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Bouzidi I, Fkiri A, Saidani W, Khazri A, Mezni A, Mougin K, Beyrem H, Sellami B. The pharmaceutical triclosan induced oxidative stress and physiological disorder in marine organism and nanoparticles as a potential mitigating tool. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 196:106424. [PMID: 38428315 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Environmental research plays a crucial role in formulating novel approaches to pollution management and preservation of biodiversity. This study aims to assess the potential harm of pharmaceutical triclosan (TCS) to non-target aquatic organism, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Furthermore, our study investigates the potential effectiveness of TiO2 and ZnO nanomaterials (TiO2 NPs and ZnO NPs) in degrading TCS. To ascertain the morphology, structure, and stability of the nanomaterials, several chemical techniques were employed. To evaluate the impact of TCS, TiO2 NPs, and ZnO NPs, both physiological (filtration rate (FR) and respiration rate (RR)), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST)) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were measured in M. galloprovincialis gills and digestive gland. The mussel's responses varied depending on the contaminant, concentration, and organ, underscoring the significance of compiling these factors in ecotoxicity tests. The main toxic mechanisms of TCS and ZnO NPs at a concentration of 100 μg/L were likely to be a decrease in FR and RR, an increase in oxidative stress, and increased lipid peroxidation. Our findings indicate that a mixture of TCS and NPs has an antagonist effect on the gills and digestive gland. This effect is particularly notable in the case of TCS2 = 100 μg/L combined with TiO2 NP2 = 100 μg/L, which warrants further investigation to determine the underlying mechanism. Additionally, our results suggest that TiO2 NPs are more effective than ZnO NPs at degrading TCS, which may have practical implications for pharmaceutical control in marine ecosystems and in water purification plants. In summary, our study provides valuable information on the impact of pharmaceuticals on non-target organisms and sheds light on potential solutions for their removal from aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Bouzidi
- Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement (LBE), Unité d'Ecotoxicologie et d'Ecologie Côtière (GREEC), Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Zarzouna, Bizerte, 7021, Tunisia; Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologies de Béja, Université de Jendouba, Jendouba, 8189, Tunisia
| | - Anis Fkiri
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna, 7021, Tunisia
| | - Wiem Saidani
- Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement (LBE), Unité d'Ecotoxicologie et d'Ecologie Côtière (GREEC), Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Zarzouna, Bizerte, 7021, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhafidh Khazri
- Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement (LBE), Unité d'Ecotoxicologie et d'Ecologie Côtière (GREEC), Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Zarzouna, Bizerte, 7021, Tunisia
| | - Amine Mezni
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna, 7021, Tunisia
| | - Karine Mougin
- Institut de Science des Matériaux, Université de Haute Alsace, IS2M-CNRS-UMR 7361, 15 Rue Jean Starcky, 68057, Mulhouse, France
| | - Hamouda Beyrem
- Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement (LBE), Unité d'Ecotoxicologie et d'Ecologie Côtière (GREEC), Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Zarzouna, Bizerte, 7021, Tunisia
| | - Badreddine Sellami
- National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies, Tabarka, 8110, Tunisia.
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Jabłońska-Trypuć A. A review on triclosan in wastewater: Mechanism of action, resistance phenomenon, environmental risks, and sustainable removal techniques. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10920. [PMID: 37610032 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan, belonging to the bisphenols, is a known antiseptic broad-spectrum biocide. It has a very wide range of applications, both in health care and in the household. Triclosan enters the environment, both water bodies and soil, because of its high prevalence and the ability to accumulation. Excessive use of antimicrobial formulations may cause the generation of resistance among microorganisms. Reduced susceptibility to triclosan is observed more frequently and in an expanded group of microorganisms and is conditioned by a number of different mechanisms occurring on the molecular level. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are not always able to provide a reliable barrier to triclosan. Therefore, additional advanced treatment technologies are being considered in areas, where a triclosan contamination problem has been identified. Removal of triclosan from wastewater is carried out using different biological and chemical techniques; however, it should be pointed out that physico-chemical methods often generate toxic by-products. Toxicity of triclosan and its degradation products, bacterial resistance to this compound, and evident problems with triclosan elimination from wastewater are currently the main problems faced by companies creating products containing triclosan. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Triclosan is an emerging pollutant in the environment because of its ability to accumulation and high prevalence. Reduced susceptibility to triclosan is being observed more frequently. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are not always able to provide a reliable barrier to triclosan. Additional advanced treatment technologies should be implemented to remove triclosan from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Białystok, Poland
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Vendrell-Puigmitja L, Proia L, Espinosa C, Barral-Fraga L, Cañedo-Argüelles M, Osorio V, Casas C, Llenas L, Abril M. Hypersaline mining effluents affect the structure and function of stream biofilm. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156966. [PMID: 35760177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The salinisation of freshwater ecosystems is a global environmental problem that threatens biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and human welfare. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of a realistic salinity gradient on the structure and functioning of freshwater biofilms. The salinity gradient was based on the real ion concentration of a mining effluent from an abandoned mine in Germany. We exposed biofilm from a pristine stream to 5 increasing salinities (3 to 100 g L-1) under controlled conditions in artificial streams for 21 days. We evaluated its functional (photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient uptake, and microbial respiration) and structural responses (community composition, algal biomass and diatom, cyanobacteria and green algae metrics) over time. Then we compared their responses with an unexposed biofilm used as control. The functionality and structure of the biofilm exposed to the different salinities significantly decreased after short-term and long-term exposure, respectively. The community composition shifted to a new stable state where the most tolerant species increased their abundances. At the same time, we observed an increase in the community tolerance (measured as Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance) along the salinity gradient. This study provides relevant information on the salt threshold concentrations that can substantially damage algal cells (i.e., between 15 and 30 g L-1). The results provide new insights regarding the response and adaptation of stream biofilm to salinity and its potential implications at the ecosystem level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Vendrell-Puigmitja
- BETA Tech Center, TECNIO Network, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Ctra de Roda 70, 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Proia
- BETA Tech Center, TECNIO Network, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Ctra de Roda 70, 08500 Vic, Spain.
| | - Carmen Espinosa
- BETA Tech Center, TECNIO Network, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Ctra de Roda 70, 08500 Vic, Spain; Aigües de Vic S.A., Carrer de la Riera, 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Laura Barral-Fraga
- LDAR24-Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyse et de Recherche de la Dordogne, 24660 Coulounieix-Chamiers, France; Grup de recerca en Ecologia aquàtica continental (GRECO), Departament de Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Grup de recerca FEHM (Freshwater Ecology, Hydrology and Management), Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Osorio
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Carme Casas
- BETA Tech Center, TECNIO Network, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Ctra de Roda 70, 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Laia Llenas
- BETA Tech Center, TECNIO Network, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Ctra de Roda 70, 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Meritxell Abril
- BETA Tech Center, TECNIO Network, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Ctra de Roda 70, 08500 Vic, Spain
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Nobre CR, Moreno BB, Alves AV, de Lima Rosa J, Fontes MK, Campos BGD, Silva LFD, Almeida Duarte LFD, Abessa DMDS, Choueri RB, Gusso-Choueri PK, Pereira CDS. Combined effects of polyethylene spiked with the antimicrobial triclosan on the swamp ghost crab (Ucides cordatus; Linnaeus, 1763). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135169. [PMID: 35671813 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Domestic sewage is an important source of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems and includes both microplastics (MPs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). This study sought to assess the biological effects of the interaction between plastic particles and the antibacterial agent triclosan (TCS). The study relied on the swamp ghost crab Ucides cordatus as a model. Herein polyethylene particles were contaminated with triclosan solution. Triclosan concentrations in the particles were then chemically analyzed. Swamp ghost crab specimens were exposed to experimental compounds (a control, microplastics, and microplastics with triclosan) for 7 days. Samplings were performed on days 3 (T3) and 7 (T7). Gill, hepatopancreas, muscle and hemolymph tissue samples were collected from the animals to evaluate the biomarkers ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), dibenzylfluorescein dealkylase (DBF), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), DNA strands break (DNA damage), cholinesterase (ChE) through protein levels and neutral red retention time (NRRT). Water, organism, and microplastic samples were collected at the end of the assay for post-exposure chemical analyses. Triclosan was detected in the water and crab tissue samples, results which indicate that microplastics serve as triclosan carriers. Effects on the gills of organisms exposed to triclosan-spiked microplastics were observed as altered biomarker results (EROD, GST, GPx, GSH, LPO, DNA damage and NRRT). The effects were more closely associated with microplastic contaminated with triclosan exposure than with microplastic exposure, since animals exposed only to microplastics did not experience significant effects. Our results show that microplastics may be important carriers of substances of emerging interest in marine environments in that they contaminate environmental matrices and have adverse effects on organisms exposed to these stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Rodrigues Nobre
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Litoral Paulista Campus, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitaru, 11330-900, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz Barbosa Moreno
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Baixada Santista Campus, Rua Maria Máximo, 168, 11030-100, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Vecchio Alves
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Baixada Santista Campus, Rua Maria Máximo, 168, 11030-100, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonas de Lima Rosa
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Rua Oswaldo Cruz, 266, 11045-907, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayana Karoline Fontes
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Litoral Paulista Campus, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitaru, 11330-900, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Galvão de Campos
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Litoral Paulista Campus, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitaru, 11330-900, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Fernanda da Silva
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Litoral Paulista Campus, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitaru, 11330-900, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís Felipe de Almeida Duarte
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Baixada Santista Campus, Rua Maria Máximo, 168, 11030-100, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Rua Oswaldo Cruz, 266, 11045-907, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denis Moledo de Souza Abessa
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Litoral Paulista Campus, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitaru, 11330-900, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Brasil Choueri
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Baixada Santista Campus, Rua Maria Máximo, 168, 11030-100, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paloma Kachel Gusso-Choueri
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Rua Oswaldo Cruz, 266, 11045-907, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Baixada Santista Campus, Rua Maria Máximo, 168, 11030-100, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Rua Oswaldo Cruz, 266, 11045-907, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Do Different Sutures with Triclosan Have Different Antimicrobial Activities? A Pharmacodynamic Approach. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091195. [PMID: 36139974 PMCID: PMC9494962 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Three antimicrobial absorbable sutures have different triclosan (TS) loads, triclosan release kinetics and hydrolysis times. This in vitro study aims to analyse and compare their antimicrobial pharmacodynamics. (2) Methods: Time-kill assays were performed with eight triclosan-susceptible microorganisms common in surgical site infections (SSIs) and a segment of each TS. Microbial concentrations were measured at T0, T4, T8 and T24 h. Similar non-triclosan sutures (NTS) were used as controls. Microbial concentrations were plotted and analysed with panel analysis. They were predicted over time with a double-exponential model and four parameters fitted to each TS × microorganism combination. (3) Results: The microbial concentration was associated with the triclosan presence, timeslot and microorganism. It was not associated with the suture material. All combinations shared a common pattern with an early steep concentration reduction from baseline to 4-8 h, followed by a concentration up to a 24-h plateau in most cases with a mild concentration increase. (4) Conclusions: Microorganisms seem to be predominantly killed by contact or near-contact killing with the suture rather than the triclosan concentration in the culture medium. No significant in vitro antimicrobial pharmacodynamic difference between the three TS is identified. Triclosan can reduce the suture microbial colonisation and SSI risk.
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Effect Biomarkers of the Widespread Antimicrobial Triclosan in a Marine Model Diatom. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081442. [PMID: 35892644 PMCID: PMC9330214 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present-day COVID-19 pandemic has led to the increasing daily use of antimicrobials worldwide. Triclosan is a manmade disinfectant chemical used in several consumer healthcare products, and thus frequently detected in surface waters. In the present work, we aimed to evaluate the effect of triclosan on diatom cell photophysiology, fatty acid profiles, and oxidative stress biomarkers, using the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum as a model organism. Several photochemical effects were observed, such as the lower ability of the photosystems to efficiently trap light energy. A severe depletion of fucoxanthin under triclosan application was also evident, pointing to potential use of carotenoid as reactive oxygen species scavengers. It was also observed an evident favouring of the peroxidase activity to detriment of the SOD activity, indicating that superoxide anion is not efficiently metabolized. High triclosan exposure induced high cellular energy allocation, directly linked with an increase in the energy assigned to vital functions, enabling cells to maintain the growth rates upon triclosan exposure. Oxidative stress traits were found to be the most efficient biomarkers as promising tools for triclosan ecotoxicological assessments. Overall, the increasing use of triclosan will lead to significant effects on the diatom photochemical and oxidative stress levels, compromising key roles of diatoms in the marine system.
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Characterisation of the triclosan efflux pump TriABC and its regulator TriR in Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58. Microbiol Res 2022; 263:127112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rolton A, Champeau O, Barrick A, Boundy M, Tremblay LA, Vignier J. Characterization of the effects of triclosan on sperm and embryos of Mytilus and Perna mussel species. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 245:106107. [PMID: 35144006 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Greenshell™ mussel (GSM), Perna canaliculus, is a culturally and commercially important species in New Zealand. Declines in spat settlement of GSM have been observed in important growing areas and the cause(s) have not been identified. One hypothesis is that chemical contaminants could be a contributing factor. The aim to this study was to investigate the effects of acute exposure on early life stages using the anti-microbial triclosan (TCS) as a benchmark toxicant and the blue mussel (BM), Mytilus galloprovincialis, as a reference species. Sperm and embryos of BM and GSM were exposed to TCS for 1 h and 48 h, respectively. Following exposures, a range of parameters were investigated including spermatozoa cellular characteristics via flow cytometry, fertilization success, larval mortality and size. Exposure to TCS negatively impacted functional parameters of sperm, reduced the fertilization success and larval size, and increased larval mortality in both BM and GSM with LC5048h of 94.3 and 213 µg L-1, respectively. Triclosan increased sperm ROS production in both species, which could cause destabilisation of mitochondrial and other cellular membranes, resulting in reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (BM) and increased sperm size (GSM), leading to apoptosis in both species. Fertilization success of GSM was only affected at the highest TCS concentration tested (391 µg L-1), but development of larvae derived from exposed sperm was affected from the lowest concentrations tested (0.5 and 5.2 µg L-1) in both species. This highlights the importance of assessing the sensitivity of contaminants across developmental stages. Results of this study confirm that TCS causes oxidative stress and has membranotropic effects, and that early life stages of the endemic GSM are suitable to assess ecotoxicity of contaminants such as TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Louis A Tremblay
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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9
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da Silva LF, Nobre CR, Moreno BB, Pereira CDS, de Souza Abessa DM, Choueri RB, Gusso-Choueri PK, Cesar A. Non-destructive biomarkers can reveal effects of the association of microplastics and pharmaceuticals or personal care products. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 177:113469. [PMID: 35248887 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Methods to assess the effects of contaminants on marine organisms typically involve euthanasia to obtain samples, but less invasive techniques may be more appropriate for working with threatened species. In this study, were assessed the biological responses of crabs exposed to microplastics and contaminants of emerging concern. Biochemical and cellular effects (lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, cholinesterase activity, and lysosomal membrane stability) in hemolymph were analyzed in a kinetic study, at 3 and 7 days, in U. cordatus exposed to microplastics spiked with Triclosan (TCS) or 17α-Ethynylestradiol (EE2). The results showed that the contaminants were produced toxic effects in the crabs exposed either to the microplastics alone (oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity), or to microplastics with TCS or EE2 adsorbed (neurotoxic and cytotoxic). The present study showed the responsiveness of non-lethal analyzes to understanding the biological effects of combined exposure to microplastics and chemical pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Fernanda da Silva
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Sea Institute, Federal University of São Paulo (CBS-Unifesp), Rua Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Rodrigues Nobre
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (CLP-Unesp), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitaru, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz Barbosa Moreno
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Sea Institute, Federal University of São Paulo (CBS-Unifesp), Rua Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Sea Institute, Federal University of São Paulo (CBS-Unifesp), Rua Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil; Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Santa Cecília University (Unisanta), Rua Oswaldo Cruz, 266, 11045-907, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denis Moledo de Souza Abessa
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (CLP-Unesp), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitaru, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Brasil Choueri
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Sea Institute, Federal University of São Paulo (CBS-Unifesp), Rua Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paloma Kachel Gusso-Choueri
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (CLP-Unesp), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitaru, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil; Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Santa Cecília University (Unisanta), Rua Oswaldo Cruz, 266, 11045-907, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Augusto Cesar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Sea Institute, Federal University of São Paulo (CBS-Unifesp), Rua Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Leyn SA, Zlamal JE, Kurnasov OV, Li X, Elane M, Myjak L, Godzik M, de Crecy A, Garcia-Alcalde F, Ebeling M, Osterman AL. Experimental evolution in morbidostat reveals converging genomic trajectories on the path to triclosan resistance. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 33945454 PMCID: PMC8209735 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics and mechanisms of acquired drug resistance across major classes of antibiotics and bacterial pathogens is of critical importance for the optimization of current anti-infective therapies and the development of novel ones. To systematically address this challenge, we developed a workflow combining experimental evolution in a morbidostat continuous culturing device with deep genomic sequencing of population samples collected in time series. This approach was applied to the experimental evolution of six populations of Escherichia coli BW25113 towards acquiring resistance to triclosan (TCS), an antibacterial agent in various consumer products. This study revealed the rapid emergence and expansion (up to 100% in each culture within 4 days) of missense mutations in the fabI gene, encoding enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase, the known TCS molecular target. A follow-up analysis of isolated clones showed that distinct amino acid substitutions increased the drug IC90 in a 3-16-fold range, reflecting their proximity to the TCS-binding site. In contrast to other antibiotics, efflux-upregulating mutations occurred only rarely and with low abundance. Mutations in several other genes were detected at an earlier stage of evolution. Most notably, three distinct amino acid substitutions were mapped in the C-terminal periplasmic domain of CadC protein, an acid stress-responsive transcriptional regulator. While these mutations do not confer robust TCS resistance, they appear to play a certain, yet unknown, role in adaptation to relatively low drug pressure. Overall, the observed evolutionary trajectories suggest that the FabI enzyme is the sole target of TCS (at least up to the ~50 µm level), and amino acid substitutions in the TCS-binding site represent the main mechanism of robust TCS resistance in E. coli. This model study illustrates the potential utility of the established morbidostat-based approach for uncovering resistance mechanisms and target identification for novel drug candidates with yet unknown mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semen A Leyn
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jaime E Zlamal
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Oleg V Kurnasov
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marinela Elane
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lourdes Myjak
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mikolaj Godzik
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Fernando Garcia-Alcalde
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ebeling
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrei L Osterman
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Mayer S, Hazenkamp M, Kluttig M, Ochs D. Inhibition of microbial production of the malodorous substance isovaleric acid by 4,4' dichloro 2-hydroxydiphenyl ether (DCPP). Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1174. [PMID: 33970541 PMCID: PMC8033842 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human body malodour is a complex phenomenon. Several types of sweat glands produce odorless secretions that are metabolized by a consortium of skin‐resident microorganisms to a diverse set of malodorous substances. Isovaleric acid, a sweaty‐smelling compound, is one major malodorous component produced by staphylococci with the skin‐derived amino acid L‐leucine as a substrate. During wearing, fabrics are contaminated with sweat and microorganisms and high humidity propagates growth and microbial malodour production. Incomplete removal of sweat residues and microorganisms from fabrics during laundry with bleach‐free detergents and at low temperatures elevate the problem of textile malodour. This study aimed to analyze the inhibitory effect of the antimicrobial 4,4ʹ dichloro 2‐hydroxydiphenyl ether (DCPP) on the formation of isovaleric acid on fabrics. Therefore, GC‐FID‐ and GC–MS‐based methods for the analysis of isovaleric acid in an artificial human sweat‐mimicking medium and in textile extracts were established. Here, we show that antimicrobials capable to deposit on fabrics during laundry, such as DCPP, are effective in growth inhibition of typical malodour‐generating bacteria and prevent the staphylococcal formation of isovaleric acid on fabrics in a simple experimental setup. This can contribute to increased hygiene for mild laundry care approaches, where bacterial contamination and malodour production represent a considerable consumer problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Mayer
- BASF Grenzach GmbH, Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany
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12
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Dai H, Gao J, Li D, Wang Z, Duan W. Metagenomics combined with DNA-based stable isotope probing provide comprehensive insights of active triclosan-degrading bacteria in wastewater treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124192. [PMID: 33069997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation of triclosan (TCS) during wastewater treatment occurred frequently, while little researches are known the identity of microorganisms involved in the biodegradation process. In this work, DNA-based stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) was occupied to investigate the TCS assimilation microbes originated from a full-scale cyclic activated sludge system in Beijing. Results of TCS removal pathway showed that the TCS removal in nitrification process was mainly contributed by the metabolism of heterotrophic bacteria, accounting for about 18.54%. DNA-SIP assay indicated that Sphingobium dominated the degradation of TCS. Oligotyping analysis further indicated that oligotype GCTAAT and ATGTTA of Sphingobium played important roles in degrading TCS. Furthermore, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes functional abundance statistics based on PICRUSt2 showed that glutathione transferase was the most prevalent enzyme involved in TCS metabolism, and TCS might be removed through microbial carbon metabolism. Metagenomics made clear that Sphingobium might play irrelevant role on the propagation of antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs), even though, it could degrade TCS. Thauera and Dechloromonas were identified as the key hosts of most ARGs. This study revealed the potential metabolic pathway and microbial ecology of TCS biodegradation in nitrification process of wastewater treatment system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Dai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jingfeng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Dingchang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zhiqi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Wanjun Duan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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13
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Alfhili MA, Hussein HAM, Park Y, Lee MH, Akula SM. Triclosan induces apoptosis in Burkitt lymphoma-derived BJAB cells through caspase and JNK/MAPK pathways. Apoptosis 2021; 26:96-110. [PMID: 33387145 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is the fastest growing human tumor. Current treatment consists of a multiagent regimen of cytotoxic drugs with serious side effjects including tumor lysis, cardiotoxicity, hepatic impairment, neuropathy, myelosuppression, increased susceptibility to malignancy, and death. Furthermore, therapeutic interventions in areas of BL prevalence are not as feasible as in high-income countries. Therefore, there exists an urgent need to identify new therapies with a safer profile and improved accessibility. Triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial used in personal care products and surgical scrubs, has gained considerable interest as an antitumor agent due to its interference with fatty acid synthesis. Here, we investigate the antitumor properties and associated molecular mechanisms of TCS in BL-derived BJAB cells. Dose-dependent cell death was observed following treatment with 10-100 µM TCS for 24 h, which was associated with membrane phospholipid scrambling, compromised permeability, and cell shrinkage. TCS-induced cell death was accompanied by elevated intracellular calcium, perturbed redox balance, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation. TCS upregulated Bad expression and downregulated that of Bcl2. Moreover, caspase and JNK MAPK signaling were required for the full apoptotic activity of TCS. In conclusion, this report identifies TCS as an antitumor agent and provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms governing TCS-induced apoptosis in BL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alfhili
- Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Hosni A M Hussein
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC. 27834, USA.,Faculty of Science, Assiut Branch, Al Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Youngyong Park
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Myon Hee Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Shaw M Akula
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC. 27834, USA.
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14
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Prabha S, Sowndarya J, Ram PJVS, Rubini D, Hari BNV, Aruni W, Nithyanand P. Chitosan-Coated Surgical Sutures Prevent Adherence and Biofilms of Mixed Microbial Communities. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:502-512. [PMID: 33389059 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sutures are widely used materials for closing the surgical wounds, and being an inert material, sutures are often colonized with drug-resistant polymicrobial biofilms. Surgical site infection (SSI) is a hospital-acquired infection caused by bacteria and fungi specifically in the sutured sites. Although most of the currently available sutures possess antibacterial property, their ability to prevent biofilm colonization by polymicrobial communities is underexplored. So, the present study shows that extracted chitosan (EC) from crab shells prevented the adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans, the predominant members that exist as mixed species at the site of SSI. In comparison with a commercial chitosan, EC showed profound inhibition of slime formation and mixed species biofilm inhibition. Intriguingly, EC-coated sutures could inhibit the growth of both bacterial and fungal pathogens when comparing with a commercial triclosan-coated suture which was active only against the bacterial pathogen. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed inhibition of C. albicans hyphal formation by the EC-coated sutures that is a crucial virulence factor responsible for tissue invasiveness. Collectively, the results of the present study showed that EC from crab shells (discarded material as a recalcitrant biowaste) could be used as an alternative to combat drug-resistant biofilms which are the prime cause for SSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramani Prabha
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases [CRID], School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
| | - Jothipandiyan Sowndarya
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases [CRID], School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
| | - Parepalli Janaki Venkata Sai Ram
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases [CRID], School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
| | - Durairajan Rubini
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases [CRID], School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
| | - B Narayanan Vedha Hari
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
| | - Wilson Aruni
- US Department of Veteran Affairs, Loma Linda, VA, USA
- California University of Science and Medicine, San Bernardino, California, USA
- Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Paramasivam Nithyanand
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases [CRID], School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India.
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15
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Elekhnawy E, Sonbol F, Abdelaziz A, Elbanna T. Potential impact of biocide adaptation on selection of antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00119-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacterial isolates has increased worldwide leading to treatment failures.
Main body
Many concerns are being raised about the usage of biocidal products (including disinfectants, antiseptics, and preservatives) as a vital factor that contributes to the risk of development of antimicrobial resistance which has many environmental and economic impacts.
Conclusion
Consequently, it is important to recognize the different types of currently used biocides, their mechanisms of action, and their potential impact to develop cross-resistance and co-resistance to various antibiotics. The use of biocides in medical or industrial purposes should be monitored and regulated. In addition, new agents with biocidal activity should be investigated from new sources like phytochemicals in order to decrease the emergence of resistance among bacterial isolates.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Wenzel
- Department of Biology & Biological Engineering, Division of Chemical Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Wang C, Mu C, Lin W, Xiao H. Functional-modified polyurethanes for rendering surfaces antimicrobial: An overview. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 283:102235. [PMID: 32858408 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial surfaces and coatings are rapidly emerging as primary components in functional modification of materials and play an important role in addressing the problems associated with biofouling and microbial infection. Polyurethane (PU) consisting of alternating soft and hard segments has been one of the most important coating materials that have been widely applied in many fields due to its versatile properties. This review attempts to provide insight into the recent advances in antimicrobial polyurethane coatings or surfaces. According to different classes of antimicrobial components along with their antimicrobial mechanism, the synthesis pathways are presented systematically herein to afford polyurethane with antimicrobial properties. Also, the challenges and opportunities of antimicrobial PU coatings and surfaces are also discussed. This review will be beneficial to the exploitation and the further studies of antimicrobial polyurethane materials for a variety of applications.
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18
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Martin EK, Kemal S, Henrik NR, Alexander E, Natalia C, Henrik JC, Thomas B, Hans B, Erik K. Triclosan changes community composition and selects for specific bacterial taxa in marine periphyton biofilms in low nanomolar concentrations. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:1083-1094. [PMID: 32661899 PMCID: PMC7427700 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial agent Triclosan (TCS) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant due to its widespread use. Sensitivity to TCS varies substantially among eu- and pro-karyotic species and its risk for the marine environment remains to be better elucidated. In particular, the effects that TCS causes on marine microbial communities are largely unknown. In this study we therefore used 16S amplicon rDNA sequencing to investigate TCS effects on the bacterial composition in marine periphyton communities that developed under long-term exposure to different TCS concentrations. Exposure to TCS resulted in clear changes in bacterial composition already at concentrations of 1 to 3.16 nM. We conclude that TCS affects the structure of the bacterial part of periphyton communities at concentrations that actually occur in the marine environment. Sensitive taxa, whose abundance decreased significantly with increasing TCS concentrations, include the Rhodobiaceae and Rhodobacteraceae families of Alphaproteobacteria, and unidentified members of the Candidate division Parcubacteria. Tolerant taxa, whose abundance increased significantly with higher TCS concentrations, include the families Erythrobacteraceae (Alphaproteobacteria), Flavobacteriaceae (Bacteroidetes), Bdellovibrionaceae (Deltaproteobacteria), several families of Gammaproteobacteria, and members of the Candidate phylum Gracilibacteria. Our results demonstrate the variability of TCS sensitivity among bacteria, and that TCS can change marine bacterial composition at concentrations that have been detected in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriksson Karl Martin
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Sanli Kemal
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nilsson Rickard Henrik
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eiler Alexander
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Corcoll Natalia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johansson Carl Henrik
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Backhaus Thomas
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Blanck Hans
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristiansson Erik
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Mesquita JT, Romanelli MM, de Melo Trinconi Trinconi Cm C, Guerra JM, Taniwaki NN, Uliana SRB, Reimão JQ, Tempone AG. Repurposing topical triclosan for cutaneous leishmaniasis: Preclinical efficacy in a murine Leishmania (L.) amazonensis model. Drug Dev Res 2020; 83:285-295. [PMID: 32767443 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains an important neglected tropical infection caused by the protozoan Leishmania and affects 12 million people in 98 countries. The treatment is limited with severe adverse effects. In the search for new therapies, the drug repositioning and combination therapy have been successfully applied to neglected diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anti-Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis potential of triclosan, an approved topical antimicrobial agent used for surgical procedures. in vitro phenotypic studies of drug-treated parasites were performed to evaluate the lethal action of triclosan, accompanied by an isobolographic ex-vivo analysis with the association of triclosan and miltefosine. The results showed that triclosan has activity against L. (L.) amazonensis intracellular amastigotes, with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 16 μM. By using fluorescent probes and transmission electron microscopy, a pore-forming activity of triclosan toward the parasite plasma membrane was demonstrated, leading to depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and reduction of the reactive oxygen species levels in the extracellular promastigotes. The in vitro interaction between triclosan and miltefosine in the combination therapy assay was classified as additive against intracellular amastigotes. Leishmania-infected mice were treated with topical triclosan (1% base cream for 14 consecutive days), and showed 89% reduction in the parasite burden. The obtained results contribute to the investigation of new alternatives for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and suggest that the coadministration of triclosan and miltefosine should be investigated in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Silvia Reni Bortolin Uliana
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Quero Reimão
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí, Jundiaí, Brazil
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20
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Comparative Target Analysis of Chlorinated Biphenyl Antimicrobials Highlights MenG as a Molecular Target of Triclocarban. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00933-20. [PMID: 32503913 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00933-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), a formerly used disinfectant, kills bacteria via an unknown mechanism of action. A structural hallmark is its N,N'-diaryl urea motif, which is also present in other antibiotics, including the recently reported small molecule PK150. We show here that, like PK150, TCC exhibits an inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus menaquinone metabolism via inhibition of the biosynthesis protein demethylmenaquinone methyltransferase (MenG). However, the activity spectrum (MIC90) of TCC across a broad range of multidrug-resistant staphylococcus and enterococcus strains was much narrower than that of PK150. Accordingly, TCC did not cause an overactivation of signal peptidase SpsB, a hallmark of the PK150 mode of action. Furthermore, we were able to rule out inhibition of FabI, a confirmed target of the diaryl ether antibiotic triclosan (TCS). Differences in the target profiles of TCC and TCS were further investigated by proteomic analysis, showing complex but rather distinct changes in the protein expression profile of S. aureus Downregulation of the arginine deiminase pathway provided additional evidence for an effect on bacterial energy metabolism by TCC.IMPORTANCE TCC's widespread use as an antimicrobial agent has made it a ubiquitous environmental pollutant despite its withdrawal due to ecological and toxicological concerns. With its antibacterial mechanism of action still being unknown, we undertook a comparative target analysis between TCC, PK150 (a recently discovered antibacterial compound with structural resemblance to TCC), and TCS (another widely employed chlorinated biphenyl antimicrobial) in the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus We show that there are distinct differences in each compound's mode of action, but also identify a shared target between TCC and PK150, the interference with menaquinone metabolism by inhibition of MenG. The prevailing differences, however, which also manifest in a remarkably better broad-spectrum activity of PK150, suggest that even high levels of TCC or TCS resistance observed by continuous environmental exposure may not affect the potential of PK150 or related N,N'-diaryl urea compounds as new antibiotic drug candidates against multidrug-resistant infections.
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21
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Zhang J, Yao W, Wang S, Li M, Tan G, An J, Xu L, Dong J, Cheng P. Detection of the effects of triclosan (TCS) on the metabolism of VOCs in HepG2 cells by SPI-TOFMS. J Breath Res 2020; 14:046002. [PMID: 32512549 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab9ab1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by organisms and cell metabolism have demonstrated great physiological and pathological values. At present, there is a great interest in the study of volatile metabolome to determine whether VOCs can serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers. In view of the sensitivity of VOCs to physiological changes, the aim of this study was to investigate alterations in VOC profiles in the in vitro headspace of HepG2 cells after exposure to triclosan (TCS). Since the in vivo biological effects of TCS are clearly defined, several TCS-related VOCs may potentially be traced back to common cellular processes. In this study, HepG2 cells were cultured in TCS-containing medium for 2 h, and the emitted VOCs in the headspace of the culture flask were detected using a single photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry instrument. The control group and the TCS-treated group could be well separated by differential VOC profiles, which were related to the physiological states of the HepG2 cells. Compared to the control group, eleven and ten specific VOCs were identified in the 20 μm and 50 μm TCS-treated groups, respectively. Among them, five specific VOCs (m/z 62, 64, 70, 121 and 146) were commonly observed in these two TCS-treated groups. These results indicate that TCS can cause changes in cellular metabolic VOCs, and different concentrations of TCS lead to different VOCs profiles. Based on the findings of the study, the detection of VOCs in cell metabolism can be used as an auxiliary tool to explore the mechanism of drug action, and also as an exploratory method to determine whether drugs play a role in disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
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22
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Nobre CR, Moreno BB, Alves AV, de Lima Rosa J, da Rosa Franco H, Abessa DMDS, Maranho LA, Choueri RB, Gusso-Choueri PK, Pereira CDS. Effects of Microplastics Associated with Triclosan on the Oyster Crassostrea brasiliana: An Integrated Biomarker Approach. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 79:101-110. [PMID: 32279094 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urban waste is a complex mixture of different substances, including microplastics and pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Microplastics have a high affinity for hydrophobic substances. One of these substances is triclosan, a bactericide used in a variety of hygiene products. Therefore, microplastics (MPs) may serve as a vector between triclosan and aquatic organisms. The current study sought to evaluate the effects of the interaction between microplastics and triclosan based on a mechanistic approach in which the oyster Crassostrea brasiliana was used as a model. The organisms were exposed to three conditions: the control, microplastic (MP), and microplastic contaminated with triclosan (MPT). The organisms were exposed for 3 or 7 days. After the exposure time, hemolymph was sampled for performing the neutral red retention time assay and, subsequently, the gills, digestive glands, and adductor muscles were dissected for measuring biomarkers responses (EROD, DBF, GST, GPx, GSH, lipid peroxidation, DNA strand breaks, and AChE). Our results demonstrate combined effects of MPs associated with triclosan on oyster physiology and biochemistry, as well as on lysosomal membrane stability. These results contribute to understanding the effects of contaminants of emerging concern and microplastics on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Rodrigues Nobre
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Barbosa Moreno
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Vecchio Alves
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonas de Lima Rosa
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Brasil Choueri
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paloma Kachel Gusso-Choueri
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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23
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In vitro metabolism of triclosan studied by liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:335-342. [PMID: 31788715 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial and antifungal compound found in many hygiene products, including toothpaste, soap, and detergents. However, this molecule can act as an endocrine disruptor and can induce harmful effects on human health and the environment. In this study, triclosan was biotransformed in vitro using human and rat liver fractions, to evaluate oxidative metabolism, the formation of reactive metabolites via the detection of GSH adducts, as well as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). A deuterated analog of triclosan was also employed for better structural elucidation of specific metabolic sites. Several GSH adducts were found, either via oxidative metabolism of triclosan or its cleavage product, 2,4-dichlorophenol. We also detected glucuronide and sulfated conjugates of triclosan and its cleaved product. This study was aimed at understanding the routes of detoxification of this xenobiotic, as well as investigating any potential pathways related to additional toxicity via reactive metabolite formation. Graphical abstract.
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24
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Zhang W, Wang J, Wang J, Zhu L, Lv N, Wang R, Ahmad Z. New Insights into Dose- and Time-Dependent Response of Five Typical PPCPs on Soil Microbial Respiration. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 103:193-198. [PMID: 31218411 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) has attracted much attention and the impact of PPCPs on indigenous microbial communities has become increasingly important in recent days. Five common PPCPs, including doxycycline (DOX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), triclocarban (TCC), carbamazepine (CBZ), and sulfadimidine (SMZ), were selected and their effects on soil microbial respiration were studied at concentrations of 0, 0.2, 1, 5, 25 and 50 mg/kg. The results of this study indicate that the effect of five common PPCPs on soil microbial respiration was dose- and time- dependent. At low concentrations (0.2 and 1 mg/kg), CBZ and SMZ exhibited an activation effect on microbial soil respiration at 1 day (58.02%, 26.39% and 1.54%, 1.76% at 0.2 and 1 mg/kg respectively), while DOX showed inhibition for all tested concentrations at 1 day of incubation. At high concentrations (25 and 50 mg/kg) CIP and SMZ showed an inhibitory effect (- 69.13%, - 80.86% for 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively), while TCC and CBZ exhibited stimulatory effect (38.07%, 9.64% and 4.06%, 12.18% at 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively) at 1 day of incubation. Our findings indicate that the effect of tested PPCPs on soil microbial respiration had an inhibitory or stimulatory effect based on the dose and extent of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Zulfiqar Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 92521, USA
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25
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Abstract
Triclosan and chloroxylenol are broad-spectrum biocides used extensively in healthcare and consumer products. They have been suggested to perturb the structure of bacterial membranes, but studies so far have not considered that most bacterial membranes contain large amounts of branched-chain lipids. Here, molecular dynamics simulation is used to examine the effect of the two biocides on membranes consisting of lipids with methyl-branched chains, cyclopropanated chains, and nonbranched chains. It is shown that triclosan and chloroxylenol induced a phase transition in membranes from a liquid-crystalline to a liquid-ordered phase irrespective of the presence and nature of branching groups. At high concentration, chloroxylenol promoted chain interdigitation. Our results suggest that triclosan and chloroxylenol decrease the degree of fluidity of membranes and that this effect is more pronounced in bacterial membranes. As a result, their biocidal activity could be associated with a change in the function of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Poger
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Alan E Mark
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072 , Australia
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Triclosan: An Update on Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1607304. [PMID: 31191794 PMCID: PMC6525925 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1607304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a synthetic, chlorinated phenolic antimicrobial agent commonly used in commercial and healthcare products. Items made with TCS include soaps, deodorants, shampoos, cosmetics, textiles, plastics, surgical sutures, and prosthetics. A wealth of information obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies has demonstrated the therapeutic effects of TCS, particularly against inflammatory skin conditions. Nevertheless, extensive investigations on the molecular aspects of TCS action have identified numerous adversaries associated with the disinfectant including oxidative injury and influence of physiological lifespan and longevity. This review presents a summary of the biochemical alterations pertaining to TCS exposure, with special emphasis on the diverse molecular pathways responsive to TCS that have been elucidated during the present decade.
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Machado AHS, Garcia IM, Motta ADSD, Leitune VCB, Collares FM. Triclosan-loaded chitosan as antibacterial agent for adhesive resin. J Dent 2019; 83:33-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Li M, He Y, Sun J, Li J, Bai J, Zhang C. Chronic Exposure to an Environmentally Relevant Triclosan Concentration Induces Persistent Triclosan Resistance but Reversible Antibiotic Tolerance in Escherichia coli. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3277-3286. [PMID: 30789710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The major concern regarding the biocide triclosan (TCS) stems from its potential coselection for antibiotic resistance. However, environmental impacts are often investigated using high concentrations and acute exposure, while predicted releases are typified by chronic low concentrations. Moreover, little information is available regarding the reversibility of TCS and derived antibiotic resistance with diminishing TCS usage. Here, the model Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli was exposed to 0.01 mg/L TCS continuously for more than 100 generations. The adapted cells gained considerable resistance to TCS as indicated by a significant increase in the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC50) from 0.034 to 0.581 mg/L. This adaptive evolution was attributed to overexpression and mutation of target genes (i.e., fabI) as evidenced by transcriptomic and genomic analyses. However, only mild tolerance to various antibiotics was observed, possibly due to reduced membrane permeability and biofilm formation. After TCS exposure ceased, the adapted cells showed persistent resistance to TCS due to inheritable genetic mutations, whereas their antibiotic tolerance declined over time. Our results suggest that extensive use of TCS may promote the evolution and persistence of TCS-resistant bacterial pathogens. A quantitative definition of the conditions under which TCS selects for multidrug resistance in the environment is crucially needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Yuning He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Junhong Bai
- School of Environment , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- School of Environment , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
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29
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Belosludtsev KN, Penkov NV, Tenkov KS, Talanov EY, Belosludtseva NV, Agafonov AV, Stepanova AE, Starinets VS, Vashchenko OV, Gudkov SV, Dubinin MV. Interaction of the anti-tuberculous drug bedaquiline with artificial membranes and rat erythrocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 299:8-14. [PMID: 30496736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
For nearly a century the use of antibiotics to treat infectious diseases has benefited human and animal health. In recent years there has been an increase in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, in part attributed to the overuse of compounds in clinical and farming settings. The genus Listeria currently comprises 17 recognized species found throughout the environment. Listeria monocytogenes is the etiological agent of listeriosis in humans and many vertebrate species, including birds, whereas Listeria ivanovii causes infections mainly in ruminants. L. monocytogenes is the third-most-common cause of death from food poisoning in humans, and infection occurs in at-risk groups, including pregnant women, newborns, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
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Sonbol FI, El-Banna TE, Abd El-Aziz AA, El-Ekhnawy E. Impact of triclosan adaptation on membrane properties, efflux and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli clinical isolates. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:730-739. [PMID: 30431693 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Analysing the effect of step-wise exposure of Escherichia coli isolates to sublethal concentrations of triclosan (TCS) that is widely used as an antiseptic, preservative and disinfectant. METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in the tolerance to the biocide itself and the cross-resistance to clinically important antibiotics were analysed. The involvement of efflux mechanism was studied as well as the possible implication of modifications in cytoplasmic membrane properties including integrity, permeability, potential and depolarization in the resistance mechanisms. Most of E. coli isolates that were adapted to TCS showed increased antimicrobial resistance, lower outer and inner membrane permeability, higher membrane depolarization, more negative membrane potential and enhanced efflux activity using qRT-PCR. Nonsignificant change in membrane integrity was found in the adapted cells. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the extensive use of TCS at sublethal concentrations contributed to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in E. coli clinical isolates, by inducing changes in bacterial membrane properties and enhancing the efflux system. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The extensive usage of TCS has a deleterious effect on the spread of antibiotic resistance, and more studies are needed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- F I Sonbol
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - T E El-Banna
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - A A Abd El-Aziz
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - E El-Ekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Bi R, Zeng X, Mu L, Hou L, Liu W, Li P, Chen H, Li D, Bouchez A, Tang J, Xie L. Sensitivities of seven algal species to triclosan, fluoxetine and their mixtures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15361. [PMID: 30337662 PMCID: PMC6193942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing release of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) into aquatic ecosystems is a growing environmental concern. Triclosan and fluoxetine are two widely used PPCPs and frequently detected in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the sensitivities of 7 algal species from 4 genera to triclosan, fluoxetine and their mixture were evaluated. The results showed that the inhibitory effect on algal growth (EC50-96h) of triclosan varied with 50 times differences among the 7 algal species. Chlorella ellipsoidea was the least susceptible species and Dunaliella parva was the most sensitive species to triclosan. The inhibitory effect of fluoxetine was less variable than triclosan. Slightly higher toxicity of fluoxetine than triclosan was shown in the 7 tested algal species. No consistent pattern of the effects from mixture of triclosan and fluoxetine was observed among the 7 algal species and among the 4 genera. Additive effects of the mixture occured in 4 species and antagonistic effects in the other 3 species but no synergistic effect was detected. The algal species might show some sign of phylogenetic response to triclosan, as evidenced by the wide range of differences in their sensitivity at the genus level. This study provides important data which could be beneficial for biomonitoring programs on the ecological risk (algal species diversity) of these two chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Bi
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
| | - Xiangfeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
| | - Lei Mu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Liping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Ping Li
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Hongxing Chen
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Agnes Bouchez
- Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, 74200, France
| | - Jiaxi Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning, 123000, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Duarte SS, de Moura RO, da Silva PM. Effect of antiprotozoal molecules on hypnospores of Perkinsus spp. parasite. Exp Parasitol 2018; 192:25-35. [PMID: 30028986 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Perkinsus protozoan parasites have been associated with high mortality of bivalves worldwide, including Brazil. The use of antiproliferative drugs to treat the Perkinsosis is an unusual prophylactic strategy. However, because of their environment impact it could be used to control parasite proliferation in closed system, such as hatchery. This study evaluated the anti-Perkinsus activity potential of synthesized and commercial compounds. Viability of hypnospores of Perkinsus spp. was assessed in vitro. Cells were incubated with three 2-amino-thiophene (6AMD, 6CN, 5CN) and one acylhydrazone derivatives (AMZ-DCL), at the concentrations of 31.25; 62.5; 125; 250 and 500 μM and one commercial chlorinated phenoxy phenol derivative, triclosan (2, 5, 10 and 20 μM), for 24-48 h. Two synthetic molecules (6CN and AMZ-DCL) caused a significant decline (38 and 39%, respectively) in hypnospores viability, at the highest concentration (500 μM), after 48 h. Triclosan was the most cytotoxic compound, causing 100% of mortality at 20 μM after 24 h and at 10 μM after 48 h. Cytotoxic effects of the compounds 6CN, AMZ-DCL, and triclosan were investigated by measuring parasite's zoosporulation, morphological changes and metabolic activities (esterase activity, production of reactive oxygen species and lipid content). Results showed that zoosporulation occurred in few cell. Triclosan caused changes in the morphology of hypnospores. The 6CN and AMZ-DCL did not alter the metabolic activities studied whilst Triclosan significantly increased the production of reactive oxygen species and changed the amount and distribution of lipids in the hypnospores. These results suggest that three compounds had potential to be used as antiprotozoal drugs, although further investigation of their mechanism of action must be enlightened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sâmia Sousa Duarte
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba -Campus I, 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Olímpio de Moura
- Laboratório de Síntese e Vetorização de Moléculas, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 58070-450, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba -Campus I, 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
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de Souza Araújo IJ, de Paula AB, Bruschi Alonso RC, Taparelli JR, Innocentini Mei LH, Stipp RN, Puppin-Rontani RM. A novel Triclosan Methacrylate-based composite reduces the virulence of Streptococcus mutans biofilm. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195244. [PMID: 29608622 PMCID: PMC5880362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antimicrobial monomers, linked to the polymer chain of resin composites, is an interesting approach to circumvent the effects of bacteria on the dental and material surfaces. In addition, it can likely reduce the incidence of recurrent caries lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a novel Triclosan Methacrylate (TM) monomer, which was developed and incorporated into an experimental resin composite, on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilms, focusing on the analyses of vicR, gtfD, gtfC, covR, and gbpB gene expression, cell viability and biofilm characteristics. The contact time between TM-composite and S. mutans down-regulated the gbpB and covR and up-regulated the gtfC gene expression, reduced cell viability and significantly decreased parameters of the structure and characteristics of S. mutans biofilm virulence. The presence of Triclosan Methacrylate monomer causes harmful effects at molecular and cellular levels in S. mutans, implying a reduction in the virulence of those microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Jordão de Souza Araújo
- Dental Materials Division, Operative Dentistry Department, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas. Piracicaba, São Paulo–Brazil
| | - Andréia Bolzan de Paula
- Dental Materials Division, Operative Dentistry Department, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas. Piracicaba, São Paulo–Brazil
| | - Roberta Caroline Bruschi Alonso
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Metropolitan University of Santos (UNIMES). Santos, São Paulo–Brazil
- Technological Research Center, School of Dentistry, University of Mogi das Cruzes (UMC). Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo–Brazil
| | - Jesus Roberto Taparelli
- Department of Materials Engineering and Bioprocess, Chemical Engineering School, State University of Campinas. Campinas, São Paulo–Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Innocentini Mei
- Department of Materials Engineering and Bioprocess, Chemical Engineering School, State University of Campinas. Campinas, São Paulo–Brazil
| | - Rafael Nóbrega Stipp
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas. Piracicaba, São Paulo–Brazil
| | - Regina Maria Puppin-Rontani
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas. Piracicaba, São Paulo–Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Li C, Qu R, Chen J, Zhang S, Allam AA, Ajarem J, Wang Z. The pH-dependent toxicity of triclosan to five aquatic organisms (Daphnia magna, Photobacterium phosphoreum, Danio rerio, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, and Carassius auratus). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:9636-9646. [PMID: 29363032 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial and antifungal agent widely used in personal care products, and it has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment. In the present study, the acute toxicity of TCS to Daphnia magna, Photobacterium phosphoreum, Danio rerio, and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri was assessed under different pH conditions. Generally, TCS was more toxic to the four aquatic organisms in acidic medium. The LC50 values for D. magna and D. rerio were smaller among the selected species, suggesting that D. magna and D. rerio were more sensitive to TCS. In addition, the oxidative stress-inducing potential of TCS was evaluated in Carassius auratus at three pH values. Changes of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, glutathione (GSH) level, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were commonly observed in all TCS exposure groups, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress in the liver of C. auratus. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) index revealed that a high concentration of TCS induced great oxidative stress in goldfish under acidic condition. This work supplements the presently available data on the toxicity data of TCS, which would provide some useful information for the environmental risk assessment of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ahmed A Allam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 65211, Egypt
| | - Jamaan Ajarem
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Fatty Acid Supplementation Reverses the Small Colony Variant Phenotype in Triclosan-Adapted Staphylococcus aureus: Genetic, Proteomic and Phenotypic Analyses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3876. [PMID: 29497096 PMCID: PMC5832852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can develop a small colony variant (SCV) phenotype in response to sub-lethal exposure to the biocide triclosan. In the current study, whole genome sequencing was performed and changes in virulence were investigated in five Staphylococcus aureus strains following repeated exposure to triclosan. Following exposure, 4/5 formed SCV and exhibited point mutations in the triclosan target gene fabI with 2/4 SCVs showing mutations in both fabI and fabD. The SCV phenotype was in all cases immediately reversed by nutritional supplementation with fatty acids or by repeated growth in the absence of triclosan, although fabI mutations persisted in 3/4 reverted SCVs. Virulence, determined using keratinocyte invasion and Galleria mellonella pathogenicity assays was significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated in 3/4 SCVs and in the non-SCV triclosan-adapted bacterium. Proteomic analysis revealed elevated FabI in 2/3 SCV and down-regulation in a protein associated with virulence in 1/3 SCV. In summary, attenuated keratinocyte invasion and larval virulence in triclosan-induced SCVs was associated with decreases in growth rate and virulence factor expression. Mutation occurred in fabI, which encodes the main triclosan target in all SCVs and the phenotype was reversed by fatty acid supplementation, demonstrating an association between fatty acid metabolism and triclosan-induced SCV.
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Belosludtsev KN, Belosludtseva NV, Tenkov KS, Penkov NV, Agafonov AV, Pavlik LL, Yashin VA, Samartsev VN, Dubinin MV. Study of the mechanism of permeabilization of lecithin liposomes and rat liver mitochondria by the antimicrobial drug triclosan. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:264-271. [PMID: 28939382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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38
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Pusceddu FH, Choueri RB, Pereira CDS, Cortez FS, Santos DRA, Moreno BB, Santos AR, Rogero JR, Cesar A. Environmental risk assessment of triclosan and ibuprofen in marine sediments using individual and sub-individual endpoints. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:274-283. [PMID: 28958726 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The guidelines for the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) recommend the use of standard ecotoxicity assays and the assessment of endpoints at the individual level to evaluate potential effects of PPCP on biota. However, effects at the sub-individual level can also affect the ecological fitness of marine organisms chronically exposed to PPCP. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the environmental risk of two PPCP in marine sediments: triclosan (TCS) and ibuprofen (IBU), using sub-individual and developmental endpoints. The environmental levels of TCS and IBU were quantified in marine sediments from the vicinities of the Santos submarine sewage outfall (Santos Bay, São Paulo, Brazil) at 15.14 and 49.0 ng g-1, respectively. A battery (n = 3) of chronic bioassays (embryo-larval development) with a sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) and a bivalve (Perna perna) were performed using two exposure conditions: sediment-water interface and elutriates. Moreover, physiological stress through the Neutral Red Retention Time Assay (NRRT) was assessed in the estuarine bivalve Mytella charruana exposed to TCS and IBU spiked sediments. These compounds affected the development of L. variegatus and P. perna (75 ng g-1 for TCS and 15 ng g-1 for IBU), and caused a significant decrease in M. charruana lysosomal membrane stability at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.08 ng g-1 for TCS and 0.15 ng g-1 for IBU). Chemical and ecotoxicological data were integrated and the risk quotient estimated for TCS and IBU were higher than 1.0, indicating a high environmental risk of these compounds in sediments. These are the first data of sediment risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products of Latin America. In addition, the results suggest that the ERA based only on individual-level and standard toxicity tests may overlook other biological effects that can affect the health of marine organisms exposed to PPCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Pusceddu
- Centro de Química e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - R B Choueri
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Campus Baixada Santista, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - C D S Pereira
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Campus Baixada Santista, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - F S Cortez
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - D R A Santos
- Centro de Química e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - B B Moreno
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - A R Santos
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - J R Rogero
- Centro de Química e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A Cesar
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Campus Baixada Santista, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
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The Essential Genome of Burkholderia cenocepacia H111. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00260-17. [PMID: 28847919 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00260-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the minimum set of genes required to sustain life is a fundamental question in biological research. Recent studies on bacterial essential genes suggested that between 350 and 700 genes are essential to support autonomous bacterial cell growth. Essential genes are of interest as potential new antimicrobial drug targets; hence, our aim was to identify the essential genome of the cystic fibrosis (CF) isolate Burkholderia cenocepacia H111. Using a transposon sequencing (Tn-Seq) approach, we identified essential genes required for growth in rich medium under aerobic and microoxic conditions as well as in a defined minimal medium with citrate as a sole carbon source. Our analysis suggests that 398 genes are required for autonomous growth in rich medium, a number that represents only around 5% of the predicted genes of this bacterium. Five hundred twenty-six genes were required to support growth in minimal medium, and 434 genes were essential under microoxic conditions (0.5% O2). A comparison of these data sets identified 339 genes that represent the minimal set of essential genes required for growth under all conditions tested and can be considered the core essential genome of B. cenocepacia H111. The majority of essential genes were found to be located on chromosome 1, and few such genes were located on chromosome 2, where most of them were clustered in one region. This gene cluster is fully conserved in all Burkholderia species but is present on chromosome 1 in members of the closely related genus Ralstonia, suggesting that the transfer of these essential genes to chromosome 2 in a common ancestor contributed toward the separation of the two genera.IMPORTANCE Transposon sequencing (Tn-Seq) is a powerful method used to identify genes that are essential for autonomous growth under various conditions. In this study, we have identified a set of "core essential genes" that are required for growth under multiple conditions, and these genes represent potential antimicrobial targets. We also identified genes specifically required for growth under low-oxygen and nutrient-limited environments. We generated conditional mutants to verify the results of our Tn-Seq analysis and demonstrate that one of the identified genes was not essential per se but was an artifact of the construction of the mutant library. We also present verified examples of genes that were not truly essential but, when inactivated, showed a growth defect. These examples have identified so-far-underestimated shortcomings of this powerful method.
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Gadea R, Glibota N, Pérez Pulido R, Gálvez A, Ortega E. Effects of exposure to biocides on susceptibility to essential oils and chemical preservatives in bacteria from organic foods. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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González-Pleiter M, Rioboo C, Reguera M, Abreu I, Leganés F, Cid Á, Fernández-Piñas F. Calcium mediates the cellular response of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to the emerging aquatic pollutant Triclosan. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 186:50-66. [PMID: 28249228 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at investigating the role of intracellular free calcium, [Ca2+]c, in the early cellular response of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to the emergent pollutant Triclosan (13.8μM; 24h of exposure). There is a growing concern about the persistence and toxicity of this antimicrobial in aquatic environments, where non-target organisms such as C. reinhardtii, a primary producer of ecological relevance, might be severely impacted. A mechanistic study was undertaken which combined flow cytometry protocols, physiological as well as gene expression analysis. As an early response, Triclosan strongly altered [Ca2+]c homeostasis which could be prevented by prechelation with the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM. Triclosan induced ROS overproduction which ultimately leads to oxidative stress with loss of membrane integrity, membrane depolarization, photosynthesis inhibition and mitochondrial membrane depolarization; within this context, Triclosan also induced an increase in caspase 3/7 activity and altered the expression of metacaspase genes which are indicative of apoptosis. All these adverse outcomes were dependent on [Ca2+]c. Interestingly, an interconnection between [Ca2+]c alterations and increased ROS formation by Triclosan was found. Taken altogether these results shed light on the mechanisms behind Triclosan toxicity in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and demonstrate the role of [Ca2+]c in mediating the observed toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel González-Pleiter
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rioboo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad da Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira s/n, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - María Reguera
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidro Abreu
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Leganés
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad da Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira s/n, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisca Fernández-Piñas
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Petersen RC. Free-radicals and advanced chemistries involved in cell membrane organization influence oxygen diffusion and pathology treatment. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2017; 4:240-283. [PMID: 29202036 PMCID: PMC5707132 DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2017.2.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A breakthrough has been discovered in pathology chemistry related to increasing molecular structure that can interfere with oxygen diffusion through cell membranes. Free radicals can crosslink unsaturated low-viscosity fatty acid oils by chain-growth polymerization into more viscous liquids and even solids. Free radicals are released by mitochondria in response to intermittent hypoxia that can increase membrane molecular organization to reduce fluidity and oxygen diffusion in a possible continuing vicious cycle toward pathological disease. Alternate computational chemistry demonstrates molecular bond dynamics in free energy for cell membrane physiologic movements. Paired electrons in oxygen and nitrogen atoms require that oxygen bonds rotate and nitrogen bonds invert to seek polar nano-environments and hide from nonpolar nano-environments thus creating fluctuating instability at a nonpolar membrane and polar biologic fluid interface. Subsequent mechanomolecular movements provide free energy to increase diffusion by membrane transport of molecules and oxygen into the cell, cell-membrane signaling/recognition/defense in addition to protein movements for enzyme mixing. In other chemistry calcium bonds to membrane phosphates primarily on the outer plasma cell membrane surface to influence the membrane firing threshold for excitability and better seal out water permeation. Because calcium is an excellent metal conductor and membrane phosphate headgroups form a semiconductor at the biologic fluid interface, excess electrons released by mitochondria may have more broad dissipation potential by safe conduction through calcium atomic-sized circuits on the outer membrane surface. Regarding medical conditions, free radicals are known to produce pathology especially in age-related disease in addition to aging. Because cancer cell membranes develop extreme polymorphism that has been extensively followed in research, accentuated easily-visualized free-radical models are developed. In terms of treatment, use of vitamin nutrient supplements purported to be antioxidants that remove free radicals has not proved worthwhile in clinical trials presumably due to errors with early antioxidant measurements based on inaccurate colorimetry tests. However, newer covalent-bond shrinkage tests now provide accurate measurements for free-radical inhibitor hydroquinone and other molecules toward drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Petersen
- Biomaterials, SDB 539, 1919 7th Avenue South, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Biomedical Research Technologies, 3830 Avenida Del Presidente, M/S 36, San Clemente, CA, 92674, USA
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Proia L, Romaní A, Sabater S. Biofilm phosphorus uptake capacity as a tool for the assessment of pollutant effects in river ecosystems. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:271-282. [PMID: 28108888 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are a key component in the nutrient removal from the water column. However, nutrient uptake by biofilms may be hampered by the occurrence of pollutants or other stressors. This study aimed: (i) to investigate the biofilm phosphorus (P) uptake capacity as a relevant process for the maintenance of fluvial water quality and (ii) to explore the sensitivity of this process to different chemical and environmental stressors. We conducted chamber experiments to test for the relevance of biofilm P uptake capacity (PUC) as a tool to detect effects of pollutants on river self-depuration. PUC was calculated by measuring P temporal decay after performing controlled P-spikes in chambers with biofilm-colonized tiles. Four different experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of PUC to: (a) several river waters from increasing polluted sites; (b) the effect of the bactericide triclosan (TCS); (c) the combined effect of TCS and grazers; and (d) the effect of TCS after a drought episode that affected the biofilms. These experiments showed that biofilms decreased their PUC along the pollution gradient. The biofilm PUC was significantly reduced after receiving high TCS concentrations, though lower TCS concentrations also affected the biofilm when this was submitted to grazing pressure. PUC decrease was induced by flow interruption which further enhanced the TCS negative effects. Overall, PUC was sensitive to the effects of pollutants like TCS as well as to the action of biological (grazing) and environmental (drought) factors. The study also showed that multiple stressors enhance the negative effects of pollutants on the PUC of biofilms. Our study values the use of biofilms' PUC as a sensitive ecological-based tool to assess the effects of chemicals on freshwater communities and their derived functioning in river ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Proia
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, 17071, Spain.
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/ Emili Grahit, Girona, 101.17003, Spain.
| | - Anna Romaní
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, 17071, Spain
| | - Sergi Sabater
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, 17071, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/ Emili Grahit, Girona, 101.17003, Spain
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Seoane M, Esperanza M, Rioboo C, Herrero C, Cid Á. Flow cytometric assay to assess short-term effects of personal care products on the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:339-347. [PMID: 28030786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of personal care products (PCPs) are used daily and many of their chemical ingredients are subsequently released into marine environments. Cultures of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica were exposed for 24 h to three emerging compounds included in the main classes of PCPs: the UV filter benzophenone-3 (BP-3), the disinfectant triclosan (TCS) and the fragrance tonalide (AHTN). Concentrations tested, expressed as cellular quota (pg cell-1), ranged from 5 to 40 for BP-3, from 2 to 16 for TCS and from 1.2 to 2.4 for AHTN. A small cytometric panel was carried out to evaluate key cytotoxicity biomarkers including inherent cell properties, growth and metabolic activity and cytoplasmic membrane properties. BP-3 caused a significant increase in growth rate, metabolic activity and chlorophyll a fluorescence from 10 pg cell-1. However, growth and esterase activity decreased in cells exposed to all TCS and AHTN concentrations, except the lowest ones. Also these two compounds provoked a significant swelling of cells, more pronounced in the case of TCS-exposed cells. Although all treated cells remained viable, changes in membrane potential were observed. BP-3 and AHTN caused a significant depolarization of cells from 10 to 1.6 pg cell-1, respectively; however all TCS concentrations assayed caused a noticeable hyperpolarization of cells. Metabolic activity and cytoplasmic membrane potential were the most sensitive parameters. It can be concluded that the toxicological model used and the toxicological parameters evaluated are suitable to assess the toxicity of these emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Seoane
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta Esperanza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carmen Rioboo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Concepción Herrero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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Wand ME. Bacterial Resistance to Hospital Disinfection. MODELING THE TRANSMISSION AND PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60616-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Olaniyan LWB, Mkwetshana N, Okoh AI. Triclosan in water, implications for human and environmental health. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1639. [PMID: 27722057 PMCID: PMC5031584 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent present as an active ingredient in some personal care products such as soaps, toothpastes and sterilizers. It is an endocrine disrupting compound and its increasing presence in water resources as well as in biosolid-amended soils used in farming, its potential for bioaccumulation in fatty tissues and toxicity in aquatic organisms are a cause for concern to human and environmental health. TCS has also been detected in blood, breast milk, urine and nails of humans. The significance of this is not precisely understood. Data on its bioaccumulation in humans are also lacking. Cell based studies however showed that TCS is a pro-oxidant and may be cytotoxic via a number of mechanisms. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation appears to be prevailing as a toxicity mechanism though the compound's role in apoptosis has been cited. TCS is not known to be carcinogenic per se in vitro but has been reported to promote tumourigenesis in the presence of a carcinogen, in mice. Recent laboratory reports appear to support the view that TCS oestrogenicity as well as its anti-oestrogenicity play significant role in cancer progression. Results from epidemiological studies on the effect of TCS on human health have implicated the compound as responsible for certain allergies and reproductive defects. Its presence in chlorinated water also raises toxicity concern for humans as carcinogenic metabolites such as chlorophenols may be generated in the presence of the residual chlorine. In this paper, we carried out a detailed overview of TCS pollution and the implications for human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. W. B. Olaniyan
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape 5700 South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - N. Mkwetshana
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - A. I. Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape 5700 South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
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Gadea R, Fernández Fuentes MÁ, Pérez Pulido R, Gálvez A, Ortega E. Adaptive tolerance to phenolic biocides in bacteria from organic foods: Effects on antimicrobial susceptibility and tolerance to physical stresses. Food Res Int 2016; 85:131-143. [PMID: 29544828 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of step-wise exposure of biocide-sensitive bacteria from organic foods to phenolic biocides triclosan (TC) and hexachlorophene [2,2'-methylenebis(3,4,6-trichlorophenol)] (CF). The analysis included changes in the tolerance to the biocide itself, the tolerance to other biocides, and cross-resistance to clinically important antibiotics. The involvement of efflux mechanisms was also studied as well as the possible implication of modifications in cytoplasmic membrane fluidity in the resistance mechanisms. The influence of biocide tolerance on growth capacity of the adapted strains and on subsequent resistance to other physical stresses has also been analyzed. Repeated exposure of bacteria from organic foods to phenolic biocides resulted in most cases in partially increased tolerance to the same biocide, to dissimilar biocides and other antimicrobial compounds. Nine TC-adapted strains and six CF-adapted strains were able to develop high levels of biocide tolerance, and these were stable in the absence of biocide selective pressure. Most strains adapted to TC and one CF-adapted strain showed significantly higher anisotropy values than their corresponding wildtype strains, suggesting that changes in membrane fluidity could be involved in biocide adaptation. Exposure to gradually increasing concentrations of CF induced a decrease in heat tolerance. Biocide adaptation had no significant effects of gastric acid or bile resistance, suggesting that biocide adaptation should not influence survival in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Gadea
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Fernández Fuentes
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Rubén Pérez Pulido
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain.
| | - Elena Ortega
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain
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Abstract
Triclosan antimicrobial molecular fluctuating energies of nonbonding electron pairs for the oxygen atom by ether bond rotations are reviewed with conformational computational chemistry analyses. Subsequent understanding of triclosan alternating ether bond rotations is able to help explain several material properties in Polymer Science. Unique bond rotation entanglements between triclosan and the polymer chains increase both the mechanical properties of polymer toughness and strength that are enhanced even better through secondary bonding relationships. Further, polymer blend compatibilization is considered due to similar molecular relationships and polarities. With compatibilization of triclosan in polymers a more uniform stability for nonpolar triclosan in the polymer solid state is retained by the antimicrobial for extremely low release with minimum solubility into aqueous solution. As a result, triclosan is projected for long extended lifetimes as an antimicrobial polymer additive. Further, triclosan rapid alternating ether bond rotations disrupt secondary bonding between chain monomers in the resin state to reduce viscosity and enhance polymer blending. Thus, triclosan is considered for a polymer additive with multiple properties to be an antimicrobial with additional benefits as a nonpolar toughening agent and a hydrophobic wetting agent. The triclosan material relationships with alternating ether bond rotations are described through a complete different form of medium by comparisons with known antimicrobial properties that upset bacterial cell membranes through rapid fluctuating mechanomolecular energies. Also, triclosan bond entanglements with secondary bonding can produce structural defects in weak bacterial lipid membranes requiring pliability that can then interfere with cell division. Regarding applications with polymers, triclosan can be incorporated by mixing into a resin system before cure, melt mixed with thermoplastic polymers that set on cooling into a solid or alternatively applied as a coating through several different methods with dissolving into an organic solvent and dried on by evaporation as a common means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Petersen
- Department of Biomaterials and Restorative Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Untargeted Metabolomics To Ascertain Antibiotic Modes of Action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2281-91. [PMID: 26833150 PMCID: PMC4808186 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02109-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the mode of action (MOA) of new antibiotics discovered through phenotypic screening is of increasing importance. Metabolomics offers a potentially rapid and cost-effective means of identifying modes of action of drugs whose effects are mediated through changes in metabolism. Metabolomics techniques also collect data on off-target effects and drug modifications. Here, we present data from an untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach to identify the modes of action of eight compounds: 1-[3-fluoro-4-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-pyrimidin-1-yl)phenyl]-3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea (AZ1), 2-(cyclobutylmethoxy)-5'-deoxyadenosine, triclosan, fosmidomycin, CHIR-090, carbonyl cyanidem-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), 5-chloro-2-(methylsulfonyl)-N-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-4-pyrimidinecarboxamide (AZ7), and ceftazidime. Data analysts were blind to the compound identities but managed to identify the target as thymidylate kinase for AZ1, isoprenoid biosynthesis for fosmidomycin, acyl-transferase for CHIR-090, and DNA metabolism for 2-(cyclobutylmethoxy)-5'-deoxyadenosine. Changes to cell wall metabolites were seen in ceftazidime treatments, although other changes, presumably relating to off-target effects, dominated spectral outputs in the untargeted approach. Drugs which do not work through metabolic pathways, such as the proton carrier CCCP, have no discernible impact on the metabolome. The untargeted metabolomics approach also revealed modifications to two compounds, namely, fosmidomycin and AZ7. An untreated control was also analyzed, and changes to the metabolome were seen over 4 h, highlighting the necessity for careful controls in these types of studies. Metabolomics is a useful tool in the analysis of drug modes of action and can complement other technologies already in use.
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Movahed E, Tan GMY, Munusamy K, Yeow TC, Tay ST, Wong WF, Looi CY. Triclosan Demonstrates Synergic Effect with Amphotericin B and Fluconazole and Induces Apoptosis-Like Cell Death in Cryptococcus neoformans. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:360. [PMID: 27047474 PMCID: PMC4800180 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives:Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungus that causes fatal meningoencephalitis especially in AIDS patients. There is an increasing need for discovery of new anti-cryptococcal drugs due to emergence of resistance cases in recent years. In this study, we aim to elucidate the antifungal effect of triclosan against C. neoformans. Methods: Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of triclosan in different C. neoformans strains was first examined. The in vitro interactions between triclosan and two standard anti-fungal drugs (amphotericin B and fluconazole) were further evaluated by microdilution checkerboard assay. Mechanism of triclosan fungicidal activity was then investigated by viewing the cell morphology under transmission electron microscope. Results: We reported that triclosan potently inhibited the growth of C. neoformans. A combination of triclosan with amphotericin B or with fluconazole enhanced their fungicidal effects. Triclosan-treated C. neoformans displayed characteristics such as nuclear chromatin condensation, extensive intracellular vacuolation and mitochondrial swelling, indicating that triclosan triggered apoptosis-like cell death. Conclusion: In summary, our report suggests triclosan as an independent drug or synergent for C. neoformans treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Movahed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Grace Min Yi Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Komathy Munusamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tee Cian Yeow
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sun Tee Tay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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