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Otero-González J, Querini-Sanguillén W, Torres-Mendoza D, Yevdayev I, Yunayev S, Nahar K, Yoo B, Greer A, Fuentealba D, Robinson-Duggon J. On the mechanism of visible-light sensitized photosulfoxidation of toluidine blue O. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:772-781. [PMID: 38100182 DOI: 10.1111/php.13882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We report on the formation of toluidine blue O (TBO) sulfoxide by a self-sensitized photooxidation of TBO. Here, the photosulfoxidation process was studied by mass spectrometry (MS) and discussed in the context of photodemethylation processes which both contribute to TBO consumption over time. Analysis of solvent effects with D2O, H2O, and CH3CN along with product yields and MS fragmentation patterns provided mechanistic insight into TBO sulfoxide's formation. The formation of TBO sulfoxide is minor and detectable up to 12% after irradiation of 3 h. The photosulfoxidation process is dependent on oxygen wherein instead of a type II (singlet oxygen, 1O2) reaction, a type I reaction involving TBO to reach the TBO sulfoxide is consistent with the results. Density functional theory results point to the formation of the TBO sulfoxide by the oxidation of TBO via transiently formed peroxyl radical or thiadioxirane intermediates. We discover that the TBO photosulfoxidation arises competitively with TBO photodemethylation with the latter leading to formaldehyde formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Otero-González
- Universidad de Panamá, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Panamá, Panama
| | - Whitney Querini-Sanguillén
- Universidad de Panamá, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Panamá, Panama
| | - Daniel Torres-Mendoza
- Universidad de Panamá, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Laboratorio de Bioorgánica Tropical, Panamá, Panama
- Universidad de Panamá, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Panamá, Panama
- Universidad de Panamá, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Panamá, Panama
| | - Ikhil Yevdayev
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Sharon Yunayev
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Barney Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Denis Fuentealba
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Fotobiología, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Robinson-Duggon
- Universidad de Panamá, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Panamá, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Panamá, Panama
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Al-Bagmi MS, Alokail MS, Alenad AM, Alnaami AM, Abuelgassim AO, Khan MS. Mechanisms of inhibition of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and α-glucosidase by Heliotropium bacciferum: Spectroscopic and molecular docking analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131609. [PMID: 38621555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia that makes insulin more prone to glycation and form advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Here, we report the effect of glyoxal (GO) on the formation of AGEs using human insulin as model protein and their structural modifications. The present investigation also reports the anti-AGE potential of Heliotropium bacciferum (Leaf) extracts. The phytochemical analysis of H. bacciferum revealed that free phenolic extract contains higher amount of total phenolic (3901.58 ± 17.06 mg GAE/100 g) and total flavonoid content (30.41 ± 0.32 mg QE/100 g) when compared to bound phenolic extract. Naringin and caffeic acid were identified as the major phenolic ingredients by UPLC-PAD method. Furthermore, bound phenolics extract showed significantly higher DPPH and superoxide radicals scavenging activity (IC50 17.53 ± 0.36 μg/mL and 0.306 ± 0.038 mg/ mL, respectively) (p ≤ 0.05). Besides, the bound phenolics extract also showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) chelating power (IC50 0.063) compared to free phenolic extract. In addition, bound phenolic extract could efficiently trap GO under physiological conditions. Spectroscopic investigation of GO-modified insulin illustrated changes in the tertiary structure of insulin and formation of AGEs. On the other hand, no significant alteration in secondary structure was observed by far UV-CD measurement. Furthermore, H. bacciferum extract inhibited α-glucosidase activity and AGEs formation implicated in diabetes. Molecular docking analysis depicted that GO bind with human insulin in both chains and forms a stable complex with TYR A: 14, LEU A:13, ASN B:3, SER A:12 amino acid residues with binding energy of - 2.53 kcal/mol. However, caffeic acid binds to ASN A:18 and GLU A:17 residues of insulin with lower binding energy of -4.67 kcal/mol, suggesting its higher affinity towards human insulin compared to GO. Our finding showed promising activity of H. bacciferum against AGEs and its complications. The major phenolics like caffeic acid, naringin and their derivatives could be exploited for the drug development for management of AGEs in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moneera Saud Al-Bagmi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal M Alenad
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Alnaami
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Muñiz-Ramirez A, Garcia-Campoy AH, Pérez Gutiérrez RM, Garcia Báez EV, Mota Flores JM. Evaluation of the Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Spondias purpurea Seeds in a Diabetic Zebrafish Model. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1417. [PMID: 34371620 PMCID: PMC8309283 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious chronic degenerative disease characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood. It is associated with an absolute or relative deficiency in the production and/or action of insulin. Some of the complications associated with DM are heart disease, retinopathy, kidney disease, and neuropathy; therefore, new natural alternatives are being sought to control the disease. In this work, we evaluate the antidiabetic effect of Spondias purpurea seed methanol extract (CSM) in vitro and in a glucose-induced diabetic zebrafish model. CSM is capable of lowering blood glucose and cholesterol levels, as well as forming advanced glycation end-products, while not presenting toxic effects at the concentrations evaluated. These data show that CSM has a promising antidiabetic effect and may be useful in reducing some of the pathologies associated with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alethia Muñiz-Ramirez
- CONACYT-IPICYT/CIIDZA, Camino a la Presa de San José 2055, Colonia, Lomas 4 Sección, San Luis Potosí CP 78216, Mexico
| | - Abraham Heriberto Garcia-Campoy
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México CP 07708, Mexico; (R.M.P.G.); (J.M.M.F.)
| | - Rosa Martha Pérez Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México CP 07708, Mexico; (R.M.P.G.); (J.M.M.F.)
| | - Efrén Venancio Garcia Báez
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Acueducto S/N, Barrio la laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México CP 07340, Mexico;
| | - José María Mota Flores
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México CP 07708, Mexico; (R.M.P.G.); (J.M.M.F.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hellwig
- Professur für LebensmittechemieTechnische Universität Dresden D-01062 Dresden Deutschland
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Kölpin M, Hellwig M. Quantitation of Methionine Sulfoxide in Milk and Milk-Based Beverages-Minimizing Artificial Oxidation by Anaerobic Enzymatic Hydrolysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8967-8976. [PMID: 31334650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein oxidation in milk products may entail flavor changes through reactions at methionine residues. However, little is known about the extent of methionine oxidation in milk and milk products. In the present study, a method for quantitation of methionine, methionine sulfoxide, and methionine sulfone by a stable isotope dilution assay using HILIC-ESI-MS/MS was established. For the quantitation of protein-bound analytes, anaerobic enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized to suppress artificial methionine oxidation. Moreover, the method allowed for monitoring of artificial oxidation by coincubation of the labeled probe [2H8]methionine. The percentage of oxidized methionine was low in UHT milk (up to 1.6%) and evaporated milk (up to 8.8%), but higher in beverages such as cocoa milk drinks (up to 19.0%) and coffee milk drinks (up to 32.8%), resulting in methionine sulfoxide concentrations of up to 6.7 g/kg protein in the latter. These products are important dietary sources of methionine sulfoxide. Model studies revealed that methionine residues can be oxidized strongly in the presence of phenolic compounds such as catechin, caffeic acid, and gallic acid, which are present in cocoa and coffee and may account for the high extent of oxidation in commercial samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kölpin
- Chair of Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , D-01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , D-01062 Dresden , Germany
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Abstract
Oxidation is one of the deterioration reactions of proteins in food, the importance of which is comparable to others such as Maillard, lipation, or protein-phenol reactions. While research on protein oxidation has led to a precise understanding of the processes and consequences in physiological systems, knowledge about the specific effects of protein oxidation in food or the role of "oxidized" dietary protein for the human body is comparatively scarce. Food protein oxidation can occur during the whole processing axis, from primary production to intestinal digestion. The present review summarizes the current knowledge and mechanisms of food protein oxidation from a chemical, technological, and nutritional-physiological viewpoint and gives a comprehensive classification of the individual reactions. Different analytical approaches are compared, and the relationship between oxidation of food proteins and oxidative stress in vivo is critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
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Henatsch D, den Hartog GJ, Duijvestijn AM, Wolffs PF, Phielix E, Stokroos RJ, Briedé JJ. The contribution of α-dicarbonyl compound dependent radical formation to the antiseptic effect of honey. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Siddiqui MA, Rasheed S, Saquib Q, Al-Khedhairy AA, Al-Said MS, Musarrat J, Choudhary MI. In-Vitro dual inhibition of protein glycation, and oxidation by some Arabian plants. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:276. [PMID: 27495289 PMCID: PMC4974762 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of epidemic proportion, projected to become the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world in future. Despite extensive research in understanding this disease at molecular level, and the discovery of new drugs, diabetes and its complications remain largely untreated. Many of the late diabetic complications are associated with the glycation of proteins in the body. Natural flora has long been a rich source for therapeutic agents, especially against diabetes. The present study deals with the anti-glycation properties of some medicinally important plants of Arabian region. Methods Twenty-six medicinal plants, commonly found in different regions of Arabian Peninsula, were evaluated for their protein anti-glycation activity by using BSA-MG glycation assay in-vitro. The extracts were incubated with BSA and MG at 37 °C for 9 days, each sample was then examined for the presence of fluorescence (λex 330 nm, and λem 420 nm), which represent the extent of protein glycation. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), iron chelation, and superoxide radical scavenging asaays. Results The data revealed that out of 26 medicinal plants, five plants viz. Sida cordifolia, Plumbago zeylanica, Tribulus terrestris, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Rosa indica were active against the in-vitro protein glycation with IC50 values between 0.408- 1.690 mg/mL. Among the active plants, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. was found to be the most potent (IC50 = 0.408 ± 0.027 mg/mL), followed by Rosa indica (IC50 = 0.596 ± 0.0179 mg/mL), and Sida cordifolia L. (IC50 = 0.63 ± 0.009 mg/mL). The antioxidant potential of these plant extracts were also determined by using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), iron chelation, and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. Among five plants, Sida cordifolia exhibited a potent anti-oxidant activity in both DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays (IC50 = 0.005 ± 0.0004, and 0.078 ± 0.002 mg/mL, respectively), followed by Rosa indica (IC50 = 0.023 ± 0.0005 and 0.141 ± 0.003 mg/mL, respectively). Conclusions Protein glycation in hyperglycemic conditions involve oxidative changes. Therefore dual inhibition of protein glycation and oxidation are desirable properties in any test substance investigated for therapeutic purposes.
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Effect of Amaranthus on Advanced Glycation End-Products Induced Cytotoxicity and Proinflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression in SH-SY5Y Cells. Molecules 2015; 20:17288-308. [PMID: 26393562 PMCID: PMC6332459 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200917288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amaranthus plants, or spinach, are used extensively as a vegetable and are known to possess medicinal properties. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress play a major role in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) cause cell toxicity in the human neuronal cell line, SH-SY5Y, through an increase in oxidative stress, as shown by reducing cell viability and increasing cell toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. We found that preincubation of SH-SY5Y cells with either petroleum ether, dichloromethane or methanol extracts of A. lividus and A. tricolor dose-dependently attenuated the neuron toxicity caused by AGEs treatment. Moreover, the results showed that A. lividus and A. tricolor extracts significantly downregulated the gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 genes in AGEs-induced cells. We concluded that A. lividus and A. tricolor extracts not only have a neuroprotective effect against AGEs toxicity, but also have anti-inflammatory activity by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. This suggests that Amaranthus may be useful for treating chronic inflammation associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Yu S, Zhang W, Liu W, Zhu W, Guo R, Wang Y, Zhang D, Wang J. The inhibitory effect of selenium nanoparticles on protein glycation in vitro. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:145703. [PMID: 25785463 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/14/145703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) possess well-known excellent biological activities and low toxicity, and have been employed for numerous applications except as inhibitors to protein glycation. Herein, the present study is carried out to investigate the inhibitory effect of Se NPs on protein glycation in a bovine serum albumin (BSA)/glucose system. By measuring the amount of glucose covalently bound onto BSA, the formation of fructosamine and fluorescent products, it is found that Se NPs can hinder the development of protein glycation in a dose-dependent but time-independent manner under the selected reaction conditions (55 °C, 40 h). And after comparing the increase of inhibitory rate in different stages, it is observed that Se NPs show the greatest inhibitory effect in the early stage, then in the advanced stage, but no effect in the intermediate stage. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterization of Se NPs collected after glycation and determination of ·OH influence and glyoxal formation show that the mechanism for the inhibitory efficacy of Se NPs is related to their strong competitive activity against available amino groups in proteins, their great scavenging activity on reactive oxygen species and their inhibitory effect on α-dicarbonyl compounds' formation. In addition, it is proved that Se NPs protect proteins from structural modifications in the system and they do not exhibit significant cytotoxicity towards BV-2 and BRL-3A cells at low concentrations (10 and 50 μg mL(-1)). Consequently, Se NPs may be suitable for further in vivo studies as novel anti-glycation agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxuan Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Ferreira MES, de Vasconcelos AS, da Costa Vilhena T, da Silva TL, da Silva Barbosa A, Gomes ARQ, Dolabela MF, Percário S. Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease: Should We Keep Trying Antioxidant Therapies? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:595-614. [PMID: 25616523 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The risk of chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease is growing as a result of the continuous increasing average life span of the world population, a syndrome characterized by the presence of intraneural neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques composed mainly by beta-amyloid protein, changes that may cause a number of progressive disorders in the elderly, causing, in its most advanced stage, difficulty in performing normal daily activities, among other manifestations. Therefore, it is important to understand the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of this syndrome. Nevertheless, despite intensive effort to access the physiopathological pathways of the disease, it remains poorly understood. In that context, some hypotheses have arisen, including the recent oxidative stress hypothesis, theory supported by the involvement of oxidative stress in aging, and the vulnerability of neurons to oxidative attack. In the present revision, oxidative changes and redox mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease will be further stressed, as well as the grounds for antioxidant supplementation as adjuvant therapy for the disease will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelli Erica Souza Ferreira
- Oxidative Stress Research Lab, Institute of Biological Sciences (LAPEO - ICB), Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
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Haucke E, Navarrete Santos A, Simm A, Henning C, Glomb MA, Gürke J, Schindler M, Fischer B, Navarrete Santos A. Accumulation of advanced glycation end products in the rabbit blastocyst under maternal diabetes. Reproduction 2014; 148:169-78. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) during pregnancy is one of the leading causes of perinatal morbidity and birth defects. The mechanism by which maternal hyperglycemia, the major teratogenic factor, induces embryonic malformations remains unclear. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are known to accumulate during the course of DM and contribute to the development of diabetic complications. Employing a diabetic rabbit model, we investigated the influence of maternal hyperglycemia during the preimplantation period on AGE formation (pentosidine, argpyrimidine, and Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML)) in the reproductive tract and the embryo itself. As a consequence of type 1 DM, the AGE levels in blood plasma increased up to 50%, correlating closely with an AGE accumulation in the endometrium of diabetic females. Embryos from diabetic mothers had increased protein-bound CML levels and showed enhanced fluorescent signals for AGE-specific fluorescence in the blastocyst cavity fluid (BCF). The quantification of CML by HPLC–mass spectrometry (MS/MS) showed a higher amount of soluble CML in the BCF of blastocysts from diabetic rabbits (0.26±0.05 μmol/l) compared with controls (0.18±0.02 μmol/l). The high amount of AGEs in blastocysts from diabetic mothers correlates positively with an increased AGER (receptor for AGE (RAGE)) mRNA expression. Our study gives alarming insights into the consequences of poorly controlled maternal diabetes for AGE formation in the embryo. Maternal hyperglycemia during the preimplantation period is correlated with an increase in AGE formation in the uterine environment and the embryo itself. This may influence the development of the embryo through increased AGE-mediated cellular stress by RAGEs.
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Distler L, Georgieva A, Kenkel I, Huppert J, Pischetsrieder M. Structure- and concentration-specific assessment of the physiological reactivity of α-dicarbonyl glucose degradation products in peritoneal dialysis fluids. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1421-30. [PMID: 25033248 DOI: 10.1021/tx500153n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In peritoneal dialysis (PD), glucose degradation products (GDPs), which are formed during heat sterilization of dialysis fluids, lead to structural and functional changes in the peritoneal membrane, which eventually result in the loss of its ultrafiltration capacity. To determine the molecular mechanisms behind these processes, the present study tested the influence of the six major α-dicarbonyl GDPs in PD fluids, namely, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), 3-deoxygalactosone (3-DGal), 3,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene (3,4-DGE), and glucosone with respect to their potential to impair the enzymatic activity of RNase A as well as their effects on cell viability. For comprehensive risk assessment, the α-dicarbonyl GDPs were applied separately and in concentrations as present in conventional PD fluids. Thus, it was shown that after 5 days, glucosone impaired RNase A activity most distinctly (58% remaining activity, p < 0.001 compared to that of the control), followed by 3,4-DGE (62%, p < 0.001), 3-DGal (66%, p < 0.001), and 3-DG (76%, p < 0.01). Methylglyoxal and glyoxal caused weaker inactivation with significant effects only after 10 days of incubation (79%, 81%, p < 0.001). Profiling of the advanced glycation end products formed during the incubation of RNase A with methylglyoxal revealed predominant formation of the arginine modifications imidazolinone, CEA/dihydroxyimidazoline, and tetrahydropyrimidine at Arg10, Arg33, Arg39, and Arg85. Particularly, modification at Arg39 may severely affect the active site of the enzyme. Additionally, structure- and concentration-specific assessment of the cytotoxicity of the α-dicarbonyl GDPs was performed. Although present at very low concentration, the cytotoxic effect of PD fluids after 2 days of incubation was exclusively caused by 3,4-DGE (14% cell viability, p < 0.001). After 4 days of incubation, 3-DGal (13% cell viability, p < 0.001), 3-DG (24%, p < 0.001), and, to a lower extent, glyoxal and methylglyoxal (both 57%, p < 0.01) also reduced cell viability significantly. In conclusion, 3,4-DGE, 3-DGal, and glucosone appear to be the most relevant parameters for the biocompatibility of PD fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Distler
- Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Hellwig M, Löbmann K, Orywol T, Voigt A. Model studies on the oxidation of benzoyl methionine in a carbohydrate degradation system. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:4425-4433. [PMID: 24766214 DOI: 10.1021/jf500733f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The stability of benzoyl methionine was analyzed during incubation with carbohydrate compounds such as reducing sugars, dicarbonyl compounds, reductones, and Amadori rearrangement products (ARPs). The reaction products were identified and quantified by HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS. In the presence of ARPs, >40% of benzoyl methionine was oxidized to benzoyl methionine sulfoxide after 48 h at 80 °C in acetate-buffered solution (pH 6.0), whereas <10% was oxidized in the presence of mono- and disaccharides. As an important side reaction, peptide bond cleavage through α-amidation was verified. The influence of benzoyl methionine on carbohydrate degradation reactions was assessed through analysis of vicinal dicarbonyl compounds by HPLC-UV. Glyoxal, methylglyoxal, diacetyl, and 3-deoxyglucosone were quantified as the most important derivatives. The thioether group of methionine strongly influenced carbohydrate degradation pathways: Less glyoxal was formed from reducing carbohydrates, showing that benzoyl methionine can act as a radical scavenger. However, more diacetyl was formed from ARPs and reductones, indicating that also radical-dependent pathways could be influenced by benzoyl methionine. The degradation of reducing carbohydrates should thus be an important contributor to protein oxidation in food items with low fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hellwig
- Institute of Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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15
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Hauser C, Müller U, Sauer T, Augner K, Pischetsrieder M. Maillard reaction products as antimicrobial components for packaging films. Food Chem 2014; 145:608-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ahmad S, Moinuddin, Shahab U, Habib S, Salman Khan M, Alam K, Ali A. Glycoxidative damage to human DNA: Neo-antigenic epitopes on DNA molecule could be a possible reason for autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes. Glycobiology 2013; 24:281-91. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Wang CY, Xie JW, Xu Y, Wang T, Cai JH, Wang X, Zhao BL, An L, Wang ZY. Trientine reduces BACE1 activity and mitigates amyloidosis via the AGE/RAGE/NF-κB pathway in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2024-39. [PMID: 23541064 PMCID: PMC3869419 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS There is mounting evidence that the transition metal copper may play an important role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride (trientine), a CuII-selective chelator, is a commonly used treatment for Wilson's disease to decrease accumulated copper, and thereby decreases oxidative stress. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of a 3-month treatment course of trientine (Trien) on amyloidosis in 7-month-old β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor protein and presenilin-1 (APP/PS1) double transgenic (Tg) AD model mice. RESULTS We observed that Trien reduced the level of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and decreased Aβ deposition and synapse loss in brain of APP/PS1 mice. Importantly, we found that Trien blocked the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), downregulated β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), inhibited amyloidogenic APP cleavage, and subsequently reduced Aβ levels. In vitro, in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing Swedish mutant APP, Trien-mediated downregulation of BACE1 occurred via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. INNOVATION In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that Trien inhibited amyloidogenic pathway including targeting the downregulation of RAGE and NF-κB. CONCLUSION Trien might mitigate amyloidosis in AD by inhibiting the RAGE/NF-κB/BACE1 pathway. Our study demonstrates that Trien may be a viable therapeutic strategy for the intervention and treatment of AD and other AD-like pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Wang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education of China, Department of Pathophysiology, China Medical University , Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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An SH, Kang JH. Oxidative damage of DNA induced by the reaction of methylglyoxal with lysine in the presence of ferritin. BMB Rep 2013; 46:225-9. [PMID: 23615265 PMCID: PMC4133886 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2013.46.4.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is an endogenous metabolite which is present in increased concentrations in diabetics and reacts with amino acids to form advanced glycation end products. In this study, we investigated whether ferritin enhances DNA cleavage by the reaction of MG with lysine. When plasmid DNA was incubated with MG and lysine in the presence of ferritin, DNA strand breakage was increased in a dose-dependent manner. The ferritin/MG/lysine system-mediated DNA cleavage was significantly inhibited by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. These results indicated that ROS might participate in the ferritin/MG/lysine system-mediated DNA cleavage. Incubation of ferritin with MG and lysine resulted in a time-dependent release of iron ions from the protein molecules. Our data suggest that DNA cleavage caused by the ferritin/MG/lysine system via the generation of ROS by the Fenton-like reaction of free iron ions released from oxidatively damaged ferritin. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(4): 225-229]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho An
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju 360-764, Korea
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19
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Endo S, Matsunaga T, Matsumoto A, Arai Y, Ohno S, El-Kabbani O, Tajima K, Bunai Y, Yamano S, Hara A, Kitade Y. Rabbit 3-hydroxyhexobarbital dehydrogenase is a NADPH-preferring reductase with broad substrate specificity for ketosteroids, prostaglandin D₂, and other endogenous and xenobiotic carbonyl compounds. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1366-75. [PMID: 23994167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxyhexobarbital dehydrogenase (3HBD) catalyzes NAD(P)⁺-linked oxidation of 3-hydroxyhexobarbital into 3-oxohexobarbital. The enzyme has been thought to act as a dehydrogenase for xenobiotic alcohols and some hydroxysteroids, but its physiological function remains unknown. We have purified rabbit 3HBD, isolated its cDNA, and examined its specificity for coenzymes and substrates, reaction directionality and tissue distribution. 3HBD is a member (AKR1C29) of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily, and exhibited high preference for NADP(H) over NAD(H) at a physiological pH of 7.4. In the NADPH-linked reduction, 3HBD showed broad substrate specificity for a variety of quinones, ketones and aldehydes, including 3-, 17- and 20-ketosteroids and prostaglandin D₂, which were converted to 3α-, 17β- and 20α-hydroxysteroids and 9α,11β-prostaglandin F₂, respectively. Especially, α-diketones (such as isatin and diacetyl) and lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes (such as 4-oxo- and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenals) were excellent substrates showing low K(m) values (0.1-5.9 μM). In 3HBD-overexpressed cells, 3-oxohexobarbital and 5β-androstan-3α-ol-17-one were metabolized into 3-hydroxyhexobarbital and 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol, respectively, but the reverse reactions did not proceed. The overexpression of the enzyme in the cells decreased the cytotoxicity of 4-oxo-2-nonenal. The mRNA for 3HBD was ubiquitously expressed in rabbit tissues. The results suggest that 3HBD is an NADPH-preferring reductase, and plays roles in the metabolisms of steroids, prostaglandin D₂, carbohydrates and xenobiotics, as well as a defense system, protecting against reactive carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-1196, Japan.
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20
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Meltretter J, Wüst J, Pischetsrieder M. Comprehensive analysis of nonenzymatic post-translational β-lactoglobulin modifications in processed milk by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6971-6981. [PMID: 23772976 DOI: 10.1021/jf401549j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonenzymatic post-translational protein modifications (nePTMs) result in changes of the protein structure that may severely influence physiological and technological protein functions. In the present study, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was applied for the systematic identification and site-specific analysis of nePTMs of β-lactoglobulin in processed milk. For this purpose, β-lactoglobulin, which had been heated with lactose under conditions to force nePTM formation (7 d/60 °C), was screened for predicted modifications by using full scans and enhanced resolution scan experiments combined with enhanced product ion scans. Thus, the main glycation, glycoxidation, oxidation, and deamidation products of lysine, arginine, methionine, cysteine, tryptophan, and asparagine, as well as the N-terminus, were identified. Using these MS data, a very sensitive scheduled multiple reaction monitoring method suitable for the analysis of milk products was developed. Consequently, 14 different PTM structures on 25 binding sites of β-lactoglobulin were detected in different milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Meltretter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Food Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Williams WM, Weinberg A, Smith MA. Protein modification by dicarbonyl molecular species in neurodegenerative diseases. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2011; 2011:461216. [PMID: 22332001 PMCID: PMC3276062 DOI: 10.4061/2011/461216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration results from abnormalities in cerebral metabolism and energy balance within neurons, astrocytes, microglia, or microvascular endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. In Alzheimer's disease, β-amyloid is considered the primary contributor to neuropathology and neurodegeneration. It now is believed that certain systemic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, can contribute to neurodegeneration through the effects of chronic hyperglycemia/insulin resistance resulting in protein glycation, oxidative stress and inflammation within susceptible brain regions. Here, we present an overview of research focusing on the role of protein glycation, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the neurodegenerative process. Of special interest in this paper is the effect of methylglyoxal (MGO), a cytotoxic byproduct of glucose metabolism, elevated in neurodegenerative disease, and diabetes mellitus, on cerebral protein function and oxidative stress. How MGO interacts with amino acid residues within β-amyloid, and small peptides within the brain, is also discussed in terms of the affect on protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley M Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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22
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Münch G, Westcott B, Menini T, Gugliucci A. Advanced glycation endproducts and their pathogenic roles in neurological disorders. Amino Acids 2010; 42:1221-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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Endo S, Matsunaga T, Kuragano T, Ohno S, Kitade Y, Tajima K, El-Kabbani O, Hara A. Properties and tissue distribution of a novel aldo-keto reductase encoding in a rat gene (Akr1b10). Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 503:230-7. [PMID: 20709016 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A recent rat genomic sequencing predicts a gene Akr1b10 that encodes a protein with 83% sequence similarity to human aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1B10. In this study, we isolated the cDNA for the rat AKR1B10 (R1B10) from rat brain, and examined the enzymatic properties of the recombinant protein. R1B10 utilized NADPH as the preferable coenzyme, and reduced various aldehydes (including cytotoxic 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal and 4-hydroxy- and 4-oxo-2-nonenals) and α-dicarbonyl compounds (such as methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone), showing low K(m) values of 0.8-6.1μM and 3.7-67μM, respectively. The enzyme also reduced glyceraldehyde and tetroses (K(m)=96-390μM), although hexoses and pentoses were inactive and poor substrates, respectively. Among the substrates, 4-oxo-2-nonenal was most efficiently reduced into 4-oxo-2-nonenol, and its cytotoxicity against bovine endothelial cells was decreased by the overexpression of R1B10. R1B10 showed low sensitivity to aldose reductase inhibitors, and was activated to approximately two folds by valproic acid, and alicyclic and aromatic carboxylic acids. The mRNA for R1B10 was expressed highly in rat brain and heart, and at low levels in other rat tissues and skin fibroblasts. The results suggest that R1B10 functions as a defense system against oxidative stress and glycation in rat tissues.
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Guglielmotto M, Aragno M, Tamagno E, Vercellinatto I, Visentin S, Medana C, Catalano MG, Smith MA, Perry G, Danni O, Boccuzzi G, Tabaton M. AGEs/RAGE complex upregulates BACE1 via NF-κB pathway activation. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:196.e13-27. [PMID: 20638753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) is not clearly understood, it is likely dependent on several age-related factors. Diabetes is a risk factor for AD, and multiple mechanisms connecting the 2 diseases have been proposed. Hyperglycemia enhances the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that result from the auto-oxidation of glucose and fructose. The interaction of AGEs with their receptor, named RAGE, elicits the formation of reactive oxygen species that are also believed to be an early event in AD pathology. To investigate a functional link between the disorders diabetes and AD, the effect of 2 AGEs, pentosidine and glyceraldehydes-derived pyridinium (GLAP), was studied on BACE1 expression both in vivo, in streptozotocin treated rats, and in vitro in differentiated neuroblastoma cells. We showed that pentosidine and GLAP were able to upregulate BACE1 expression through their binding with RAGE and the consequent activation of NF-κB. In addition, both pentosidine and GLAP were found to be increased in the brain in sporadic AD patients. Our findings demonstrate that activation of the AGEs/RAGE axis, by upregulating the key enzyme for amyloid-β production, provides a pathologic link between diabetes mellitus and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Guglielmotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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25
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Identification and quantification of the glucose degradation product glucosone in peritoneal dialysis fluids by HPLC/DAD/MSMS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:877-82. [PMID: 20189892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose degradation products (GDPs) formed during heat sterilization of peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids exert cytotoxic effects and promote the formation of advanced glycation end-products in the peritoneal cavity. As a result, long-term application of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is limited. The composition and concentration of GDPs in PD fluids must be known to evaluate their biological effects. The present study describes a targeted screening for novel GDPs in PD fluids. For this purpose, dicarbonyl compounds were converted with o-phenylenediamine to give the respective quinoxaline derivatives, which were selectively monitored by HPLC/diode array detector. Glucosone was thereby identified as a novel major GDP in PD fluids. Product identity was confirmed by LC/MSMS analysis using independently synthesized glucosone as a reference compound. Furthermore, a method was developed to quantify glucosone in PD fluids by HPLC/UV after derivatization with o-phenylenediamine. The method's limit of detection was 0.6 microM and the limit of quantitation 1.1 microM. A linear calibration curve was obtained between 1.1 and 113.9 microM (R(2)=0.9999). Analyzed at three different concentration levels, recovery varied between 95.6% and 102.0%. The coefficient of variation ranged between 0.4% and 4.7%. The method was then applied to the measurement of glucosone in typical PD fluids. Glucosone levels in double chamber bag PD fluids varied between not detectable and 6.7 microM. In single chamber bag fluids, glucosone levels ranged between 28.7 and 40.7 microM.
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Guglielmotto M, Giliberto L, Tamagno E, Tabaton M. Oxidative stress mediates the pathogenic effect of different Alzheimer's disease risk factors. Front Aging Neurosci 2010; 2:3. [PMID: 20552043 PMCID: PMC2874401 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.24.003.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting the elderly population. Mechanistically, the major cause of the disease bases on the altered processing of the amyloid-β (Aβ) precursor protein (APP), resulting in the accumulation and aggregation of neurotoxic forms of Aβ. Aβ derives from the sequential proteolytic cleavage of the β- and γ-secretases on APP. The causes of Aβ accumulation in the common sporadic form of AD are not completely known, but they are likely to include oxidative stress (OS). OS and Aβ are linked to each other since Aβ aggregation induces OS in vivo and in vitro, and oxidant agents increase the production of Aβ. Moreover, OS produces several effects that may contribute to synaptic function and cell death in AD. We and others have shown that the expression and activity of β-secretase (named BACE1; β-site APP cleaving enzyme) is increased by oxidant agents and by lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal and that there is a significant correlation between BACE1 activity and oxidative markers in sporadic AD. OS results from several cellular insults such as aging, hyperglycemia, hypoxic insults that are all well known risk factors for AD development. Thus, our data strengthen the hypothesis that OS is a basic common pathway of Aβ accumulation, common to different AD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Guglielmotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Turin Turin, Italy
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27
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Wühr A, Deckert M, Pischetsrieder M. Identification of aminoreductones as active components in Maillard reaction mixtures inducing nuclear NF-κB translocation in macrophages. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:1021-30. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Hegele J, Münch G, Pischetsrieder M. Identification of hydrogen peroxide as a major cytotoxic component in Maillard reaction mixtures and coffee. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:760-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Srikanth V, Maczurek A, Phan T, Steele M, Westcott B, Juskiw D, Münch G. Advanced glycation endproducts and their receptor RAGE in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:763-77. [PMID: 19464758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementing disorder of late life. Although there might be various different triggering events in the early stages of the disease, they seem to converge on a few characteristic final pathways in the late stages, characterized by inflammation and neurodegeneration. In this review, we revisit the hypothesis that advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and their receptor RAGE may play an important role in disease pathogenesis. Accumulation of AGEs in cells and tissues is a normal feature of aging, but is accelerated in AD. In AD, AGEs can be detected in pathological deposits such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. AGEs explain many of the neuropathological and biochemical features of AD such as extensive protein crosslinking, glial induction of oxidative stress and neuronal cell death. Oxidative stress and AGEs initiate a positive feedback loop, where normal age-related changes develop into a pathophysiological cascade. RAGE and its decoy receptor soluble RAGE, may contribute to or protect against AD pathogenesis by influencing transport of β-amyloid into the brain or by manipulating inflammatory mechanisms. Targeted pharmacological interventions using AGE-inhibitors, RAGE-antagonists, RAGE-antibodies, soluble RAGE or RAGE signalling inhibitors such as membrane-permeable antioxidants may be promising therapeutic strategies to slow down the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velandai Srikanth
- Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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30
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Inhibitory effects of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf extracts and its active compounds on the glycation process of protein. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Matsunaga T, Kamiya T, Sumi D, Kumagai Y, Kalyanaraman B, Hara A. L-Xylulose reductase is involved in 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-induced apoptosis in human T lymphoma cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1191-202. [PMID: 18206670 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
9,10-Phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PQ), a major component in diesel exhaust particles, is suggested to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) through its redox cycling, leading to cell toxicity. l-Xylulose reductase (XR), a NADPH-dependent enzyme in the uronate pathway, strongly reduces alpha-dicarbonyl compounds and was thought to act as a detoxification enzyme against reactive carbonyl compounds. Here, we have investigated the role of intracellular ROS generation in apoptotic signaling in human acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia MOLT-4 cells treated with 9,10-PQ and the role of XR in the generation of ROS. Treatment with 9,10-PQ elicited not only apoptotic signaling, including mitochondrial membrane dysfunction and activation of caspases and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, but also intracellular ROS generation and consequent glutathione depletion. The apoptotic effects of 9,10-PQ were drastically mitigated by pretreatment with intracellular ROS scavengers, such as N-acetyl-l-cysteine, glutathione monoethyl ester, and polyethylene glycol-conjugated catalase, indicating that intracellular ROS generation is responsible for the 9,10-PQ-evoked apoptosis. Surprisingly, the ROS generation and cytotoxicity by 9,10-PQ were augmented in an XR-transformed cell line. XR indeed reduced 9,10-PQ and produced superoxide anion through redox cycling. In addition, the expression levels of XR and its mRNA in the T lymphoma cells were markedly enhanced after the exposure to 9,10-PQ, and the induction was completely abolished by the ROS scavengers. Moreover, the 9,10-PQ-induced apoptosis was partially inhibited by the pretreatment with XR-specific inhibitors. These results suggest that initially produced ROS induce XR, which accelerates the generation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 5-6-1 Mitahora-higashi, Gifu 502-8585, Japan.
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Muscat S, Pelka J, Hegele J, Weigle B, Münch G, Pischetsrieder M. Coffee and Maillard products activate NF-κB in macrophages via H2O2 production. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51:525-35. [PMID: 17427264 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200600254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory activity of coffee and Maillard reaction products on macrophages in vitro. Stimulation of macrophages with coffee, but not with raw coffee extract in PBS, led to a 13-fold increased nuclear NF-kappaB translocation. A Maillard reaction mixture (25 mM D-ribose/L-lysine, 30 min at 120 degrees C) increased NF-kappaB translocation 18-fold (in PBS) or six-fold (in medium). MRPs also induced a two-fold increased NF-kappaB translocation in untransfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells as well as in HEK cells stably transfected with the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), indicating that the effect was not RAGE mediated. On the other hand, catalase totally abolished coffee- and MRP-induced NF-kappaB translocation. Consequently, up to 366 microM hydrogen peroxide was measured in the coffee preparation and Maillard mixtures used for cell stimulation. Stimulation of macrophages with MRPs did not lead to significantly increased IL-6 or NO release. Thus, it can be concluded that coffee and MRPs induce NF-kappaB translocation in macrophages via the generation of hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Muscat
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is an endogenous physiological metabolite which is present in increased concentrations in diabetics. MG reacts with the amino acids of proteins to form advanced glycation end products. In this in vitro study, we investigated the effect of MG on the structure and function of ceruloplasmin (CP) a serum oxidase carrier of copper ions in the human. When CP was incubated with MG, the protein showed increased electrophoretic mobility which represented the aggregates at a high concentration of MG (100 mM). MG-mediated CP aggregation led to the loss of enzymatic activity and the release of copper ions from the protein. Radical scavengers and copper ion chelators significantly prevented CP aggregation. CP is an important protein that circulates in plasma as a major copper transport protein. It is suggested that oxidative damage of CP by MG may induce perturbations of the copper transport system and subsequently lead to harmful intracellular condition. The proposed mechanism, in part, may provide an explanation for the deterioration of organs in the diabetic patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hoon Kang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Cheongju University, Korea.
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Szwergold BS. α-Thiolamines such as cysteine and cysteamine act as effective transglycating agents due to formation of irreversible thiazolidine derivatives. Med Hypotheses 2006; 66:698-707. [PMID: 16359826 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic glycation of proteins and some phospholipids is considered to be an important factor in the genesis of diabetic complications. While this process has been viewed traditionally as entirely non-enzymatic and unidirectional, the discovery of fructosamine-3-phosphate (FN3K) and identification of FN3K-mediated deglycation mechanisms have made it apparent that non-enzymatic glycation is not unidirectional and that it can be reversed by deglycation reactions. While FN3K operates on ketosamines, the second intermediate in the non-enzymatic glycation cascade, we recently identified another potential deglycation mechanism that can operate on Schiff bases, the first intermediates of the non-enzymatic glycation process. The initial step in this postulated deglycation process is a transglycation reaction between a L.M.W. intracellular nucleophiles and a macromolecule-bound aldosamines, which regenerate unmodified proteins or phospholipids with a concomitant production of aldose-nucleophile transglycation byproducts. In vitro, transglycation occurs readily with amino acids, polyamines, thiols and thiolamines. There are indications that this reaction also occurs in vivo since in an initial GC/MS analysis of human urine we detected significant amounts of a transglycation product, glucose-cysteine (G-Cys), which was markedly increased in diabetics. Despite these encouraging early data, it is not yet clear to what extent transglycation is important in vivo and which intracellular nucleophiles are most relevant to this process. As discussed by us previously in this journal, one likely candidate for this role is glutathione since it is distributed universally and since there are well described mechanisms for removal of S-linked glutathione adducts from cells by the multi-drug-resistance (MDR) pumps. In this paper we report on another class of likely transglycating agents, alpha-thiolamines such as cysteine and cysteamine. While concentrations of these compounds in tissues are significantly lower than those of GSH, they react with Schiff bases more rapidly than GSH and, most significantly they form stable and irreversible thiazolidine products such as glucose-cysteine (G-Cys) and glucose-cysteamine (G-Ctm) that can subsequently be removed from cells. The possibility that alpha-thiolamines may play a physiological role as deglycating agents in vivo is very attractive since it suggests a possible strategy for inhibiting nonenzymatic glycation and diabetic complications that could be readily implemented through nutritional or pharmacological approaches. Such intervention is eminently feasible since there are at least three thiolamines already approved for human use. These include cysteamine used for the treatment of cystinosis; N-acetylcysteine utilized as a mucolytic and antioxidant agent, in the therapy of acetaminophen poisoning and radiocontrast-induced nephrotoxicity; and penicillamine used for treatment of Wilson's disease. Consequently, determining whether these compounds have the expected anti-glycating effects in vivo should be relatively straightforward.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Szwergold
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Remsen 311-314, HB 7515, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Figarola JL, Scott S, Loera S, Xi B, Synold T, Weiss L, Rahbar S. Prevention of early renal disease, dyslipidaemia and lipid peroxidation in STZ-diabetic rats by LR-9 and LR-74, novel AGE inhibitors. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2005; 21:533-44. [PMID: 15818713 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased formation of advanced glycation/lipoxidation endproducts (AGEs/ALEs) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diabetic complications. Several compounds have been developed as inhibitors of AGE/ALE formation. We examined the effects of two new AGE/ALE inhibitors, LR-9 and LR-74, on the development of early renal disease and lipid metabolism in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with either of the LR compounds for 32 weeks. Progression of renal disease was evaluated by measurements of urinary albumin and plasma creatinine concentrations. AGE/ALE and nitrotyrosine levels in kidneys were determined by immunohistochemistry. AGE-induced chemical modification of the tail tendon collagen and levels of Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl) and (carboxyethyl)- lysines (CML and CEL) in skin collagen were measured. Plasma lipids and their lipid hydroperoxide concentrations were also determined. In vitro, both compounds were tested for inhibiting lipid peroxidation reactions. RESULTS Treatment of either LR compounds significantly inhibited the increase in albuminuria, creatinaemia, hyperlipidaemia and lipid peroxidation in diabetic rats without any effect on hyperglycaemia. Both compounds also reduced CML-AGE and nitrotyrosine accumulation in kidney glomeruli and tubules, AGE-linked fluorescence and cross-linking of tail collagen, and levels of CML and CEL in skin collagen. In vitro, LR compounds inhibited the oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL). CONCLUSION Both compounds can inhibit the progression of renal disease and also prevent dyslipidaemia in type-1 diabetic animals. These compounds may have an additional beneficial effect as an antioxidant against lipid peroxidation, and thus may provide alternative therapeutic options for the treatment of various diabetic macrovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lester Figarola
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte,CA 91010, USA
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Roy S, Rauk A. Alzheimer's disease and the 'ABSENT' hypothesis: mechanism for amyloid beta endothelial and neuronal toxicity. Med Hypotheses 2005; 65:123-37. [PMID: 15893129 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease [AD] is the most common cause of dementia among people age 65 and older. One of the biggest stumbling blocks in developing effective drug therapy for Alzheimer's disease has been the lack of a comprehensive hypothesis that explains the mechanism behind all of the histopathological changes seen in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease. An overview of the currently popular 'amyloid' and 'vascular' hypotheses for AD demonstrates that neither hypothesis by itself can explain all the known histopathological and biochemical lesions seen in Alzheimer's disease. The paper presents a hypothesis that tries to explain the mechanism behind almost all the histopathological changes, and varying clinical manifestations seen in both diagnosed AD and Vascular Dementia [VaD]. The new hypothesis is based on the known dual toxicity of beta amyloid to both vascular and neuronal tissues, their synergy and the resultant net effect on the onset and progression of AD. The new hypothesis therefore will be known as the Amyloid Beta Synergistic Endothelial and Neuronal Toxicity [ABSENT] hypothesis. The ABSENT hypothesis will try to show the common chemical mechanism behind almost all of the pathological changes seen in AD. According to the ABSENT hypothesis, beta amyloid itself generates all the free radicals that cause both vascular dysfunction and the neuronal damage seen in AD. The chemical mechanism proposed is based on evidence from physical chemistry experiments, calculations as well as in vitro/in vivo experiments. The ABSENT hypothesis does not favor one mode of beta amyloid-induced brain damage over the other, rather it considers the net effects of the neuronal stress/damage caused by both the cerebrovascular dysfunction and direct neurotoxicity caused by beta amyloid. The hypothesis states that each patient has a different balance of predisposing factors that modulate the extent of neurotoxicity and cerebrovascular dysfunction caused by beta amyloid and thereby explains the wide range and mixed nature of damage and dysfunction seen in the studies done on patients diagnosed with AD, VaD or 'mixed dementias'. According to the hypothesis, beta amyloid peptides are necessary if not sufficient to cause AD, VaD and mixed senile dementias. The hypothesis, therefore, proposes the term Beta Amyloid Dementias [BAD] to describe the conditions currently covered by the diagnoses of 'AD', 'VaD' and 'Mixed [senile] Dementias'. Finally, the ABSENT hypothesis tries to put forth a direct chemical mechanism behind the apparent synergy and increased association between old age, pre- and coexisting vascular disease, diabetes and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.
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Linetsky MD, Shipova EV, Legrand RD, Argirov OO. Glucose-derived Amadori compounds of glutathione. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1724:181-93. [PMID: 15893878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2004] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Under the chromatographic conditions used in these studies we observed time- and concentration-dependent formation of N-1-Deoxy-fructos-1-yl glutathione as the major glycation product formed in the mixtures of GSH with glucose. N-1-Deoxy-fructos-1-yl glutathione had a characteristic positively charged ion with m/z=470 Th in its LC-MS spectra. Mixtures of glutathione disulfide and glucose generated two compounds: N-1-Deoxy-fructos-1-yl GSSG (m/z=775 Th) as major adduct and bis di-N, N'-1-Deoxy-fructos-1-yl GSSG (m/z=937 Th) as the minor one. All three compounds showed a resonance signal at 55.2 ppm in the 13C-NMR spectra as C1 methylene group of deoxyfructosyl, which represents direct evidence that they are Amadori compounds. All three compounds purified from GSSG/Glc or GSH/Glc mixtures also showed LC-MS/MS fragmentation patterns identical to those of the synthetically synthesized N-1-Deoxy-fructos-1-yl glutathione, N-1-Deoxy-fructos-1-yl GSSG and bis di-N, N'-1-Deoxy-fructos-1-yl GSSG. N-1-Deoxy-fructos-1-yl glutathione was shown to be a poor substrate for glutathione peroxidase (6.7% of the enzyme's original specific activity) and glutathione-S-transferase (25.7% of the original enzyme's specific activity). Glutathione reductase failed to recycle the disulfide bond within the structure of di-substituted bis di-N, N'-1-Deoxy-fructos-1-yl GSSG. It showed only 1% of the original enzyme's specific activity, but retained its ability to reduce the disulfide bond within the structure of N-1-Deoxy-fructos-1-yl GSSG by 57% of its original specific activity. Since the GSH concentration in diabetic lens is significantly decreased and the glucose concentration can increase 10-fold and higher, the formation of Amadori products of the different forms of glutathione with this monosaccharide may be favored under these conditions and could contribute to a lowering of glutathione levels and an increase of oxidative stress observed in diabetic lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail D Linetsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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El-Kabbani O, Carbone V, Darmanin C, Ishikura S, Hara A. Structure of the tetrameric form of human L-Xylulose reductase: Probing the inhibitor-binding site with molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. Proteins 2005; 60:424-32. [PMID: 15906319 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
L-Xylulose reductase (XR) is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. In this study we report the structure of the biological tetramer of human XR in complex with NADP(+) and a competitive inhibitor solved at 2.3 A resolution. A single subunit of human XR is formed by a centrally positioned, seven-stranded, parallel beta-sheet surrounded on either side by two arrays of three alpha-helices. Two helices located away from the main body of the protein form the variable substrate-binding cleft, while the dinucleotide coenzyme-binding motif is formed by a classical Rossmann fold. The tetrameric structure of XR, which is held together via salt bridges formed by the guanidino group of Arg203 from one monomer and the carboxylate group of the C-terminal residue Cys244 from the neighboring monomer, explains the ability of human XR to prevent the cold inactivation seen in the rodent forms of the enzyme. The orientations of Arg203 and Cys244 are maintained by a network of hydrogen bonds and main-chain interactions of Gln137, Glu238, Phe241, and Trp242. These interactions are similar to those defining the quaternary structure of the closely related carbonyl reductase from mouse lung. Molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis identified the active site residues His146 and Trp191 as forming essential contacts with inhibitors of XR. These results could provide a structural basis in the design of potent and specific inhibitors for human XR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ossama El-Kabbani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Carbone V, Ishikura S, Hara A, El-Kabbani O. Structure-based discovery of human l-xylulose reductase inhibitors from database screening and molecular docking. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:301-12. [PMID: 15598553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 10/10/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human L-xylulose reductase (XR) is an enzyme of the glucuronic acid/uronate cycle of glucose metabolism and is a possible target for treatment of the long-term complications of diabetes. In this study we utilised the molecular modelling program DOCK to analyse the 249,071 compounds of the National Cancer Institute Database and retrieved those compounds with high predicted affinity for XR. Several carboxylic acid-based compounds were tested and shown to inhibit XR. These included nicotinic acid (IC50=100 microM), benzoic acid (IC50=29 microM) and their derivatives. These results extend and improve upon the activities of known, commercially available inhibitors of XR such as the aliphatic fatty acid n-butyric acid (IC50=64 microM). To optimise the interaction between the inhibitor and the holoenzyme, the program GRID was used to design de novo compounds based on the inhibitor benzoic acid. The inclusion of a hydroxy-phenyl group and a phosphate to the benzoic acid molecule increased the net binding energy by 1.3- and 2.4-fold, respectively. The resultant compounds may produce inhibitors with improved specificity for XR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Carbone
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Kil IS, Lee JH, Shin AH, Park JW. Glycation-induced inactivation of NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase: implications for diabetes and aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1765-78. [PMID: 15528036 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Revised: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that the control of cytosolic and mitochondrial redox balance and the cellular defense against oxidative damage is one of the primary functions of NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), because it supplies NADPH for antioxidant systems. When exposed to reducing sugars such as glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, and fructose, ICDH was susceptible to oxidative modification and damage, which was indicated by a loss of activity and fragmentation of the peptide as well as by the formation of carbonyl groups. The glycated ICDH was isolated and identified by boronate-affinity chromatography and immunoblotting with anti-hexitol-lysine antibody. The active site lysine residue, Lys(212), was identified as one of the major sites of nonenzymatic glycation of ICDH. The structural alterations of modified enzymes were indicated by changes in thermal stability, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, and binding of the hydrophobic probe 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid. When we examined the antioxidant role of mitochondrial ICDH against glycation-induced cytotoxicity with HEK293 cells transfected with the cDNA for mouse mitochondrial ICDH in sense and antisense orientations, a clear inverse relationship was observed between the amount of mitochondrial ICDH expressed in target cells and their susceptibility to glycation-mediated cytotoxicity. Mitochondrial ICDH was purified by immunoprecipitation and probed with anti-hexitol-lysine antibody, which revealed increased levels of glycated ICDH in the kidneys of diabetic rats and in the lenses of diabetic patients suffering from cataracts. A decrease in ICDH activity was observed in those tissues. We also found that levels of glycated ICDH increased in IMR-90 cells and rat kidney during normal aging. The glycation-mediated damage to ICDH may result in the perturbation of cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms and subsequently lead to a pro-oxidant condition and may contribute to various pathologies associated with the general aging process and long-term complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sup Kil
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, Korea
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El-Kabbani O, Ishikura S, Darmanin C, Carbone V, Chung RPT, Usami N, Hara A. Crystal structure of human L-xylulose reductase holoenzyme: probing the role of Asn107 with site-directed mutagenesis. Proteins 2004; 55:724-32. [PMID: 15103634 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
L-Xylulose reductase (XR), an enzyme in the uronate cycle of glucose metabolism, belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. Among the SDR enzymes, XR shows the highest sequence identity (67%) with mouse lung carbonyl reductase (MLCR), but the two enzymes show different substrate specificities. The crystal structure of human XR in complex with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) was determined at 1.96 A resolution by using the molecular replacement method and the structure of MLCR as the search model. Features unique to human XR include electrostatic interactions between the N-terminal residues of subunits related by the P-axis, termed according to SDR convention, and an interaction between the hydroxy group of Ser185 and the pyrophosphate of NADPH. Furthermore, identification of the residues lining the active site of XR (Cys138, Val143, His146, Trp191, and Met200) together with a model structure of XR in complex with L-xylulose, revealed structural differences with other members of the SDR family, which may account for the distinct substrate specificity of XR. The residues comprising a recently proposed catalytic tetrad in the SDR enzymes are conserved in human XR (Asn107, Ser136, Tyr149, and Lys153). To examine the role of Asn107 in the catalytic mechanism of human XR, mutant forms (N107D and N107L) were prepared. The two mutations increased K(m) for the substrate (>26-fold) and K(d) for NADPH (95-fold), but only the N107L mutation significantly decreased k(cat) value. These results suggest that Asn107 plays a critical role in coenzyme binding rather than in the catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ossama El-Kabbani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University (Parkville Campus), Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
A number of natural or synthetic compounds as AGE inhibitors have been proposed, discovered or currently being advanced by others and us. We have identified two new classes of aromatic compounds; aryl- (and heterocyclic) ureido and aryl (and heterocyclic) carboxamido phenoxyisobutyric acids, and benzoic acid derivatives and related compounds, as potential inhibitors of glycation and AGE formation. Some of these novel compounds also showed "AGE-breaking" activities in vitro. Current evidence is that chelation of transition metals and/or trapping or indirect inhibition of formation of reactive carbonyl compounds are involved in the mechanisms of action of these novel AGE inhibitors and breakers. Here, we review the inhibitors of glycation and AGE-breakers published to date and present the results of our in vitro and in vivo investigations on a number of these novel AGE inhibitors. These AGE-inhibitors and AGE-breakers may find therapeutic use in the treatment of diseases that AGE formation and accumulation may be responsible for their pathogenesis such as diabetes, Alzheimer's, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rahbar
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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Kang JH. Oxidative damage of DNA by the reaction of amino acid with methylglyoxal in the presence of Fe(III). Int J Biol Macromol 2003; 33:43-8. [PMID: 14599583 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(03)00064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is an endogenous metabolite which is present in increased concentrations in diabetics and reacts with amino acids to form advanced glycation end products. DNA cleavage induced by the reaction of MG with lysine in the presence of Fe3+ was investigated. When plasmid DNA was incubated with MG and lysine in the presence of Fe3+, DNA strand breakage was proportional to MG and lysine concentrations. The formation of superoxide anion was detected during this reaction, and catalase, hydroxyl radical scavengers and iron chelator, desferrioxamine inhibited DNA cleavage. Deoxyribose assays showed that hydroxyl radicals were generated during the MG/lysine/Fe3+ reaction. These results suggest that superoxide anion and H2O2 may be generated from the glycation reaction between lysine with MG, and that Fe3+ probably participates in a Fenton's type reaction to produce hydroxyl radicals, which may cause DNA cleavage. This mechanism, in part, may provide an explanation for the deterioration of organs under diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hoon Kang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Chongju University, Chongju 360-764, South Korea.
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Abstract
Methylglyoxal is an endogenous metabolic by-product of glycolysis and has genotoxic effects. Previous studies suggested that the reaction of methylglyoxal with amino acid leads to the production of free radicals. In this study, oxidative damage of DNA by the reaction of methylglyoxal with amino acid was investigated. When plasmid DNA was incubated with methylglyoxal and lysine, DNA strand was cleaved. Cu(2+) enhanced DNA strand breakage induced by the reaction of methylglyoxal with lysine. The formation of superoxide anion was detected during the glycation reaction of methylglyoxal with lysine. Radical scavengers, catalase, and copper chelators inhibited the DNA breakage. The deoxyribose assay showed that hydroxyl radicals were generated during the reaction of methylglyoxal with lysine in the presence of Cu(2+). The generation of hydroxyl radicals was inhibited by radical scavenger, catalase, and copper chelator. These results suggest that superoxide anion and H2O2 may generate from the glycation reaction of methylglyoxal with lysine and then Cu(2+) likely participates in a Fenton's type reaction to produce hydroxyl radicals, which may cause DNA cleavage. This mechanism may be linked to several diverse biological processes including mutagenesis, aging, carcinogenesis, and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hoon Kang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Chongju University, Chongju 360-764, South Korea.
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de Arriba SG, Loske C, Meiners I, Fleischer G, Lobisch M, Wessel K, Tritschler H, Schinzel R, Münch G. Advanced glycation endproducts induce changes in glucose consumption, lactate production, and ATP levels in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by a redox-sensitive mechanism. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003; 23:1307-13. [PMID: 14600438 DOI: 10.1097/01.wcb.0000090622.86921.0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) accumulate on long-lived proteins, including beta-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease, and are suggested to contribute to neuronal dysfunction and cell death. We have investigated the effects of a model AGE upon glucose metabolism and energy production in a neuroblastoma cell line. AGEs decrease cellular ATP levels and increase glucose consumption and lactate production. All of the AGE-induced metabolic changes can be attenuated by antioxidants such as (R+)-alpha-lipoic acid and 17beta-estradiol. These antioxidants may become useful drugs against (AGE-mediated) effects in neurodegeneration through their positive effects on cellular energy metabolism.
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Murata M, Mizutani M, Oikawa S, Hiraku Y, Kawanishi S. Oxidative DNA damage by hyperglycemia-related aldehydes and its marked enhancement by hydrogen peroxide. FEBS Lett 2003; 554:138-42. [PMID: 14596928 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Increased risks of cancers and oxidative DNA damage have been observed in diabetic patients. Many endogenous aldehydes such as 3-deoxyglucosone and glyceraldehyde (GA) increase under hyperglycemic conditions. We showed that these aldehydes induced Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage, including 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) formation. GA had the strongest ability to damage DNA, and addition of low concentrations of H2O2 markedly enhanced the DNA damage. GA significantly increased 8-oxodG formation in human cultured cells (HL-60), and H2O2 enhanced it. We conclude that oxidative DNA damage by hyperglycemia-related aldehydes, especially GA, and marked enhancement of DNA damage by H2O2 may participate in diabetes-associated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Murata
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Jakas A, Horvat S. Study of degradation pathways of Amadori compounds obtained by glycation of opioid pentapeptide and related smaller fragments: stability, reactions, and spectroscopic properties. Biopolymers 2003; 69:421-31. [PMID: 12879488 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Reactions between biological amines and reducing sugars (the Maillard reaction) are among the most important of the chemical and oxidative changes occurring in biological systems that contribute to the formation of a complex family of rearranged and dehydrated covalent adducts that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases. In this study, chemistry of the Maillard reactions was studied in four model systems containing fructosamines (Amadori compounds) obtained from the endogenous opioid pentapeptide leucine-enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu), leucine-enkephalin methyl ester, structurally related tripeptide (Tyr-Gly-Gly), or from amino acid (Tyr). The degradation of model compounds as well as their ability to develop Maillard fluorescence was investigated under oxidative conditions in methanol and phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at two different temperatures (37 and 70 degrees C). At 37 degrees C, glycated leucine-enkephalin degraded slowly in methanol (t(1/2) approximately 13 days) and phosphate buffer (t(1/2) approximately 9 days), producing a parent peptide compound as a major product throughout a three-week incubation period. Whereas fluorescence slowly increased over time at 37 degrees C, incubations off all studied Amadori compounds at 70 degrees C resulted in a rapid appearance of a brown color and sharp increase in AGE (advanced glycation end products)-associated fluorescence (excitation 320 nm/emmision 420 nm) as well as in distinctly higher amounts of fragmentation products. The obtained data indicated that the shorter the peptide chain the more degradation products were formed. These studies have also helped to identify a new chemical transformation of the peptide backbone in the Maillard reaction that lead to beta-scission of N-terminal tyrosine side chain and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde formation under both aqueous and nonaqueous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Jakas
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudjer Bosković Institute, P. O. B. 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
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Meli M, Granouillet R, Reynaud E, Chamson A, Frey J, Perier C. In vitro glycoxidation of insoluble fibrous type I collagen: solubilization and advanced glycation end products. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2003; 22:527-31. [PMID: 14703986 DOI: 10.1023/b:jopc.0000005502.48925.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of glycoxidation are dependent on the half-life of proteins. Collagen, the main component of extracellular matrices, is a long live protein and thus may be sensitive to the glycoxidation process. We incubated calf skin fibrous type I collagen in PBS at 37 degrees C with glucose. The fibrous type I collagen was solubilized and an increase in the amount of advanced glycation end products of the solubilized fraction was observed. As there was no bacterial contamination and no proteolytic activities in the incubation medium, the solubilization of fibrous type I collagen is probably due to the speculative production of the free radicals in our experimental conditions. To test this hypothesis, fibrous type I collagen was incubated in PBS with AAPH (2,2'azo-bis 2-aminodinopropane) a free radicals generator. AAPH induced a dramatic and dose dependent solubilization of fibrous type I collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meli
- Department of Biochemistry, University Hospital, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
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de La Rochette A, Birlouez-Aragon I, Silva E, Morlière P. Advanced glycation endproducts as UVA photosensitizers of tryptophan and ascorbic acid: consequences for the lens. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1621:235-41. [PMID: 12787919 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(03)00072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Upon aging, the lens accumulates brown fluorophores, mainly derived from the Maillard reaction between vitamin C oxidation products and crystallins lysine residues. At the same time, the concentration of UVA filters decreases, allowing some radiation to be absorbed by lenticular advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). This paper quantifies the photosensitizing activity of AGEs at various oxygen pressures, and compares it to that of lenticular riboflavin (RF). Solutions containing the sensitizer and the substrates tryptophan (Trp) and ascorbate (AH(-)) were irradiated at 365 nm. We show that the AGEs-photosensitized Trp oxidation rate increases with AGEs concentration and is optimal at 5% oxygen, the pressure in the lens. By contrast, for AH(-), the photooxidation rate increases with oxygen concentration. Despite the higher quantum yield of RF-depending reactions, its low concentration as compared to that of AGEs in aging lenses induces significantly higher Trp and AH(-) photodegradation rates with AGEs than with RF. As ascorbate is more rapidly photodegraded than Trp, the antioxidant competitively protects Trp from oxidation up to 1 mM, although not absolutely. We conclude that in the aging lens, AH(-) exerts a strong UVA protecting activity, but does not impede some Trp residue to be photodegraded proportionally to the AGEs concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnauld de La Rochette
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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