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Milošević N, Rütter M, David A. Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecules- (un)Attainable Targets for Nanomedicines. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:846065. [PMID: 35463298 PMCID: PMC9021548 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.846065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell adhesion molecules have long been proposed as promising targets in many pathologies. Despite promising preclinical data, several efforts to develop small molecule inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) ended in clinical-stage failure. In parallel, many well-validated approaches for targeting CAMs with nanomedicine (NM) were reported over the years. A wide range of potential applications has been demonstrated in various preclinical studies, from drug delivery to the tumor vasculature, imaging of the inflamed endothelium, or blocking immune cells infiltration. However, no NM drug candidate emerged further into clinical development. In this review, we will summarize the most advanced examples of CAM-targeted NMs and juxtapose them with known traditional drugs against CAMs, in an attempt to identify important translational hurdles. Most importantly, we will summarize the proposed strategies to enhance endothelial CAM targeting by NMs, in an attempt to offer a catalog of tools for further development.
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40 years of glyco-polyacrylamide in glycobiology. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:89-100. [PMID: 33443721 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyacrylamide conjugates of glycans have long been widely used in many research areas of glycobiology, mainly for immobilizing glycans in solid-phase assays and as multivalent inhibitors. Pending biotin tag allows immobilizing Glyc-PAA quantitatively on any surface, and acts as a tracer for detection of carbohydrate-binding proteins. However, the scope of already realized capabilities of these probes is immeasurably richer than those listed above. This review is not so much about routine as about less common, but not less significant applications. Also, the data on the glycopolymers themselves, their molecular weight, size and polymer chain flexibility are presented, as well as the methods of synthesis, clusterisation and entropy factor in their interaction with proteins.
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Ananikov VP, Khokhlova EA, Egorov MP, Sakharov AM, Zlotin SG, Kucherov AV, Kustov LM, Gening ML, Nifantiev NE. Organic and hybrid molecular systems. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pomin VH. Fucanomics and galactanomics: current status in drug discovery, mechanisms of action and role of the well-defined structures. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1971-9. [PMID: 22964140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the recent advent of glycomics, many medically relevant glycans have been discovered. Sulfated fucans (SFs) and sulfated galactans (SGs) are one of these classes of glycans with increasing interest to both glycomics and medicine. Besides having very unique structures, some of these molecules exhibit a broad range of pharmacological actions. In certain cases, high levels of effectiveness may be reached when the proper structural requirements are found. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we cover the fundamental biochemical mechanisms of some of these medicinal properties. We particularly focus on the beneficial activities of SFs and SGs in inflammation, hemostasis, vascular biology, and cancer. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In these clinical systems, intermolecular complexes directly driven by electrostatic interactions of SFs and SGs with P- and L-selectins, chemokines, antithrombin, heparin cofactor II, thrombin, factor Xa, bFGF, and VEGF, overall govern the resultant therapeutic effects. In spite of that, the structural features of SFs and SGs have shown to be essential determinants for formation and stability of those molecular complexes, which consequently account to the differential levels of the biomedical responses. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Accurate structure-function relationships have mostly been achieved when SFs and SGs of well-defined structures are used for study. Therefore, these types of glycans have become of great usefulness to identify the chemical requirements needed to achieve satisfactory clinical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Fucanomics and galactanomics: marine distribution, medicinal impact, conceptions, and challenges. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:793-811. [PMID: 22690144 PMCID: PMC3366676 DOI: 10.3390/md10040793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycomics turned out to be a very extensive project where its subdivision is consequently emerging. This is seen by the growing number of terminologies used to define subprojects concerning particular classes of bioactive carbohydrates. Sulfated fucans (SFs) and sulfated galactans (SGs) are relatively new classes of sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) that occur mostly in marine organisms, and exhibit a broad range of medicinal effects. Their structures are taxonomically dependent, and their therapeutic actions include benefits in inflammation, coagulation, thrombosis, angiogenesis, cancer, oxidation, and infections. Some red algae, marine angiosperm and invertebrates express SPs of unique structures composed of regular repeating oligomeric units of well-defined sulfation patterns. This fine pattern of structural regularity is quite rare among any naturally occurring long SPs, and enables accurate structure-biofunction correlations. Seeing that, fucanomics and galactanomics may comprise distinguished glycomics subprojects. We hereby discuss the relevance that justifies the international recognition of these subprojects in the current glycomics age associated with the beneficial outcomes that these glycans may offer in drug development.
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Cook N, Harris A, Hopkins A, Hughes K. Scintillation proximity assay (SPA) technology to study biomolecular interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 19:Unit 19.8. [PMID: 18429228 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps1908s27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Scintillation proximity assay (SPA) is a versatile homogeneous technique for radioactive assays which eliminates the need for separation steps. In SPA, scintillant is incorporated into small fluomicrospheres. These microspheres or "beads" are constructed in such a way as to bind specific molecules. If a radioactive molecule is bound to the bead, it is brought into close enough proximity that it can stimulate the scintillant contained within to emit light. Otherwise, the unbound radioactivity is too distant, the energy released is dissipated before reaching the bead, and these disintegrations are not detected. In this unit, the application of SPA technology to measuring protein-protein interactions, Src Homology 2 (SH2) and 3 (SH3) domain binding to specific peptide sequences, and receptor-ligand interactions are described. Three other protocols discuss the application of SPA technology to cell-adhesion-molecule interactions, protein-DNA interactions, and radioimmunoassays. In addition, protocols are given for preparation of SK-N-MC cells and cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Cook
- Amersham Biosciences Ltd., Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Enders S, Bernhard G, Zakrzewicz A, Tauber R. Inhibition of L-selectin binding by polyacrylamide-based conjugates under defined flow conditions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:1441-9. [PMID: 17707590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Selectins mediate tethering and rolling of leukocytes along the endothelium in a shear force-dependent manner. This key step in the cellular immune response is a target for experimental anti-inflammatory therapies. In the present paper we have examined the inhibitory activity of the minimal selectin ligand sialyl Lewis x (SiaLe(x)), its isomer sialyl Lewis a (SiaLe(a)) and sulfated tyrosine (sTyr) residues under dynamic flow reflecting the rheological conditions in the blood stream. The monomeric ligands were compared to multivalent polyacrylamide (PAA)-based conjugates under defined flow conditions on the molecular level, using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology, and on the cellular level, using a parallel-plate flow chamber. SPR measurements showed that a spatial arrangement of binding epitopes mimicking the selectin binding motif of the natural ligand PSGL-1 inhibits L-selectin binding successfully with IC(50) values in the nanomolar range. Using a flow chamber adhesion assay it could be shown that the multivalent inhibitors efficiently blocked rolling and tethering of NALM-6 pre-B cells transfected with human L-selectin to activated endothelium and that the inhibitory activity increased with rising shear stress. While PAA-conjugates were almost not inhibitory at low shear stress, NALM-6 cell rolling was nearly completely inhibited at high shear stress. The results indicate that multimeric conjugates of SiaLe(x), SiaLe(a) and sTyr are highly effective inhibitors of L-selectin-mediated cell adhesion particularly under flow conditions. Consequently, SiaLe(x), SiaLe(a) and/or sTyr on macromolecular carriers may be promising candidates for anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Enders
- Zentralinstitut für Laboratoriumsmedizin und Pathobiochemie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
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Cumashi A, Ushakova NA, Preobrazhenskaya ME, D'Incecco A, Piccoli A, Totani L, Tinari N, Morozevich GE, Berman AE, Bilan MI, Usov AI, Ustyuzhanina NE, Grachev AA, Sanderson CJ, Kelly M, Rabinovich GA, Iacobelli S, Nifantiev NE. A comparative study of the anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antiangiogenic, and antiadhesive activities of nine different fucoidans from brown seaweeds. Glycobiology 2007; 17:541-52. [PMID: 17296677 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 632] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, anticoagulant, and antiadhesive properties of fucoidans obtained from nine species of brown algae were studied in order to examine the influence of fucoidan origin and composition on their biological activities. All fucoidans inhibited leucocyte recruitment in an inflammation model in rats, and neither the content of fucose and sulfate nor other structural features of their polysaccharide backbones significantly affected the efficacy of fucoidans in this model. In vitro evaluation of P-selectin-mediated neutrophil adhesion to platelets under flow conditions revealed that only polysaccharides from Laminaria saccharina, L. digitata, Fucus evanescens, F. serratus, F. distichus, F. spiralis, and Ascophyllum nodosum could serve as P-selectin inhibitors. All fucoidans, except that from Cladosiphon okamuranus carrying substantial levels of 2-O-alpha-D-glucuronopyranosyl branches in the linear (1-->3)-linked poly-alpha-fucopyranoside chain, exhibited anticoagulant activity as measured by activated partial thromboplastin time whereas only fucoidans from L. saccharina, L. digitata, F. serratus, F. distichus, and F. evanescens displayed strong antithrombin activity in a platelet aggregation test. The last fucoidans potently inhibited human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) tubulogenesis in vitro and this property correlated with decreased levels of plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 in HUVEC supernatants, suggesting a possible mechanism of fucoidan-induced inhibition of tubulogenesis. Finally, fucoidans from L. saccharina, L. digitata, F. serratus, F. distichus, and F. vesiculosus strongly blocked MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell adhesion to platelets, an effect which might have critical implications in tumor metastasis. The data presented herein provide a new rationale for the development of potential drugs for thrombosis, inflammation, and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albana Cumashi
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, University G. D'Annunzio Medical School & Foundation, 66013 Chieti, Italy, and Division of Immunogenetics, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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von Bonin A, Buchmann B, Bader B, Rausch A, Venstrom K, Schäfer M, Gründemann S, Günther J, Zorn L, Nubbemeyer R, Asadullah K, Zollner TM. Efomycine M: an inhibitor of selectins? Nat Med 2006; 12:873; author reply 873-4. [PMID: 16892024 DOI: 10.1038/nm0806-873a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/blood
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/toxicity
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Binding Sites
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Macrolides/blood
- Macrolides/chemistry
- Macrolides/metabolism
- Macrolides/pharmacology
- Macrolides/toxicity
- Mice
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Selectins/classification
- Selectins/metabolism
- Streptomyces/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
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10
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Ushakova NA, Preobrazhenskaya ME, Bird MI, Priest R, Semenov AV, Mazurov AV, Nifantiev NE, Pochechueva TV, Galanina OE, Bovin NV. Monomeric and Multimeric Blockers of Selectins: Comparison of in vitro and in vivo Activity. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005; 70:432-9. [PMID: 15892609 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The potency of the oligosaccharides SiaLe(x), SiaLe(a), HSO(3)Le(x), and HSO(3)Le(a), their conjugates with polyacrylamide (PAA, 40 kD), and other monomeric and polymeric selectin inhibitors has been compared with that of the polysaccharide fucoidan. The following assay systems were used: 1) a 96-well assay based either on the use of recombinant E-, P-, and L-selectins or an analogous assay with natural P-selectin isolated from human platelets; 2) a platelet-based P-selectin cell assay; and 3) a rat model of peritoneal inflammation. IC(50) values for the neoglycoconjugate SiaLe(a)-PAA were 6, 40, and 85 microM for recombinant E-, P-, and L-selectins, respectively; all monomeric inhibitors were about two orders of magnitude weaker. PAA-conjugates, containing as a ligand tyrosine-O-sulfate (sTyr) in addition to one of the sialylated oligosaccharides, were the most potent synthetic blockers in vitro. Compared with fucoidan, the most potent known P- and L-selectin blocker, the bi-ligand glycoconjugate HSO(3)Le(a)-PAA-sTyr displayed similar inhibitory activity in vitro towards L-selectin and about ten times lower activity towards P-selectin. All of the tested synthetic polymers displayed a similar ability to inhibit neutrophil extravasation in the peritonitis model (in vivo) at 10 mg/kg. The data provide evidence that monomeric SiaLe(x) is considerably more effective as a selectin blocker in vivo than in vitro, whereas the opposite is true for fucoidan and the bi-ligand neoglycoconjugate HSO(3)Le(a)-PAA-sTyr.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Ushakova
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 119121 Moscow, Russia.
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11
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Pochechueva TV, Ushakova NA, Preobrazhenskaya ME, Nifantiev NE, Tsvetkov YE, Sablina MA, Tuzikov AB, Bird MI, Rieben R, Bovin NV. P-selectin blocking potency of multimeric tyrosine sulfates in vitro and in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1709-12. [PMID: 12729647 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
P-selectin blocking potency was investigated using synthetic monomeric and polymeric anionic compounds containing sulfate groups such as O-sulfotyrosine (sTyr) and/or sulfated Lewis structures. A non-carbohydrate-containing polyacrylamide conjugate sTyr-PAA (80% mol of sTyr) was a remarkably potent inhibitor of P-selectin binding in vitro, having an IC(50) value of 6 ng/mL (equivalent to 10 nM calculated on the basis of sTyr residues or 0.1 nM calculated by the mass of the macromolecule). The inhibitory effect of sTyr-PAA (80%) towards P-selectin is significantly greater than that of fucoidan (IC(50), 100 ng/mL). However, sTyr-PAA (80%) was less effective than fucoidan at reducing neutrophil extravasation in an in vivo rat model of peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Pochechueva
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Neoglycoconjugates as Probes in Glycobiology. CHEMICAL PROBES IN BIOLOGY SCIENCE AT THE INTERFACE OF CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0958-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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13
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Pochechueva TV, Galanina OE, Bird MI, Nifantiev NE, Bovin NV. Assembly of p-selectin ligands on a polymeric template. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2002; 9:757-62. [PMID: 12079788 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High-affinity receptor-ligand interactions frequently involve molecular interactions at two distinct sites. A derivatized polyacrylic-based polymer was synthesized to allow substitution with multiple ligands (e.g., L(1) and L(2)) on the backbone. Two-site P-selectin-ligand interactions were first studied with SiaLe(x) (L(1)) and tyrosine sulfate (L(2)) covalently incorporated onto the flexible polymer. In competition assays, a marked synergistic inhibitory effect was observed when the polymer presented both L(1) and L(2) as opposed to either ligand alone. In a second approach, the SiaLe(X) ligand was reduced in complexity so that L(1) was fixed as Le(x) or Le(a), and alternative L(2) groups (to mimic sialic acid) were investigated. Certain combinations of L(1) and L(2) were better antagonists of P-selectin than SiaLe(x) itself. These approaches offer the potential of facilitating the discovery of novel inhibitors of receptors or enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Pochechueva
- Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
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Pavlovic D, Leteux C, Ovchinnikova T, Tsvetkov Y, Nifant'ev N, Feizi T. Chemically synthesized solid phase oligosaccharide probes for carbohydrate-binding receptors. Interactions of the E-, L- and P-selectins with sialyl-Le(x) and O-sulphated forms linked to biotin or to polyacrylamide. J Immunol Methods 2002; 264:53-8. [PMID: 12191509 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in chemically defined oligosaccharide reagents for identifying proteins that bind carbohydrates and determining the specificities of carbohydrate-binding proteins. Here, we compare three sets of chemically synthesized commercially available oligosaccharide conjugates as immobilized probes, for the binding signals that they elicit with known carbohydrate-binding receptors of the immune system, the E-, P- and L-selectins. The first set of conjugates is of oligosaccharides linked to biotin via a nine-carbon spacer. The second and third sets are multivalent derivatives in which the oligosaccharides are linked, via a three-carbon spacer to poly[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acrylamide] (PAA) or to biotinylated PAA with an average of 20% substitution of the hydroxyethyl-amide groups by carbohydrate. The conjugates were immobilized on streptavidin-coated microwells if biotinylated, otherwise by drying in uncoated wells. The most robust binding curves, overall, were with the biotinylated PAA derivatives of the ligands immobilized on streptavidin wells. These reagents have permitted a reevaluation of selectin binding signals elicited by sialyl-Lewis(x) (SLe(x)) analogues having sulphate at position 6 of the galactose (6'SuSLe(x)) or of the N-acetylglucosamine (6SuSLe(x)). The results clarify the role of 6SuSLe(x), rather then 6'SuSLe(x), as a ligand for the selectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Pavlovic
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Northwick Park Institute of Medical Research, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex, UK
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15
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Scharfman A, Arora SK, Delmotte P, Van Brussel E, Mazurier J, Ramphal R, Roussel P. Recognition of Lewis x derivatives present on mucins by flagellar components of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 2001; 69:5243-8. [PMID: 11500392 PMCID: PMC98632 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.9.5243-5248.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa binds to human respiratory mucins by mechanisms involving flagellar component-receptor interactions. The adhesion of P. aeruginosa strain PAK is mediated by the flagellar cap protein, FliD, without the involvement of flagellin. Two distinct types of FliD proteins have been identified in P. aeruginosa: A type, found in strain PAK, and B type, found in strain PAO1. In the present work, studies performed with the P. aeruginosa B-type strain PAO1 indicate that both the FliD protein and the flagellin of this strain are involved in the binding to respiratory mucins. Using polyacrylamide-based fluorescent glycoconjugates in a flow cytometry assay, it was previously demonstrated that P. aeruginosa recognizes Le(x) (or Lewis x) derivatives found at the periphery of human respiratory mucins. The aim of the present work was therefore to determine whether these carbohydrate epitopes (or glycotopes) are receptors for FliD proteins and flagellin. The results obtained by both flow cytometry and a microplate adhesion assay indicate that the FliD protein of strain PAO1 is involved in the binding of glycoconjugates bearing Le(x) or sialyl-Le(x) determinants, while the binding of flagellin is restricted to the glycoconjugate bearing Le(x) glycotope. In contrast, the type A cap protein of P. aeruginosa strain PAK is not involved in the binding to glycoconjugates bearing Le(x), sialyl-Le(x), or sulfosialyl-Le(x) glycotopes. This study demonstrates a clear association between a specific Pseudomonas adhesin and a specific mucin glycotope and demonstrates that fine specificities exist in mucin recognition by P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scharfman
- Unité INSERM No. 377 and Université de Lille 2, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
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17
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Gordeeva EA, Tuzikov AB, Galanina OE, Pochechueva TV, Bovin NV. Microscale synthesis of glycoconjugate series and libraries. Anal Biochem 2000; 278:230-2. [PMID: 10660468 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E A Gordeeva
- Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117871, Russia
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18
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Weitz-Schmidt G, Gong KW, Wong CH. Selectin/glycoconjugate binding assays for the identification and optimization of selectin antagonists. Anal Biochem 1999; 273:81-8. [PMID: 10452802 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study we describe ELISA-type P- and L-selectin binding assays for the analysis of selectin antagonists. A biotinylated polyacrylamide-type glycoconjugate containing sialyl Lewis A (sLe(a)-polymer) is utilized as a synthetic ligand for both selectins analogous to the E-selectin assay we have developed recently. Following precomplexation of sLe(a)-polymer with streptavidin-peroxidase, the complex is added to microtiter plates coated with the recombinant selectins. Binding of sLe(a)-polymer to the immobilized selectins is measured by the peroxidase reaction. SLe(a)-polymer was found to bind to P- and L-selectin in a cation-dependent manner. The interaction of the polymer was blocked by neutralizing anti-P- and anti-L-selectin antibody, respectively. The reference compounds heparin and fucoidan inhibited in both assays. Sialyl Lewis X (sLe(x)) blocked binding to L-selectin by 46% at 3 mM, whereas no inhibition was observed in the P-selectin assay up to 3 mM. Control polymers containing sialic acid or beta-d-glucose instead of sLe(a) weakly bound or failed to bind to the selectins. Both assays are rapid to perform and of low variability. The P-selectin assay was successfully employed to identify and optimize novel carbohydrate-based P-selectin antagonists. The P-, L-, and E-selectin assays were used to determine the fine selectivity of several sLe(x)-related selectin antagonists. These studies together suggest that sLe(a)-polymer-based selectin assays are well suited for primary screening and the characterization of selectin antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weitz-Schmidt
- Transplantation Research, Novartis Pharma A.G., Basel, CH-4002, Switzerland
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19
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Galanina OE, Tuzikov AB, Rapoport E, Le Pendu J, Bovin NV. Carbohydrate-based probes for detection of cellular lectins. Anal Biochem 1998; 265:282-9. [PMID: 9882404 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate (spacered saccharide residue, Glyc) probes with various tags were synthesized as analytical tools for study of cellular lectins, i.e., Glyc-polyacrylamide-3H, Glyc-PAA-biotin, Glyc-PAA-fluorescein (flu), and Glyc-PAA-digoxigenin, where PAA is a soluble polyacrylamide carrier of approximately 30 kDa. Binding of all types of probes, where Glyc is the sialyl Lewis X (SiaLeX) tetrasaccharide or a blank saccharide, was assessed using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells either transfected with the E-selectin cDNA or mock-transfected. High binding of SiaLeX-PAA-3H to E-selectin-transfected cells and absence of binding to control cells (both native and permeabilized) allowed the conclusion that the polyacrylamide carrier and the spacer arm do not contribute significantly to the binding. The biotinylated probe showed a high level of nonspecific binding in cell enzyme-linked assays. A similarly built digoxigenin-labeled probe was significantly better. In flow cytometry assays, the fluorescein probe demonstrated a specific binding to E-selectin-transfected cells of a similar level to that given by an anti-E-selectin antibody. In addition, it could be inhibited by the anti-E-selectin antibody, further demonstrating specificity. Tumors were obtained from nude mice by injection of CHO E-selectin or mock-transfected cells. The fluorescent SiaLeX-PAA-flu probe could bind to tumor sections from E-selectin-positive CHO cells, but not from control CHO cells. These probes can thus be used to reveal specifically complex carbohydrate-binding sites on cells either in culture or on tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- O E Galanina
- Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117871, Russia
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Priest R, Bird MI, Malhotra R. Characterization of E-selectin-binding epitopes expressed by skin-homing T cells. Immunology 1998; 94:523-8. [PMID: 9767440 PMCID: PMC1364230 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein counter-receptors for E-selectin borne on skin-homing T cells are poorly defined. In this study we have used flow cytometry to investigate the surface expression of potential carbohydrate ligands for E-selectin on HUT78, a skin-homing cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. These cells possessed high surface expression of the KM-93 epitope but not HECA 452 or CSLEX1 epitopes. The KM-93 antibody also blocked the binding of HUT78 cells to E-selectin. All these antibodies are reported to recognize sialyl Lewis X (sLex)-like molecules. Using an E-selectin affinity matrix, the main glycoprotein isolated from HUT78 cells was a molecular species of 90 000 MW. Other minor species of molecular weights 40 000, 60 000, 100 000, 120 000 and 200 000 were also identified as potential counter-receptors for E-selectin. Four of the purified counter-receptors (90 000, 100 000, 120 000 and 200 000 MW) stained positive with the KM-93 antibody. Immunoblot analysis of these purified glycoproteins established the identity of the 90 000 MW glycoprotein as l-selectin. Furthermore, an anti-l-selectin antibody inhibited the binding of HUT78 cells to E-selectin, probably by steric inhibition of the carbohydrate ligand for E-selectin that is borne on the C-type lectin domain of l-selectin. These results suggest that a carbohydrate epitope on l-selectin may act as a ligand for E-selectin on skin-homing T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Priest
- Glycobiology Research Unit, Division of Cellular Science, Glaxo-Wellcome Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
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