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Cellular Prion Protein (PrPc): Putative Interacting Partners and Consequences of the Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197058. [PMID: 32992764 PMCID: PMC7583789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPc) is a small glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored protein most abundantly found in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) in the central nervous system (CNS). PrPc misfolding causes neurodegenerative prion diseases in the CNS. PrPc interacts with a wide range of protein partners because of the intrinsically disordered nature of the protein’s N-terminus. Numerous studies have attempted to decipher the physiological role of the prion protein by searching for proteins which interact with PrPc. Biochemical characteristics and biological functions both appear to be affected by interacting protein partners. The key challenge in identifying a potential interacting partner is to demonstrate that binding to a specific ligand is necessary for cellular physiological function or malfunction. In this review, we have summarized the intracellular and extracellular interacting partners of PrPc and potential consequences of their binding. We also briefly describe prion disease-related mutations at the end of this review.
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Biggi S, Pancher M, Stincardini C, Luotti S, Massignan T, Dalle Vedove A, Astolfi A, Gatto P, Lolli G, Barreca ML, Bonetto V, Adami V, Biasini E. Identification of compounds inhibiting prion replication and toxicity by removing PrP C from the cell surface. J Neurochem 2019; 152:136-150. [PMID: 31264722 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of therapeutic approaches tested so far for prion diseases, transmissible neurodegenerative disorders of human and animals, tackled PrPSc , the aggregated and infectious isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPC ), with largely unsuccessful results. Conversely, targeting PrPC expression, stability or cell surface localization are poorly explored strategies. We recently characterized the mode of action of chlorpromazine, an anti-psychotic drug known to inhibit prion replication and toxicity by inducing the re-localization of PrPC from the plasma membrane. Unfortunately, chlorpromazine possesses pharmacokinetic properties unsuitable for chronic use in vivo, namely low specificity and high toxicity. Here, we employed HEK293 cells stably expressing EGFP-PrP to carry out a semi-automated high content screening (HCS) of a chemical library directed at identifying non-cytotoxic molecules capable of specifically relocalizing PrPC from the plasma membrane as well as inhibiting prion replication in N2a cell cultures. We identified four candidate hits inducing a significant reduction in cell surface PrPC , one of which also inhibited prion propagation and toxicity in cell cultures in a strain-independent fashion. This study defines a new screening method and novel anti-prion compounds supporting the notion that removing PrPC from the cell surface could represent a viable therapeutic strategy for prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Biggi
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Michael Pancher
- HTS Core Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Claudia Stincardini
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Silvia Luotti
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Tania Massignan
- HTS Core Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Dalle Vedove
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography and Structure-Based Drug Design, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Astolfi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pamela Gatto
- HTS Core Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Graziano Lolli
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography and Structure-Based Drug Design, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Bonetto
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Adami
- HTS Core Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Emiliano Biasini
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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The multifunctional role of phospho-calmodulin in pathophysiological processes. Biochem J 2018; 475:4011-4023. [PMID: 30578290 PMCID: PMC6305829 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a versatile Ca2+-sensor/transducer protein that modulates hundreds of enzymes, channels, transport systems, transcription factors, adaptors and other structural proteins, controlling in this manner multiple cellular functions. In addition to its capacity to regulate target proteins in a Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent manner, the posttranslational phosphorylation of CaM by diverse Ser/Thr- and Tyr-protein kinases has been recognized as an important additional manner to regulate this protein by fine-tuning its functionality. In this review, we shall cover developments done in recent years in which phospho-CaM has been implicated in signalling pathways that are relevant for the onset and progression of diverse pathophysiological processes. These include diverse systems playing a major role in carcinogenesis and tumour development, prion-induced encephalopathies and brain hypoxia, melatonin-regulated neuroendocrine disorders, hypertension, and heavy metal-induced cell toxicity.
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Massignan T, Cimini S, Stincardini C, Cerovic M, Vanni I, Elezgarai SR, Moreno J, Stravalaci M, Negro A, Sangiovanni V, Restelli E, Riccardi G, Gobbi M, Castilla J, Borsello T, Nonno R, Biasini E. A cationic tetrapyrrole inhibits toxic activities of the cellular prion protein. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23180. [PMID: 26976106 PMCID: PMC4791597 DOI: 10.1038/srep23180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are rare neurodegenerative conditions associated with the conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into PrPSc, a self-replicating isoform (prion) that accumulates in the central nervous system of affected individuals. The structure of PrPSc is poorly defined, and likely to be heterogeneous, as suggested by the existence of different prion strains. The latter represents a relevant problem for therapy in prion diseases, as some potent anti-prion compounds have shown strain-specificity. Designing therapeutics that target PrPC may provide an opportunity to overcome these problems. PrPC ligands may theoretically inhibit the replication of multiple prion strains, by acting on the common substrate of any prion replication reaction. Here, we characterized the properties of a cationic tetrapyrrole [Fe(III)-TMPyP], which was previously shown to bind PrPC, and inhibit the replication of a mouse prion strain. We report that the compound is active against multiple prion strains in vitro and in cells. Interestingly, we also find that Fe(III)-TMPyP inhibits several PrPC-related toxic activities, including the channel-forming ability of a PrP mutant, and the PrPC-dependent synaptotoxicity of amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers, which are associated with Alzheimer’s Disease. These results demonstrate that molecules binding to PrPC may produce a dual effect of blocking prion replication and inhibiting PrPC-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Massignan
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Sara Cimini
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Stincardini
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Milica Cerovic
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Vanni
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Saioa R Elezgarai
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Jorge Moreno
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Matteo Stravalaci
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Valeria Sangiovanni
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Elena Restelli
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Geraldina Riccardi
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Joaquín Castilla
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Tiziana Borsello
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Milan University, 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Biasini
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy.,Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, 00161 Rome, Italy.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
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Rouget R, Sharma G, LeBlanc AC. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 phosphorylation of familial prion protein mutants exacerbates conversion into amyloid structure. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5759-71. [PMID: 25572400 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.630699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial prion protein (PrP) mutants undergo conversion from soluble and protease-sensitive to insoluble and partially protease-resistant proteins. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) phosphorylation of wild type PrP (pPrP) at serine 43 induces a conversion of PrP into aggregates and fibrils. Here, we investigated whether familial PrP mutants are predisposed to Cdk5 phosphorylation and whether phosphorylation of familial PrP mutants increases conversion. PrP mutants representing three major familial PrP diseases and different PrP structural domains were studied. We developed a novel in vitro kinase reaction coupled with Thioflavin T binding to amyloid structure assay to monitor phosphorylation-dependent amyloid conversion. Although non-phosphorylated full-length wild type or PrP mutants did not convert into amyloid, Cdk5 phosphorylation rapidly converted these into Thioflavin T-positive structures following first order kinetics. Dephosphorylation partially reversed conversion. Phosphorylation-dependent conversion of PrP from α-helical structures into β-sheet structures was confirmed by circular dichroism. Relative to wild type pPrP, most PrP mutants showed increased rate constants of conversion. In contrast, non-phosphorylated truncated PrP Y145X (where X represents a stop codon) and Q160X mutants converted spontaneously into Thioflavin T-positive fibrils after a lag phase of over 20 h, indicating nucleation-dependent polymerization. Phosphorylation reduced the lag phase by over 50% and thus accelerated the formation of the nucleating event. Consistently, phosphorylated Y145X and phosphorylated Q160X exacerbated conversion in a homologous seeding reaction, whereas WT pPrP could not seed WT PrP. These results demonstrate an influence of both the N terminus and the C terminus of PrP on conversion. We conclude that post-translational modifications of the flexible N terminus of PrP can cause or exacerbate PrP mutant conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Rouget
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada and
| | - Gyanesh Sharma
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Andréa C LeBlanc
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
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6
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Isopi E, Legname G. Pin1 and neurodegeneration: a new player for prion disorders? AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2015.3.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Toni M, Spisni E, Griffoni C, Santi S, Riccio M, Lenaz P, Tomasi V. Cellular prion protein and caveolin-1 interaction in a neuronal cell line precedes Fyn/Erk 1/2 signal transduction. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2006:69469. [PMID: 17489019 PMCID: PMC1559926 DOI: 10.1155/jbb/2006/69469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that cellular prion protein (PrPc) is enriched in caveolae or caveolae-like domains with caveolin-1 (Cav-1)
participating to signal transduction events by Fyn kinase recruitment. By using the Glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-fusion proteins
assay, we observed that PrPc strongly interacts in vitro with Cav-1. Thus, we ascertained the PrPc caveolar localization in a
hypothalamic neuronal cell line (GN11), by confocal microscopy analysis, flotation on density gradient, and coimmunoprecipitation
experiments. Following the anti-PrPc antibody-mediated stimulation of live GN11 cells, we observed that PrPc clustered on
plasma membrane domains rich in Cav-1 in which Fyn kinase converged to be activated. After these events, a signaling cascade
through p42/44 MAP kinase (Erk 1/2) was triggered, suggesting that following translocations from rafts to caveolae or caveolaelike
domains PrPc could interact with Cav-1 and induce signal transduction events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Toni
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Enzo Spisni
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiana Griffoni
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Spartaco Santi
- National Research Council, Institute of Cytomorphology, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Riccio
- National Research Council, Institute of Cytomorphology, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lenaz
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittorio Tomasi
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Nieznanski K. Interactions of prion protein with intracellular proteins: so many partners and no consequences? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:653-66. [PMID: 20041289 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)--fatal diseases of the central nervous system. Its physiological function as well as exact role in neurodegeneration remain unclear, hence screens for proteins interacting with PrP seem to be the most promising approach to elucidating these issues. PrP is mostly a plasma membrane-anchored extracellular glycoprotein and only a small fraction resides inside the cell, yet the number of identified intracellular partners of PrP is comparable to that of its membranal or extracellular interactors. Since some TSEs are accompanied by significantly increased levels of cytoplasmic PrP and this fraction of the protein has been found to be neurotoxic, it is of particular interest to characterize the intracellular interactome of PrP. It seems reasonable that at elevated cytoplasmic levels, PrP may exert cytotoxic effect by affecting the physiological functions of its intracellular interactors. This review is focused on the cytoplasmic partners of PrP along with possible consequences of their binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Nieznanski
- Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St, Warsaw 02093, Poland.
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Phosphorylation of prion protein at serine 43 induces prion protein conformational change. J Neurosci 2009; 29:8743-51. [PMID: 19587281 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2294-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of the conformational change of normal cellular prion protein (PrP) into its disease-associated form is unknown. Posttranslational modifications, such as glycosylation, acetylation, S-nitrosylation, and phosphorylation, are known to induce protein conformational changes. Here, we investigated whether phosphorylation could induce the conformational change of PrP because PrP contains several kinase motifs and has been found recently in the cytosol, in which kinases generally reside. Neuronal cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) phosphorylated recombinant PrP(23-231) at serine 43 (S43) in an in vitro kinase assay. Cdk5-phosphorylated PrP became proteinase K resistant, formed Congo Red-positive fibrils, and formed aggregates that were immunostained with anti-PrP and anti-phospho-PrP(S43) (anti-pPrP(S43)). pPrP(S43) was detected in PrP/Cdk5/p25 cotransfected N2a cells. Roscovitine inhibition of Cdk5 activity or transfection of N2a cells with mutant PrP S43A eliminated the anti-pPrP(S43)-immunopositive protein. Alkaline phosphatase-sensitive and proteinase K-resistant pPrP(S43) immunoreactivity was observed in scrapie-infected but not control-injected mice brains. These results raise the possibility that phosphorylation could represent a physiological mechanism of PrP conversion in vivo.
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Rajasekaran S, Balla S, Gradie P, Gryk MR, Kadaveru K, Kundeti V, Maciejewski MW, Mi T, Rubino N, Vyas J, Schiller MR. Minimotif miner 2nd release: a database and web system for motif search. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:D185-90. [PMID: 18978024 PMCID: PMC2686579 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimotif Miner (MnM) consists of a minimotif database and a web-based application that enables prediction of motif-based functions in user-supplied protein queries. We have revised MnM by expanding the database more than 10-fold to approximately 5000 motifs and standardized the motif function definitions. The web-application user interface has been redeveloped with new features including improved navigation, screencast-driven help, support for alias names and expanded SNP analysis. A sample analysis of prion shows how MnM 2 can be used. Weblink: http://mnm.engr.uconn.edu, weblink for version 1 is http://sms.engr.uconn.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanguthevar Rajasekaran
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06029-2155, Department of Molecular, Microbial, and Structural Biology, Biological System Modeling Group, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave. Farmington, CT 06030-3305 and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10021, USA
| | - Sudha Balla
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06029-2155, Department of Molecular, Microbial, and Structural Biology, Biological System Modeling Group, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave. Farmington, CT 06030-3305 and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10021, USA
| | - Patrick Gradie
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06029-2155, Department of Molecular, Microbial, and Structural Biology, Biological System Modeling Group, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave. Farmington, CT 06030-3305 and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10021, USA
| | - Michael R. Gryk
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06029-2155, Department of Molecular, Microbial, and Structural Biology, Biological System Modeling Group, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave. Farmington, CT 06030-3305 and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10021, USA
| | - Krishna Kadaveru
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06029-2155, Department of Molecular, Microbial, and Structural Biology, Biological System Modeling Group, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave. Farmington, CT 06030-3305 and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10021, USA
| | - Vamsi Kundeti
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06029-2155, Department of Molecular, Microbial, and Structural Biology, Biological System Modeling Group, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave. Farmington, CT 06030-3305 and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10021, USA
| | - Mark W. Maciejewski
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06029-2155, Department of Molecular, Microbial, and Structural Biology, Biological System Modeling Group, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave. Farmington, CT 06030-3305 and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10021, USA
| | - Tian Mi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06029-2155, Department of Molecular, Microbial, and Structural Biology, Biological System Modeling Group, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave. Farmington, CT 06030-3305 and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10021, USA
| | - Nicholas Rubino
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06029-2155, Department of Molecular, Microbial, and Structural Biology, Biological System Modeling Group, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave. Farmington, CT 06030-3305 and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jay Vyas
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06029-2155, Department of Molecular, Microbial, and Structural Biology, Biological System Modeling Group, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave. Farmington, CT 06030-3305 and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10021, USA
| | - Martin R. Schiller
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06029-2155, Department of Molecular, Microbial, and Structural Biology, Biological System Modeling Group, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave. Farmington, CT 06030-3305 and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10021, USA
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11
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Chen J, Gao C, Shi Q, Wang G, Lei Y, Shan B, Zhang B, Dong C, Shi S, Wang X, Tian C, Han J, Dong X. Casein kinase II interacts with prion protein in vitro and forms complex with native prion protein in vivo. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2008; 40:1039-47. [PMID: 19089302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2008.00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The most essential and crucial step during the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy is the conformational change of cellular prion protein to pathologic isoform. Casein kinase II (CK2) is a ubiquitously expressed and evolutionarily conserved pleiotropic protein kinase that is essential for viability. To explore the possible molecular interaction between CK2 and prion protein (PrP), the full-length sequences of human CK2alpha and CK2beta complementary DNA were amplified with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using the total messenger RNA from cell line SH-SY5Y as the template; then, the fusion proteins histidine-CK2alpha and glutathione S-transferase-histidine-CK2beta were expressed in Escherichia coli. The interaction between CK2 and PrP was evaluated with co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays. The results demonstrated that recombinant PrP bound specifically with CK2alpha, but not with CK2beta. The native CK2 and PrP in hamster brains interacted with each other, forming protein complexes. Three different glycosylated forms of PrP (diglycosylated, monoglycosylated and unglycosylated PrP) from normal brains interacted with the CK2alpha subunit, though the unglycosylated PrP seemed to have a stronger binding ability with CK2alpha subunit. The domain responsible for interacting with CK2alpha was located at the C-terminal segment of PrP (residues 91-231). This study proposed reliable experimental data for the molecular interaction between PrP and CK2alpha (both in recombinant and native categories), scientific clues for further assessing the potential biological significance of the PrP-CK2 interaction, and the possible role of CK2 in the pathogenesis of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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12
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Different expression patterns of CK2 subunits in the brains of experimental animals and patients with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1013-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Botto L, Masserini M, Palestini P. Changes in the composition of detergent-resistant membrane domains of cultured neurons following protein kinase C activation. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:443-50. [PMID: 17086551 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the composition of cell fractions, and in particular of detergent-resistant membranes (DRM) isolated from cultured rat cerebellar granule cells, were taken as possible changes in lipid raft composition during a signal transduction event. After activation of protein kinase C (PKC) with phorbol esters (PMA) or glutamate, the content of PKC and of proteins highly enriched (GAP43, Fyn, and PrP(c)) or not (MARCKS) in DRM was followed. PKC activation strongly increased its association with membranes (from 2% to 75%), causing its enrichment within DRM; the substrate GAP43, enriched in DRM, remained membrane associated, but its proportion in DRM dramatically decreased (from about 40% to 2.5%), suggesting its shift from raft to nonraft membranes, possibly as a consequence of phosphorylation by PKC. The distribution of Fyn and PrP(c) (DRM-enriched) and of MARCKS (present mainly outside DRM) did not change. PKC activation was followed by an increase of GAP43 and MARCKS phosphorylation (about 7- and 8-fold, respectively). Noteworthy was that, after cell treatment with the lipid raft-disrupting drug methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, PKC activation occurred normally, followed by MARCKS phosphorylation, but GAP43 phosphorylation did not occur. Taken altogether, these data suggest that the integrity of lipid rafts is necessary for PKC to affect GAP43 and catalyze its phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Botto
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMS), Medical School, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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14
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Massimino ML, Ferrari J, Sorgato MC, Bertoli A. Heterogeneous PrPC metabolism in skeletal muscle cells. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:878-84. [PMID: 16430889 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that prions, the causative agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, accumulate in the skeletal muscle of diseased animals and man. In an attempt to characterise in this tissue the prion protein (PrP(C)), whose conformational rearrangement governs the generation of prions, we have analysed the protein in primary cultured murine myocytes and in different skeletal muscle types. Our results indicate that the expression and cellular processing of PrP(C) change during myogenesis, and in muscle fibres with different contractile properties. These findings imply a potential role for PrP(C) in the skeletal muscle physiology, but may also explain the different capability of muscles to sustain prion replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lina Massimino
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
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15
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Brini M, Miuzzo M, Pierobon N, Negro A, Sorgato MC. The prion protein and its paralogue Doppel affect calcium signaling in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:2799-808. [PMID: 15788568 PMCID: PMC1142425 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-10-0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the prion protein (PrP(c)), implicated in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), is largely unknown. We examined the possible influence of PrP(c) on Ca(2+) homeostasis, by analyzing local Ca(2+) fluctuations in cells transfected with PrP(c) and Ca(2+)-sensitive aequorin chimeras targeted to defined subcellular compartments. In agonist-stimulated cells, the presence of PrP(c) sharply increases the Ca(2+) concentration of subplasma membrane Ca(2+) domains, a feature that may explain the impairment of Ca(2+)-dependent neuronal excitability observed in TSEs. PrP(c) also limits Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca(2+) uptake by mitochondria, thus rendering unlikely the triggering of cell death pathways. Instead, cells expressing Doppel, a PrP(c) paralogue, display opposite effects, which, however, are abolished by the coexpression of PrP(c). These findings are consistent with the functional interplay and antagonistic role attributed to the proteins, whereby PrP(c) protects, and Doppel sensitizes, cells toward stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Brini
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, CNR Institute of Neuroscience and CRIBI, 35121 Padova, Italy
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16
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Sakudo A, Lee DC, Li S, Nakamura T, Matsumoto Y, Saeki K, Itohara S, Ikuta K, Onodera T. PrP cooperates with STI1 to regulate SOD activity in PrP-deficient neuronal cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 328:14-9. [PMID: 15670743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) plays anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative roles in apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in an immortalized prion protein gene (Prnp)-deficient neuronal cell line. The octapeptide repeat region (OR) and N-terminal half of the hydrophobic region (HR) of PrP(C) are indispensable for PrP(C) activity, but the mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, elucidation of the mechanisms by which PrP(C) elicits the anti-oxidative activities was facilitated by evidence of stress-inducible protein 1 (STI1) mediating PrP(C)-dependent superoxide dismutase (SOD) activation. Immunoprecipitation revealed that PrP(C) was associated with STI1. The inhibitory peptides against PrP(C)-STI1 binding [STI1 pep.1 and PrP(113-132)] indicated toxic activity in PrP(C)-expressing cells by inhibiting SOD activity but not in Prnp(-/-) cells. Furthermore, OR and N-terminal half of the HR were required for the inhibitory effect of PrP(113-132) but not STI1 pep.1. These data are consistent with results established with a model where OR and N-terminal half of the HR mediate the action of STI1 upon cell survival and upregulation of SOD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akikazu Sakudo
- Department of Molecular Immunology, School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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17
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Cereghetti GM, Negro A, Vinck E, Massimino ML, Sorgato MC, Van Doorslaer S. Copper(II) Binding to the Human Doppel Protein May Mark Its Functional Diversity from the Prion Protein. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:36497-503. [PMID: 15218028 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404341200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Doppel (Dpl) is the first described homologue of the prion protein, the main constituent of the agent responsible for prion diseases. The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is predominantly present in the central nervous system. Although its role is not yet completely clarified, PrP(C) seems to be involved in Cu(2+) recycling from synaptic clefts and in preventing neuronal oxidative damage. Conversely, Dpl is expressed in heart and testis and has been shown to regulate male fertility by intervening in gametogenesis and sperm-egg interactions. Therefore, despite a high sequence homology and a similar three-dimensional fold, the functions of PrP(C) and Dpl appear unrelated. Here we show by electron paramagnetic resonance and fluorescence spectroscopy that the in vitro binding of copper(II) to human recombinant Dpl occurs with a different pattern from that observed for recombinant PrP. At physiological pH values, two copper(II)-binding sites with different affinities were found in Dpl. At lower pH values, two additional copper(II)-binding sites can be identified as follows: one complex is present only at pH 4, and the other is observed in the pH range 5-6. As derived from the electron paramagnetic resonance characteristics, all Dpl-copper(II) complexes have a different coordination sphere from those present in PrP. Furthermore, in contrast to the effect shown previously for PrP(C), addition of Cu(2+) to Dpl-expressing cells does not cause Dpl internalization. These results suggest that binding of the ion to PrP(C) and Dpl may contribute to the different functional roles ascribed to these highly homologous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia M Cereghetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, C.R.I.B.I., Università di Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, I-35121 Padua, Italy
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18
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Botto L, Masserini M, Cassetti A, Palestini P. Immunoseparation of Prion protein-enriched domains from other detergent-resistant membrane fractions, isolated from neuronal cells. FEBS Lett 2004; 557:143-7. [PMID: 14741357 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of coexistence of different subtypes of membrane lipid rafts has been investigated in cerebellar granule cells, by submitting detergent-resistant membrane fractions to immunoprecipitation. Among the proteins and lipids present in detergent-resistant fractions, almost all Prion protein, GAP43 and PKC were present in the immunoprecipitate obtained with anti-GAP43 or anti-Prion protein antibody at 4 degrees C, together with a small fraction of cholesterol and sphingolipids, suggesting that they belong to a distinct subset of membranes. On the contrary, all Fyn and almost all MARCKS remained in the supernatant. Fluorescence microscopy experiments showed that Fyn and Prion protein were mostly not colocalized within a single neuron. Our results suggest that granule cells membranes contains different subtypes of detergent-resistant fractions, possibly deriving from different lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Botto
- Department of Experimental, Environmental Medicine and Biotechnologies (DIMESAB), Medical School, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20052 Monza, Italy
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19
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Abstract
The normal function of prion protein (PrP) is usually disregarded at the expense of the more fascinating role of PrP in transmissible prion diseases. However, the normal PrP may play an important role in cellular function in the central nervous system, since PrP is highly expressed in neurons and motifs in the sequence of PrP are conserved in evolution. The finding that prion null mice do not have a significant overt phenotype suggests that the normal function of PrP is of minor importance. However, the absence of PrP in cells or in vivo contributes to an increased susceptibility to oxidative stress or apoptosis-inducing insults. An alternative explanation is that the PrP normal function is so important that it is redundant. Probing into the characteristics of PrP has revealed a number of features that could mediate important cellular functions. The neuroprotective actions so far identified with PrP are initiated through cell surface signaling, antioxidant activity, or anti-Bax function. Here, we review the characteristics of the PrP and the evidence that PrP protects against neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Roucou
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Malcolm Gains
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andréa C LeBlanc
- Bloomfield Center for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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20
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Valfrè F, Moretti VM. The 'BSE Strategic Project' of the National Council of Research: results of four years of research. Vet Res Commun 2003; 27 Suppl 1:57-62. [PMID: 14535369 DOI: 10.1023/b:verc.0000014118.30278.ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Valfrè
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technology for Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20134 Milan, Italy.
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21
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Abstract
CK2 (formerly termed "casein kinase 2") is a ubiquitous, highly pleiotropic and constitutively active Ser/Thr protein kinase whose implication in neoplasia, cell survival, and virus infection is supported by an increasing number of arguments. Here an updated inventory of 307 CK2 protein substrates is presented. More than one-third of these are implicated in gene expression and protein synthesis as being either transcriptional factors (60) or effectors of DNA/RNA structure (50) or translational elements. Also numerous are signaling proteins and proteins of viral origin or essential to virus life cycle. In comparison, only a minority of CK2 targets (a dozen or so) are classical metabolic enzymes. An analysis of 308 sites phosphorylated by CK2 highlights the paramount relevance of negatively charged side chains that are (by far) predominant over any other residues at positions n+3 (the most crucial one), n+1, and n+2. Based on this signature, it is predictable that proteins phosphorylated by CK2 are much more numerous than those identified to date, and it is possible that CK2 alone contributes to the generation of the eukaryotic phosphoproteome more so than any other individual protein kinase. The possibility that CK2 phosphosites play some global role, e.g., by destabilizing alpha helices, counteracting caspase cleavage, and generating adhesive motifs, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Meggio
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica and Istituto di Neuroscienze del CNR, Università di Padova and Venetian Institute for Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
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22
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Zanata SM, Lopes MH, Mercadante AF, Hajj GN, Chiarini LB, Nomizo R, Freitas AR, Cabral AL, Lee KS, Juliano MA, de Oliveira E, Jachieri SG, Burlingame A, Huang L, Linden R, Brentani RR, Martins VR. Stress-inducible protein 1 is a cell surface ligand for cellular prion that triggers neuroprotection. EMBO J 2002; 21:3307-16. [PMID: 12093732 PMCID: PMC125391 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are composed of an isoform of a normal sialoglycoprotein called PrP(c), whose physiological role has been under investigation, with focus on the screening for ligands. Our group described a membrane 66 kDa PrP(c)-binding protein with the aid of antibodies against a peptide deduced by complementary hydropathy. Using these antibodies in western blots from two-dimensional protein gels followed by sequencing the specific spot, we have now identified the molecule as stress-inducible protein 1 (STI1). We show that this protein is also found at the cell membrane besides the cytoplasm. Both proteins interact in a specific and high affinity manner with a K(d) of 10(-7) M. The interaction sites were mapped to amino acids 113-128 from PrP(c) and 230-245 from STI1. Cell surface binding and pull-down experiments showed that recombinant PrP(c) binds to cellular STI1, and co-immunoprecipitation assays strongly suggest that both proteins are associated in vivo. Moreover, PrP(c) interaction with either STI1 or with the peptide we found that represents the binding domain in STI1 induce neuroprotective signals that rescue cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio M. Zanata
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
| | - Marilene H. Lopes
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
| | - Adriana F. Mercadante
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
| | - Glaucia N.M. Hajj
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
| | - Luciana B. Chiarini
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
| | - Regina Nomizo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
| | - Adriana R.O. Freitas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
| | - Ana L.B. Cabral
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
| | - Kil S. Lee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
| | - Maria A. Juliano
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
| | - Elizabeth de Oliveira
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
| | - Saul G. Jachieri
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
| | - Alma Burlingame
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
| | - Lan Huang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
| | - Rafael Linden
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
| | - Ricardo R. Brentani
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
| | - Vilma R. Martins
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, Rua Prof. Antônio Prudente 109 4A, São Paulo 01509010, Departamento de Bioquímica and Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química da USP, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, INFAR, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Laboratório de Neurogênese, Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, USCF, CA, USA Corresponding author e-mail: S.M.Zanata, M.H.Lopes, A.F.Mercadante and G.N.M.Hajj contributed equally to this work
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23
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Abstract
The normal cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) is a membrane sialoglycoprotein of unknown function having the unique property of adopting an abnormal tertiary conformation. The pathological conformer PrP(sc) would be the agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases. They include scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in animals and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. The conversion of PrP(c) into PrP(sc) in the brain governs the clinical phenotype of the disease. However, the three-dimensional structure change of PrP(c) can also take place outside the central nervous system, in nonneuronal cells particularly of lymphoid tissue where the agent replicates. In natural infection, PrP(c) in nonneuronal cells of peripheral extracerebral organs may play a key role as the receptor required to enable the entry of the infectious agent into the host. In the present review we have undertaken a first evaluation of compelling data concerning the PrP(c)-expressing cells of nonneuronal origin present in cerebral and extracerebral tissues. The analysis of tissue, cellular, and subcellular localization of PrP(c) may help us better understand the biological function of PrP(c) and provide some information on physiopathological processes underlying prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Fournier
- Service de Neurovirologie, CEA-DSV/DRM, Fontenay aux Roses, France
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24
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Spielhaupter C, Schätzl HM. PrPC directly interacts with proteins involved in signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:44604-12. [PMID: 11571277 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103289200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is a conserved glycoprotein predominantly expressed in neuronal cells. Its purpose in living cells is still enigmatic. To elucidate on its cellular function, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen for interactors. We used murine PrP(C) (amino acids 23-231) as bait to search a mouse brain cDNA expression library. Several interaction partners were identified. Three of them with a high homology to known sequences were further characterized. These candidates were the neuronal phosphoprotein synapsin Ib, the adaptor protein Grb2, and the still uncharacterized prion interactor Pint1. The in vivo interaction of the three proteins with PrP(C) was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation assays with recombinant and authentic proteins in mammalian cells. The binding regions were mapped using truncated PrP constructs. As both synapsin Ib and Grb2 are implicated in neuronal signaling processes, our findings further strengthen the putative role of the prion protein in signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Spielhaupter
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Department of Virology, Gene Center Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Negro A, Ballarin C, Bertoli A, Massimino ML, Sorgato MC. The metabolism and imaging in live cells of the bovine prion protein in its native form or carrying single amino acid substitutions. Mol Cell Neurosci 2001; 17:521-38. [PMID: 11273647 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2000.0953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are probably caused by an abnormal form of a cellular glycoprotein, the prion protein. Recent evidence suggests that the prion strain causing BSE has been transmitted to humans, thereby provoking a variant form of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. In this work, we analyzed the behavior of normal and malformed isoforms of the bovine PrP in transfected mammalian cell lines. Biochemical and immunocytochemical assays were complimented with imaging of live cells expressing fusion constructs between PrP and GFP. Bovine homologues of human E200K and D178N (129M) mutations were used as models of pathogenic isoforms. We show that the GFP does not impair the metabolism of native and mutant bPrPs and is thus a valid marker of PrP cellular distribution. We also show that each amino acid replacement provokes alterations in the cell sorting and processing of bPrP. These are different from those ascribed to both murine mutant homologues. However, human and bovine PrPs carrying the D178N genotype had similar cellular behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Negro
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Centro C.N.R., di Studio delle Biomembrane and C.R.I.B.I., Università di Padova, Padova, 35121, Italy
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Abstract
On the basis of far-Western blot and plasmon resonance (BIAcore) experiments, we show here that recombinant bovine prion protein (bPrP) (25-242) strongly interacts with the catalytic alpha/alpha' subunits of protein kinase CK2 (also termed 'casein kinase 2'). This association leads to increased phosphotransferase activity of CK2alpha, tested on calmodulin or specific peptides as substrate. We also show that bPrP counteracts the inhibition of calmodulin phosphorylation promoted by the regulatory beta subunits of CK2. A truncated form of bPrP encompassing the C-terminal domain (residues 105-242) interacts with CK2 but does not affect its catalytic activity. The opposite is found with the N-terminal fragment of bPrP (residues 25-116), although the stimulation of catalysis is less efficient than with full-size bPrP. These results disclose the potential of the PrP to modulate the activity of CK2, a pleiotropic protein kinase that is particularly abundant in the brain.
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