1
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Akter J, Stockdale TP, Child SA, Lee JHZ, De Voss JJ, Bell SG. Selective carbon-hydrogen bond hydroxylation using an engineered cytochrome P450 peroxygenase. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 244:112209. [PMID: 37080140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP102A1 (P450BM3) is a versatile monooxygenase enzyme which has been adapted and engineered for multiple applications in chemical synthesis. Mutation of threonine 268 to glutamate (Thr268Glu) converted the heme domain of this enzyme into a H2O2 utilizing peroxygenase. This variant displayed significantly increased peroxide driven hydroxylation activity towards the saturated linear fatty acids tested (undecanoic through to hexadecenoic acid) when compared to the wild-type heme domain. The product distributions arising from fatty acid oxidation using this peroxygenase variant were broadly similar to those obtained with the wild-type monooxygenase holoenzyme, with oxidation occurring predominantly at the ω-1 through to ω-3 positions. 10-Undecenoic acid was regioselectively hydroxylated at the allylic ω-2 carbon by the Thr268Glu peroxygenase. The effect of isotopic substitution were measured using [9,9,10,10-d4]-dodecanoic acid. The kinetic isotope effect for both the monooxygenase and peroxygenase systems ranged between 7.9 and 9.5, with that of the peroxygenase enzyme being marginally lower. This highlights that carbon‑hydrogen bond abstraction is important in the mechanism of both the monooxygenase and peroxygenase systems. This would infer that the ferryl-oxo radical cation intermediate, compound I, is the likely reactive intermediate in both systems. The peroxygenase variant offers the possibility of simpler cytochrome P450 systems for selective oxidations. To demonstrate this we used this system to oxidize tetradecanoic acid using light driven generation of H2O2 by a flavin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinia Akter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Tegan P Stockdale
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Stella A Child
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Joel H Z Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
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2
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Cytochromes P450 in biosensing and biosynthesis applications: Recent progress and future perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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3
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Lee JHZ, Podgorski MN, Moir M, Gee AR, Bell SG. Selective Oxidations Using a Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Variant Driven with Surrogate Oxygen Donors and Light. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201366. [PMID: 35712785 PMCID: PMC9541349 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel H. Z. Lee
- Department of Chemistry University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - Michael Moir
- National Deuteration Facility Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) Lucas Heights Sydney NSW 2232 Australia
| | - Alecia R. Gee
- Department of Chemistry University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Stephen G. Bell
- Department of Chemistry University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
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4
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Onoda H, Tanaka S, Watanabe Y, Shoji O. Exploring hitherto uninvestigated reactions of the fatty acid peroxygenase CYP152A1: catalase reaction and Compound I formation. Faraday Discuss 2022; 234:304-314. [PMID: 35179151 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CYP152A1 (cytochrome P450BSβ) is a fatty acid peroxygenase, which specifically catalyses the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. We have found that CYP152A1 possesses catalase activity, which competes with the hydroxylation of long-chain fatty acids, the oxidation of non-native substrates, and haem degradation. Using hydrogen peroxide, Compound I of CYP152A1 could not be observed, due to its swift decomposition via catalase activity, where Compound I reacts with another molecule of hydrogen peroxide to form O2. In contrast, a clear spectral change indicative of Compound I formation was observed when mCPBA was employed as the oxidant. This work presents valuable insights into an important role for the catalase activity of CYP152A1 in avoiding enzyme deactivation when no substrate is available for oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Onoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan. .,Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan.
| | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan.
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan.
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5
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Bigness A, Vaddypally S, Zdilla MJ, Mendoza-Cortes JL. Ubiquity of cubanes in bioinorganic relevant compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Armbruster J, Steinmassl M, Müller Bogotá CA, Berg G, Nidetzky B, Dennig A. P450 Jα : A New, Robust and α-Selective Fatty Acid Hydroxylase Displaying Unexpected 1-Alkene Formation. Chemistry 2020; 26:15910-15921. [PMID: 32449211 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxyfunctionalization of fatty acids (FAs) is a key step in the design of novel synthetic pathways for biobased/biodegradable polymers, surfactants and fuels. Here, we show the isolation and characterization of a robust FA α-hydroxylase (P450Jα ) which catalyses the selective conversion of a broad range of FAs (C6:0-C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) with H2 O2 as oxidant. Under optimized reaction conditions P450Jα yields α-hydroxy acids all with >95 % regioselectivity, high specific activity (up to 15.2 U mg-1 ) and efficient coupling of oxidant to product (up to 85 %). Lauric acid (C12:0) turned out to be an excellent substrate with respect to productivity (TON=394 min-1 ). On preparative scale, conversion of C12:0 reached 83 % (0.9 g L-1 ) when supplementing H2 O2 in fed-batch mode. Under similar conditions P450Jα allowed further the first biocatalytic α-hydroxylation of oleic acid (88 % conversion on 100 mL scale) at high selectivity and in good yields (1.1 g L-1 ; 79 % isolated yield). Unexpectedly, P450Jα displayed also 1-alkene formation from shorter chain FAs (≤C10:0) showing that oxidative decarboxylation is more widely distributed across this enzyme family than reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Armbruster
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Mathilde Steinmassl
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina A Müller Bogotá
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Dennig
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
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7
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Watanabe Y, Aiba Y, Ariyasu S, Abe S. Molecular Design and Regulation of Metalloenzyme Activities through Two Novel Approaches: Ferritin and P450s. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Watanabe
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Aiba
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shinya Ariyasu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuda-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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8
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Hammerer L, Friess M, Cerne J, Fuchs M, Steinkellner G, Gruber K, Vanhessche K, Plocek T, Winkler CK, Kroutil W. Controlling the Regioselectivity of Fatty Acid Hydroxylation (C10) at α‐ and β‐Position by CYP152A1 (P450Bsβ) Variants. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Hammerer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnologyc/o University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Michael Friess
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Jeyson Cerne
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Georg Steinkellner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnologyc/o University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnologyc/o University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Graz Humboldtstrasse 50 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Koenraad Vanhessche
- Aroma Chemical Services International S.A Route de St-Julien 184 CH-1228 Plan-les-Ouates Switzerland
| | - Thomas Plocek
- Aroma Chemical Services International S.A Route de St-Julien 184 CH-1228 Plan-les-Ouates Switzerland
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnologyc/o University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnologyc/o University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
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9
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Abstract
A set of dual functional small molecules (DFSMs) containing different amino acids has been synthesized and employed together with three different variants of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase P450BM3 from Bacillus megaterium in H2O2-dependent oxidation reactions. These DFSMs enhance P450BM3 activity with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant, converting these enzymes into formal peroxygenases. This system has been employed for the catalytic epoxidation of styrene and in the sulfoxidation of thioanisole. Various P450BM3 variants have been evaluated in terms of activity and selectivity of the peroxygenase reactions.
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10
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Dezvarei S, Shoji O, Watanabe Y, Bell SG. The effect of decoy molecules on the activity of the P450Bm3 holoenzyme and a heme domain peroxygenase variant. CATAL COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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11
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Chylenski P, Bissaro B, Sørlie M, Røhr ÅK, Várnai A, Horn SJ, Eijsink VG. Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases in Enzymatic Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Chylenski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Åsmund K. Røhr
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Svein J. Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G.H. Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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12
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Pickl M, Kurakin S, Cantú Reinhard FG, Schmid P, Pöcheim A, Winkler CK, Kroutil W, de Visser SP, Faber K. Mechanistic Studies of Fatty Acid Activation by CYP152 Peroxygenases Reveal Unexpected Desaturase Activity. ACS Catal 2019; 9:565-577. [PMID: 30637174 PMCID: PMC6323616 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
majority of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) predominantly operate
as monooxygenases, but recently a class of P450 enzymes was discovered,
that can act as peroxygenases (CYP152). These enzymes convert fatty
acids through oxidative decarboxylation, yielding terminal alkenes,
and through α- and β-hydroxylation to yield hydroxy-fatty
acids. Bioderived olefins may serve as biofuels, and hence understanding
the mechanism and substrate scope of this class of enzymes is important.
In this work, we report on the substrate scope and catalytic promiscuity
of CYP OleTJE and two of its orthologues from the CYP152
family, utilizing α-monosubstituted branched carboxylic acids.
We identify α,β-desaturation as an unexpected dominant
pathway for CYP OleTJE with 2-methylbutyric acid. To rationalize
product distributions arising from α/β-hydroxylation,
oxidative decarboxylation, and desaturation depending on the substrate’s
structure and binding pattern, a computational study was performed
based on an active site complex of CYP OleTJE containing
the heme cofactor in the substrate binding pocket and 2-methylbutyric
acid as substrate. It is shown that substrate positioning determines
the accessibility of the oxidizing species (Compound I) to the substrate
and hence the regio- and chemoselectivity of the reaction. Furthermore,
the results show that, for 2-methylbutyric acid, α,β-desaturation
is favorable because of a rate-determining α-hydrogen atom abstraction,
which cannot proceed to decarboxylation. Moreover, substrate hydroxylation
is energetically impeded due to the tight shape and size of the substrate
binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Pickl
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sara Kurakin
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fabián G. Cantú Reinhard
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Pöcheim
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sam P. de Visser
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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13
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Dangi B, Park H, Oh TJ. Effects of Alternative Redox Partners and Oxidizing Agents on CYP154C8 Catalytic Activity and Product Distribution. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2273-2282. [PMID: 30136363 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CYP154C8 catalyzes the hydroxylation of diverse steroids, as has previously been demonstrated, by using an NADH-dependent system including putidaredoxin and putidaredoxin reductase as redox partner proteins carrying electrons from NADH. In other reactions, CYP154C8 reconstituted with spinach ferredoxin and NADPH-dependent ferredoxin reductase displayed catalytic activity different from that of the NADH-dependent system. The NADPH-dependent system showed multistep oxidation of progesterone and other substrates including androstenedione, testosterone, and nandrolone. (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene was employed to generate compound I (FeO3+ ), actively supporting the redox reactions catalyzed by CYP154C8. In addition to 16α-hydroxylation, progesterone and 11-oxoprogesterone also underwent hydroxylation at the 6β-position in reactions supported by (diacetoxyiodo)benzene. CYP154C8 was active in the presence of high concentrations (>10 mm) of H2 O2 , with optimum conversion surprisingly being achieved at ≈75 mm H2 O2 . More importantly, H2 O2 tolerance by CYP154C8 was evident in the very low heme oxidation rate constant (K) even at high concentrations of H2 O2 . Our results demonstrate that alternative redox partners and oxidizing agents influence the catalytic efficiency and product distribution of a cytochrome P450 enzyme. More importantly, these choices affected the type and selectivity of reaction catalyzed by the P450 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Dangi
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea.,Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea.,Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
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14
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Ma N, Chen Z, Chen J, Chen J, Wang C, Zhou H, Yao L, Shoji O, Watanabe Y, Cong Z. Dual-Functional Small Molecules for Generating an Efficient Cytochrome P450BM3 Peroxygenase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7628-7633. [PMID: 29481719 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a unique strategy for the development of a H2 O2 -dependent cytochrome P450BM3 system, which catalyzes the monooxygenation of non-native substrates with the assistance of dual-functional small molecules (DFSMs), such as N-(ω-imidazolyl fatty acyl)-l-amino acids. The acyl amino acid group of DFSM is responsible for bounding to enzyme as an anchoring group, while the imidazolyl group plays the role of general acid-base catalyst in the activation of H2 O2 . This system affords the best peroxygenase activity for the epoxidation of styrene, sulfoxidation of thioanisole, and hydroxylation of ethylbenzene among those P450-H2 O2 system previously reported. This work provides the first example of the activation of the normally H2 O2 -inert P450s through the introduction of an exogenous small molecule. This approach improves the potential use of P450s in organic synthesis as it avoids the expensive consumption of the reduced nicotinamide cofactor NAD(P)H and its dependent electron transport system. This introduces a promising approach for exploiting enzyme activity and function based on direct chemical intervention in the catalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Jie Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingfei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Cong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Lishan Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Zhiqi Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
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15
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Ma N, Chen Z, Chen J, Chen J, Wang C, Zhou H, Yao L, Shoji O, Watanabe Y, Cong Z. Dual-Functional Small Molecules for Generating an Efficient Cytochrome P450BM3 Peroxygenase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development; College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; China Three Gorges University; Yichang Hubei 443002 China
| | - Jie Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jingfei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
| | - Cong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development; College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; China Three Gorges University; Yichang Hubei 443002 China
| | - Lishan Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Zhiqi Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
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16
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Onoda H, Shoji O, Suzuki K, Sugimoto H, Shiro Y, Watanabe Y. α-Oxidative decarboxylation of fatty acids catalysed by cytochrome P450 peroxygenases yielding shorter-alkyl-chain fatty acids. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy02263h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Shorter-alkyl-chain fatty acids such as tridecanoic acid or lauric acid were produced from myristic acid by CYP152 peroxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Onoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST)
| | - Kazuto Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugimoto
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST)
- Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Tokyo
- Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center
| | | | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Research Center for Materials Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
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17
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18
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Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Monooxygenation of Nonnative Substrates Catalyzed by Bacterial Cytochrome P450s Facilitated by Decoy Molecules. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Matthews S, Belcher JD, Tee KL, Girvan HM, McLean KJ, Rigby SEJ, Levy CW, Leys D, Parker DA, Blankley RT, Munro AW. Catalytic Determinants of Alkene Production by the Cytochrome P450 Peroxygenase OleT JE. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5128-5143. [PMID: 28053093 PMCID: PMC5377825 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.762336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Jeotgalicoccus sp. peroxygenase cytochrome P450 OleTJE (CYP152L1) is a hydrogen peroxide-driven oxidase that catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of fatty acids, producing terminal alkenes with applications as fine chemicals and biofuels. Understanding mechanisms that favor decarboxylation over fatty acid hydroxylation in OleTJE could enable protein engineering to improve catalysis or to introduce decarboxylation activity into P450s with different substrate preferences. In this manuscript, we have focused on OleTJE active site residues Phe79, His85, and Arg245 to interrogate their roles in substrate binding and catalytic activity. His85 is a potential proton donor to reactive iron-oxo species during substrate decarboxylation. The H85Q mutant substitutes a glutamine found in several peroxygenases that favor fatty acid hydroxylation. H85Q OleTJE still favors alkene production, suggesting alternative protonation mechanisms. However, the mutant undergoes only minor substrate binding-induced heme iron spin state shift toward high spin by comparison with WT OleTJE, indicating the key role of His85 in this process. Phe79 interacts with His85, and Phe79 mutants showed diminished affinity for shorter chain (C10–C16) fatty acids and weak substrate-induced high spin conversion. F79A OleTJE is least affected in substrate oxidation, whereas the F79W/Y mutants exhibit lower stability and cysteine thiolate protonation on reduction. Finally, Arg245 is crucial for binding the substrate carboxylate, and R245E/L mutations severely compromise activity and heme content, although alkene products are formed from some substrates, including stearic acid (C18:0). The results identify crucial roles for the active site amino acid trio in determining OleTJE catalytic efficiency in alkene production and in regulating protein stability, heme iron coordination, and spin state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Matthews
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - James D Belcher
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Kang Lan Tee
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel M Girvan
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty J McLean
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen E J Rigby
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Colin W Levy
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - David Leys
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - David A Parker
- the Westhollow Technology Center, Houston, Texas 77028-3101, and
| | | | - Andrew W Munro
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom,
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20
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Shoji O, Fujishiro T, Nishio K, Kano Y, Kimoto H, Chien SC, Onoda H, Muramatsu A, Tanaka S, Hori A, Sugimoto H, Shiro Y, Watanabe Y. A substrate-binding-state mimic of H2O2-dependent cytochrome P450 produced by one-point mutagenesis and peroxygenation of non-native substrates. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy00630b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
H2O2-dependent cytochrome P450s that can catalyze monooxygenation of nonnative substrates were constructed by one-point mutagenesis.
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21
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Monooxygenase, peroxidase and peroxygenase properties and reaction mechanisms of cytochrome P450 enzymes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 851:1-61. [PMID: 26002730 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16009-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the monooxygenase, peroxidase and peroxygenase properties and reaction mechanisms of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in bacterial, archaeal and mammalian systems. CYP enzymes catalyze monooxygenation reactions by inserting one oxygen atom from O2 into an enormous number and variety of substrates. The catalytic versatility of CYP stems from its ability to functionalize unactivated carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds of substrates through monooxygenation. The oxidative prowess of CYP in catalyzing monooxygenation reactions is attributed primarily to a porphyrin π radical ferryl intermediate known as Compound I (CpdI) (Por•+FeIV=O), or its ferryl radical resonance form (FeIV-O•). CYP-mediated hydroxylations occur via a consensus H atom abstraction/oxygen rebound mechanism involving an initial abstraction by CpdI of a H atom from the substrate, generating a highly-reactive protonated Compound II (CpdII) intermediate (FeIV-OH) and a carbon-centered alkyl radical that rebounds onto the ferryl hydroxyl moiety to yield the hydroxylated substrate. CYP enzymes utilize hydroperoxides, peracids, perborate, percarbonate, periodate, chlorite, iodosobenzene and N-oxides as surrogate oxygen atom donors to oxygenate substrates via the shunt pathway in the absence of NAD(P)H/O2 and reduction-oxidation (redox) auxiliary proteins. It has been difficult to isolate the historically elusive CpdI intermediate in the native NAD(P)H/O2-supported monooxygenase pathway and to determine its precise electronic structure and kinetic and physicochemical properties because of its high reactivity, unstable nature (t½~2 ms) and short life cycle, prompting suggestions for participation in monooxygenation reactions of alternative CYP iron-oxygen intermediates such as the ferric-peroxo anion species (FeIII-OO-), ferric-hydroperoxo species (FeIII-OOH) and FeIII-(H2O2) complex.
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22
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Onoda H, Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Acetate anion-triggered peroxygenation of non-native substrates by wild-type cytochrome P450s. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:15316-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00797f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type cytochrome P450SPα and cytochrome P450BSβ can catalyze the oxidation of non-native substrates by performing the reaction at a high concentration of the acetate anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Onoda
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
| | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
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23
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Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Bringing out the Potential of Wild-type Cytochrome P450s using Decoy Molecules: Oxygenation of Nonnative Substrates by Bacterial Cytochrome P450s. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Peroxygenase reactions catalyzed by cytochromes P450. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:529-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Belcher J, McLean KJ, Matthews S, Woodward LS, Fisher K, Rigby SEJ, Nelson DR, Potts D, Baynham MT, Parker DA, Leys D, Munro AW. Structure and biochemical properties of the alkene producing cytochrome P450 OleTJE (CYP152L1) from the Jeotgalicoccus sp. 8456 bacterium. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6535-6550. [PMID: 24443585 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.527325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of hydrocarbons in nature has been documented for only a limited set of organisms, with many of the molecular components underpinning these processes only recently identified. There is an obvious scope for application of these catalysts and engineered variants thereof in the future production of biofuels. Here we present biochemical characterization and crystal structures of a cytochrome P450 fatty acid peroxygenase: the terminal alkene forming OleTJE (CYP152L1) from Jeotgalicoccus sp. 8456. OleTJE is stabilized at high ionic strength, but aggregation and precipitation of OleTJE in low salt buffer can be turned to advantage for purification, because resolubilized OleTJE is fully active and extensively dissociated from lipids. OleTJE binds avidly to a range of long chain fatty acids, and structures of both ligand-free and arachidic acid-bound OleTJE reveal that the P450 active site is preformed for fatty acid binding. OleTJE heme iron has an unusually positive redox potential (-103 mV versus normal hydrogen electrode), which is not significantly affected by substrate binding, despite extensive conversion of the heme iron to a high spin ferric state. Terminal alkenes are produced from a range of saturated fatty acids (C12-C20), and stopped-flow spectroscopy indicates a rapid reaction between peroxide and fatty acid-bound OleTJE (167 s(-1) at 200 μm H2O2). Surprisingly, the active site is highly similar in structure to the related P450BSβ, which catalyzes hydroxylation of fatty acids as opposed to decarboxylation. Our data provide new insights into structural and mechanistic properties of a robust P450 with potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Belcher
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty J McLean
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Matthews
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Laura S Woodward
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Fisher
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen E J Rigby
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Donna Potts
- Agilent Technologies UK Ltd., Lakeside, Cheadle Royal Business Park, Stockport, Cheshire SK8 3GR, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T Baynham
- Agilent Technologies UK Ltd., Lakeside, Cheadle Royal Business Park, Stockport, Cheshire SK8 3GR, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Munro
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.
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26
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Catalano J, Sadre-Bazzaz K, Amodeo GA, Tong L, McDermott A. Structural evidence: a single charged residue affects substrate binding in cytochrome P450 BM-3. Biochemistry 2013; 52:6807-15. [PMID: 23829560 PMCID: PMC5945292 DOI: 10.1021/bi4000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 BM-3 is a bacterial enzyme with sequence similarity to mammalian P450s that catalyzes the hydroxylation of fatty acids with high efficiency. Enzyme-substrate binding and dynamics has been an important topic of study for cytochromes P450 because most of the crystal structures of substrate-bound structures show the complex in an inactive state. We have determined a new crystal structure for cytochrome P450 BM-3 in complex with N-palmitoylglycine (NPG), which unexpectedly showed a direct bidentate ion pair between NPG and arginine 47 (R47). We further explored the role of R47, the only charged residue in the binding pocket in cytochrome P450 BM-3, through mutagenesis and crystallographic studies. The mutations of R47 to glutamine (R47Q), glutamic acid (R47E), and lysine (R47K) were designed to investigate the role of its charge in binding and catalysis. The oppositely charged R47E mutation had the greatest effect on activity and binding. The crystal structure of R47E BMP shows that the glutamic acid side chain is blocking the entrance to the binding pocket, accounting for NPG's low binding affinity and charge repulsion. For R47Q and R47K BM-3, the mutations caused only a slight change in kcat and a large change in Km and Kd, which suggests that R47 mostly is involved in binding and that our crystal structure, 4KPA , represents an initial binding step in the P450 cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Catalano
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kianoush Sadre-Bazzaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Gabriele A. Amodeo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ann McDermott
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
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27
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Kelly SL, Kelly DE. Microbial cytochromes P450: biodiversity and biotechnology. Where do cytochromes P450 come from, what do they do and what can they do for us? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120476. [PMID: 23297358 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The first eukaryote genome revealed three yeast cytochromes P450 (CYPs), hence the subsequent realization that some microbial fungal genomes encode these proteins in 1 per cent or more of all genes (greater than 100) has been surprising. They are unique biocatalysts undertaking a wide array of stereo- and regio-specific reactions and so hold promise in many applications. Based on ancestral activities that included 14α-demethylation during sterol biosynthesis, it is now seen that CYPs are part of the genes and metabolism of most eukaryotes. In contrast, Archaea and Eubacteria often do not contain CYPs, while those that do are frequently interesting as producers of natural products undertaking their oxidative tailoring. Apart from roles in primary and secondary metabolism, microbial CYPs are actual/potential targets of drugs/agrochemicals and CYP51 in sterol biosynthesis is exhibiting evolution to resistance in the clinic and the field. Other CYP applications include the first industrial biotransformation for corticosteroid production in the 1950s, the diversion into penicillin synthesis in early mutations in fungal strain improvement and bioremediation using bacteria and fungi. The vast untapped resource of orphan CYPs in numerous genomes is being probed and new methods for discovering function and for discovering desired activities are being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Kelly
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science and College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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28
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Goyal S, Banerjee S, Mazumdar S. Oxygenation of Monoenoic Fatty Acids by CYP175A1, an Orphan Cytochrome P450 from Thermus thermophilus HB27. Biochemistry 2012; 51:7880-90. [DOI: 10.1021/bi300514j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Goyal
- Department of Chemical
Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road,
Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Shibdas Banerjee
- Department of Chemical
Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road,
Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Shyamalava Mazumdar
- Department of Chemical
Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road,
Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
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29
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Hrycay EG, Bandiera SM. The monooxygenase, peroxidase, and peroxygenase properties of cytochrome P450. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 522:71-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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30
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Fujishiro T, Shoji O, Nagano S, Sugimoto H, Shiro Y, Watanabe Y. Crystal structure of H2O2-dependent cytochrome P450SPalpha with its bound fatty acid substrate: insight into the regioselective hydroxylation of fatty acids at the alpha position. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:29941-50. [PMID: 21719702 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.245225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450(SPα) (CYP152B1) isolated from Sphingomonas paucimobilis is the first P450 to be classified as a H(2)O(2)-dependent P450. P450(SPα) hydroxylates fatty acids with high α-regioselectivity. Herein we report the crystal structure of P450(SPα) with palmitic acid as a substrate at a resolution of 1.65 Å. The structure revealed that the C(α) of the bound palmitic acid in one of the alternative conformations is 4.5 Å from the heme iron. This conformation explains the highly selective α-hydroxylation of fatty acid observed in P450(SPα). Mutations at the active site and the F-G loop of P450(SPα) did not impair its regioselectivity. The crystal structures of mutants (L78F and F288G) revealed that the location of the bound palmitic acid was essentially the same as that in the WT, although amino acids at the active site were replaced with the corresponding amino acids of cytochrome P450(BSβ) (CYP152A1), which shows β-regioselectivity. This implies that the high regioselectivity of P450(SPα) is caused by the orientation of the hydrophobic channel, which is more perpendicular to the heme plane than that of P450(BSβ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujishiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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31
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Nakajima H, Osami S, Watanabe Y. Molecular Design of Heme Proteins for Future Application. CATALYSIS SURVEYS FROM ASIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10563-011-9117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Design of H2O2-dependent oxidation catalyzed by hemoproteins. Metallomics 2011; 3:379-88. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00090f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Non-covalent modification of the active site of cytochrome P450 for inverting the stereoselectivity of monooxygenation. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Rabe KS, Erkelenz M, Kiko K, Niemeyer CM. Peroxidase activity of bacterial cytochrome P450 enzymes: Modulation by fatty acids and organic solvents. Biotechnol J 2010; 5:891-9. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Shoji O, Fujishiro T, Nagano S, Tanaka S, Hirose T, Shiro Y, Watanabe Y. Understanding substrate misrecognition of hydrogen peroxide dependent cytochrome P450 from Bacillus subtilis. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 15:1331-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Aromatic C–H bond hydroxylation by P450 peroxygenases: a facile colorimetric assay for monooxygenation activities of enzymes based on Russig’s blue formation. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 15:1109-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Furuya T, Kino K. Genome mining approach for the discovery of novel cytochrome P450 biocatalysts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:991-1002. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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38
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Surface-enhanced Raman scattering as a tool to probe cytochrome P450-catalysed substrate oxidation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1797-801. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Rabe KS, Spengler M, Erkelenz M, Müller J, Gandubert VJ, Hayen H, Niemeyer CM. Screening for cytochrome p450 reactivity by harnessing catalase as reporter enzyme. Chembiochem 2009; 10:751-7. [PMID: 19241405 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are known to catalyze a variety of reactions that are difficult to perform by standard organic synthesis, such as the oxidation of unactivated C--C bonds. Cytochrome P450 enzymes can also be used in artificial systems in which organic peroxides act as cosubstrates. To find substrates that are converted by a certain P450 catalyst in the presence of an organic peroxide, various screening assays have been established, however, most of them are limited to one or only a few specific substrates. Here, we report a simple and rapid screening assay that works independently of the nature of the substrate and utilizes a previously undescribed reactivity of catalase as reporter enzyme. In an initial demonstration of this assay, we screened 180 enzyme/peroxide/substrate combinations for potential bioconversions. As shown by subsequent verification of the screening results with liquid chromatography/multistage mass spectrometry (LC/MS(n)), we were able to identify three new substrates for the enzyme CYP152A1 and at least two previously undescribed conversions by the enzyme CYP119.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kersten S Rabe
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto-Hahn Strasse 6, Dortmund, Germany
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40
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Rahier A, Bergdoll M, Génot G, Bouvier F, Camara B. Homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis reveal catalytic key amino acids of 3beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase/C4-decarboxylase from Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:1872-86. [PMID: 19218365 PMCID: PMC2663740 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.132282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sterols become functional only after removal of the two methyl groups at C4 by a membrane-bound multienzyme complex including a 3beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase/C4-decarboxylase (3betaHSD/D). We recently identified Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) 3betaHSD/D as a bifunctional short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase protein. We made use of three-dimensional homology modeling to identify key amino acids involved in 4alpha-carboxy-sterol and NAD binding and catalysis. Key amino acids were subjected to site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutated enzymes were expressed and assayed both in vivo and in vitro in an erg26 yeast strain defective in 3betaHSD/D. We show that tyrosine-159 and lysine-163, which are oriented near the 3beta-hydroxyl group of the substrate in the model, are essential for the 3betaHSD/D activity, consistent with their involvement in the initial dehydrogenation step of the reaction. The essential arginine-326 residue is predicted to form a salt bridge with the 4alpha-carboxyl group of the substrate, suggesting its involvement both in substrate binding and in the decarboxylation step. The essential aspartic acid-39 residue is in close contact with the hydroxyl groups of the adenosine-ribose ring of NAD+, in good agreement with the strong preference of 3betaHSD/D for NAD+. Data obtained with serine-133 mutants suggest close proximity between the serine-133 residue and the C4beta domain of the bound sterol. Based on these data, we propose a tentative mechanism for 3betaHSD/D activity. This study provides, to our knowledge, the first data on the three-dimensional molecular interactions of an enzyme of the postoxidosqualene cyclase sterol biosynthesis pathway with its substrate. The implications of our findings for studying the roles of C4-alkylated sterol precursors in plant development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Rahier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France.
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41
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Rabe KS, Kiko K, Niemeyer CM. Characterization of the peroxidase activity of CYP119, a thermostable P450 from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Chembiochem 2008; 9:420-5. [PMID: 18157853 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning, expression, and purification of CYP119, a thermostable enzyme previously thought to derive from Sulfolobus solfataricus. Sequence analysis suggested that, in contrast to the conclusions of earlier studies, the enzyme stems from the closely related Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, and we were indeed able to clone the gene from the genomic DNA of this organism. For the first time, we report here on the peroxidase activity of this enzyme and the optimization of the associated reaction parameters. The optimized reaction conditions were then applied to the biocatalytic epoxidation of styrene. The values obtained for k(cat) (78.2+/-20.6 min(-1)) and K(M) (9.2+/-4.3 mM) indicated an approximately 100-fold increased catalytic activity over previously reported results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kersten S Rabe
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fachbereich Chemie, Biologisch-chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Dortmund, Germany
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42
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Rabe KS, Gandubert VJ, Spengler M, Erkelenz M, Niemeyer CM. Engineering and assaying of cytochrome P450 biocatalysts. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:1059-73. [PMID: 18622752 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s constitute a highly fascinating superfamily of enzymes which catalyze a broad range of reactions. They are essential for drug metabolism and promise industrial applications in biotechnology and biosensing. The constant search for cytochrome P450 enzymes with enhanced catalytic performances has generated a large body of research. This review will concentrate on two key aspects related to the identification and improvement of cytochrome P450 biocatalysts, namely the engineering and assaying of these enzymes. To this end, recent advances in cytochrome P450 development are reported and commonly used screening methods are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kersten S Rabe
- Fakultät für Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strabetae 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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43
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Gandubert VJ, Torres E, Niemeyer CM. Investigation of cytochrome P450-modified cadmium sulfide quantum dots as photocatalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b805526b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Girhard M, Schuster S, Dietrich M, Dürre P, Urlacher VB. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Clostridium acetobutylicum: A new α-fatty acid hydroxylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 362:114-119. [PMID: 17706598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from the anaerobic microorganism Clostridium acetobutylicum (CYP152A2) has been produced in Escherichia coli. CYP152A2 was shown to bind a broad range of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and corresponding methyl esters and demonstrated a high peroxygenase activity of up to 200min(-1) with myristic acid. Although a high concentration of hydrogen peroxide of 200microM was necessary for high activities of the enzyme, it led to a fast enzyme inactivation within 2-4min. This might reflect the natural function of CYP152A2 as a rapid hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzyme. In two different reconstituted systems with NADPH, CYP152A2 was able to convert 10 times more substrate, if provided with flavodoxin and flavodoxin reductase from E. coli and even 30-40 times more substrate with the CYP102A1-reductase from Bacillus megaterium. According to the clear preference for hydroxylation at alpha-position, CYP152A2 can be referred to as fatty acid alpha-hydroxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Girhard
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schuster
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Dietrich
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Dürre
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Vlada B Urlacher
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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45
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Shoji O, Fujishiro T, Nakajima H, Kim M, Nagano S, Shiro Y, Watanabe Y. Hydrogen Peroxide Dependent Monooxygenations by Tricking the Substrate Recognition of Cytochrome P450BSβ. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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Shoji O, Fujishiro T, Nakajima H, Kim M, Nagano S, Shiro Y, Watanabe Y. Hydrogen Peroxide Dependent Monooxygenations by Tricking the Substrate Recognition of Cytochrome P450BSβ. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:3656-9. [PMID: 17385817 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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47
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Torres E, Hayen H, Niemeyer CM. Evaluation of cytochrome P450BSβ reactivity against polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and drugs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 355:286-93. [PMID: 17292855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by cytochrome P450(BSbeta) using three different electron acceptors is reported. Three PAH were found to be substrates for the oxidation by P450(BSbeta), namely anthracene, 9-methyl-anthracene and azulene. The respective oxidation products were identified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. In addition, 10 drug-like compounds were investigated for their effects on the catalytic activity of P450(BSbeta) by carrying out inhibition studies. The stability of P450(BSbeta) against hydrogen peroxide, cumene, and ter-butyl hydroperoxide was determined. Overall, the results of this study suggested that the P450(BSbeta) enzyme represents a powerful catalyst in terms of the catalytic activity and operational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Torres
- Universität Dortmund, Fachbereich Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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48
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Ipe BI, Shukla A, Lu H, Zou B, Rehage H, Niemeyer CM. Dynamic Light-Scattering Analysis of the Electrostatic Interaction of Hexahistidine-Tagged Cytochrome P450 Enzyme with Semiconductor Quantum Dots. Chemphyschem 2006; 7:1112-8. [PMID: 16607661 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is great interest in the development of methods suitable for determining the stoichiometry of biomolecules attached to nanoparticles. We describe the use of the dynamic light-scattering technique (DLS) to determine the stoichiometry of the protein cytochrome P450(BSbeta) attached to CdS and CdSe quantum dots (QDs). The enzyme-conjugated QDs have different diffusion characteristics compared to the QD and enzyme precursors, expressed in their size, scattering intensity as well as zeta-potential values. The significant enhancement of the scattering intensity of QDs observed upon conjugation with the P450(BSbeta) due to the refractive-index increment and the systematic variation in zeta potential resulting from charge neutralization of the anionic QDs by the cationic histidine-tagged P450(BSbeta) have been used for stoichiometry determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binil Itty Ipe
- Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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49
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Ipe BI, Niemeyer CM. Nanohybride aus Quantenpunkten und Cytochrom P450 als Photokatalysatoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Ipe BI, Niemeyer CM. Nanohybrids Composed of Quantum Dots and Cytochrome P450 as Photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:504-7. [PMID: 16365841 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binil Itty Ipe
- Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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