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Karalis V, Bateup HS. Current Approaches and Future Directions for the Treatment of mTORopathies. Dev Neurosci 2021; 43:143-158. [PMID: 33910214 PMCID: PMC8440338 DOI: 10.1159/000515672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a kinase at the center of an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that orchestrates cell growth and metabolism. mTOR responds to an array of intra- and extracellular stimuli and in turn controls multiple cellular anabolic and catabolic processes. Aberrant mTOR activity is associated with numerous diseases, with particularly profound impact on the nervous system. mTOR is found in two protein complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and 2 (mTORC2), which are governed by different upstream regulators and have distinct cellular actions. Mutations in genes encoding for mTOR regulators result in a collection of neurodevelopmental disorders known as mTORopathies. While these disorders can affect multiple organs, neuropsychiatric conditions such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorder have a major impact on quality of life. The neuropsychiatric aspects of mTORopathies have been particularly challenging to treat in a clinical setting. Current therapeutic approaches center on rapamycin and its analogs, drugs that are administered systemically to inhibit mTOR activity. While these drugs show some clinical efficacy, adverse side effects, incomplete suppression of mTOR targets, and lack of specificity for mTORC1 or mTORC2 may limit their utility. An increased understanding of the neurobiology of mTOR and the underlying molecular, cellular, and circuit mechanisms of mTOR-related disorders will facilitate the development of improved therapeutics. Animal models of mTORopathies have helped unravel the consequences of mTOR pathway mutations in specific brain cell types and developmental stages, revealing an array of disease-related phenotypes. In this review, we discuss current progress and potential future directions for the therapeutic treatment of mTORopathies with a focus on findings from genetic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Karalis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Helen S Bateup
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
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2
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Feliciano DM. The Neurodevelopmental Pathogenesis of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:39. [PMID: 32765227 PMCID: PMC7381175 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a model disorder for understanding brain development because the genes that cause TSC are known, many downstream molecular pathways have been identified, and the resulting perturbations of cellular events are established. TSC, therefore, provides an intellectual framework to understand the molecular and biochemical pathways that orchestrate normal brain development. The TSC1 and TSC2 genes encode Hamartin and Tuberin which form a GTPase activating protein (GAP) complex. Inactivating mutations in TSC genes (TSC1/TSC2) cause sustained Ras homologue enriched in brain (RHEB) activation of the mammalian isoform of the target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). TOR is a protein kinase that regulates cell size in many organisms throughout nature. mTORC1 inhibits catabolic processes including autophagy and activates anabolic processes including mRNA translation. mTORC1 regulation is achieved through two main upstream mechanisms. The first mechanism is regulation by growth factor signaling. The second mechanism is regulation by amino acids. Gene mutations that cause too much or too little mTORC1 activity lead to a spectrum of neuroanatomical changes ranging from altered brain size (micro and macrocephaly) to cortical malformations to Type I neoplasias. Because somatic mutations often underlie these changes, the timing, and location of mutation results in focal brain malformations. These mutations, therefore, provide gain-of-function and loss-of-function changes that are a powerful tool to assess the events that have gone awry during development and to determine their functional physiological consequences. Knowledge about the TSC-mTORC1 pathway has allowed scientists to predict which upstream and downstream mutations should cause commensurate neuroanatomical changes. Indeed, many of these predictions have now been clinically validated. A description of clinical imaging and histochemical findings is provided in relation to laboratory models of TSC that will allow the reader to appreciate how human pathology can provide an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Feliciano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
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3
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Sobczuk P, Brodziak A, Khan MI, Chhabra S, Fiedorowicz M, Wełniak-Kamińska M, Synoradzki K, Bartnik E, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A, Czarnecka AM. Choosing The Right Animal Model for Renal Cancer Research. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100745. [PMID: 32092671 PMCID: PMC7036425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the life expectancy of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the last decade is due to changes that have occurred in the area of preclinical studies. Understanding cancer pathophysiology and the emergence of new therapeutic options, including immunotherapy, would not be possible without proper research. Before new approaches to disease treatment are developed and introduced into clinical practice they must be preceded by preclinical tests, in which animal studies play a significant role. This review describes the progress in animal model development in kidney cancer research starting from the oldest syngeneic or chemically-induced models, through genetically modified mice, finally to xenograft, especially patient-derived, avatar and humanized mouse models. As there are a number of subtypes of RCC, our aim is to help to choose the right animal model for a particular kidney cancer subtype. The data on genetic backgrounds, biochemical parameters, histology, different stages of carcinogenesis and metastasis in various animal models of RCC as well as their translational relevance are summarized. Moreover, we shed some light on imaging methods, which can help define tumor microstructure, assist in the analysis of its metabolic changes and track metastasis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Sobczuk
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Brodziak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mohammed Imran Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Stuti Chhabra
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
| | - Michał Fiedorowicz
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marlena Wełniak-Kamińska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kamil Synoradzki
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
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4
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Hino O, Abe M, Han B, Yan Y. In commemoration of the 2018 Mataro Nagayo Prize: A road to early diagnosis and monitoring of asbestos-related mesothelioma. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:1518-1524. [PMID: 30888083 PMCID: PMC6500980 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primarily caused by exposure to asbestos, mesothelioma is a typical occupational disease. The latency of mesothelioma is as long as 20-40 years, and the cancer initially progresses mainly along the surfaces of pleura or peritoneum without forming masses. As symptoms do not develop until late stages, it has been challenging to diagnose this disease in its early stages and to carry out complete surgical removal. In responding to Japan's asbestos crisis in the mid-2000s, we have developed and improved ERC/MSLN-based serum and radiological markers and pioneered the use of an N-ERC ELISA kit for screening populations at risk for asbestos exposure. In the present article, we review our research toward early diagnosis of asbestos-related mesothelioma before symptoms develop and share our clinical experience of screening, diagnosing and monitoring of this disease. This paper is dedicated to the author (Dr Okio Hino) to commemorate the honor bestowed upon him as the recipient of the Mataro Nagayo Prize in 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okio Hino
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Hino O, Kobayashi T. Mourning Dr. Alfred G. Knudson: the two-hit hypothesis, tumor suppressor genes, and the tuberous sclerosis complex. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:5-11. [PMID: 27862655 PMCID: PMC5276834 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
On July 10, 2016, Alfred G. Knudson, Jr., MD, PhD, a leader in cancer research, died at the age of 93 years. We deeply mourn his loss. Knudson's two-hit hypothesis, published in 1971, has been fundamental for understanding tumor suppressor genes and familial tumor-predisposing syndromes. To understand the molecular mechanism of two-hit-initiated tumorigenesis, Knudson used an animal model of a dominantly inherited tumor, the Eker rat. From the molecular identification of Tsc2 germline mutations, the Eker rat became a model for tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a familial tumor-predisposing syndrome. Animal models, including the fly, have greatly contributed to TSC research. Because the product of the TSC2/Tsc2 gene (tuberin) together with hamartin, the product of another TSC gene (TSC1/Tsc1), suppresses mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), rapalogs have been used as therapeutic drugs for TSC. Although significant activity of these drugs has been reported, there are still problems such as recurrence of residual tumors and adverse effects. Recent studies indicate that there are mTORC1-independent signaling pathways downstream of hamartin/tuberin, which may represent new therapeutic targets. The establishment of cellular models, such as pluripotent stem cells with TSC2/Tsc2 gene mutations, will facilitate the understanding of new aspects of TSC pathogenesis and the development of novel treatment options. In this review, we look back at the history of Knudson and animal models of TSC and introduce recent progress in TSC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okio Hino
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Reis FM, Bloise E, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. Hormones and pathogenesis of uterine fibroids. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2016; 34:13-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Imai M, Hino O. Environmental carcinogenesis - 100th anniversary of creating cancer. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:1483-5. [PMID: 26310516 PMCID: PMC4714696 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asbestos is an environmental carcinogen, and asbestos‐related diseases represent a global‐scale environmental issue. Mesothelioma is an aggressive, malignant tumor that initially progresses along the surfaces of the pleura and peritoneum that is chiefly attributed to asbestos exposure. X‐rays are commonly used for tumor screening in populations at risk for developing this cancer. We previously reported that the N‐terminal of mesothelin may be a useful blood marker for early diagnosis method for mesothelioma and since then developed an N‐terminal of mesothelin ELISA kit in collaboration with IBL Co., Ltd. and confirmed its utility as a diagnostic system for mesothelioma. Recently, we performed a large‐scale research screening for mesothelioma and showed that it is a good model for early diagnosis in at‐risk populations. The year 2015 is the 100th anniversary of Yamagiwa's great work on coaltar‐induced carcinogenesis by formative stimulation in 1915 and the 10th year since 2005, “Kubota shock”, people recognized that asbestos induces mesothelioma. We dedicate this review to this memorial year for environmental carcinogenesis. In this year, 2015, is the 100th anniversary of Yamagiwa's great work in induced carcinogenesis and the 10th years from ‘Kubota shock’. We dedicate for this review to this memorial year for environmental carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Imai
- Leading Center for the Development and Research of Cancer Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Okio Hino
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Transgenic expression of the N525S-tuberin variant in Tsc2 mutant (Eker) rats causes dominant embryonic lethality. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5927. [PMID: 25088526 PMCID: PMC5379989 DOI: 10.1038/srep05927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tsc2 product, tuberin, negatively regulates the mTOR pathway. We have exploited the Eker (Tsc2-mutant) rat system to analyse various Tsc2 mutations. Here, we focus on the N525S-Tsc2 variant (NSM), which is known to cause distinct symptoms in patients even though normal suppression of mTOR is observed. Unexpectedly, we were repeatedly unable to generate viable rats carrying the NSM transgene. Genotypic analysis revealed that most of the embryos carrying the transgene died around embryonic day after 14.5—similar to the stage of lethality observed for Eker homozygotes. Thus, the NSM transgene appeared to have a dominant lethal effect in our rat model. Further, no significant differences were observed for various signal transduction molecules in transiently expressed NSM cells compared to WT. These results indicate that a non-mTOR pathway, critical for embryogenesis, is being regulated by tuberin, providing a link between tuberin expression and the severity of Tsc2 mutation-related pathogenesis.
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9
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Kim JJ, Kurita T, Bulun SE. Progesterone action in endometrial cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:130-62. [PMID: 23303565 PMCID: PMC3565104 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor (PR) mediates the actions of the ovarian steroid progesterone, which together with estradiol regulates gonadotropin secretion, prepares the endometrium for implantation, maintains pregnancy, and differentiates breast tissue. Separation of estrogen and progesterone actions in hormone-responsive tissues remains a challenge. Pathologies of the uterus and breast, including endometrial cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer, are highly associated with estrogen, considered to be the mitogenic factor. Emerging evidence supports distinct roles of progesterone and its influence on the pathogenesis of these diseases. Progesterone antagonizes estrogen-driven growth in the endometrium, and insufficient progesterone action strikingly increases the risk of endometrial cancer. In endometriosis, eutopic and ectopic tissues do not respond sufficiently to progesterone and are considered to be progesterone-resistant, which contributes to proliferation and survival. In uterine fibroids, progesterone promotes growth by increasing proliferation, cellular hypertrophy, and deposition of extracellular matrix. In normal mammary tissue and breast cancer, progesterone is pro-proliferative and carcinogenic. A key difference between these tissues that could explain the diverse effects of progesterone is the paracrine interactions of PR-expressing stroma and epithelium. Normal endometrium is a mucosa containing large quantities of distinct stromal cells with abundant PR, which influences epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation and protects against carcinogenic transformation. In contrast, the primary target cells of progesterone in the breast and fibroids are the mammary epithelial cells and the leiomyoma cells, which lack specifically organized stromal components with significant PR expression. This review provides a unifying perspective for the diverse effects of progesterone across human tissues and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Julie Kim
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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10
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Zhang D, Kobayashi T, Kojima T, Kanenishi K, Hagiwara Y, Abe M, Okura H, Hamano Y, Sun G, Maeda M, Jishage KI, Noda T, Hino O. Deficiency of the Erc/mesothelin gene ameliorates renal carcinogenesis in Tsc2 knockout mice. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:720-7. [PMID: 21205090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic crossing experiments were performed between tuberous sclerosis-2 (Tsc2) KO and expressed in renal carcinoma (Erc) KO mice to analyze the function of the Erc/mesothelin gene in renal carcinogenesis. We found the number and size of renal tumors were significantly less in Tsc2+/-;Erc-/- mice than in Tsc2+/-;Erc+/+ and Tsc2+/-;Erc+/- mice. Tumors from Tsc2+/-;Erc-/- mice exhibited reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis, as determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (Ki67) and TUNEL analysis, respectively. Adhesion to collagen-coated plates in vitro was enhanced in Erc-restored cells and decreased in Erc-suppressed cells with siRNA. Tumor formation by Tsc2-deficient cells in nude mice was remarkably suppressed by stable knockdown of Erc with shRNA. Western blot analysis showed that the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, Akt and signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3 were weaker in Erc-deficient/suppressed cells compared with Erc-expressed cells. These results indicate that deficiency of the Erc/mesothelin gene ameliorates renal carcinogenesis in Tsc2 KO mice and inhibits the phosphorylation of several kinases of cell adhesion mechanism. This suggests that Erc/mesothelin may have an important role in the promotion and/or maintenance of carcinogenesis by influencing cell-substrate adhesion via the integrin-related signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Shiono M, Kobayashi T, Takahashi R, Sun G, Abe M, Zhang D, Wang L, Piao X, Takagi Y, Mineki R, Taka H, Tada N, Sonobe S, Momose S, Ueda M, Hino O. The G1556S-type tuberin variant suppresses tumor formation in tuberous sclerosis 2 mutant (Eker) rats despite its deficiency in mTOR inhibition. Oncogene 2008; 27:6690-7. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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12
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Hino O, Kobayashi T, Okimoto K. Genetic and environmental factors in hereditary predisposition to tumors: a conceptual overview. EXS 2006:269-92. [PMID: 16383022 DOI: 10.1007/3-7643-7378-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a heritable disorder of somatic cells. Carcinogenesis at the cellular level is like an opened Japanese fan, because initiated cells grow in several directions and tumors suggest the edge of the fan by having many gene abnormalities. We discuss here the primal force and gene networks (federal headship) in renal carcinogenesis. The Eker (Tsc2 mutant) rat model of hereditary renal carcinoma (RC) is an example of a Mendelian dominantly inherited predisposition to a specific cancer in an experimental animal. Recently, we discovered a new hereditary renal carcinoma in the rat in Japan, and the rat was named the "Nihon" rat. We suggest that its predisposing (Bhd) gene is a novel renal tumor suppressor gene. We present these unique models as part of the study of problems in carcinogenesis; e.g., multistep carcinogenesis, cancer prevention and the development of the therapeutic treatments that can be translated to human patients, as well as how environmental factors interact with cancer susceptibility gene(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Okio Hino
- Department of Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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13
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Togashi Y, Kobayashi T, Momose S, Ueda M, Okimoto K, Hino O. Transgenic rescue from embryonic lethality and renal carcinogenesis in the Nihon rat model by introduction of a wild-type Bhd gene. Oncogene 2005; 25:2885-9. [PMID: 16369488 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that a germline insertion of a single nucleotide in the rat homologue of the human Birt-Hogg-Dubé gene (BHD) gives rise to dominantly inherited cancer in the Nihon rat model. In this study, we constructed transgenic Nihon rats with introduction of a wild-type Bhd gene to ascertain whether suppression of the Nihon phenotype is possible. Rescue from embryonic lethality of mutant homozygotes (Nihon/Nihon) and suppression of renal carcinogenesis in heterozygotes (Nihon/+) were both observed, defining the germline Bhd mutation in the Nihon rat as an embryonal lethal and tumor predisposing mutation. This transgenic rescue system will be useful to analyse Bhd gene function, its relation to tumorigenesis in vivo, and genetic-environmental interactions in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Togashi
- Department of Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Adachi H, Majima S, Kon S, Kobayashi T, Kajino K, Mitani H, Hirayama Y, Shiina H, Igawa M, Hino O. Niban gene is commonly expressed in the renal tumors: a new candidate marker for renal carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2004; 23:3495-500. [PMID: 14990989 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Functional inactivation of tuberous sclerosis 2 gene (Tsc2) leads to renal carcinogenesis in the hereditary renal carcinoma Eker rat models. Recent studies revealed a role of tuberin, a TSC2 product, in suppressing the p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) activity via inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Phosphorylated S6 protein, a substrate of p70S6K, was expressed in the early lesions in Eker rats, and this expression was suppressed by the treatment of rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR. We previously isolated the novel gene Niban expressed in renal carcinogenesis of Eker rats. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of Niban was detected from early preneoplastic lesions in Eker rats. Interestingly, in contrast to the phosphorylated S6 protein, the expression of Niban was unchanged and early lesions still remained even after treatment with rapamycin. These results might suggest the existence of another pathway independent of mTOR-S6K pathway in Tsc2 mutant renal carcinogenesis. In addition, Niban was also expressed in other renal carcinoma models, including Tsc1 and Tsc2 knockout mice, and various types of human renal cell carcinomas. Thus, Niban was commonly expressed in renal carcinomas and might be a new marker for renal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Adachi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 1-37-1 Kami-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8455, Japan
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15
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Hino O. Hereditary renal carcinogenesis fitting Knudson's two-hit model: genotype, environment, and phenotype. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004; 38:357-67. [PMID: 14566856 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a heritable disorder of somatic cells. Environment and heredity both operate in the origin of human cancer. The Eker (Tsc2 gene mutant) rat model of hereditary renal carcinoma (RC) is an example of Mendelian dominantly inherited predisposition to a specific cancer in an experimental animal. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first isolation of a Mendelian dominantly predisposing cancer gene in a naturally occurring animal model. Recently, we discovered a new hereditary renal carcinoma in the rat in Japan, and the rat was named the "Nihon" rat, and its predisposing (Nihon) gene could be a novel renal tumor suppressor gene. We present these unique models, comparing these two predisposing genes (both are located on rat chromosome 10), for the study of problems in carcinogenesis, for instance, species-specific difference in tumorigenesis, cell stage and tissue/cell-type specific tumorigenesis, multistep carcinogenesis, modifier gene(s) in renal carcinogenesis, cancer prevention, and the development of the therapeutic treatments that can be translated to human patients, as well as how environmental factors interact with cancer susceptibility gene(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Okio Hino
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
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16
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Abstract
Tumors that primarily or exclusively involve the ventricular system constitute a rare and heterogeneous group. Certain histologic tumor types predominantly occur in children, whereas others are more common in adults. Tumor location provides additional clues to correct diagnosis. When used in conjunction with clinical and radiologic data, histopathologic features can distinguish among this wide range of possibilities to provide the correct diagnosis for optimal patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Waldron
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus, HSW 511, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA
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Honda S, Kobayashi T, Kajino K, Urakami S, Igawa M, Hino O. Ets protein Elf-1 bidirectionally suppresses transcriptional activities of the tumor suppressor Tsc2 gene and the repair-related Nth1 gene. Mol Carcinog 2003; 37:122-9. [PMID: 12884363 DOI: 10.1002/mc.10123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the rat tuberous sclerosis gene (Tsc2) cause renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) with complete penetrance. In this study, it was shown that the minimal core promoters of the rat Tsc2 and endonuclease III 1 (Nth1) genes, lying in a 5'-to-5' arrangement, were localized in a 0.11-kb region containing two Ets binding sites (EBSs). This region worked as a bidirectional promoter in a single reporter plasmid. Mutational inactivation of each of the two EBSs significantly reduced promoter activity. Moreover, gel shift assays revealed the presence of specific EBSs-protein complexes. These results demonstrate that some members of the Ets family positively regulate the promoter activities of the Tsc2/Nth1 genes by binding to the EBSs. We identified Elf-1 as a binding factor for EBSs through super-shift assays, and detected approximately 35 kDa bands with an EBSs-containing DNA probe by Southwestern blot analysis. Forced expression of Elf-1 in cells, however, bidirectionally suppressed the activities of the Tsc2/Nth1 promoters. Elf-1 may be a negative regulator of Tsc2/Nth1 gene expression and may compete against positive regulators for binding to the EBSs. Our observations suggest that mechanisms that inactivate Tsc2 gene expression, such as promoter suppression, may exist.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southwestern
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA Primers
- DNA Repair
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Deoxyribonuclease (Pyrimidine Dimer)
- Down-Regulation
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Endodeoxyribonucleases/genetics
- Escherichia coli Proteins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/enzymology
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mutation/genetics
- Plasmids
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rats
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Tuberous Sclerosis/genetics
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Honda
- Department of Urology, Shimane Medical University, Shimane, Japan
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18
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Hino O, Kobayashi T, Momose S, Kikuchi Y, Adachi H, Okimoto K. Renal carcinogenesis: genotype, phenotype and dramatype. Cancer Sci 2003; 94:142-7. [PMID: 12708488 PMCID: PMC11160249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2002] [Revised: 12/16/2002] [Accepted: 12/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a heritable disorder of somatic cells. Environment and heredity are both important in the carcinogenic process. The Eker rat model of hereditary renal carcinoma (RC) is an example of a Mendelian dominantly inherited predisposition to a specific cancer in an experimental animal. Forty years after the discovery of the Eker rat in Oslo, we and Knudson's group independently identified a germline retrotransposon insertion in the rat homologue of the human tuberous sclerosis (TSC2) gene. To our knowledge, this was the first isolation of a Mendelian dominantly predisposing cancer gene in a naturally occurring animal model. Recently, we discovered a new hereditary renal carcinoma in the rat. This rat was named the "Nihon" rat and its predisposing (Nihon) gene could be a novel renal tumor suppressor gene. This article will review the utility of these unique models for the study of problems in carcinogenesis; e.g., species-specific differences in tumorigenesis, cell stage and tissue/cell-type specific tumorigenesis, multistep carcinogenesis, modifier gene(s) in renal carcinogenesis, cancer prevention and the development of therapeutic treatments which can be translated to human patients, as well as how environmental factors interact with cancer susceptibility gene(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Okio Hino
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 1-37-1 Kami-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8455.
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19
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Okamoto T, Hara A, Hino O. Down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression but up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-1 in renal carcinomas of the Eker (TSC2 gene mutant) rat model. Cancer Sci 2003; 94:22-5. [PMID: 12708469 PMCID: PMC11160224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2002] [Revised: 10/29/2002] [Accepted: 11/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is generally accepted that cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2 is overexpressed in carcinomas, few studies have examined Cox-2 expression in renal carcinoma (RC). The Eker rat RC is an example of a Mendelian dominantly inherited carcinoma, and in the present study, expression of Cox-2 in the Eker rat RC was examined. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction indicated constitutive expression of Cox-2 mRNA in the normal control kidney and non-tumor part of Eker rat kidney. Unexpectedly, expression of Cox-2 mRNA was down-regulated in four Eker RCs from two Eker rats, and in the cell line Lk9ds. Immunohistochemical analysis failed to reveal Cox-2 protein staining in Eker RCs. As a control to Cox-2 expression, Cox-1 expression was examined. Interestingly, in contrast to the down-regulated Cox-2 expression, Cox-1 mRNA expression was induced in these four Eker RCs and cell lines. Cox-2 and Cox-1 expression were further examined in six additional Eker RCs. In total, Cox-2 mRNA expression was down-regulated in eight out of ten Eker RCs and cell lines, while Cox-1 mRNA expression was up-regulated in nine out of ten Eker RCs and cell lines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 1
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Induction
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Dominant
- Isoenzymes/biosynthesis
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Kidney/enzymology
- Kidney Neoplasms/enzymology
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Membrane Proteins
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/biosynthesis
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Mutant Strains
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Tuberous Sclerosis
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/enzymology
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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20
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Satake N, Miyagawa M, Sakurai J, Mitani H, Kobayashi T, Tamura H, Hino O. N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN)-induced renal and hepatocarcinogenesis in the tumor suppressor Tsc2 transgenic rat. Cancer Lett 2002; 184:157-63. [PMID: 12127687 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary renal carcinomas (RCs) develop in Tsc2 gene mutant (Eker) rats around the age of 1 year. We previously reported that Tsc2 mutations were detected in chemically (N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN) and diethylnitrosamine)-induced non-Eker rat RCs, suggesting an involvement of Tsc2 alteration in rat RC development. In this study, we evaluated the effect of extra copies of the Tsc2 gene on renal and hepatocarcinogenesis that was induced by EHEN in vivo. The incidence of RCs in non-transgenic rats (2/17) is slightly higher than in transgenic rats (0/32), although it is statistically not significant. These results suggest the presence of other target RC gene(s) in chemically (EHEN)-induced renal carcinogenesis. We observed no difference in the numbers and areas of the hepatic glutathione S-transferase placental type positive foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Satake
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 1-37-1 Kami-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8455, Japan
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21
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Morton LD, Youssef AF, Lloyd E, Kiorpes AL, Goldsworthy TL, Fort FL. Evaluation of carcinogenic responses in the Eker rat following short-term exposure to selected nephrotoxins and carcinogens. Toxicol Pathol 2002; 30:559-64. [PMID: 12371664 DOI: 10.1080/01926230290105794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the response of the Eker rat to nephrotoxic compounds and to genotoxic nonrenal carcinogens. Groups of male Eker rats received either no treatment; a vehicle treatment; treatment with a noncarcinogenic nephrotoxin (aluminum nitrilotriacetate, 2 mg/kg/day of aluminum, intraperitoneally, 3 days per week or cyclosporine A, 30 mg/kg/day, orally by gavage, 7 days/week); or treatment with a genotoxic nonrenal carcinogen (furan, 8 mg/kg/day, orally by gavage, 5 days/week or 2,4-diaminotoluene, 6.5 mg/kg/day, orally by gavage, 7 days/week or 2-nitropropane, 89 mg/kg/day, orally by gavage, 3 days/week). Duration of treatment was 4 and/or 6 months. Tissues from the Eker rats were evaluated microscopically and numbers of proliferative renal lesions were counted. Administration of nephrotoxic compounds (Al-NTA and cyclosporine) significantly increased the number of preneoplastic and neoplastic renal lesions in the Eker rat compared to concurrent vehicle controls. The genotoxic nonrenal carcinogens had no consistent effect on numbers of preneoplastic or neoplastic renal lesions and did not produce neoplasms in the expected target organ (liver).
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22
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Hino O, Mitani H, Sakaurai J. “Second hit” of Tsc2 gene in radiation induced renal tumors of Eker rat model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5131(02)00155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Hino O, Okimoto K, Kouchi M, Sakurai J. A novel renal carcinoma predisposing gene of the Nihon rat maps on chromosome 10. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92:1147-9. [PMID: 11714437 PMCID: PMC5926659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2001.tb02133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel rat model of hereditary renal cell carcinoma (RC) was found in a rat colony of the Sprague-Dawley (SD) strain in Japan, and named the "Nihon" rat in 2000. This study was designed to map the RC susceptibility gene in the Nihon rat using 113 backcross animals. Our present data clearly show that the Nihon gene is genetically linked to interleukin-3 (IL3) gene (chi(2) = 93.6, Lod score = 25.16), lethal (2) giant larvae (LLGL1) locus (chi(2) = 109.0, Lod score = 31.56) and myosin heavy chain, embryonic skeletal muscle (MYHSE) gene (chi(2) = 90.6, Lod score = 23.87), which are located on the distal part of rat chromosome 10. The order of the genes is the Eker (Tsc2) gene (located on the proximal part of rat chromosome 10; human chromosome 16p 13.3)--21.3 cM--IL3 gene (human 5q23-31)--4.4 cM--Nihon gene--0.9 cM--LLGL1 locus (human 17p11.2)--4.4 cM--MYHSE gene (human 17p13.1). We also detected loss of the wild-type allele at the MYHSE locus, fitting Knudson's "two hit" model. Thus, the Nihon rat should have a mutation of a novel tumor suppressor gene related to renal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Hino
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8455.
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24
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Maruyama H, Ohbayashi C, Hino O, Tsutsumi M, Konishi Y. Pathogenesis of multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia and lymphangioleiomyomatosis in tuberous sclerosis and association with tuberous sclerosis genes TSC1 and TSC2. Pathol Int 2001; 51:585-94. [PMID: 11564212 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2001.01242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is a rare, genetically determined disorder / familial tumor syndrome, currently diagnosed using specific clinical criteria proposed by Gomez, including the presence of multiorgan hamartomas. Pulmonary involvement in TSC is well known as pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), which has an incidence of 1-2.3% in TSC patients. LAM has immunohistochemical expression of both smooth-muscle actin and a monoclonal antibody specific for human melanoma, HMB-45. It has recently been reported that multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia (MMPH) associated with TSC should be considered as a distinct type of lung lesion, whether it occurs with or without LAM. Two predisposing genes have been found in families affected by TSC; approximately half of the families show linkage to TSC1 at 9q34.3, and the other half show linkage to TSC2 at 16p13.3. TSC genes are considered to be tumor suppressor genes, and mutations in them may lead to abnormal differentiation and proliferation of cells. Tuberin, the TSC2 gene product, has recently been found to be expressed in LAM and MMPH. In this article we discuss the histogenesis and genetic abnormalities of neoplastic lesions associated with TSC, and we review the current understanding of the pathogenesis of pulmonary hamartomatous lesions such as LAM and MMPH in TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maruyama
- Department of Pathology, Hoshigaoka Koseinenkin Hospital, 8-1, 4-chome Hoshigaoka, Hirakata, Osaka 573-8511, Japan.
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25
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Kobayashi T, Minowa O, Sugitani Y, Takai S, Mitani H, Kobayashi E, Noda T, Hino O. A germ-line Tsc1 mutation causes tumor development and embryonic lethality that are similar, but not identical to, those caused by Tsc2 mutation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:8762-7. [PMID: 11438694 PMCID: PMC37509 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.151033798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is characterized by the development of hamartomas in various organs and is caused by a germ-line mutation in either TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes. From the symptomatic resemblance among TS patients, involvement of TSC1 and TSC2 products in a common pathway has been suggested. Here, to analyze the function of the Tsc1 product, we established a line of Tsc1 (TSC1 homologue) knockout mouse by gene targeting. Heterozygous Tsc1 mutant (Tsc1(+/-)) mice developed renal and extra-renal tumors such as hepatic hemangiomas. In these tumors, loss of wild-type Tsc1 allele was observed. Homozygous Tsc1 mutants died around embryonic days 10.5-11.5, frequently associated with neural tube unclosure. As a whole, phenotypes of Tsc1 knockout mice resembled those of Tsc2 knockout mice previously reported, suggesting that the presumptive common pathway for Tsc1 and Tsc2 products may also exist in mice. Notably, however, development of renal tumors in Tsc1(+/-) mice was apparently slower than that in Tsc2(+/-) mice. The Tsc1 knockout mouse described here will be a useful model to elucidate the function of Tsc1 and Tsc2 products as well as pathogenesis of TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 1-37-1 Kami-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8455, Japan
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26
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Hino O, Majima S, Kobayashi T, Honda S, Momose S, Kikuchi Y, Mitani H. Multistep renal carcinogenesis as gene expression disease in tumor suppressor TSC2 gene mutant model — genotype, phenotype and environment. Mutat Res 2001; 477:155-64. [PMID: 11376696 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(01)00116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is an inheritable disorder of somatic cells. Environment and heredity both operate in the origins of human cancer. These environmental and genetic determinants of cancer can be classified into four groups designated "Oncodemes" [1]. Oncodeme 1 is the irreducible "background" level of cancer due to spontaneous mutagenesis. Oncodeme 2 is "environmentally induced" cancer, whose causative agents are chemical carcinogens, radiation and viruses. Oncodeme 3 is basically "environmentally induced" cancer, but there are genetically determined differences among persons, e.g. the activation or inactivation of carcinogenes. Most human cancers are believed to belong to Oncodemes 2 and/or 3 (about 80%), for which the probability of the occurrence of the initial carcinogenic step(s) is increased, although the number of steps is not decreased. Oncodeme 1 would contain the approximately 20% that would remain if "environmentally induced" cancers (Oncodeme 2 and/or 3) were prevented. Lastly, Oncodeme 4 is "hereditary" cancer. Hereditary cancers could prove valuable in elucidating carcinogenesis, even though only a small proportion of cancers belong to this group. Here, we present a unique animal model of Oncodeme 4 for the study of problems in carcinogenesis; e.g. cell stage and tissue/cell-type-specific tumorigenesis, multistep carcinogenesis, species-specific differences in tumorigenesis, modifier gene(s) in renal carcinogenesis and cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Hino
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, 1-37-1 Kami-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, 170-8455, Tokyo, Japan.
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27
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Yoon HS, Monks TJ, Walker CL, Lau SS. Transformation of kidney epithelial cells by a quinol thioether via inactivation of the tuberous sclerosis-2 tumor suppressor gene. Mol Carcinog 2001; 31:37-45. [PMID: 11398196 DOI: 10.1002/mc.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although hydroquinone (HQ) is a rodent carcinogen, because of its lack of mutagenicity in standard bacterial mutagenicity assays it is generally considered a nongenotoxic carcinogen. 2,3,5-Tris-(glutathion-S-yl)HQ (TGHQ) is a potent nephrotoxic metabolite of HQ that may play an important role in HQ-mediated nephrocarcinogenicity. TGHQ mediates cell injury by generating reactive oxygen species and covalently binding to tissue macromolecules. We determined the ability of HQ and TGHQ to induce cell transformation in primary renal epithelial cells derived from the Eker rat. Eker rats possess a germline inactivation of one allele of the tuberous sclerosis-2 (Tsc-2) tumor suppressor gene that predisposes the animals to renal cell carcinoma. Treatment of primary Eker rat renal epithelial cells with HQ (25 and 50 microM) or TGHQ (100 and 300 microM) induced 2- to 4-fold and 6- to 20-fold increases in cell transformation, respectively. Subsequently, three cell lines (The QT-RRE 1, 2, and 3) were established from TGHQ-induced transformed colonies. The QT-RRE cell lines exhibited a broad range of numerical cytogenetic alterations, loss of heterozygosity at the Tsc-2 gene locus, and loss of expression of tuberin, the protein encoded by the Tsc-2 gene. Only heterozygous (Tsc-2(EK/+)) kidney epithelial cells were susceptible to transformation by HQ and TGHQ, as wild-type cells (Tsc-2(+/+)) showed no increase in transformation frequency over background levels following chemical exposure. These data indicate that TGHQ and HQ are capable of directly transforming rat renal epithelial cells and that the Tsc-2 tumor suppressor gene is an important target of TGHQ-mediated renal epithelial cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Yoon
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA
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28
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Okimoto K, Kouchi M, Kikawa E, Toyosawa K, Koujitani T, Tanaka K, Matsuoka N, Sakurai J, Hino O. A novel "Nihon" rat model of a Mendelian dominantly inherited renal cell carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 2000; 91:1096-9. [PMID: 11092972 PMCID: PMC5926279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2000.tb00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel rat model of hereditary renal cell carcinoma (RC) was found in a rat colony of the Sprague-Dawley strain in Japan, and named the rising "Nihon" rat. In this strain, RCs develop from early preneoplastic lesions, which begin to appear at 4 weeks of age, forming adenomas by the age of 16 weeks. The RCs are predominantly of clear cell type. Southern blot, northern blot and SSCP analyses revealed no change in the Tsc1, Tsc2, VHL, and c-Met genes. Thus, the Nihon rat should be a valuable experimental model for understanding renal carcinogenesis, especially clear cell type, which is common among human RCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genes, Dominant/genetics
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Ligases
- Male
- Mutation
- Pedigree
- Phenotype
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
- Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okimoto
- Department of Toxicology and Teratology, Developmental Research Laboratories, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan.
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29
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Fukuda T, Kobayashi T, Momose S, Yasui H, Hino O. Distribution of Tsc1 protein detected by immunohistochemistry in various normal rat tissues and the renal carcinomas of Eker rat: detection of limited colocalization with Tsc1 and Tsc2 gene products in vivo. J Transl Med 2000; 80:1347-59. [PMID: 11005204 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others previously demonstrated that hereditary mutation and a subsequent second hit in the rat homolog of tuberous sclerosis gene (Tsc2) are responsible for Eker renal carcinomas (RC). In humans, alteration in the TSC2 gene is known to cause the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) that results in hamartomatous lesions in multiple organs, but the function of TSC2 is not fully understood. In recent years, a second gene (TSC1) responsible for human TSC has been cloned, and binding between TSC1 and TSC2 proteins was reported. In this study, to clarify associations between Tsc proteins in vivo, the expression of Tsc1 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry, and compared with Tsc2 expression. Tsc1 protein was expressed in the nervous system and in many endocrine tissues, including pancreatic islets, the parathyroids, testis, and ovary. Tsc1 was also detected in the many epithelial tissues of organs, such as kidney, uterus, small and large intestine, and liver. Our results indicate overlapping, but not identical, organ distributions of Tsc1 and Tsc2 proteins. At the intracellular distribution, double fluorescent immunolabeling allowed the determination that only a partial portion of Tsc1 signals overlapped with Tsc2 in some organs. These results suggest the existence of co-localizing and independent forms of Tsc proteins in endogenous expressions. Additionally, relatively high expression of Tsc1 protein was detected in RC in the Tsc2 mutant (Eker) rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fukuda
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Majima S, Kajino K, Fukuda T, Otsuka F, Hino O. A novel gene "Niban" upregulated in renal carcinogenesis: cloning by the cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism approach. Jpn J Cancer Res 2000; 91:869-74. [PMID: 11011112 PMCID: PMC5926447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2000.tb01027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) method was employed to isolate genes differentially expressed in renal carcinogenesis of Tsc2 gene mutant (Eker) rats. One gene, selected for further investigation, was named "Niban" "second" in Japanese), because it is the second new gene to be found after Erc (expressed in renal carcinoma) in our laboratory. Importantly, "Niban" is well expressed even in small primary rat Eker renal tumors, more than in progressed cell lines, and is also expressed in human renal carcinoma cells, but not in normal human or rat kidneys. Chromosome assignment was to RNO 13 in the rat, and HSA 1. This "Niban" gene is a candidate as a marker for renal tumor, especially early-stage renal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Majima
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8455, Japan
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31
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Yamashita Y, Yokoyama M, Kobayashi E, Takai S, Hino O. Mapping and determination of the cDNA sequence of the Erc gene preferentially expressed in renal cell carcinoma in the Tsc2 gene mutant (Eker) rat model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 275:134-40. [PMID: 10944454 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Eker rat develops hereditary renal carcinomas (RCs) due to two hit mutations of the tumor suppressor gene, Tsc2. We previously identified using representational difference analysis (RDA), four genes that were expressed more abundantly in an Eker rat RC cell line than in normal kidney tissue. One gene, Erc (expressed in renal carcinoma) showed sequence homology to the mouse and human megakaryocyte potentiating factor (MPF)/mesothelin gene. The present study determines the full sequence of the cDNA and the exon-intron structure of the rat Erc gene and maps its locus in the chromosome by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Rat Erc and its human homologue were localized in chromosomes 10q12-21 and 16p13.3, respectively, both of which coincided with the locus of the Tsc2/TSC gene. We also found that Erc was expressed at higher levels in primary RCs compared with the normal kidney of the Eker rat. Erc may be related to carcinogenesis in the Tsc2 gene mutant (Eker) rat model.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Disease Models, Animal
- Exons/genetics
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Introns/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Mesothelin
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/chemistry
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Physical Chromosome Mapping
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamashita
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Tokyo, 170-8455, Japan
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Wolf D, Goldsworthy T, Janszen D, Harden R, Donner E, David C, Everitt J. Promotion by sodium barbital induces early development but does not increase the multiplicity of hereditary renal tumors in Eker rats. Carcinogenesis 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.8.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Ogiu T, Nishimura M, Watanabe F, Ukai H, Ishii-Ohba H, Shimada Y, Tsuji H, Sakurai J, Hino O. Absence of linkage between radiosensitivity and the predisposing atp7b gene mutation for heritable hepatitis in the LEC rat. Radiat Res 2000; 154:113-6. [PMID: 10856972 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2000)154[0113:aolbra]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The LEC rat is known to be a mutant strain that spontaneously develops heritable hepatitis due to copper accumulation, caused by mutation of the copper-transporting ATPase gene (Atp7b). Immunodeficiency and radiosensitivity have also been observed. Hayashi et al. extensively examined the radiosensitivity of the LEC rat and concluded that its hypersensitivity is controlled by a single autosomal gene. Furthermore, they suggested the possibility that it correlates to copper accumulation due to the Atp7b gene mutation, because ionizing radiation-induced hydroxyl radicals might act in concert with copper-induced hydroxyl radicals. In the present experiment, we analyzed linkage between radiosensitivity and the mutation responsible for hepatitis in F(1) animals of a cross with the F344 rat. Our results clearly demonstrated an absence of any significant association. In addition, partial dominance for radiosensitivity was observed, and radiosensitive (F(1) x LEC) backcross rats were twice as numerous as their radioresistant counterparts, suggesting the possibility of control by two or more recessive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ogiu
- Low Dose Radiation Risk and Carcinogenesis Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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34
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Jónasdóttir TJ, Mellersh CS, Moe L, Heggebø R, Gamlem H, Ostrander EA, Lingaas F. Genetic mapping of a naturally occurring hereditary renal cancer syndrome in dogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:4132-7. [PMID: 10759551 PMCID: PMC18172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.070053397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinoma and nodular dermatofibrosis (RCND) is a rare, naturally occurring inherited cancer syndrome observed in dogs. Genetic linkage analysis of an RCND-informative pedigree has identified a linkage group flanking RCND (CHP14-C05.377-C05.414-FH2383-C05. 771-[RCND-CPH18]-C02608-GLUT4-TP53-ZuBe Ca6-AHT141-FH2140-FH2594) thus localizing the disease to a small region of canine chromosome 5. The closest marker, C02608, is linked to RCND with a recombination fraction (theta) of 0.016, supported by a logarithm of odds score of 16.7. C02608 and the adjacent linked markers map to a region of the canine genome corresponding to portions of human chromosomes 1p and 17p. A combination of linkage analysis and direct sequencing eliminate several likely candidate genes, including tuberous sclerosis 1 and 2 genes (TSC1 and TSC2) and the tumor suppressor gene TP53. These data suggest that RCND may be caused by a previously unidentified tumor suppressor gene and highlight the potential for canine genetics in the study of human disease predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Jónasdóttir
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Morphology, Genetics, and Aquatic Biology, Section of Genetics, Oslo.
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35
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Satake N, Urakami S, Hirayama Y, Izumi K, Hino O. Biallelic mutations of the Tsc2 gene in chemically induced rat renal cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1998; 77:895-900. [PMID: 9714060 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980911)77:6<895::aid-ijc16>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A number of cancer genes have been identified by the study of hereditary human cancers and shown to be involved in sporadic genesis of the same tumors. We have identified a germline mutation in the rat homologue of the human tuberous sclerosis (TSC2) predisposing gene in the Eker rat model. In this study, we searched for mutations of the Tsc2 gene in chemically induced non-Eker rat renal cell carcinomas (RCs). N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN)- and diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced non-Eker rat primary RCs were subjected to polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis using specific primers covering all exons of the Tsc2 gene (41 coding exons and 1 non-coding exon). We simultaneously searched for mutations in the Vhl gene, a rat homologue of von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) gene, as well as the Tsc2 gene. Mutations in the Vhl gene were not detected in any rat RCs (0/8). In contrast, Tsc2 gene mutations were detected at a high frequency in EHEN-induced RCs (2/3) and DEN-induced RCs (3/5) (total 5/8) (p < 0.05). By a direct cloning approach utilizing PCR analysis in 2 applicable cases, we could demonstrate the presence of intragenic somatic mutations in both alleles of the Tsc2 gene. Our results suggest that Tsc2 gene inactivation plays an important role in EHEN- and DEN-induced RCs as well as in Eker rat RCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Satake
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Orimoto K, Tsuchiya H, Sakurai J, Nishizawa M, Hino O. Identification of cDNAs induced by the tumor suppressor Tsc2 gene using a conditional expression system in Tsc2 mutant (Eker) rat renal carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 247:728-33. [PMID: 9647762 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alteration of the rat homologue of the tuberous sclerosis 2 (TSC2) gene is associated with dominantly inherited cancer in the Eker rat model, indicating a tumor suppressor nature. The ability of Tsc2 to activate signal transduction and transcription suggests that genes induced by Tsc2 may mediate its biological roles. Using a subtractive hybridization approach in combination with tetracycline operator systems, we identified a set of downstream genes affected by Tsc2. Regulated expression of wild-type Tsc2 gene in Eker renal carcinomas (RCs) resulted in marked expression of cell arrest or programmed cell-death-related genes and stress-induced genes. Thus, the data suggest that Tsc2 might contribute to regulation of the cell cycle and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Orimoto
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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37
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38
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Kobayashi T, Urakami S, Cheadle JP, Aspinwall R, Harris P, Sampson JR, Hino O. Identification of a leader exon and a core promoter for the rat tuberous sclerosis 2 (Tsc2) gene and structural comparison with the human homolog. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:554-8. [PMID: 9250859 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary renal carcinoma in the Eker rat is an excellent example of predisposition to a specific cancer being transmitted as a dominant trait. Recently, we identified a germline mutation of the tuberous sclerosis 2 (Tsc2) gene in the Eker rat. In the present study, we analyzed the upstream region of the Tsc2 gene. A novel leader exon (exon 1a) in a CpG island was found, and core promoter activity was identified in a 242-bp region of this island. Exon 1a and the promoter region were conserved in the human TSC2 gene. In addition, a rat homolog of a gene found upstream of TSC2 in human has been identified, indicating that the genomic organization around Tsc2/TSC2 is conserved between the two species. Characterization of the 5' region of Tsc2 and TSC2 will facilitate studies of the regulation of the gene and its disregulation in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, 1-37-1 Kami-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170, Japan
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39
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Urakami S, Tokuzen R, Tsuda H, Igawa M, Hino O. Somatic mutation of the tuberous sclerosis (Tsc2) tumor suppressor gene in chemically induced rat renal carcinoma cell. J Urol 1997; 158:275-8. [PMID: 9186374 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199707000-00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene mutations are detected in noninherited, sporadic human renal cell carcinomas (RCs) at a high frequency. We recently identified a germline mutation in the rat homologue of the human tuberous sclerosis (TSC2) predisposing RC gene in the Eker rat model, and in this study we searched for mutations of the Tsc2 gene in chemically induced non-Eker rat RCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemically [N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN)]-induced non-Eker rat RC lines (designated as BP13 and BP36B) were subjected to PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis using specific primers covering entire exons of Tsc2 gene (41 coding exons and one non-coding exon). We simultaneously searched for mutations of Vhl gene, a rat homologue of von Hippel-Lindau disease gene (VHL) as well as Tsc2 gene. RESULTS BP36B showed an abnormal mobility shift from the normal tissue of the same rat in exon 35 on analysis by PCR-SSCP. This mutation was confirmed by direct sequencing and found to be a T-to-C transition at the second position of codon 1470, resulting in an amino acid change from leucine to proline (missense mutation). CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of Tsc2 gene somatic mutation in non-Eker rat RCs. Our present findings call attention to further investigation of the role of Tsc2 gene mutations in rat renal carcinogenesis and possible Tsc2 gene mutations in human RCs, especially of the non-clear cell type, which are not related to the VHL gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Urakami
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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41
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Kobayashi T, Mitani H, Takahashi R, Hirabayashi M, Ueda M, Tamura H, Hino O. Transgenic rescue from embryonic lethality and renal carcinogenesis in the Eker rat model by introduction of a wild-type Tsc2 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:3990-3. [PMID: 9108092 PMCID: PMC20555 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.8.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that a germ-line insertion in the rat homologue of the human tuberous sclerosis gene (TSC2) gives rise to dominantly inherited cancer in the Eker rat model. In this study, we constructed transgenic Eker rats with introduction of a wild-type Tsc2 gene to ascertain whether suppression of the Eker phenotype is possible. Rescue from embryonic lethality of mutant homozygotes (Eker/Eker) and suppression of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced renal carcinogenesis in heterozygotes (Eker/+) were both observed, defining the germ-line Tsc2 mutation in the Eker rat as embryonal lethal and tumor predisposing mutation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of rescue from a naturally occurring dominantly inherited cancer. This transgenic rescue system will be useful to analyze Tsc2 gene function, its relation to tumorigenesis in vivo, and genetic-environmental interactions in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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42
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Kobayashi T, Urakami S, Hirayama Y, Yamamoto T, Nishizawa M, Takahara T, Kubo Y, Hino O. Intragenic Tsc2 somatic mutations as Knudson's second hit in spontaneous and chemically induced renal carcinomas in the Eker rat model. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997; 88:254-61. [PMID: 9140109 PMCID: PMC5921374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1997.tb00375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We searched for the rat homologue of the human tuberous sclerosis (TSC2) gene mutations in loss of heterozygosity (LOH)-negative Eker rat renal carcinomas (RCs) by polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis using 45 primer sets covering all 41 coding exons and one leader exon including splicing donor/acceptor sites. We have identified intragenic somatic mutations in 7 of 21 spontaneous RCs, including one cell line (33%), and in 3 of 9 (33%) N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced LOH-negative RCs. Interestingly, five mutations in the spontaneous RCs were either deletion or duplication (5/7 = 71%). In contrast, all three in ENU-induced RCs were base substitutions (3/3 = 100%), as expected. Thus, a qualitative difference in the second hit might exist between spontaneous and ENU-induced mutations (e.g., deletion or duplication versus point mutation). By a direct cloning approach utilizing the restriction length difference caused by germline insertional mutation or reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis in two applicable cases, we could clearly show the presence of intragenic somatic mutations in the second copy (wild-type) of the Tsc2 gene. This is the first demonstration at the DNA sequence level of the validity of Knudson's two-hits hypothesis in the Tsc2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Tokyo
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43
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Simon JS, Deshmukh G, Couch FJ, Merajver SD, Weber BL, Van Vooren P, Tissil F, Szpirer J, Szpirer C, Alper SL, Jacob HJ, Brosius FC. Chromosomal mapping of the rat Slc4a family of anion exchanger genes, Ae1, Ae2, and Ae3. Mamm Genome 1996; 7:380-2. [PMID: 8661729 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J S Simon
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129, USA
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Akiyama T, Hamazaki S, Okada S. Absence of ras mutations and low incidence of p53 mutations in renal cell carcinomas induced by ferric nitrilotriacetate. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995; 86:1143-9. [PMID: 8636002 PMCID: PMC5920661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1995.tb03307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinomas induced in male Wistar rats by iron chelate of nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) were examined for mutations in ras oncogenes and p53 tumor suppressor gene. Fourteen primary tumors and two metastatic tumors from 11 animals were evaluated. Exons 1 and 2 of the H-, K-, and N-ras genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the presence of mutations was examined by direct sequencing. Exon 5 through exon 7 of p53 gene, including the 3' half of the conserved region II and the entire conserved region III through V, were surveyed for point mutations by PCR-single stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Direct sequencing of the ras genes showed no mutations in codon 12, 13, or 61 among the tumors evaluated. SSCP analysis of p53 gene exon 6 indicated conformational changes in two primary tumors. One tumor had a CCG-to-CTG transition at codon 199, and the other had an ATC-to-att transition at codon 229 and two nonsense C-to-T transitions. These results suggest that neither ras genes nor p53 gene play a major role in the development of renal cell carcinomas induced by Fe-NTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Akiyama
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Medical School
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45
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Kubo Y, Kikuchi Y, Mitani H, Kobayashi E, Kobayashi T, Hino O. Allelic loss at the tuberous sclerosis (Tsc2) gene locus in spontaneous uterine leiomyosarcomas and pituitary adenomas in the Eker rat model. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995; 86:828-32. [PMID: 7591959 PMCID: PMC5920926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1995.tb03092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary renal carcinomas (RCs) develop in virtually all Eker rats by the age of one year. Investigation of extra-renal primary tumors co-occurring in Eker rats late in life (at 2 years) additionally revealed enhanced development of hemangiosarcomas of the spleen, uterine leiomyosarcomas and pituitary adenomas, although the demonstrated predilection for these extra-renal tumors was not as complete as with RCs. We identified the germline mutated tuberous sclerosis (Tsc2) gene as the predisposing Eker gene and revealed the tumor suppressor nature of Tsc2 gene function in renal carcinogenesis. In the present study, we examined allelic loss at the Tsc2 gene locus in uterine leiomyosarcomas and pituitary adenomas developing in hybrid F1 rats carrying the Eker mutation as well as in pituitary adenomas from non-carrier rats. We detected loss of heterozygosity in 4 of 11 uterine leiomyosarcomas (36%) and 11 of 31 pituitary adenomas (35%) from Eker rats but in none of 9 pituitary adenomas from non-carrier rats (P < 0.05), suggesting that inactivation of the Tsc2 gene is also a critical event in the pathogenesis of these extra-renal tumors. Our present data indicate that there might be different pathways for tumorigenesis of pituitary adenomas between Eker and
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kubo
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Tokyo
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46
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Hino O, Kobayashi E, Nishizawa M, Kubo Y, Kobayashi T, Hirayama Y, Takai S, Kikuchi Y, Tsuchiya H, Orimoto K. Renal carcinogenesis in the Eker rat. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1995; 121:602-5. [PMID: 7559744 DOI: 10.1007/bf01197777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Eker rat hereditary renal carcinoma is an excellent example of a Mendelian dominant predisposition to a specific cancer in an experimental animal. We recently reported that a germline insertion in the rat homologue of the human tuberous sclerosis (TSC2) gene gives rise to the dominantly inherited cancer in the Eker rat model. The function of the TSC2/Tsc2 gene product (called "tuberine" in the human case) is not yet understood, although it contains a short amino acid sequence homologous to the ras family GTPase-activating proteins (GAP3). In the study, we isolated subtracted cDNA clones having increased expression in Eker renal carcinoma cells, using a modified representational difference analysis method to search for additional genes specifically involved in renal carcinogenesis. Here we identified four genes: the third component of the complement (C3) gene, the fos-related antigen I (fra-1) gene, an unknown gene (designated as being expressed in renal carcinoma: erc) and the calpactine I heavy-chain (Annexin II) gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Hino
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Hino O, Kobayashi E, Hirayama Y, Kobayashi T, Kubo Y, Tsuchiya H, Kikuchi Y, Mitani H. Molecular genetic basis of renal carcinogenesis in the Eker rat model of tuberous sclerosis (Tsc2). Mol Carcinog 1995; 14:23-7. [PMID: 7546221 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940140106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have recently identified on rat chromosome 10q a germline mutation in the tuberous sclerosis gene (Tsc2), the gene predisposing to renal carcinoma (RC) in the Eker rat. The homozygous mutant condition is lethal at around the 13th day of fetal life. In heterozygotes, RCs invariably develop in the first year of life. Histologically, RCs develop through multiple stages from early preneoplastic lesions (i.e., phenotypically altered tubules) to adenomas. The wild-type allele mutation has been found even in the earliest preneoplastic lesions, fitting Knudson's two-hit hypothesis and supporting the hypothesis that Tsc2 is a tumor suppressor gene. In this study, homozygous deletion of the Ink4 homologue on rat chromosome 5q was observed in 14 of 24 (58%) RC-derived cell lines. This may represent involvement of a second tumor suppressor gene, contributing to tumor progression. Considering previous results of studies of homozygous deletion of the Ifn alpha gene in five of 24 cases (21%) and the Ifn beta gene in one of 24 cases (4%), the order of the genes may be Ink4-Ifn alpha-Ifn beta. Microsatellite instability was not observed in 26 Eker rat tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Hino
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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48
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Kobayashi T, Nishizawa M, Hirayama Y, Kobayashi E, Hino O. cDNA structure, alternative splicing and exon-intron organization of the predisposing tuberous sclerosis (Tsc2) gene of the Eker rat model. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23:2608-13. [PMID: 7651821 PMCID: PMC307081 DOI: 10.1093/nar/23.14.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Eker rat hereditary renal carcinoma (RC) is an excellent example of a Mendelian dominant predisposition to a specific cancer in an experimental animal. We recently reported that a germline insertion in the rat homologue of the human tuberous sclerosis gene (TSC2) gives rise to the dominantly inherited cancer in the Eker rat model. We now describe the entire cDNA (5375 bp without exons 25 and 31) and genomic structure of the rat Tsc2 gene. The deduced amino acid sequence (1743 amino acids) shows 92% identity to the human counterpart. Surprisingly, there are a great many (> or = 41) coding exons with small sized introns spanning only approximately 35 kb of genomic DNA. Two alternative splicing events [involving exons 25 (129 bp) and 31 (69 bp)] make for a complex diversity of the Tsc2 product. The present determination of the Tsc2 gene and establishment of strong conservation between the rat and man provide clues for assessing unknown gene functions apart from that already predicted from the GTPase activating proteins (GAP3) homologous domain and for future analysis of intragenic mutations in tumors using methods such as PCR-SSCP and for insights into diverse phenotypes between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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49
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Kobayashi T, Hirayama Y, Kobayashi E, Kubo Y, Hino O. A germline insertion in the tuberous sclerosis (Tsc2) gene gives rise to the Eker rat model of dominantly inherited cancer. Nat Genet 1995; 9:70-4. [PMID: 7704028 DOI: 10.1038/ng0195-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Eker rat hereditary renal carcinoma (RC) is an excellent example of a mendelian dominant predisposition to a specific cancer in an experimental animal. We have previously established a new conserved linkage group on rat chromosome 10q and human chromosome 16p13.3, and shown that the Eker mutation is tightly linked to the tuberous sclerosis (Tsc2) gene. We now describe a germline mutation in the gene encoding Tsc2 caused by the insertion of an approximately 5 kilobase DNA fragment in the Eker rat, resulting in aberrant RNA expression from the mutant allele. The phenotype of tuberous sclerosis in humans differs from that of the Eker rat, except for the occurrence of renal tumours. The Eker rat may therefore provide insights into species-specific differences in tumourigenesis and/or phenotype-specific mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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