Effects of copper coordinate complexes on the scavenging of reactive oxygen species

Exploring the antioxidant activity of Fe(III), Mn(III)Mn(II), and Cu(II) compounds in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Galleria mellonella models of study

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are closely related to oxidative stress, aging, and the onset of human diseases. To mitigate ROS-induced damages, extensive research has focused on examining the antioxidative attributes of various synthetic/natural substances. Coordination compounds serving as synthetic antioxidants have emerged as a promising approach to attenuate ROS toxicity. Herein, we investigated the antioxidant potential of a series of Fe(III) (1), Mn(III)Mn(II) (2) and Cu(II) (3) coordination compounds synthesized with the ligand N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-N-(2-pyridylmethyl)[(3-chloro)(2-hydroxy)]-propylamine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to oxidative stress. We also assessed the antioxidant potential of these complexes in the alternative model of study, Galleria mellonella. DPPH analysis indicated that these complexes presented moderate antioxidant activity. However, treating Saccharomyces cerevisiae with 1, 2 and 3 increased the tolerance against oxidative stress and extended yeast lifespan. The treatment of yeast cells with these complexes decreased lipid peroxidation and catalase activity in stressed cells, whilst no change in SOD activity was observed. Moreover, these complexes induced the Hsp104 expression. In G. mellonella, complex administration extended larval survival under H2O2 stress and did not affect the insect's life cycle. Our results suggest that the antioxidant potential exhibited by these complexes could be further explored to mitigate various oxidative stress-related disorders.

Superoxidedismutase-mimetic copper(II) complexes containing saccharinate and 4-aminopyridine/4-cyanopyridine

Two copper(II) complexes, [Cu(sac)(2)(4-cypy)(2)(H(2)O)], 1 and [Cu(sac)(2)(4-Ampy)(2)(H(2)O)], 2 (4-cypy: 4-cyanopyridine; 4-Ampy: 4-aminopyridine) were prepared. Physicochemical properties of the complexes were studied by spectroscopic (solution UV-vis, diffuse reflectance and IR) techniques. Structural X-ray diffraction data could be obtained only for [Cu(sac)(2)(4-cypy)(2)(H(2)O)] that it crystallized in the tetragonal space group P4cc with a=b=15.313(1), c=13.240(1)A, and Z=4 molecules per unit cell. The complex was cited on a crystallographic C(2)-axis with the Cu(II) ion in a square-pyramidal environment, coordinated at the pyramid basis to the nitrogen atom of two saccharine anions [d(Cu-N)=2.011(3)A] and the pyridine N-atom of two 4-cyanopyridine ligands [d(Cu-N)=2.038(4)A]. The coordination was completed by a water molecule at the pyramid apex [d(Cu-Ow)=2.189(5)A]. Elemental and spectroscopic analyses revealed an O-saccharinate coordination mode for complex 2 and a square-pyramidal structure. Only complex 2 retained its structure in methanolic solution. However, both complexes were able to catalyze the dismutation of superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) (pH 7.5) at micromolar concentrations. Therefore, these complexes behaved as useful SOD-mimetic compounds.

Synthesis, characterization and potent superoxide dismutase-like activity of novel bis(pyrazole)-2,2'-bipyridyl mixed ligand copper(II) complexes

Eleven new complexes of Cu(II) chloride and nitrate with bis(pyrazol-1-yl)propane and bis[2-(pyrazol-1-yl)ethyl]ether ligands were prepared and characterized by spectral and electrochemical methods. X-Ray crystal structure determination of bis[2-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)ethyl]etherdinitratocopper revealed a hepta-coordinated structure with the bis(pyrazole) ligand coordinated in a tridentate NNO-fashion and both of the nitrate ions in a bidentate fashion. Reaction of Cu(II) nitrate complexes with 2,2'-bipyridyl led to the displacement of one of the nitrate ions into the outer sphere and the formation of mixed-ligand complexes. Mixed-ligand bipyridyl Cu(II) complexes demonstrated the highest superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity in a chemical superoxide anion-generating system, with IC(50) values in the low micromolar range. Density functional theory calculations showed that introduction of a bipypidyl ligand into the complexes dramatically lowered the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, which explains the increased SOD-like activity of these complexes compared to non-bipy species. These bipy complexes were also effective scavengers of reactive oxygen species generated by phagocytes (human neutrophils and murine bone marrow leukocytes) ex vivo. Thus, these bipy mixed-ligand complexes represent a promising class of SOD mimetics for future development.

Molecular structure, bioavailability and bioactivity of [Cu(o-phen)2(cnge)](NO3)2.2H2O and [Cu(o-phen)(cnge)(H2O)(NO3)2] complexes

Two Cu(II) complexes with cyanoguanidine (cnge) and o-phenanthroline, [Cu(o-phen)(2)(cnge)](NO(3))(2).2H(2)O (1) and [Cu(o-phen)(cnge)(H(2)O)(NO(3))(2)] (2), have been synthesized using different experimental techniques and characterized by elemental analyses, FTIR, diffuse and UV-vis spectra and EPR and magnetic moment measurements techniques. The crystal structures of both complexes were solved by X-ray diffraction methods. Complex (1) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a=12.621(5), b=31.968(3), c=15.39(1)A, beta=111.68(4) degrees, and Z=8 and complex (2) in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n with a=10.245(1), b=13.923(2), c=12.391(2)A, beta=98.07(1) degrees, and Z=4. The environments of the copper(II) center are trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) for [Cu(o-phen)(2)(cnge)](2+) and an elongated octahedron for [Cu(o-phen)(cnge)(H(2)O)(NO(3))(2)]. Solution studies have been performed to determine the species distribution. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of both complexes have also been tested in order to determine if these compounds mimic the enzymatic action of the enzyme SOD that protects cells against peroxide radicals.

Decomposition of reactive oxygen species by copper(II) bis(1-pyrazolyl)methane complexes

Two bis(1-pyrazolyl)alkane ligands, bis(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)methane and bis(4-iodo-3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)methane, and their copper(II) complexes, bis(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)methanedinitratocopper(II) [CuL1(NO3)2] and bis(4-iodo-3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)methanedinitratocopper(II) [CuL2(NO3)2] x 2H2O, were prepared. Physiochemical properties of the copper(II) complexes were studied by spectroscopic (UV-vis, IR, EPR) techniques and cyclic voltammetry. Spectroscopic analysis revealed a 1:1 stoichiometry of ligand:copper(II) ion and a bidentate coordination mode for the nitrate ions in both of the complexes. According to experimental and theoretical ab initio data, the copper(II) ion is located in an octahedral hexacoordinated environment. Both complexes were able to catalyze the dismutation of superoxide anion (O2*-) (pH 7.5) and decomposition of H2O2 (pH 7.5) and peroxynitrite (pH 10.9). In addition, both complexes exhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) like activity toward extracellular and intracellular reactive oxygen species produced by activated human neutrophils in whole blood. Thus, these complexes represent useful SOD mimetics with a broad range of antioxidant activity toward a variety of reactive oxidants.

Evaluation of a new copper(II)-curcumin complex as superoxide dismutase mimic and its free radical reactions

A mononuclear (1:1) copper complex of curcumin, a phytochemical from turmeric, was synthesized and examined for its superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The complex was characterized by elemental analysis, IR, NMR, UV-VIS, EPR, mass spectroscopic methods and TG-DTA, from which it was found that a copper atom is coordinated through the keto-enol group of curcumin along with one acetate group and one water molecule. Cyclic voltammetric studies of the complex showed a reversible Cu(2+)/Cu(+) couple with a potential of 0.402 V vs NHE. The Cu(II)-curcumin complex is soluble in lipids and DMSO, and insoluble in water. It scavenges superoxide radicals with a rate constant of 1.97 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) in DMSO determined by stopped-flow spectrometer. Subsequent to the reaction with superoxide radicals, the complex was found to be regenerated completely, indicating catalytic activity in neutralizing superoxide radicals. Complete regeneration of the complex was observed, even when the stoichiometry of superoxide radicals was 10 times more than that of the complex. This was further confirmed by EPR monitoring of superoxide radicals. The SOD mimicking activity of the complex was determined by xanthine/xanthine oxidase assay, from which it has been found that 5 microg of the complex is equivalent to 1 unit of SOD. The complex inhibits radiation-induced lipid peroxidation and shows radical-scavenging ability. It reacts with DPPH radicals with rate constant 10 times less than that of curcumin. Pulse radiolysis-induced one-electron oxidation of the complex by azide radicals in TX-100 micellar solutions produced strongly absorbing ( approximately 500 nm) phenoxyl radicals, indicating that the phenolic moiety of curcumin remained intact on complexation with copper. The results confirm that the new Cu(II)-curcumin complex possesses SOD activity, free radical neutralizing ability, and antioxidant potential. Quantum chemical calculations with density functional theory have been performed to support the experimental observations.

Iron chlorin e6 scavenges hydroxyl radical and protects human endothelial cells against hydrogen peroxide toxicity

Iron chlorin e6 (FeCe6) has recently been proposed to be potentially antimutagenic and antioxidative. However, the antioxidant property of FeCe6 has not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we investigated the ability of FeCe6 to scavenge hydroxyl radical and to protect biomolecules and mammalian cells from oxidative stress-mediated damage. In electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments, FeCe6 showed excellent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, whereas its iron-deficient molecule, chlorin e6 (Ce6) showed little effect. FeCe6 also significantly reduced hydroxyl radical-induced thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) formation and benzoate hydroxylation in a dose-dependent manner. The rate constant for reaction between FeCe6 and hydroxyl radical was measured as 8.5 x 10(10) M(-1) s(-1) by deoxyribose degradation method, and this value was much higher than that of most hydroxyl radical scavengers. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of FeCe6 was also confirmed by ESR study and cytochrome c reduction assay, but its in vitro activity appeared to be less efficient in comparison with other well-known SOD mimics. In addition, FeCe6 appreciably diminished hydroxyl radical-induced DNA single-strand breakage and protein degradation in Fe-catalyzed and Cu-catalyzed Fenton systems, and it significantly protected human endothelial cells against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) toxicity. These results suggest that FeCe6 is a novel hydroxyl radical scavenger and may be useful for preventing oxidative injury in biological systems.

Metalloporphyrin class of therapeutic catalytic antioxidants

Metalloporphyrins have emerged as a novel class of catalytic antioxidants that scavenge a wide range of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide, peroxide, peroxynitrite and lipid peroxyl radicals. Factors such as the type of metal centre, redox potential and electrostatic charge of the compounds are recognized as important determinants of their antioxidant activity and potency. These concepts have guided the development of metalloporphyrins with specific activities greater than those of the native superoxide dismutases. Several compounds in this class have been shown to be efficacious in a variety of in vitro and in vivo oxidative stress models of human diseases.

Superoxide scavenging activity of erythromycin-iron complex

We evaluated superoxide (O2-.) scavenging activity of erythromycin (EM) and of EM-iron complex by means of electron spin resonance spectroscopy, luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay, and cytochrome c reduction assay. The EM-iron complex was produced by mixing EM with equal molar iron chloride and was stable in neutral buffer. The EM-iron complex reduced the amount of O2-. produced by xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine without inhibiting the enzyme activity. It also reduced the amount of O2-. release from phorbor ester-stimulated human neutrophils and alveolar macrophages. EM alone showed few such effects. The scavenging activity of the complex was equal to that of L-ascorbic acid. These results in vitro suggest a possibility that the O2-.-scavenging effect of EM-iron complex contributes to the anti-inflammatory action of EM used in treating chronic inflammatory lung disease independent of its antimicrobial activity.