity only for 7-ETC hydroxylation. In silico docking simulations suggested that two amino acid residues, Val-114 and Leu-367, affect the activity of marCYP2B6. In fact, a marCYP2B6 mutant with substitutions V114I and L367V exhibited BUP hydroxylase activity that was 4-fold higher than that of humCYP2B6, while its EFV 8-hydroxylase activity was only 10% that of the human enzyme. These results indicate that the amino acids at positions 114 and 367 affect the enzymatic capacity of marmoset CYP2B6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Mayumi
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Seehase S, Lauenstein HD, Schlumbohm C, Switalla S, Neuhaus V, Förster C, Fieguth HG, Pfennig O, Fuchs E, Kaup FJ, Bleyer M, Hohlfeld JM, Braun A, Sewald K, Knauf S. LPS-induced lung inflammation in marmoset monkeys - an acute model for anti-inflammatory drug testing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43709. [PMID: 22952743 PMCID: PMC3429492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing incidence and substantial morbidity and mortality of respiratory diseases requires the development of new human-specific anti-inflammatory and disease-modifying therapeutics. Therefore, new predictive animal models that closely reflect human lung pathology are needed. In the current study, a tiered acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model was established in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) to reflect crucial features of inflammatory lung diseases. Firstly, in an ex vivo approach marmoset and, for the purposes of comparison, human precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) were stimulated with LPS in the presence or absence of the phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor roflumilast. Pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1β) were measured. The corticosteroid dexamethasone was used as treatment control. Secondly, in an in vivo approach marmosets were pre-treated with roflumilast or dexamethasone and unilaterally challenged with LPS. Ipsilateral bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was conducted 18 hours after LPS challenge. BAL fluid was processed and analyzed for neutrophils, TNF-α, and MIP-1β. TNF-α release in marmoset PCLS correlated significantly with human PCLS. Roflumilast treatment significantly reduced TNF-α secretion ex vivo in both species, with comparable half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)). LPS instillation into marmoset lungs caused a profound inflammation as shown by neutrophilic influx and increased TNF-α and MIP-1β levels in BAL fluid. This inflammatory response was significantly suppressed by roflumilast and dexamethasone. The close similarity of marmoset and human lungs regarding LPS-induced inflammation and the significant anti-inflammatory effect of approved pharmaceuticals assess the suitability of marmoset monkeys to serve as a promising model for studying anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Seehase
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Lauenstein
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Simone Switalla
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Neuhaus
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Förster
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Region Hannover Klinikum Nordstadt, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Gerd Fieguth
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Klinikum Region Hannover Klinikum Oststadt-Heidehaus, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olaf Pfennig
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Region Hannover Klinikum Nordstadt, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Franz-Josef Kaup
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martina Bleyer
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens M. Hohlfeld
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha Knauf
- Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
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Kitaura K, Fujii Y, Matsutani T, Shirai K, Suzuki S, Takasaki T, Shimada S, Kametani Y, Shiina T, Takabayashi S, Katoh H, Ogasawara K, Kurane I, Suzuki R. A new method for quantitative analysis of the T cell receptor V region repertoires in healthy common marmosets by microplate hybridization assay. J Immunol Methods 2012; 384:81-91. [PMID: 22841578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, is one of the smallest primates and is increasingly used for an experimental nonhuman primate model in many research fields. Analysis of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires is a powerful tool to investigate T cell immunity in terms of antigen specificity and variability of TCR expression. However, monoclonal antibodies specific for many TCR Vα or Vβ chains have not been created. We have recently identified a large number of TCRα chain variable (TRAV) and TCRβ chain variable (TRBV) sequences from a cDNA library of common marmosets. The purpose of this study is to develop a new method for analysis of TCR repertoires in the common marmoset using this sequence information. This method is based on a microplate hybridization technique using 32 TRAV-specific and 32 TRBV-specific oligoprobes following an adaptor-ligation PCR. This enables the easy quantitation of the respective TRAV and TRBV expression levels. No cross-hybridization among specific-oligoprobes and very low variances in repeated measures of the same samples was found, demonstrating high specificity and reproducibility. Furthermore, this method was validated by an antihuman Vβ23 antibody which specifically bound to marmoset Vβ23. Using this method, we analyzed TCR repertoires from various tissue samples (PBMCs, spleen, lymph node and thymus) and isolated T cell subpopulations (CD4+CD8+, CD4+CD8− and CD4−CD8+) from the thymus of 10 common marmosets. Neither tissue-specific nor T cell subpopulation-specific differences was found in TRAV and TRBV repertoires. These results suggest that, unlike mice, TCR repertoires in the common marmoset are not affected by endogenous superantigens and are conserved among individuals, among tissues, and among T cell subpopulations. Thus, TCR repertoire analysis with high specificity and reproducibility is a very useful technique, with the potential to replace flow cytometric analysis using a panel of TRV-specific antibodies, many of which remain unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Kitaura
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihra National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Kanagawa, Japan
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11
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Cooke BR, Bligh SWA, Cybulski ZR, Ioannides C, Hall M. Debrisoquine metabolism and CYP2D expression in marmoset liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:70-5. [PMID: 21976620 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.041566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to define CYP2D enzymes in marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) liver microsomes, both at the activity level using debrisoquine as the model substrate and at the protein level using antibodies raised to human CYP2D6. Marmoset liver microsomes were incubated with [(14)C]debrisoquine, and the structure of the generated metabolites was determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and NMR. Marmoset liver microsomes were very effective in hydroxylating debrisoquine at various positions. Although 4-hydroxydebrisoquine was formed, in contrast to rat and human it was only a minor metabolite. Debrisoquine was more extensively hydroxylated in the 7, 5, 6, and 8 positions. In addition to the monohydroxylated metabolites, a dihydroxy metabolite, namely 6,7-dihydroxydebrisoquine, was identified. Finally, metabolites that had undergone ring opening were also detected but were not investigated further. Antibodies to CYP2D6 immunoreacted with protein in marmoset and human but not rat hepatic microsomes. In conclusion, we demonstrate that marmoset liver microsomes are effective in hydroxylating debrisoquine at various positions and that they contain a protein that is immunorelated to human CYP2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Cooke
- Department of In Vitro Metabolism, Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd., Woolley Road, Alconbury, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, PE28 4HS, UK
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12
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Uno Y, Iwasaki K, Yamazaki H, Nelson DR. Macaque cytochromes P450: nomenclature, transcript, gene, genomic structure, and function. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:346-61. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2010.549492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Narimatsu S, Nakata T, Shimizudani T, Nagaoka K, Nakura H, Masuda K, Katsu T, Koeda A, Naito S, Yamano S, Miyata A, Hanioka N. Regio- and stereoselective oxidation of propranolol enantiomers by human CYP2D6, cynomolgus monkey CYP2D17 and marmoset CYP2D19. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 189:146-52. [PMID: 21184751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxic and pharmacokinetic profiles of drug candidates are evaluated in vivo often using monkeys as experimental animals, and the data obtained are extrapolated to humans. Well understanding physiological properties, including drug-metabolizing enzymes, of monkeys should increase the accuracy of the extrapolation. The present study was performed to compare regio- and stereoselectivity in the oxidation of propranolol (PL), a chiral substrate, by cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) enzymes among humans, cynomolgus monkeys and marmosets. Complimentary DNAs encoding human CYP2D6, cynomolgus monkey CYP2D17 and marmoset CYP2D19 were cloned, and their proteins expressed in a yeast cell expression system. The regio- and stereoselective oxidation of PL enantiomers by yeast cell microsomal fractions were compared. In terms of efficiency of expression in the system, the holo-proteins ranked CYP2D6=CYP2D17>>CYP2D19. This may be caused by the bulky side chain of the amino acid residue at position 119 (leucine for CYP2D19 vs. valine for CYP2D6 and CYP2D17), which can disturb the incorporation of the heme moiety into the active-site cavity. PL enantiomers were oxidized by all of the enzymes mainly into 4-hydroxyproranolol (4-OH-PL), followed by 5-OH-PL and N-desisopropylpropranolol (NDP). In the kinetic analysis, apparent K(m) values were commonly in the μM range and substrate enantioselectivity of R-PL<S-PL was observed in both K(m) and V(max) values for the formation of the three metabolites from PL enantiomers. The activity to produce NDP tended to be higher for the monkey enzymes, particularly CYP2D17, than for the human enzyme. These results indicate that in the oxidation of PL enantiomers by CYP2D enzymes, stereoselectivity is similar but regioselectivity is different between humans and monkeys.
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14
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Comprehensive analysis and characterization of the TCR α chain sequences in the common marmoset. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:383-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Marathe PH, Rodrigues AD. Examination of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein-mediated drug-drug interactions using animal models. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 596:385-403. [PMID: 19949933 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-416-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of polytherapy for cancer treatment it has become prudent to minimize, as much as possible, the potential for drug-drug interactions (DDI). Toward this end, the metabolic and transporter pathways involved in the disposition of a drug candidate (phenotyping) and potential for inhibition and induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters are evaluated in vitro. Such in vitro human data can be made available prior to human dosing and enable in vitro to in vivo-based predictions of clinical outcomes. Despite some success, however, in vitro systems are not dynamic and sometimes fail to predict drug-drug interactions for a variety of reasons. In comparison, relatively less effort has been made to evaluate predictions based on data derived from in vivo animal models. This chapter will attempt to summarize different examples from the literature where animal models have been used to predict cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A)- and P-glycoprotein-based DDI. When employing data from animal models one needs to be aware of species differences in enzyme- and transporter-activity leading to differences in pharmacokinetics, clearance pathways as well as species differences in selectivity and affinity of probe substrates and inhibitors. Because of these differences, in vivo animal studies alone, cannot be predictive of human DDI. Despite these caveats, the information obtained from validated in vivo animal models may prove useful when used in conjunction with in vitro-in vivo extrapolation methods. Such an integrated data set can be used to select drug candidates with a reduced DDI potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit H Marathe
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Characteristics of twelve cytochromes P450 (CYPs) from cynomolgus monkeys were compared with those of human CYPs that play an important role in drug metabolism. Eleven members of CYP1A, CYP2A, CYP2C, CYP2D, CYP2E, and CYP3A subfamilies from cynomolgus monkeys exhibited a high degree of homologies (more than 90%) in cDNA and amino acid sequences with corresponding human CYPs, and catalysed typical reactions of corresponding human CYPs. One member of the cynomolgus monkey CYP2C subfamily, CYP2C76, exhibited a lower homology (around 70%) in amino acid sequences with other cynomolgus monkey and human CYP2C subfamilies. CYP2C76 catalysed typical CYP2C substrates with low activities, and has not been found in humans. CYPs identified in cynomolgus monkeys were similar to CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 in humans. These results indicate that cynomolgus monkeys express CYPs similar to human CYPs that are important in drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Iwasaki
- Business Development Department, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
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17
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Koehler SC, Von Ahsen N, Schlumbohm C, Asif AR, Goedtel-Armbrust U, Oellerich M, Wojnowski L, Armstrong VW. MarmosetCYP3A21, a model for humanCYP3A4: Protein expression and functional characterization of the promoter. Xenobiotica 2009; 36:1210-26. [PMID: 17162468 DOI: 10.1080/00498250600962831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to its small size and the relative evolutionary proximity, the marmoset has been proposed as a model for studies of human drug interactions and metabolism. The current study investigated the expression and regulation of marmoset CYP3A using mass spectrometry and reporter gene techniques. Expression levels of hepatic marmoset CYP3A protein range from 51 to 123 pmol mg-1 total protein (mean 85.2 pmol mg-1, n = 10) and CYP3A21 is the dominant hepatic CYP3A protein in marmosets. The sequence similarity between human CYP3A4 and CYP3A21 across the first 7.5 kb of the cloned CYP3A21 promoter is 88% within the xenobiotic-responsive enhancer module (XREM) and the proximal promoter. Both regulatory modules confer transcriptional activation of CYP3A21-luciferase reporter gene constructs cotransfected with hPXR in intestinal LS174T cells. The pronounced response to rifampin and the moderate response to dexamethasone were similar to those observed with CYP3A4. Taken collectively, these data establish substantial similarities in expression and gene regulation between marmoset CYP3A21 and human CYP3A4. CYP3A21 may be an equivalent of CYP3A4 in New World monkeys, consistent with the phylogenetic relationship between these genes. The marmoset, therefore, appears to be a suitable in vivo model to study CYP3A4 function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Koehler
- Klinische Chemie, Uni-Klinikum Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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18
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Mitchell S, Steventon G, Waring R. Metabolic fate of phenothiazine in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). DRUG METABOLISM AND DRUG INTERACTIONS 2009; 24:137-51. [PMID: 20408497 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.2009.24.2-4.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The fate of [35S]-phenothiazine, a veterinary anthelmintic, has been investigated in the adult male marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) following oral administration. A near complete recovery of radioactivity (c. 95%) was achieved in 0-3 days, with just over one-third of the dose (c. 37%) being present in the urine and the remainder (c. 58%) being accounted for in the faeces. The majority of the urinary radioactivity (c. 91%) was present as conjugates, tentatively identified as phenothiazine N-glucuronide and leucophenothiazone sulphate. Smaller amounts of phenothiazone, thionol, phenothiazine sulphoxide and unchanged phenothiazine were also identified. The only compound identified in the faeces was unchanged phenothiazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mitchell
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, SORA Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, UK.
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19
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Narimatsu S, Torigoe F, Tsuneto Y, Saito K, Hanioka N, Masuda K, Katsu T, Yamamoto S, Yamano S, Baba T, Miyata A. Cloning of a cDNA encoding a novel marmoset CYP2C enzyme, expression in yeast cells and characterization of its enzymatic functions. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1738-48. [PMID: 17010942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We cloned a cDNA encoding a novel CYP2C enzyme, called P450 M-2C, from a marmoset liver. The deduced amino acid sequence showed high identities to those of human CYP2C8 (87%), CYP2C9 (78%) and CYP2C19 (77%). The P450 M-2C enzyme expressed in yeast cells catalyzed p-methylhydroxylation of only tolbutamide among four substrates tested, paclitaxel as a CYP2C8 substrate, diclofenac and tolbutamide as CYP2C9 substrates and S-mephenytoin as a CYP2C19 substrate. p-Methylhydroxylation of tolbutamide by marmoset liver microsomes showed monophasic kinetics, and the apparent K(m) value (1.2 mM) for the substrate was similar to that of the recombinant P450 M-2C (1.8 mM). Although all of the recombinant human CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 expressed in yeast cells catalyzed tolbutamide p-methylhydroxylation, the kinetic profile of CYP2C8 was most similar to that of P450 M-2C. Tolbutamide oxidation by the marmoset liver microsomes and the recombinant P450 M-2C was inhibited most effectively by quercetin, a CYP2C8 inhibitor, followed by omeprazole, a CYP2C19 inhibitor, whereas sulfaphenazole, a CYP2C9 inhibitor, was less potent under the conditions used. These results indicate that P450 M-2C is the major tolbutamide p-methylhydroxylase in the marmoset liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuo Narimatsu
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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20
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Prueksaritanont T, Kuo Y, Tang C, Li C, Qiu Y, Lu B, Strong-Basalyga K, Richards K, Carr B, Lin JH. In vitro and in vivo CYP3A64 induction and inhibition studies in rhesus monkeys: a preclinical approach for CYP3A-mediated drug interaction studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:1546-55. [PMID: 16782766 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.009878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, induction and inhibition of rhesus monkey CYP3A64 versus human CYP3A4 were characterized in vitro, and the corresponding pharmacokinetic consequences were evaluated in rhesus monkeys. In monkey hepatocytes, rifampin markedly induced CYP3A64 mRNA (EC50 = 0.5 microM; Emax = 6-fold) and midazolam (MDZ) 1'-hydroxylase activity (EC50 = 0.2 microM; Emax = 2-fold). Compound A (N-[2(R)-hydroxy-1(S)-indanyl-5-[2(S)-(1,1-dimethylethylaminocarbonyl)-4-[(furo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-methyl]piperazin-1-yl]-4(S)-hydroxy-2(R)-phenylmethylpentanamide), a known potent and mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP3A4, strongly inhibited the formation of 1'-hydroxy MDZ by recombinant CYP3A64 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (KI = 0.25 microM; k(inact) = 0.4 min(-1)). Similar corresponding results also were obtained with human CYP3A4 in the presence of rifampin or compound A. In rhesus monkeys, MDZ exhibited a relatively high metabolic clearance (primarily via 1'-hydroxylation followed by glucuronidation) and a low hepatic availability (Fh = 16%). Consistent with the induction of hepatic metabolism of a high-clearance compound, pretreatment with rifampin (18 mg/kg p.o. for 5 days) did not significantly affect the i.v. kinetics of MDZ, but caused a pronounced reduction (approximately 10-fold) in the systemic exposure to MDZ and, consequently, its Fh following intrahepatic portal vein administration (i.pv.) of MDZ. A comparable extent of the pharmacokinetic interaction also was obtained after a 1.8 mg/kg rifampin dose. Also consistent with the in vitro CYP3A64 inhibition finding, compound A (6 mg/kg i.v.) markedly increased (10-fold) the i.pv. administered MDZ exposure. At the doses studied, plasma concentrations of rifampin or compound A reached or exceeded their respective in vitro EC50 or KI values. These findings suggest the potential applicability of the in vitro-in vivo relationship approach in rhesus monkeys for studying CYP3A-mediated interactions in humans.
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21
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Narimatsu S, Oda M, Hichiya H, Isobe T, Asaoka K, Hanioka N, Yamano S, Shinoda S, Yamamoto S. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of cytochrome P450 1A2 from Japanese monkey liver: comparison with marmoset cytochrome P450 1A2. Chem Biol Interact 2005; 152:1-12. [PMID: 15766918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a novel cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) was cloned from the liver of an adult female Japanese monkey. The CYP1A2 protein was expressed in yeast cells and its enzymatic properties were compared with those of marmoset CYP1A2 using ethoxyresorufin (ER) and phenacetin (PN) as substrates. The nucleotide sequence of Japanese monkey CYP1A2 revealed 94.7, 99.5 and 93.5% identities to those of human, cynomolgus monkey and marmoset monkey CYP1A2, respectively. Multiple amino acid sequence alignment of Japanese monkey CYP1A2 with CYP1A2 of humans, cynomolgus monkeys and marmosets showed that Japanese monkey CYP1A2 had 92.4, 99.0 and 91.9% identities to the human, cynomolgus monkey and marmoset enzymes, respectively. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the enzymatic properties as ER and PN O-deethylases were considerably different between the Japanese monkey and the marmoset CYP1A2. Furthermore, both of these reactions in liver microsomal fractions from the Japanese monkey and marmoset showed biphasic kinetics. On the basis of the kinetic parameters, it is suggested that Japanese monkey CYP1A2 is a high-K(m) enzyme in both ER and PN O-deethylations, whereas marmoset CYP1A2 is a high-K(m) and low-K(m) enzyme in ER and PN O-deethylations, respectively. alpha-Naphthoflavone, an inhibitor of human CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, did not completely inhibit the liver microsomal oxidations of ER and PN even at the highest concentration (50muM), supporting the notion that CYP1A2 enzymes are not the sole ER or PN O-deethylase in Japanese monkey and marmoset liver microsomes. Inhibitory effects of furafylline, an inhibitor of human CYP1A2, on ER O-deethylation by recombinant CYP1A2 enzymes were much lower than those of alpha-naphthoflavone, but marmoset CYP1A2 was more sensitive to furafylline than Japanese monkey CYP1A2. These results indicate that the properties of Japanese monkey CYP1A2 are considerably different from those of marmoset CYP1A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuo Narimatsu
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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22
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Kanazu T, Yamaguchi Y, Okamura N, Baba T, Koike M. Model for the drug-drug interaction responsible for CYP3A enzyme inhibition. I: evaluation of cynomolgus monkeys as surrogates for humans. Xenobiotica 2005; 34:391-402. [PMID: 15370956 DOI: 10.1080/00498250410001685755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Anti-human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 antiserum completely inhibited midazolam metabolism in monkey liver microsomes, suggesting that midazolam was mainly metabolized by CYP3A enzyme(s) in monkey liver microsomes. 2. Midazolam metabolism was also inhibited in vitro by typical chemical inhibitors of CYP3A, such as ketoconazole, erythromycin and diltiazem, and the apparent K(i) values for ketoconazole, erythromycin and diltiazem were 0.127, 94.2 and 29.6 microM, respectively. 3. CYP3A inhibitors increased plasma midazolam concentrations when midazolam and CYP3A inhibitors were co-administered orally. However, the pharmacokinetic parameters of midazolam were not changed by treatment with CYP3A inhibitors when midazolam was given intravenously. This suggests that CYP3A inhibitors modified the first-pass metabolism in the liver and/or intestine, but not systemic metabolism. 4. The drug-drug interaction responsible for CYP3A enzyme(s) inhibition was observed when midazolam and inhibitors were co-administrated orally. Therefore, it was concluded that monkeys given midazolam orally could be useful models for predicting drug-drug interactions in man based on CYP3A enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kanazu
- Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., LTD, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.
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23
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Akahori M, Takatori A, Kawamura S, Itagaki S, Yoshikawa Y. No Regional Differences of Cytochrome P450 Expression in the Liver of Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Exp Anim 2005; 54:131-6. [PMID: 15897621 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.54.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates are frequently used in toxicological studies the result of which are extrapolated to humans, but background data on drug metabolism ability among monkeys derived from different countries has not been published, especially on the key enzyme, cytochrome P450 (CYP450). We assessed the amounts of hepatic CYP450 obtained from cynomolgus monkeys of different ages and from different countries in this study. There were no regional differences of total P450 content, as well as major CYP450 isozymes (CYP 1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E1 and 3A4) in cynomolgus monkeys by westernblot analysis. Similarly, there were no significant differences with hybrid cynomolgus monkeys, but variations in individual values were large. As for aging, total P450 contents declined in old cynomolgus monkeys (12-32 years of age). These results indicate the usefulness of basic data of hepatic CYP450 obtained from cynomolgus monkeys of different ages and from different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Akahori
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Hichiya H, Kuramoto S, Yamamoto S, Shinoda S, Hanioka N, Narimatsu S, Asaoka K, Miyata A, Iwata S, Nomoto M, Satoh T, Kiryu K, Ueda N, Naito S, Tucker GT, Ellis SW. Cloning and functional expression of a novel marmoset cytochrome P450 2D enzyme, CYP2D30: comparison with the known marmoset CYP2D19. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:165-75. [PMID: 15183128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using a primer set designed on the cDNA encoding the known marmoset cytochrome P450 2D19 (CYP2D19), a cDNA encoding a novel CYP2D enzyme (CYP2D30) was cloned from the liver of a female marmoset bred at Kyoto University (KYU). In addition, a cDNA encoding CYP2D19 was cloned from the liver of a female marmoset bred at Kagoshima University (KAU). CYP2D30 and CYP2D19 showed homologies of 93.6 and 93.4% in their nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and digestion with NdeI demonstrated that the KYU-marmoset liver contained mainly mRNA for CYP2D30, while the KAU-marmoset liver contained mainly mRNA for CYP2D19. Marmoset CYP2D30, like human CYP2D6, exhibited high debrisoquine (DB) 4-hydroxylase activity and relatively low DB 5-, 6-, 7- and 8-hydroxylase activities, whereas CYP2D19 lacked DB 4-hydroxylase but exhibited marked 5-, 6-, 7- and 8-hydroxylase activities. The two marmoset recombinant enzymes showed enantioselective bufuralol (BF) 1"-hydroxylase activities, similar to CYP2D6. BF 1"-hydroxylation by CYP2D30 exhibited product-enantioselectivity of (1"R-OH-BF << 1"S-OH-BF), similar to that observed with human CYP2D6, whereas CYP2D19 showed a reversed selectivity of (1"R-OH-BF > or = 1"S-OH-BF). BF 1"-hydroxylation in marmoset liver microsomes from both sources was inhibited by antibodies raised against rat CYP2D1 in a concentration-dependent manner. A known inhibitor of CYP2D6, quinidine, effectively inhibited the BF 1"-hydroxylation activities in liver microsomal fractions prepared from KYU- and KAU-marmosets. These results suggest that CYP2D19 and CYP2D30 proteins can be expressed as functional enzymes in marmoset livers, although it is unresolved whether both enzymes coexist in the same marmoset liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hichiya
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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25
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Schoedel KA, Sellers EM, Palmour R, Tyndale RF. Down-regulation of hepatic nicotine metabolism and a CYP2A6-like enzyme in African green monkeys after long-term nicotine administration. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 63:96-104. [PMID: 12488541 DOI: 10.1124/mol.63.1.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine metabolism is decreased in smokers compared with nonsmokers, but the mechanism(s) responsible for the slower metabolism are unknown. Nicotine is inactivated to cotinine by CYP2A6 in human liver [nicotine C-oxidation (NCO)]. CYP2B6 also metabolizes nicotine to cotinine but with lower affinity than CYP2A6. To evaluate the effects of long-term nicotine treatment on hepatic levels of CYP2A6 and CYP2B6, and nicotine metabolism, an African green monkey (AGM) model was developed. As in humans, approximately 80 to 90% of in vitro hepatic NCO is mediated by a CYP2A6-like protein (CYP2A6agm) in this species, as determined by inhibition studies. Male AGM (n = 6 per group) were treated for 3 weeks with nicotine (s.c., 0.3 mg/kg, b.i.d.), phenobarbital (oral, 20 mg/kg, as a positive control for P450 induction), and/or saline (s.c., b.i.d.). Immunoblotting demonstrated a 59% decrease (p < 0.05) in hepatic CYP2A6agm protein in nicotine-treated animals. A CYP2B6-like protein (CYP2B6agm) was modestly and insignificantly decreased (14%, p = 0.11). In vitro NCO was decreased by 41% in the nicotine-treated group (p < 0.05), mediated by a decrease in CYP2A6agm, as demonstrated using inhibitory antibodies. CYP2A6agm mRNA (33%, P < or = 0.05) and CYP2B6agm (35%, p < 0.01) mRNA were also significantly decreased in the nicotine-treated group. Phenobarbital-treated animals demonstrated an increase in CYP2B6agm (650%, p < 0.001), but not CYP2A6agm (20%, p = 0.49). NCO was increased in the phenobarbital-treated group (55%, p < 0.05) by an increase in CYP2B6agm-mediated NCO. Consistent with the slower nicotine metabolism observed in smokers, nicotine may decrease its own metabolism in primates by decreasing the expression of the primary nicotine-metabolizing enzyme CYP2A6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A Schoedel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hichiya H, Takemi C, Tsuzuki D, Yamamoto S, Asaoka K, Suzuki S, Satoh T, Shinoda S, Kataoka H, Narimatsu S. Complementary DNA cloning and characterization of cytochrome P450 2D29 from Japanese monkey liver. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64:1101-10. [PMID: 12234613 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA was cloned from Japanese monkey liver mRNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using oligonucleotide primers based on the marmoset cytochrome P450 2D19 (CYP2D19) nucleotide sequence. The full-length cDNA encoded a 497 amino acid protein (designated CYP2D29) that is 96, 91, and 88% homologous to human CYP2D6, cynomolgus monkey CYP2D17, and marmoset monkey CYP2D19, respectively. Yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH-22 strain) transfected with pGYR1 vectors containing the CYP2D29 cDNA were cultured, and microsomal fractions were obtained. Reduced carbon monoxide-difference spectra and western blot analysis using polyclonal antibodies raised against rat CYP2D2 demonstrated that in yeast cell microsomal fractions, the level of CYP2D29 holoenzyme was similar to that of CYP2D6 holoenzyme. However, western blot analysis indicated that the level of CYP2D29 in Japanese monkey liver microsomes might be much higher than that of CYP2D6 in human liver microsomes. Japanese monkey liver microsomes exhibited much higher activities than did human liver microsomes, expressed as nmol/min/mg protein, for debrisoquine (DB) 4-hydroxylation and bufuralol (BF) 1"-hydroxylation (typical reactions catalyzed by CYP2D6), whereas recombinant CYP2D29 activity, expressed as nmol/min/nmol CYP, was similar to that of CYP2D6 for DB and BF hydroxylation. In kinetic analyses, the K(m) value of CYP2D29 for DB 4-hydroxylation was much lower than that of Japanese monkey liver microsomes, whereas the K(m) value of CYP2D6 for DB 4-hydroxylation was similar to that of human liver microsomes. In contrast, K(m) values for BF 1"-hydroxylation were similar for Japanese monkey and human liver microsomes and yeast cell microsomal fractions expressing recombinant CYP2D29 or CYP2D6. These results suggest that the properties of Japanese monkey CYP2D29 are similar to those of human CYP2D6, but their populations and/or some other factors in liver microsomes may cause the difference in microsomal DB 4-hydroxylase activities between Japanese monkeys and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hichiya
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Horii I, Kito G, Hamada T, Jikuzono T, Kobayashi K, Hashimoto K. Development of telemetry system in the common marmoset--cardiovascular effects of astemizole and nicardipine. J Toxicol Sci 2002; 27:123-30. [PMID: 12058448 DOI: 10.2131/jts.27.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a telemetry system for examining the cardiovascular system in the conscious common marmoset. Parameters obtained were blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, ECG, body temperature and locomotor activity, and these were continuously recorded on a data recorder via the telemetry system and then processed by a computerized system. Diurnal rhythms of blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and locomotor activity were observed in this system. We studied the effects of astemizole (antihistamine) and nicardipine (Ca2+ channel blocker) on cardiovascular parameters. Astemizole at 30 mg/kg (p.o.) and at 1 to 3 mg/kg (i.v.), prolonged QT interval and induced ventricular extrasystole. Torsades de pointes occurred in one of three cases at 3 mg/kg (i.v.) and 30 mg/kg (p.o.), while it did not affect the blood pressure, respiratory rate and body temperature. Nicardipine at 30 mg/kg (p.o.) caused sustained hypotension and tachycardia. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the telemetry system using the common marmoset for evaluating the cardiovascular effects of drugs under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Horii
- Nippon Roche Research Center, 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
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Schulz TG, Thiel R, Neubert D, Brassil PJ, Schulz-Utermoehl T, Boobis AR, Edwards RJ. Assessment of P450 induction in the marmoset monkey using targeted anti-peptide antibodies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1546:143-55. [PMID: 11257517 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The identity and expression of hepatic P450 enzymes in marmosets was investigated using a panel of anti-peptide antibodies originally targeted against human P450 enzymes. In immunoblotting, of 12 antibodies examined, 10 bound specifically to bands in marmoset liver microsomal fraction corresponding to P450 enzymes. It is proposed that these represent marmoset CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A, CYP2B, CYP2C forms (CYP2C-1 and CYP2C-2), CYP2D19, CYP3A21 and another CYP3A form (CYP3A-m). The antibodies, together with an anti-marmoset CYP2E1 antibody, were used to investigate the expression of 10 P450 enzymes in marmosets treated with P450-inducing chemicals. Treatment with phenobarbitone caused CYP2B, CYP2C-2 and CYP3A21 levels to increase, rifampicin caused increases in CYP2B and CYP2C-1 and a decrease in CYP3A21 levels, whereas dioxin caused CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 levels to increase and CYP2E1 levels to decrease. Clofibric acid did not induce any P450. P450 enzyme activities were assessed using 8 different substrates and increases were found after treatment with phenobarbitone, rifampicin, and dioxin. However, due to species differences in substrate selectivity, it proved difficult to ascribe these changes to individual P450 enzymes. Thus, the use of anti-peptide antibodies provides a more informative way of assessing the levels of specific P450 enzymes than enzyme activity measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Schulz
- Section on Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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29
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Narimatsu S, Kobayashi N, Masubuchi Y, Horie T, Kakegawa T, Kobayashi H, Hardwick JP, Gonzalez FJ, Shimada N, Ohmori S, Kitada M, Asaoka K, Kataoka H, Yamamoto S, Satoh T. Species difference in enantioselectivity for the oxidation of propranolol by cytochrome P450 2D enzymes. Chem Biol Interact 2000; 127:73-90. [PMID: 10903420 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(00)00174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined and compared enantioselectivity in the oxidation of propranolol (PL) by liver microsomes from humans and Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). PL was oxidized at the naphthalene ring to 4-hydroxypropranolol, 5-hydroxypropranolol and side chain N-desisopropylpropranolol by human liver microsomes with enantioselectivity of [R(+)>S(-)] in PL oxidation rates at substrate concentrations of 10 microM and 1 mM. In contrast, reversed enantioselectivity [R(+)<S(-)] in PL 5-hydroxylation and N-desalkylation rates at the same substrate concentrations was observed in monkey liver microsomes, although the selectivity was the same for PL 4-hydroxylation between the two species. All oxidation reactions of the PL enantiomers in human liver microsomes showed biphasic kinetics, i.e. the reactions could be expressed as the summation of a low-K(m) phase and a high-K(m) phase. Inhibition studies using antibodies and characterization of CYP2D6 enzymes expressed in insect cells or human lymphoblastoid cells indicated that the enantioselectivity of PL oxidation, especially the ring 4- and 5-hydroxylations reflected the properties of CYP2D6 in human liver microsomes. In monkey liver microsomes, all of the oxidation reactions of S(-)-PL showed biphasic kinetics, whereas ring 4- and 5-hydroxylations were monophasic and side chain N-desisopropylation was biphasic for R(+)-PL. Similarly, from the results of inhibition studies using antibodies and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (P450), it appears that the reversed selectivity [R(+)<S(-)] of PL oxidation rates is catalyzed by CYP2D enzyme(s) in monkey liver at low substrate concentrations. These results indicate that different properties of P450s belonging to the 2D subfamily cause the reversed enantioselectivity between human and monkey liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Narimatsu
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama, Japan.
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Chiba M, Nishime JA, Neway W, Lin Y, Lin JH. Comparative in vitro metabolism of indinavir in primates--a unique stereoselective hydroxylation in monkey. Xenobiotica 2000; 30:117-29. [PMID: 10718120 DOI: 10.1080/004982500237721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The in vitro metabolism of indinavir (CRIXIVAN, MK-0639, L-735,524), an HIV protease inhibitor, was evaluated using liver microsomes from cynomolgus monkey, rhesus monkey, chimpanzee and human. Indinavir exhibited marked species differences in metabolism. The overall rate of indinavir metabolism varied > 4-fold among primates (84 pmol/min/mg protein in cynomolgus monkey versus 20.4 pmol/min/mg protein in human) and followed the rank order: cynomolgus monkey > rhesus monkey > chimpanzee > human. 2. The cis-(indan)hydroxylated metabolite of indinavir was formed only in cynomolgus and rhesus monkey livers, whereas trans-(indan)hydroxylation and N-dealkylation were observed as the major metabolites in all primates tested. Inhibition studies with P450-selective inhibitors (ketoconazole, quinine, quinidine) and monoclonal antibodies (against CYP2D6 or CYP3A4) indicated that a cytochrome P450 isoform of the CYP2D subfamily is involved in the formation of the unique cis-(indan) hydroxylated metabolite in monkey, whereas all other oxidative metabolites, including the trans-(indan)hydroxylated metabolite, are formed by CYP3A isoform(s). 3. The present study has demonstrated that monkeys were unique in their abilities to form the stereoselective metabolite and were not appropriate surrogates for the qualitative prediction of indinavir metabolism in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chiba
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Mankowski DC, Laddison KJ, Christopherson PA, Ekins S, Tweedie DJ, Lawton MP. Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of CYP2D17 from cynomolgus monkey liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 372:189-96. [PMID: 10562433 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cynomolgus monkey is a species used in drug-safety evaluation and biotransformation studies by the pharmaceutical industry. Relatively little is known, however, about the catalytic activities and specificities of cytochromes P450 (CYP) in this species. As a first step in characterizing monkey CYPs, a cDNA was cloned by reverse-transcriptase PCR from cynomolgus monkey liver mRNA using oligonucleotide primers based on the human CYP2D6 sequence. The full-length cDNA (called CYP2D17) encoded a 497-amino-acid protein that is 93% identical to human CYP2D6 and 90% identical to marmoset CYP2D19. The CYP2D17 cDNA was cloned into a baculovirus expression vector, and microsomes prepared from CYP2D17-infected insect cells were used to determine the catalytic properties of the recombinant enzyme. The recombinant CYP2D17 results were compared to data generated with monkey liver microsomes, human liver microsomes, and recombinant CYP2D6 and demonstrated catalytic similarity using probe substrates and inhibitors. Recombinant CYP2D17 catalyzed the oxidation of bufuralol to 1'-hydroxybufuralol and dextromethorphan to dextrorphan, reactions shown to be mediated by CYP2D6 in humans; the apparent K(m) values for bufuralol and dextromethorphan were 1 and 0.8 microM, respectively. Moreover, both of these reactions were more strongly inhibited by quinidine than by quinine. A more complete understanding of the substrate specificities and activities of monkey CYPs will be advantageous in delineating species differences in metabolite profiles and metabolic activation of new chemical entities in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Mankowski
- Pfizer Central Research, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
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