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Immune Checkpoints Contribute Corneal Immune Privilege: Implications for Dry Eye Associated with Checkpoint Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113962. [PMID: 32486493 PMCID: PMC7312178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye is provided with immune protection against pathogens in a manner that greatly reduces the threat of inflammation-induced vision loss. Immune-mediated inflammation and allograft rejection are greatly reduced in the eye, a phenomenon called 'immune privilege'. Corneal tissue has inherent immune privilege properties with underlying three mechanisms: (1) anatomical, cellular, and molecular barriers in the cornea; (2) an immunosuppressive microenvironment; and (3) tolerance related to regulatory T cells and anterior chamber-associated immune deviation. This review describes the molecular mechanisms of the immunosuppressive microenvironment and regulatory T cells in the cornea that have been elucidated from animal models of ocular inflammation, especially those involving corneal transplantation, it also provides an update on immune checkpoint molecules in corneal and systemic immune regulation, and its relevance for dry eye associated with checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
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Chapoval AI, Chapoval SP, Shcherbakova NS, Shcherbakov DN. Immune Checkpoints of the B7 Family. Part 1. General Characteristics and First Representatives: B7-1, B7-2, B7-H1, B7-H2, and B7-DC. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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3
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Singh SS, Jois SD. Homo- and Heterodimerization of Proteins in Cell Signaling: Inhibition and Drug Design. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 111:1-59. [PMID: 29459028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein dimerization controls many physiological processes in the body. Proteins form homo-, hetero-, or oligomerization in the cellular environment to regulate the cellular processes. Any deregulation of these processes may result in a disease state. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) can be inhibited by antibodies, small molecules, or peptides, and inhibition of PPI has therapeutic value. PPI drug discovery research has steadily increased in the last decade, and a few PPI inhibitors have already reached the pharmaceutical market. Several PPI inhibitors are in clinical trials. With advancements in structural and molecular biology methods, several methods are now available to study protein homo- and heterodimerization and their inhibition by drug-like molecules. Recently developed methods to study PPI such as proximity ligation assay and enzyme-fragment complementation assay that detect the PPI in the cellular environment are described with examples. At present, the methods used to design PPI inhibitors can be classified into three major groups: (1) structure-based drug design, (2) high-throughput screening, and (3) fragment-based drug design. In this chapter, we have described some of the experimental methods to study PPIs and their inhibition. Examples of homo- and heterodimers of proteins, their structural and functional aspects, and some of the inhibitors that have clinical importance are discussed. The design of PPI inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor heterodimers and CD2-CD58 is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitanshu S Singh
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, United States
| | - Seetharama D Jois
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, United States.
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4
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Burugu S, Dancsok AR, Nielsen TO. Emerging targets in cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 52:39-52. [PMID: 28987965 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first generation of immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1) targeted natural immune homeostasis pathways, co-opted by cancers, to drive anti-tumor immune responses. These agents led to unprecedented results in patients with previously incurable metastatic disease and may become first-line therapies for some advanced cancers. However, these agents are efficacious in only a minority of patients. Newer strategies are becoming available that target additional immunomodulatory mechanisms to activate patients' own anti-tumor immune responses. Herein, we present a succinct summary of emerging immune targets with reported pre-clinical efficacy that have progressed to active investigation in clinical trials. These emerging targets include co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory markers of the innate and adaptive immune system. In this review, we discuss: 1) T lymphocyte markers: Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 [LAG-3], T-cell Immunoglobulin- and Mucin-domain-containing molecule 3 [TIM-3], V-domain containing Ig Suppressor of T cell Activation [VISTA], T cell ImmunoGlobulin and ITIM domain [TIGIT], B7-H3, Inducible T-cell Co-stimulator [ICOS/ICOS-L], CD27/CD70, and Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor [GITR]; 2) macrophage markers: CD47/Signal-Regulatory Protein alpha [SIRPα] and Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase [IDO]; and 3) natural killer cell markers: CD94/NKG2A and the Killer Immunoglobulin-like receptor [KIR] family. Finally, we briefly highlight combination strategies and potential biomarkers of response and resistance to these cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Burugu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, Koerner Pavilion, #G-227 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Amanda R Dancsok
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, Koerner Pavilion, #G-227 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Torsten O Nielsen
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, Koerner Pavilion, #G-227 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
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Murase T, Kajihara Y. Synthesis of the glycosylated polypeptide chain of an inducible costimulator on T-cells. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1324-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
CD28 costimulation regulates a wide range of cellular processes, from proliferation and survival to promoting the differentiation of specialized T-cell subsets. Since first being identified over 20 years ago, CD28 has remained a subject of intense study because of its profound consequences on T cell function and its potential for therapeutic manipulation. In this review we highlight the signaling cascades initiated by the major signaling motifs in CD28, focusing on PI-3 kinase-dependent and -independent pathways and how these are linked to specific cellular outcomes. Recent studies using gene targeted knockin mice have clarified the relative importance of these motifs on in vivo immune responses; however, much remains to be elucidated. Understanding the mechanism behind costimulation holds great potential for development of new clinically relevant reagents, a fact beginning to be realized with the advent of drugs that prevent CD28 ligation and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Boomer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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7
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Kamei N, Fukui R, Suzuki Y, Kajihara Y, Kinoshita M, Kakehi K, Hojo H, Tezuka K, Tsuji T. Definitive evidence that a single N-glycan among three glycans on inducible costimulator is required for proper protein trafficking and ligand binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:557-63. [PMID: 19931508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a widespread post-translational modification found in glycoproteins. Glycans play key roles in protein folding, quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and protein trafficking within cells. However, it remains unclear whether all positions of protein glycosylation are involved in glycan functions, or if specific positions have individual roles. Here we demonstrate the integral involvement of a specific N-glycan from amongst the three glycans present on inducible costimulator (ICOS), a T-cell costimulatory molecule, in proper protein folding and intracellular trafficking to the cell surface membrane. We found that glycosylation-defective mutant proteins lacking N-glycan at amino-acid position 89 (N89), but not proteins lacking either N23 or N110, were retained within the cell and were not detected on the cell surface membrane. Additional evidence suggested that N89 glycosylation was indirectly involved in ICOS ligand binding. These data suggest that amongst the three putative ICOS glycosylation sites, N89 is required for proper ICOS protein folding in the ER, intracellular trafficking and ligand binding activity. This study represents a substantial contribution to the current mechanistic understanding of the necessity and potential functions of a specific N-glycan among the multiple glycans of glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kamei
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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8
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Gang C, Jiahui Y, Huaizhou W, Qing C, Dongbao Z, Qian S. Defects of mitogen-activated protein kinase in ICOS signaling pathway lead to CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell dysfunction in patients with active SLE. Cell Immunol 2009; 258:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Tajima N, Tezuka K, Tanimoto A, Miyai A, Tanimoto M, Maruhashi J, Watanabe Y. JTA-009, a fully human antibody against human AILIM/ICOS, ameliorates graft-vs-host reaction in SCID mice grafted with human PBMCs. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:1514-23. [PMID: 18715691 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation-inducible lymphocyte immunomediatory molecule (AILIM; also referred to as inducible costimulator [ICOS]) is the third molecule identified in the CD28 family participating in T-cell activation. AILIM/ICOS has been implicated in both effector and pathogenic T-cell functions, as evidenced by the beneficial effects of AILIM/ICOS blockade in several murine disease models. In the present study, the role of human AILIM/ICOS in T-cell function was investigated using a fully human monoclonal antibody specific to human AILIM/ICOS (JTA-009). MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of JTA-009 on allogenic T-cell proliferation was examined using human mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). To investigate the efficacy of AILIM/ICOS blockade in vivo, a graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) model, in which severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were grafted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), was used. RESULTS In MLR, suppressive effect of JTA-009 on allogenic T-cell proliferation was detected with comparable potency to CD28 blockade by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4)-Ig at an intermediate culture phase. JTA-009 acts as a blocking antibody in vivo and inhibited binding of human AILIM/ICOS to mouse AILIM/ICOS ligand (B7h). Treatment with JTA-009 significantly prolonged survival of mice, with reductions of human interferon-gamma levels in blood and number of human cells in spleens. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that human AILIM/ICOS plays a role in the GVHD pathogenesis mediated by human T cells, and its blockade is attractive for abrogating undesired T-cell responses as is well-documented in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Tajima
- Biological and Pharmacological Laboratories Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Takatsuki, Japan.
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11
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Tajima N, Tezuka K, Tanaka M, Tanimoto M, Miyai A, Takeshima H, Watanabe Y. Critical role of activation-inducible lymphocyte immunomediatory molecule/inducible costimulator in the effector function of human T cells: a comparative in vitro study of effects of its blockade and CD28 blockade in human beings and monkeys. Hum Immunol 2008; 69:399-408. [PMID: 18638655 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation-inducible lymphocyte immunomediatory molecule (AILIM; also referred to as inducible costimulator, ICOS) is the third homolog of the "professional" costimulatory molecule, CD28. To date, the characteristics and role of AILIM/ICOS, especially in effector function of T cells, have been determined through numerous studies in vitro and in vivo using mice. Considering potential differences among species, whether the AILIM/ICOS blockade acts as an efficacious immunomodulator for human diseases remains to be elucidated. In the present study, ability of AILIM/ICOS blockade to modulate immune responses of human and monkey cells was investigated using a fully human antibody (JTA-009), comparing the effect of CD28 blockade. JTA-009 blocked the response of human and monkey T cells co-stimulated with anti-CD3 and AILIM/ICOS ligand, B7h. AILIM/ICOS and CD28 blockade both inhibited human mixed lymphocyte reaction in different fashions, as well as cytokine production in T helper (Th) 1-/Th2-type recall responses. In monkeys however, CD28 blockade by CTLA4-Ig effectively prevented mixed lymphocyte reaction to a greater extent than AILIM/ICOS blockade. These results suggest that AILIM/ICOS blockade is valuable for suppressing both primary allogenic response and recall responses of T cell in human beings, and that there are differences between human and monkey use preferences for costimulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Tajima
- Biological and Pharmacological Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
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12
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Katsumata Y, Harigai M, Sugiura T, Kawamoto M, Kawaguchi Y, Matsumoto Y, Kohyama K, Soejima M, Kamatani N, Hara M. Attenuation of Experimental Autoimmune Myositis by Blocking ICOS-ICOS Ligand Interaction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3772-9. [PMID: 17785814 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymyositis (PM) is an acquired, systemic, connective tissue disease characterized by the proximal muscle weakness and infiltration of mononuclear cells into the affected muscles. To understand its etiology and immunopathogenesis, appropriate animal model is required. It has been demonstrated that immunization with native human skeletal C protein induces severe and reproducible experimental autoimmune myositis (EAM) in Lewis rats, and that the muscle inflammatory lesions in the EAM mimic those of human PM. In the present study, we prepared recombinant skeletal C protein fragment and succeeded in inducing as severe EAM as that by native C protein. We found ICOS expression on muscle fiber-infiltrating T cells in the EAM rats, but not in normal rats. Treatment with anti-ICOS mAb reduced incidence and severity of myositis; decreased the number of muscle-infiltrating CD11b/c+, TCR+, and CD8a+ cells; and inhibited the expression of IL-1alpha and CCL2 in the hamstring muscles of the EAM rats. However, the treatment neither inhibited serum anti-C protein IgG level, C protein-induced proliferation of lymph node (LN) cells, or LN T cells, nor production of IFN-gamma by C protein-stimulated LN cells in EAM rats. These data indicate that analysis of C protein-induced EAM provides not only insights into pathogenesis of PM, but also useful information regarding development of effective immunotherapy against the disease. ICOS-ICOS ligand interaction would be a novel therapeutic target for PM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/physiology
- Antibodies, Blocking/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/physiology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Inflammation Mediators/immunology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Ligands
- Polymyositis/immunology
- Polymyositis/metabolism
- Polymyositis/pathology
- Polymyositis/therapy
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Recombinant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Katsumata
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Usui Y, Akiba H, Takeuchi M, Kezuka T, Takeuchi A, Hattori T, Okunuki Y, Yamazaki T, Yagita H, Usui M, Okumura K. The role of the ICOS/B7RP-1 T cell costimulatory pathway in murine experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Eur J Immunol 2007; 36:3071-81. [PMID: 17039566 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ICOS/B7RP-1 is a new member of the CD28/B7 family of costimulatory molecules and plays differential roles in autoimmune diseases. In this study, we examined the role of ICOS/B7RP-1 pathway in the pathogenesis of mouse experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU), an animal model of human autoimmune uveitis. ICOS expression was found on infiltrating CD4+ T cells in the region of the retina in EAU-induced mice. The anti-B7RP-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb)-treated or ICOS-deficient mice showed a substantial reduction of disease scores. Blockade of ICOS/B7RP-1 interaction during the effector phase ameliorated the disease, whereas its blockade during the induction phase exhibited no significant effect. Moreover, administration of anti-B7RP-1 mAb effectively ameliorated the disease induced by adoptive transfer of pathogenic T cells. The anti-B7RP-1 mAb treatment inhibited the expansion and/or effector function of pathogenic T cells, given that proliferative response and IFN-gamma production by lymph node cells were reduced upon restimulation with the antigen peptide in vitro. These results suggest that the ICOS/B7RP-1 interaction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of uveitis. We also indicated that ICOS-mediated costimulation plays differential roles in EAU and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which is also a Th1 disease induced in the same manner as EAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Usui
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Garapati VP, Lefranc MP. IMGT Colliers de Perles and IgSF domain standardization for T cell costimulatory activatory (CD28, ICOS) and inhibitory (CTLA4, PDCD1 and BTLA) receptors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 31:1050-72. [PMID: 17391759 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation depends on the specific recognition by their T cell receptors (TR) of antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (pMHC). Optimal T cell responses occur when T cells not only receive antigen-specific signals through the TR but also non-antigen-specific costimulatory activatory or inhibitory signals through costimulatory receptors. The activatory CD28/B7-1 (or B7-2), inhibitory CTLA4/B7-1 (or B7-2), activatory ICOS/B7H2 and inhibitory PDCD1/B7H1 (or B7DC) pathways involve the interaction of the V-LIKE-DOMAIN of the receptor with a B7 family member. The BTLA/HVEM pathway involves the interaction of the BTLA receptor C-LIKE-DOMAIN with HVEM, a TNFR family member. The human and mouse CD28, CTLA4, ICOS, PDCD1 and BTLA genes, alleles and alternative transcripts and the IMGT Colliers de Perles of the IgSF domains, based on the IMGT unique numbering, are described according to the IMGT-ONTOLOGY concepts of IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system, http://imgt.cines.fr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Phani Garapati
- IMGT, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire, LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine, IGH, UPR CNRS 1142, 141 rue de la Cardonille 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Kawamoto M, Harigai M, Hara M, Kawaguchi Y, Tezuka K, Tanaka M, Sugiura T, Katsumata Y, Fukasawa C, Ichida H, Higami S, Kamatani N. Expression and function of inducible co-stimulator in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: possible involvement in excessive interferon-gamma and anti-double-stranded DNA antibody production. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8:R62. [PMID: 16563187 PMCID: PMC1526621 DOI: 10.1186/ar1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) is the third member of the CD28/cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen-4 family and is involved in the proliferation and activation of T cells. A detailed functional analysis of ICOS on peripheral blood T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has not yet been reported. In the present study we developed a fully human anti-human ICOS mAb (JTA009) with high avidity and investigated the immunopathological roles of ICOS in SLE. JTA009 exhibited higher avidity for ICOS than a previously reported mAb, namely SA12. Using JTA009, ICOS was detected in a substantial proportion of unstimulated peripheral blood T cells from both normal control individuals and patients with SLE. In CD4+CD45RO+ T cells from peripheral blood, the percentage of ICOS+ cells and mean fluorescence intensity with JTA009 were significantly higher in active SLE than in inactive SLE or in normal control individuals. JTA009 co-stimulated peripheral blood T cells in the presence of suboptimal concentrations of anti-CD3 mAb. Median values of [3H]thymidine incorporation were higher in SLE T cells with ICOS co-stimulation than in normal T cells, and the difference between inactive SLE patients and normal control individuals achieved statistical significance. ICOS co-stimulation significantly increased the production of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 in both SLE and normal T cells. IFN-γ in the culture supernatants of both active and inactive SLE T cells with ICOS co-stimulation was significantly higher than in normal control T cells. Finally, SLE T cells with ICOS co-stimulation selectively and significantly enhanced the production of IgG anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies by autologous B cells. These findings suggest that ICOS is involved in abnormal T cell activation in SLE, and that blockade of the interaction between ICOS and its receptor may have therapeutic value in the treatment of this intractable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kawamoto
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Harigai
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Hara
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsunari Tezuka
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Michi Tanaka
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sugiura
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Katsumata
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Fukasawa
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisae Ichida
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satomi Higami
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kamatani
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Akiba H, Takeda K, Kojima Y, Usui Y, Harada N, Yamazaki T, Ma J, Tezuka K, Yagita H, Okumura K. The role of ICOS in the CXCR5+ follicular B helper T cell maintenance in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:2340-8. [PMID: 16081804 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ICOS is a new member of the CD28 family of costimulatory molecules that is expressed on activated T cells. Its ligand B7RP-1 is constitutively expressed on B cells. Although the blockade of ICOS/B7RP-1 interaction inhibits T cell-dependent Ab production and germinal center formation, the mechanism remains unclear. We examined the contribution of ICOS/B7RP-1 to the generation of CXCR5+ follicular B helper T (T(FH)) cells in vivo, which preferentially migrate to the B cell zone where they provide cognate help to B cells. In the spleen, anti-B7RP-1 mAb-treated or ICOS-deficient mice showed substantially impaired development of CXCR5+ T(FH) cells and peanut agglutinin+ germinal center B cells in response to primary or secondary immunization with SRBC. Expression of CXCR5 on CD4+ T cells was associated with ICOS expression. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that the development of CXCR5+ T(FH) cells was enhanced by interaction with B cells, which was abrogated by anti-B7RP-1 mAb treatment. The development of CXCR5+ T(FH) cells in the lymph nodes was also inhibited by the anti-B7RP-1 mAb treatment. These results indicated that the ICOS/B7RP-1 interaction plays an essential role in the development of CXCR5+ T(FH) cells in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- CD40 Antigens/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Female
- Germinal Center/cytology
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- OX40 Ligand
- Receptors, CXCR5
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaya Akiba
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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17
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Fukuda RI, Hayashi A, Utsunomiya A, Nukada Y, Fukui R, Itoh K, Tezuka K, Ohashi K, Mizuno K, Sakamoto M, Hamanoue M, Tsuji T. Alteration of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade in the multilobulated nuclear formation of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:15213-8. [PMID: 16217039 PMCID: PMC1257720 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507184102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) has been characterized as one of the most aggressive human neoplasias and its incidence is thought to be caused by both genetic and epigenetic alterations to the host cellular genes of T cells infected with human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). A multilobulated nuclear appearance is an important diagnostic marker of ATLL, and we have now identified that the molecular mechanisms underlying these formations occur through microtubule rearrangement via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) activation by AILIM/ICOS signaling. We also show that PTEN and/or SHIP-1, which are PIP3 inositol phosphatases that inhibit the activation of downstream effectors of the PI3-kinase cascade, are disrupted in both ATLL neoplasias and in multilobulated nuclei-forming Jurkat cells. This down-regulation of PTEN was found to be essential for the formation of ATLL-type nuclear lobules. Furthermore, PI3-kinase and PTEN activities were observed to be closely associated with cellular proliferation. Thus, our results suggest that alteration of PI3-kinase signaling cascades, as a result of the down-regulation of inositol phosphatases, induces ATLL-type multilobulated nuclear formation and is also associated with the cellular proliferation of malignant T cell leukemias/lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu-ichi Fukuda
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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18
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Inhibition of Chronic Rejection and Development of Tolerogenic T Cells after ICOS-ICOSL and CD40-CD40L Co-stimulation Blockade. Transplantation 2005. [DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000165429.57421.d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Hubbard VM, Eng JM, Ramirez-Montagut T, Tjoe KH, Muriglan SJ, Kochman AA, Terwey TH, Willis LM, Schiro R, Heller G, Murphy GF, Liu C, Alpdogan O, van den Brink MRM. Absence of inducible costimulator on alloreactive T cells reduces graft versus host disease and induces Th2 deviation. Blood 2005; 106:3285-92. [PMID: 15956289 PMCID: PMC1895338 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-01-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is expressed on activated and memory T cells and is involved in the regulation of cytokine production. We studied the role of ICOS on alloreactive T cells in graft versus host disease (GVHD) and determined that ICOS expression was up-regulated on alloreactive T cells in recipients of an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) with GVHD. We compared ICOS-/- T cells with wild-type (WT) T cells in 2 GVHD models. In both models, recipients of ICOS-/- T cells demonstrated significantly less GVHD morbidity and mortality, which was associated with less intestinal and hepatic GVHD but increased cutaneous GVHD. In addition, recipients of ICOS-/- donor T cells displayed a slight decrease in graft versus leukemia (GVL) activity. Further analysis of alloreactive ICOS-/- T cells showed no defect in activation, proliferation, cytotoxicity, and target organ infiltration. Recipients of ICOS-/- T cells had decreased serum levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), while interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 levels were increased, suggesting that alloreactive ICOS-/- T cells are skewed toward T helper-2 (Th2) differentiation. These data suggest a novel role for ICOS in the regulation of Th1/Th2 development of activated T cells. In conclusion, alloreactive ICOS-/- donor T cells induce less GVHD due to a Th2 immune deviation while GVL activity is slightly diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Hubbard
- Department of Medicine and ImmunologyMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Kettering 406D, Mailbox 111, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021, USA
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20
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Chialda L, Zhang M, Brune K, Pahl A. Inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases differentially regulate costimulated T cell cytokine production and mouse airway eosinophilia. Respir Res 2005; 6:36. [PMID: 15833106 PMCID: PMC1131927 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T cells play a dominant role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Costimulation of T cells is necessary to fully activate them. An inducible costimulator (ICOS) of T cells is predominantly expressed on Th2 cells. Therefore, interference of signaling pathways precipitated by ICOS may present new therapeutic options for Th2 dominated diseases such as asthma. However, these signaling pathways are poorly characterized in vitro and in vivo. Methods Human primary CD4+ T cells from blood were activated by beads with defined combinations of surface receptor stimulating antibodies and costimulatory receptor ligands. Real-time RT-PCR was used for measuring the production of cytokines from activated T cells. Activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways leading to cytokine synthesis were investigated by western blot analysis and by specific inhibitors. The effect of inhibitors in vivo was tested in a murine asthma model of late phase eosinophilia. Lung inflammation was assessed by differential cell count of the bronchoalveolar lavage, determination of serum IgE and lung histology. Results We showed in vitro that ICOS and CD28 are stimulatory members of an expanding family of co-receptors, whereas PD1 ligands failed to co-stimulate T cells. ICOS and CD28 activated different MAPK signaling cascades necessary for cytokine activation. By means of specific inhibitors we showed that p38 and ERK act downstream of CD28 and that ERK and JNK act downstream of ICOS leading to the induction of various T cell derived cytokines. Using a murine asthma model of late phase eosinophilia, we demonstrated that the ERK inhibitor U0126 and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 inhibited lung inflammation in vivo. This inhibition correlated with the inhibition of Th2 cytokines in the BAL fluid. Despite acting on different signaling cascades, we could not detect synergistic action of any combination of MAPK inhibitors. In contrast, we found that the p38 inhibitor SB203580 antagonizes the action of the ERK inhibitor U0126 in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion These results demonstrate that the MAPKs ERK and JNK may be suitable targets for anti-inflammatory therapy of asthma, whereas inhibition of p38 seems to be an unlikely target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Chialda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstr. 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Meixia Zhang
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstr. 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Present Address Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Chinese Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kay Brune
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstr. 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Pahl
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstr. 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Lee JH, Joo YD, Yim D, Lee R, Ostrander EA, Loretz C, Little MT, Storb R, Kuhr CS. Molecular cloning and characterization of canine ICOS. Genomics 2005; 84:730-6. [PMID: 15475250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inducible costimulatory receptor (ICOS) is one recently identified member of the CD28 family of costimulatory molecules. Evidence suggests ICOS functions as a critical immune regulator and, to evaluate these effects, we employed the canine model system that has been used to develop strategies currently in clinical use for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. To investigate the effects of blocking the ICOS pathway in the canine hematopoietic cell transplantation model, we tested existing murine and human reagents and cloned the full length of the open reading frame of canine ICOS cDNA to allow the development of reagents specific for the canine ICOS. Canine ICOS contains a major open reading frame of 624 nucleotides, encoding a protein of 208 amino acids, and localizes to chromosome 37. Canine ICOS shares 79% sequence identity with human ICOS, 70% with mouse, and 69% with rat. Canine ICOS expression is limited to stimulated PBMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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22
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Guo L, Li XK, Enosawa S, Funeshima N, Suzuki S, Kimura H, Sugawara Y, Tezuka K, Makuuchi M. Significant enhancement by anti-ICOS antibody of suboptimal tacrolimus immunosuppression in rat liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2004; 10:743-7. [PMID: 15162468 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A member of the costimulatory molecule family, inducible costimulator (ICOS), is expressed on activated T cells and plays a critical role in their primary activation and cytokine production. ICOS is involved in different immune phenomena, such as Th1-mediated autoimmune disease and graft rejection. Although blockade of ICOS costimulation theoretically may protect grafts from rejection, a single dose of anti-ICOS antibody did not result in the prolongation of rat liver allograft survival. However, in this article, we report that anti-rat ICOS antibody markedly enhanced the immunosuppressive activity of a suboptimal dose of tacrolimus (FK506). After fully allogenic DA to LEW liver transplantation, recipients received a single injection of tacrolimus (1 mg/kg, intramuscularly) with or without anti-ICOS antibody (1 mg/kg, intravenously). Recipient survival was significantly prolonged in rats treated with both the antibody and suboptimal tacrolimus (median survival time 44 days vs. 28 days with tacrolimus alone, P <.01). The extent of cell infiltration into the graft was closely associated with prolongation of recipient survival. Our findings thus demonstrate that anti-ICOS antibody immunotherapy combined with suboptimal tacrolimus has a synergistic effect in preventing hepatic allograft rejection and that it may induce long-term graft acceptance intimately associated with a marked reduction of intragraft T lymphocyte infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Department of Innovative Surgery, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Deng ZB, Zhu W, Lu CM, Shi Q, Ju SG, Ma HB, Xu Y, Zhang XG. An Agonist Human ICOS Monoclonal Antibody that Induces T Cell Activation and Inhibits Proliferation of a Myeloma Cell Line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 23:176-82. [PMID: 15312308 DOI: 10.1089/1536859041224299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The inducible costimulator (ICOS), the third member of the CD28/CD152 receptor family, is an important costimulatory molecule during the immune response. In this study, a functional anti-human ICOS MAb 2C7 was obtained. The specificity of this MAb was verified by flow cytometry, Western blotting, and competition with anti-ICOS MAb ISA3. This MAb could well recognize ICOS molecule expressed on activated T cells and induce the activation as well as proliferation of T cells prestimulated by anti-human CD3 MAb. Furthermore, we found that MAb 2C7 could induce the growth arrest of XG2 cells, a human multiple myeloma cell line, which abnormally expressed ICOS molecule, and led to its apoptosis after 48 h of treatment. This functional anti-human ICOS MAb provides a valuable tool for further study of biological functions as well as signal transduction of ICOS/GL50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Bin Deng
- Institute of Biotechnology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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24
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Okamoto N, Tezuka K, Kato M, Abe R, Tsuji T. PI3-kinase and MAP-kinase signaling cascades in AILIM/ICOS- and CD28-costimulated T-cells have distinct functions between cell proliferation and IL-10 production. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:691-702. [PMID: 14550257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Both AILIM/ICOS and CD28 provide positive costimulatory signals for T-cell activation, resulting in proliferation and cytokine production. In this study, we attempted to clarify the key signaling molecules in T-cell proliferation, and also IL-2 and IL-10 production, during T-cell activation by CD3 induced by costimulation with either AILIM/ICOS or CD28. We examined the role of both the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway and MAP kinase family members such as ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 kinase in this process. PI3-kinase and Erk1/2 were shown to potentially regulate primary T-cell activation and subsequent proliferation via both AILIM/ICOS- or CD28-mediated costimulation and the Erk signaling cascade was essential for this proliferation induction and also for IL-2 production. The JAK inhibitor, AG490, inhibited this induction. Our studies indicate that IL-2 is necessary for induction of T-cell proliferation and that the quantities of IL-2 produced by AILIM/ICOS ligation are also sufficient for T-cells to proliferate. In contrast, inhibition of Akt and p38, that are phosphorylated by both AILIM/ICOS and CD28-ligation, could downregulate IL-10 production but not T-cell proliferation. These data raise the interesting possibility that the signaling cascades between T-cell proliferation and IL-10 production are regulated by different molecules in AILIM/ICOS- and CD28-costimulated T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokazu Okamoto
- Department of Biological Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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25
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Iiyama R, Kanai T, Uraushihara K, Totsuka T, Nakamura T, Miyata T, Yagita H, Kushi A, Suzuki K, Tezuka K, Watanabe M. The role of inducible co-stimulator (ICOS)/B7-related protein-1 (B7RP-1) interaction in the functional development of Peyer's patches. Immunol Lett 2003; 88:63-70. [PMID: 12853164 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
T-cell co-stimulatory molecule, inducible co-stimulator (ICOS)/B7-related protein-1 (B7RP-1) interactions play an essential role of T-cell-dependent B-cell activation in peripheral lymphoid organs such as spleen and lymph nodes. Here, we investigate the role of ICOS/B7RP-1 interactions in the development of Peyer's patches (PPs). In ICOS(-/-) mice, the number of PPs was not decreased, although PPs in ICOS(-/-) mice were significantly reduced in size. Phenotypic analysis showed no obvious differences between ICOS(-/-) and ICOS(+/-) mice in the distribution of T-cells, B-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. However, PNA(+) cells characteristic of intestinal germinal centers were totally absent in ICOS(-/-) mice. Moreover, production of IgA and IgG, but not IgM was significantly reduced in PPs in ICOS(-/-) mice. These data suggest that ICOS/B7RP-1 interactions may not affect the organogenesis, but involve in the functional development of PPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Iiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
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26
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Abstract
Autoreactive lymphocytes are suppressed in healthy individuals by so-called peripheral tolerance. Accumulating evidence indicates that co-receptor signaling plays a pivotal role in the regulation of autoreactive lymphocytes. The positive regulatory co-receptors CD28 and inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) transduce stimulatory cosignals, whereas the negative regulatory co-stimulators CTLA-4 and PD-1 are critical for the regulation of peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity. PD-1 deficient mice develop lupus-like glomerulonephritis and arthritis on a C57Bl/6 background and autoimmune-dilated cardiomyopathy on a BALB/c background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Okazaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Carreno BM, Collins M. The B7 family of ligands and its receptors: new pathways for costimulation and inhibition of immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 2002; 20:29-53. [PMID: 11861596 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.091101.091806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 628] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation is dependent upon signals delivered through the antigen-specific T cell receptor and accessory receptors on the T cell. A primary costimulatory signal is delivered through the CD28 receptor after engagement of its ligands, B7-1 (CD80) or B7-2 (CD86). Engagement of CTLA-4 (CD152) by the same B7-1 or B7-2 ligands results in attenuation of T cells responses. Recently, molecular homologs of CD28 and CTLA-4 receptors and their B7-like ligands have been identified. ICOS is a CD28-like costimulatory receptor with a unique B7-like ligand. PD-1 is an inhibitory receptor, with two B7-like ligands. Additional members of B7 and CD28 gene families have been proposed. Integration of signals through this family of costimulatory and inhibitory receptors and their ligands is critical for activation of immune responses and tolerance. Understanding these pathways will allow development of new strategies for therapeutic intervention in immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz M Carreno
- Genetics Institute/Wyeth Research, 87 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
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28
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Liang L, Sha WC. The right place at the right time: novel B7 family members regulate effector T cell responses. Curr Opin Immunol 2002; 14:384-90. [PMID: 11973139 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent identification of novel members of the B7-family of costimulatory ligands has illustrated their importance for costimulation, not only for initiation of adaptive immune responses, but also for regulation of activated effector lymphocytes. Two key features that distinguish these novel molecules from classical B7.1 and B7.2 costimulatory ligands are their broader expression in non-lymphoid tissues and their binding to receptors induced on activated T cells. Whereas B7.1/B7.2-CD28 interactions are important for priming naïve T cells, novel costimulatory interactions appear critical in regulating effector lymphocytes at sites of infection in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Liang
- Division of Immunology, University of California, Berkeley, 441 Life Sciences Addition, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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29
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Sakamoto S, Tezuka K, Tsuji T, Hori N, Tamatani T. AILIM/ICOS: its expression and functional analysis with monoclonal antibodies. HYBRIDOMA AND HYBRIDOMICS 2002; 20:293-303. [PMID: 11839247 DOI: 10.1089/15368590152740699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Activation-inducible lymphocyte immuno-mediatory molecule (AILIM/ICOS) is the third member of the co-stimulatory molecule CD28/CTLA-4 (CD152) family, and an inducible cell surface glycoprotein expressed on lymphocytes following activation. To determine the expression profile of the molecule, we generated monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against human, rat, and mouse AILIM/ICOS. None of the MAbs bound to AILIM/ICOS of other species. The numbers of AILIM/ICOS-positive cells among human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and rat and mouse splenocytes were very low (0.5, 0.4, and 1.2%, respectively), and the cells included many CD4-positive T cells except in the case of rat. Rat AILIM/ICOS-positive cells among splenocytes included many CD45RA-positive B cells, although the expression on lymph node cells was similar to that on human PBMC and mouse splenocytes. Among rat thymocytes, the AILIM/ICOS expression was mainly localized on CD4- and CD8-double positive T cells. The binding of AILIM/ICOS to B7h-Ig, which is the ligand-Fc chimeric protein, was inhibited by all AILIM/ICOS-specific MAbs except for SG430. The potency of the co-stimulatory activity of CD3 and AILIM/ICOS as to T-cell proliferation was found to be substantial in human. Interestingly, the levels of stimulation with the two types of MAbs were equal to that with CD3 and CD28 despite the different functions of the two MAbs in the AILIM/ICOS-B7h interaction. On the other hand, the potencies in rat and mouse, although two independent MAbs were tested, were relatively lower than that of CD28-mediated co-stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sakamoto
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, JT Inc., 13-2, Fukuura 1-chome, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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30
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Guo L, Li XK, Funeshima N, Fujino M, Nagata Y, Kimura H, Amemiya H, Enosawa S, Tsuji T, Harihara Y, Makuuchi M, Suzuki S. Prolonged survival in rat liver transplantation with mouse monoclonal antibody against an inducible costimulator (ICOS). Transplantation 2002; 73:1027-32. [PMID: 11965027 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200204150-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An inducible costimulator (ICOS), a recently identified costimulatory receptor with a close structural homology to CD28 and CTLA4, is expressed on activated T cells. Interaction with its ligand on antigen-presenting cells stimulates T-cell proliferation to produce a different spectrum of cytokine. The inhibition of ICOS-mediated signal transduction by an anti-ICOS antibody is considered to be capable of protecting against graft rejection in organ transplantation. METHODS An anti-rat ICOS antibody was intravenously administered into recipients of dark Agouti-to-Lewis liver transplantations. The recipient lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes were harvested on day 7 after transplantation for fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, and tissue specimens from the grafts were removed for histologic evaluation. Antigen-specific T-cell proliferation responses were assessed in vitro with anti-ICOS antibody. RESULTS Monotherapy with the antibody significantly prolonged the graft survival time by inhibiting T-cell activation and its proliferation response. The graft-infiltrating cells, both CD4 and CD8 T cells, were not completely reduced even when rats were administered the antibody, whereas the expression of ICOS almost completely disappeared in these cells. CONCLUSIONS T-cell activation through the ICOS costimulatory pathway plays an important role in graft rejection, and manipulating its pathway is an effective method for modulating transplantation immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Bioengineering, National Children's Medical Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Abstract
The B7-1/B7-2-CD28/CTLA-4 pathway is crucial in regulating T-cell activation and tolerance. New B7 and CD28 molecules have recently been discovered and new pathways have been delineated that seem to be important for regulating the responses of previously activated T cells. Several B7 homologues are expressed on cells other than professional antigen-presenting cells, indicating new mechanisms for regulating T-cell responses in peripheral tissues. Some B7 homologues have unknown receptors, indicating that other immunoregulatory pathways remain to be described. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the new members of the B7 and CD28 families, and discuss their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene H Sharpe
- Immunology Research Division, Department of Pathology, Brigham, and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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32
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Riley JL, Blair PJ, Musser JT, Abe R, Tezuka K, Tsuji T, June CH. ICOS costimulation requires IL-2 and can be prevented by CTLA-4 engagement. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4943-8. [PMID: 11290772 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.4943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between ICOS, CD28, CTLA-4, and IL-2 to gain a better understanding of this family of costimulatory receptors in the immune response. Using magnetic beads coated with anti-CD3 and varying amounts of anti-ICOS and anti-CTLA-4 Abs, we show that CTLA-4 ligation blocks ICOS costimulation. In addition to inhibiting cellular proliferation, CTLA-4 engagement prevented ICOS-costimulated T cells from producing IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. Both an indirect and direct mechanism of CTLA-4's actions were examined. First, CTLA-4 engagement on resting cells was found to indirectly block ICOS costimulation by interferring with the signals needed to induce ICOS cell surface expression. Second, on preactivated cells that had high levels of ICOS expression, CTLA-4 ligation blocked the ICOS-mediated induction of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13, suggesting an interference with downstream signaling pathways. The addition of IL-2 not only overcame both mechanisms, but also greatly augmented the level of cellular activation suggesting synergy between ICOS and IL-2 signaling. This cooperation between ICOS and IL-2 signaling was explored further by showing that the minimum level of IL-2 produced by ICOS costimulation was required for T cell proliferation. Finally, exogenous IL-2 was required for sustained growth of ICOS-costimulated T cells. These results indicate that stringent control of ICOS costimulation is maintained initially by CTLA-4 engagement and later by a requirement for exogenous IL-2.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/pharmacology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates
- Immunosuppressive Agents/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Riley
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
The crucial role for CD28, its homolog CTLA-4 and their binding partners B7-1 and B7-2 in the generation of effective T-cell responses has been well documented. Recently, two new pairs of the CD28/B7 families were identified. The ability of these molecules to regulate T-cell expansion and effector function and the dynamic integration of the co-stimulatory and T-cell receptor signals are just beginning to be explored. Understanding these processes will be crucial for designing clinically relevant approaches to manipulate the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Chambers
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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