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Biomarkers of oxidative stress and reproductive complications. Adv Clin Chem 2023; 113:157-233. [PMID: 36858646 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The assessment of biological redox status is performed by the use of oxidative stress biomarkers. An oxidative stress biomarker is defined as any physical structure or process or chemical compound that can be assessed in a living being (in vivo) or in solid or fluid parts thereof (in vitro), the determination of which is a reproducible and reliable indicator of oxidative stress. The use of oxidative stress biomarkers allows early identification of the risk of developing diseases associated with this process and also opens up possibilities for new treatments. At the end of the last century, interest in oxidative stress biomarkers began to grow, due to evidence of the association between the generation of free radicals and various pathologies. Up to now, a significant number of studies have been carried out to identify and apply different oxidative stress biomarkers in clinical practice. Among the most important oxidative stress biomarkers, it can be mentioned the products of oxidative modifications of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and uric acid as well as the measurement of the total antioxidant capacity of fluids in the human body. In this review, we aim to present recent advances and current knowledge on the main biomarkers of oxidative stress, including the discovery of new biomarkers, with emphasis on the various reproductive complications associated with variations in oxidative stress levels.
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Sengul A, Yengin C, Egrilmez S, Kilinc E. OUP accepted manuscript. J Chromatogr Sci 2022; 61:375-392. [PMID: 35441225 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
HPLC-PDA, LC-MS/MS methods were developed for simultaneous determination of a group of oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs); 2dA, 2dC, 2dU, 3NLT, 5HMU and 8OHdG in 10 simulated artificial body fluids. O-phosphoric acid and methanol composed mobile phases A and B for gradient elution in HPLC-PDA using ODS-2 column. Linearity obtained for 1.0×10-6-1.0×10-4M range. LODs were 1.73×10-6, 1.19×10-6, 2.59×10-6, 1.40×10-6, 2.21×10-6 and 4.07×10-6M for 2dU, 8OHdG, 2dA, 2dC, 5HMU and 3NLT, respectively. LOQs were 5.29×10-6, 4.02×10-6, 6.82×10-6, 4.02×10-6, 6.82×10-6 and 9.92×10-6M. About 10 mM aqueous ammonium acetate solution and methanol containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid composed mobile phases A and B for gradient elution in LC-MS/MS. Linearity obtained for 1.0×10-8-1.0×10-6M range. LODs were 2.88×10-10, 1.01×10-8, 3.38×10-9, 1.36×10-7, 1.81×10-7 and 1.40×10-8M for 2dU, 8OHdG, 2dA, 2dC, 5HMU and 3NLT, respectively. LOQs were 9.37×10-10, 3.22×10-8, 1.91×10-8, 4.53×10-7, 5.90×10-7 and 2.18×10-8M. Both methods were validated using ICH Q2(R1) guideline. Specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, reproducibility, LOD, LOQ and recovery were achieved. Chemometric analysis was performed on raw PDA and MS data to check their significance for discrimination of OSBs. Sets of single and triple quadrupole fragmentations were evaluated for principle component analysis. Chosen number of PCs successfully distinguished OSBs of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Sengul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, , Bornova, TR-35100, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Cigdem Yengin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bornova, TR-35100, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Sait Egrilmez
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Bornova, TR-35100, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Emrah Kilinc
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, , Bornova, TR-35100, Izmir, Türkiye
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Podmore ID. Measurement of 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-Piperidine-N-Oxyl by high Performance Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823402103170835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry has allowed quantitative measurement of a stable nitroxide, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-N-oxyl (4-hydroxy-tempo), the latter with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D. Podmore
- Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
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Mass Spectrometry in Advancement of Redox Precision Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:327-358. [PMID: 31347057 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Redox (portmanteau of reduction-oxidation) reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species in biological processes fundamental to life. It is of outmost importance that cells maintain a healthy redox state by balancing the action of oxidants and antioxidants; failure to do so leads to a multitude of diseases including cancer, diabetes, fibrosis, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. From the perspective of precision medicine, it is therefore beneficial to interrogate the redox phenotype of the individual-similar to the use of genomic sequencing-in order to design tailored strategies for disease prevention and treatment. This chapter provides an overview of redox metabolism and focuses on how mass spectrometry (MS) can be applied to advance our knowledge in redox biology and precision medicine.
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Chen KM, Calcagnotto A, Zhu J, Sun YW, El-Bayoumy K, Richie Jr JP. Comparison of an HPLC-MS/MS Method with Multiple Commercial ELISA Kits on the Determination of Levels of 8-oxo-7,8-Dihydro-2'-Deoxyguanosine in Human Urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-18-2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Analysis of 8-oxodG is usually conducted by either chromatography-based methods or by immunochemical methods commonly used based upon their low cost and high-throughput. However, concern regarding the accuracy of ELISA methods has complicated their use. We directly compare the levels of urinary 8-oxodG obtained by HPLC-MS/MS with three commercially available ELISA kits in this report. Methods: In the current study, a total of 9 human urine samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and three commonly used commercial available ELISA kits. Results: We found that urinary 8-oxodG levels analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS [1.4 ± 0.3 nmol/mmol creatinine) were 7.6- to 23.5-fold lower than those detected by ELISA. Overall, the correlations between ELISA and HPLC-MS/MS were poor but were improved after SPE purification for kits from ENZO (P = 0.2817 without SPE; P = 0.0086 with SPE) and Abcam (P = 0.0596 without SPE; P = 0.0473 with SPE). Discussion and conclusion: While we confirmed that SPE purification can improve the correlation between the selected ELISA kits and HPLC-MS/MS, HPLC-MS/MS is still the method of choice to accurately assess the levels of 8-oxodG in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ming Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Ana Calcagnotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Junjia Zhu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Yuan-Wan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Karam El-Bayoumy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - John P. Richie Jr
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
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Ma B, Jing M, Villalta PW, Kapphahn RJ, Montezuma SR, Ferrington DA, Stepanov I. Simultaneous determination of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine in human retinal DNA by liquid chromatography nanoelectrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22375. [PMID: 26979577 PMCID: PMC4793187 DOI: 10.1038/srep22375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among older adults in the developed world. Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) may play a key role in AMD. Measurement of oxidative DNA lesions such as 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine (8-oxo-dA) in diseased RPE could provide important insights into the mechanism of AMD development. We have developed a liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous analysis of 8-oxo-dG and 8-oxo-dA in human retinal DNA. The developed method was applied to the analysis of retinal DNA from 5 donors with AMD and 5 control donors without AMD. In mtDNA, the levels of 8-oxo-dG in controls and AMD donors averaged 170 and 188, and 8-oxo-dA averaged 11 and 17 adducts per 10(6) bases, respectively. In nuclear DNA, the levels of 8-oxo-dG in controls and AMD donors averaged 0.54 and 0.96, and 8-oxo-dA averaged 0.04 and 0.05 adducts per 10(6) bases, respectively. This highly sensitive method allows for the measurement of both adducts in very small amounts of DNA and can be used in future studies investigating the pathophysiological role of 8-oxo-dG and 8-oxo-dA in AMD and other oxidative damage-related diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Meng Jing
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Peter W. Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 493, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sandra R. Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 493, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 493, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 807, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Dizdaroglu M, Coskun E, Jaruga P. Measurement of oxidatively induced DNA damage and its repair, by mass spectrometric techniques. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:525-48. [PMID: 25812590 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1014814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidatively induced damage caused by free radicals and other DNA-damaging agents generate a plethora of products in the DNA of living organisms. There is mounting evidence for the involvement of this type of damage in the etiology of numerous diseases including carcinogenesis. For a thorough understanding of the mechanisms, cellular repair, and biological consequences of DNA damage, accurate measurement of resulting products must be achieved. There are various analytical techniques, with their own advantages and drawbacks, which can be used for this purpose. Mass spectrometric techniques with isotope dilution, which include gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), provide structural elucidation of products and ascertain accurate quantification, which are absolutely necessary for reliable measurement. Both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), in single or tandem versions, have been used for the measurement of numerous DNA products such as sugar and base lesions, 8,5'-cyclopurine-2'-deoxynucleosides, base-base tandem lesions, and DNA-protein crosslinks, in vitro and in vivo. This article reviews these techniques and their applications in the measurement of oxidatively induced DNA damage and its repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dizdaroglu
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, MD , USA
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Mullins EA, Rubinson EH, Pereira KN, Calcutt MW, Christov PP, Eichman BF. An HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous detection of alkylated base excision repair products. Methods 2013; 64:59-66. [PMID: 23876937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA glycosylases excise a broad spectrum of alkylated, oxidized, and deaminated nucleobases from DNA as the initial step in base excision repair. Substrate specificity and base excision activity are typically characterized by monitoring the release of modified nucleobases either from a genomic DNA substrate that has been treated with a modifying agent or from a synthetic oligonucleotide containing a defined lesion of interest. Detection of nucleobases from genomic DNA has traditionally involved HPLC separation and scintillation detection of radiolabeled nucleobases, which in the case of alkylation adducts can be laborious and costly. Here, we describe a mass spectrometry method to simultaneously detect and quantify multiple alkylpurine adducts released from genomic DNA that has been treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). We illustrate the utility of this method by monitoring the excision of N3-methyladenine (3 mA) and N7-methylguanine (7 mG) by a panel of previously characterized prokaryotic and eukaryotic alkylpurine DNA glycosylases, enabling a comparison of substrate specificity and enzyme activity by various methods. Detailed protocols for these methods, along with preparation of genomic and oligonucleotide alkyl-DNA substrates, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwood A Mullins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Lazalde-Ramos BP, Zamora-Perez AL, Sosa-Macías M, Guerrero-Velázquez C, Zúñiga-González GM. DNA and oxidative damages decrease after ingestion of folic acid in patients with type 2 diabetes. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:476-81. [PMID: 22964462 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic degenerative disease that promotes autoxidation of sugars, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species. This damage occurs especially at the level of cellular proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and DNA, thus playing an important role in the pathogenesis of late complications of T2DM. We investigated the effect of folic acid on DNA and oxidative damage in patients with T2DM. METHODS We studied 30 individuals diagnosed with T2DM and 30 control individuals without disease. Individuals with T2DM were prescribed 5 mg of folic acid, taken orally three times daily for 1 month. Samples were taken 15 and 30 days after treatment. DNA damage was determined using the micronucleus test in oral mucosa and oxidative stress by quantifying 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as well as by quantifying total lipid peroxides. RESULTS Individuals with T2DM had a higher number of micronuclei as well as higher levels of 8-OHdG and lipid peroxides than the control group (p = 0.001). Individuals with T2DM showed a significant reduction in the number of micronuclei and the concentration of 8-OHdG and lipid peroxides over time with folic acid intake. CONCLUSIONS A positive correlation exists between oxidative stress produced by T2DM and DNA damage, so the use of an antioxidant such as folic acid in DM2 therapy is advisable for delaying complications due to T2DM-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage.
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Cadet J, Douki T, Ravanat JL, Wagner JR. Measurement of oxidatively generated base damage to nucleic acids in cells: facts and artifacts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12566-012-0029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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ZHENG YAN, XUE YING, YAN GUOSEN. THE INFLUENCES OF OXIDATION AND CATIONIZATION ON THE N-GLYCOSIDIC BOND STABILITY OF 8-OXO-2′-DEOXYADENOSINE — A THEORETICAL STUDY. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633609005349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work is an attempt to evaluate theoretically the influences of oxidation and cationization on the N-glycosidic bond stability and the proton and sodium affinities on 8-oxo-2′-deoxyadenosine (8-oxodA) by using the density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP with basis set 6-31++G(d,p). This work shows that the cation attachment to 8-oxodA may modify the equilibrium geometry and bond dissociation. In all modified forms, the length of the N9–C1′ bond in which there is no intramolecular interaction, i.e. O8–H(Na)⋯O4′, increases relative to the neutral system 8-oxodA but that of others decreases. The analysis for the proton and sodium affinity energies indicates that the N1 and N3 atoms are the favorable sites for proton while the N1 atom is the favorable site for Na+. From the dissociation energies of the N-glycosidic bond, it has been found that the homolytic dissociation becomes more difficult upon introducing positive charge in the base ring. In contrast, these systems favor the heterolytic dissociation significantly. The influence is most prominent with the monocation obtained by O8 cationization.
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Affiliation(s)
- YAN ZHENG
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - YING XUE
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - GUO-SEN YAN
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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Cadet J, Douki T, Ravanat JL. Measurement of oxidatively generated base damage in cellular DNA. Mutat Res 2011; 711:3-12. [PMID: 21329709 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This survey focuses on the critical evaluation of the main methods that are currently available for monitoring single and complex oxidatively generated damage to cellular DNA. Among chromatographic methods, HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and to a lesser extent HPLC-ECD which is restricted to a few electroactive nucleobases and nucleosides are appropriate for measuring the formation of single and clustered DNA lesions. Such methods that require optimized protocols for DNA extraction and digestion are sensitive enough for measuring base lesions formed under conditions of severe oxidative stress including exposure to ionizing radiation, UVA light and high intensity UVC laser pulses. In contrast application of GC-MS and HPLC-MS methods that are subject to major drawbacks have been shown to lead to overestimated values of DNA damage. Enzymatic methods that are based on the use of DNA repair glycosylases in order to convert oxidized bases into strand breaks are suitable, even if they are far less specific than HPLC methods, to deal with low levels of single modifications. Several other methods including immunoassays and (32)P-postlabeling methods that are still used suffer from drawbacks and therefore are not recommended. Another difficult topic is the measurement of oxidatively generated clustered DNA lesions that is currently achieved using enzymatic approaches and that would necessitate further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- Laboratoire "Lésions des Acides Nucléiques", SCIB-UMR-E n°3 (CEA/UJF), FRE CNRS 3200, Département de Recherche Fondamentale sur la Matière Condensée, CEA/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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Lee SF, Pervaiz S. Assessment of Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Damage by Immunoflourescent Analysis of 8-OxodG. Methods Cell Biol 2011; 103:99-113. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385493-3.00005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cooke MS, Evans MD, Mistry N, Lunec J. Role of dietary antioxidants in the prevention of in vivo oxidative DNA damage. Nutr Res Rev 2009; 15:19-42. [PMID: 19087397 DOI: 10.1079/nrr200132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence consistently shows that diets high in fresh fruit and vegetables significantly lower cancer risk. Given the postulated role of oxidative DNA damage in carcinogenesis, the assumption has been made that it is the antioxidant properties of food constituents, such as vitamin C, E and carotenoids, which confer protection. However, epidemiological studies with specific antioxidants, either singly or in combination, have not, on the whole, supported this hypothesis. In contrast, studies examining the in vitro effect of antioxidants upon oxidative DNA damage have generally been supportive, in terms of preventing damage induction. The same, however, cannot be said for the in vivo intervention studies where overall the results have been equivocal. Nevertheless, recent work has suggested that some dietary antioxidants may confer protective properties through a novel mechanism, unrelated to their conventional free-radical scavenging abilities. Upregulation of antioxidant defence, xenobiotic metabolism, or DNA-repair genes may all limit cellular damage and hence promote maintenance of cell integrity. However, until further work has clarified whether dietary supplementation with antioxidants confers a reduced risk of cancer and the mechanism by which this effect is exerted, the recommendation for a diet rich in fruit and vegetables remains valid empirically.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK.
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Measurement of (5′R)- and (5′S)-8,5′-cyclo-2′-deoxyadenosines in DNA in vivo by liquid chromatography/isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 386:656-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Singh R, Teichert F, Verschoyle RD, Kaur B, Vives M, Sharma RA, Steward WP, Gescher AJ, Farmer PB. Simultaneous determination of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine in DNA using online column-switching liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:151-160. [PMID: 19065576 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and reliable methods are required for the assessment of oxidative DNA damage, which can result from reactive oxygen species that are generated endogenously from cellular metabolism and inflammatory responses, or by exposure to exogenous agents. The development of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) selected reaction monitoring (SRM) method is described, that utilises online column-switching valve technology for the simultaneous determination of two DNA adduct biomarkers of oxidative stress, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyadenosine (8-oxodA). To allow for the accurate quantitation of both adducts the corresponding [(15)N(5)]-labelled stable isotope internal standards were synthesised and added prior to enzymatic hydrolysis of the DNA samples to 2'-deoxynucleosides. The method required between 10 and 40 microg of hydrolysed DNA on-column for the analysis and the limit of detection for both 8-oxodG and 8-oxodA was 5 fmol. The analysis of calf thymus DNA treated in vitro with methylene blue (ranging from 5 to 200 microM) plus light showed a dose-dependent increase in the levels of both 8-oxodG and 8-oxodA. The level of 8-oxodG was on average 29.4-fold higher than that of 8-oxodA and an excellent linear correlation (r = 0.999) was observed between the two adducts. The influence of different DNA extraction procedures for 8-oxodG and 8-oxodA levels was assessed in DNA extracted from rat livers following dosing with carbon tetrachloride. The levels of 8-oxodG and 8-oxodA were on average 2.9 (p = 0.018) and 1.4 (p = 0.018) times higher, respectively, in DNA samples extracted using an anion-exchange column procedure than in samples extracted using a chaotropic procedure, implying artefactual generation of the two adducts. In conclusion, the online column-switching LC/MS/MS SRM method provides the advantages of increased sample throughput with reduced matrix effects and concomitant ionisation suppression, making the method ideally suited when used in conjunction with chaotropic DNA extraction for the determination of oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Singh
- Biocentre, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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Beda NV, Nedospasov AA. NO-dependent modifications of nucleic acids. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007; 33:195-228. [PMID: 17476982 DOI: 10.1134/s106816200702001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review is devoted to chemical transformations of nucleic acids and their components under the action of nitrogen oxide metabolites. The deamination reaction of bases is discussed in the context of possible competing transformations of its intermediates (nitrosamines, diazonium cations, diazotates, triazenes, and diazoanhydrides) and mechanisms of crosslink formation with proteins and nucleic acids. The oxidation and nitration of bases by NO2 is considered together with the possibility of radical transfer to domains from the base stacks in DNA. Reduction of redox potentials of bases as a result of stacking interactions explains the possibility of their reactions within nucleic acids with the oxidants whose redox potential is insufficient for the effective reactions with mononucleotides. Modifications of nucleic acids with peroxynitrite derivatives are discussed in the context of the effect of the DNA primary structure and the modification products formed on the reactivity of single bases. The possibility of reduction of nitro groups within modified bases to amino derivatives and their subsequent diazotation is considered. The substitution of oxoguanine for nitroguanine residues may result; the reductive diazotation can lead to undamaged guanine. The intermediate modified bases, e.g., 8-aminoguanine and 8-diazoguanine, were shown to participate in noncanonical base pairing, including the formation of more stable bonds with two bases, which is characteristic of the DNA Z-form. A higher sensitivity of RNA in comparison with DNA to NO-dependent modifications (NODMs) is predicted on the basis of the contribution of medium microheterogeneity and the known mechanisms of nitrosylation and nitration. The possible biological consequences of nucleic acids NODMs are briefly considered. It is shown that the NODMs under the action of nitrogen oxide metabolites generated by macrophages and similar cells in inflammations or infections should lead to a sharp increase in the number of mutations in the case of RNA-containing viruses. As a result, the defense mechanisms of the host organism may contribute to the appearance of new, including more dangerous, variants of infecting viruses.
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18
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Goyal RN, Dhawan A. Oxidation chemistry of 2′-deoxyadenosine at pyrolytic graphite electrode. Bioelectrochemistry 2006; 69:223-33. [PMID: 16675309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation of 2'-deoxyadenosine has been investigated in phosphate containing supporting electrolytes in pH range 2-10 at a pyrolytic graphite electrode by cyclic sweep voltammetry, spectral studies, controlled potential electrolysis and related techniques. The oxidation of 2'-deoxyadenosine occurred in a single well-defined oxidation peak (I(a)), over the entire pH range. The electrooxidation occurred by the loss of 6.0+/-0.5 e(-) per mole over the entire pH range. The kinetics of the decay of the UV-absorbing intermediates has been studied and found to follow pseudo first order kinetics having rate constant (k) in the range (5.7-7.7)x10(-4) s(-1). The major products of electrooxidation were separated by HPLC and characterized by GC-MS/MS, (1)H NMR and a tentative mechanism for electrooxidation of 2'-deoxyadenosine has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra N Goyal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, India.
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19
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Singh R, Farmer PB. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry: the future of DNA adduct detection. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:178-96. [PMID: 16272169 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 40 years considerable emphasis has been placed on the development of accurate and sensitive methods for the detection and quantitation of DNA adducts. The formation of DNA adducts resulting from the covalent interaction of genotoxic carcinogens with DNA, derived from exogenous and endogenous sources, either directly or following metabolic activation, can if not repaired lead to mutations in critical genes such as those involved in the regulation of cellular growth and subsequent development of cancer. The major analytical challenge has been to detect levels of DNA adducts at the level of 0.1-1 adducts per 10(8) unmodified DNA bases using only low microgram amounts of DNA, and with high specificity and accuracy, in humans exposed to genotoxic carcinogens derived from occupational, environmental, dietary and life-style sources. In this review we will highlight the merits as well as discuss the progress made by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry as a method for DNA adduct detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Singh
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Biocentre, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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20
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Banoub JH, Newton RP, Esmans E, Ewing DF, Mackenzie G. Recent developments in mass spectrometry for the characterization of nucleosides, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, and nucleic acids. Chem Rev 2005; 105:1869-915. [PMID: 15884792 DOI: 10.1021/cr030040w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Banoub
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Special Projects, P.O. Box 5667, St. John's NL A1C 5X1, Canada.
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21
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Watson D, Atsriku C, Oliveira E. Review role of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in the analysis of oxidation products and antioxidants in biological systems. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Dawidzik JB, Patrzyc HB, Iijima H, Budzinski EE, Higbee AJ, Cheng HC, Box HC. DNA damage measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in mouse fibroblast cells exposed to oxidative stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1621:211-7. [PMID: 12726997 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(03)00071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage can result from environmental factors, such as radiation, as well as from the untoward consequences of normal metabolic processes. It is of interest to assay oxidative DNA damage in cells and tissues because this damage has been implicated in human disease, particularly cancer. Eleven indicators of oxidative DNA damage have been measured by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) in DNA extracted from cells exposed to oxidative stress. Mouse fibroblast cells were exposed to hydrogen peroxide and to UVC light and to the combined action of both agents. Significant increases of the 8-oxo-7,8-dihydropurine lesions over background were detected. Significant increases of the formamido lesions resulting from breakdown of pyrimidine bases were also observed. Of special interest was the observation of double lesions, tandem combinations of both aforementioned lesions, in cells exposed to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean B Dawidzik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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23
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Singh R, McEwan M, Lamb JH, Santella RM, Farmer PB. An improved liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine in DNA samples using immunoaffinity column purification. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:126-134. [PMID: 12512091 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) represents an important biomarker of oxidative stress. A sensitive method for the detection of 8-oxodG in DNA samples has been developed that utilizes immunoaffinity column purification of 8-oxodG followed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode analysis. An internal standard of stable-isotopically labelled 8-oxodG containing [(15)N(5)] was added prior to the enzymatic digestion of DNA to deoxynucleosides, which was then subjected to immunoaffinity column purification followed by microbore positive ion LC/MS/MS MRM. The 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) base product ion at m/z 168 was monitored following cleavage of the glycosidic bond of the 8-oxodG [M+H](+) ion at m/z 284. Similar determinations were made for [(15)N(5)]8-oxodG by monitoring the [(15)N(5)]8-oxoG base product ion at m/z 173 formed from the [M+H](+) ion at m/z 289. The introduction of the immunoaffinity column purification step into the method represents a significant improvement for the accurate determination of 8-oxodG since all artefactual peaks that are observed following the direct injection of digested DNA onto the LC/MS/MS system are removed. The identity of these artefactual peaks has been confirmed to be 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG), thymidine (dT) and 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA). The presence of these artefactual peaks in MRM mode analysis can be explained as a consequence of a concentration effect due to their considerably higher relative abundance in DNA compared to 8-oxodG. The highest signal intensity was observed for the artefactual peak for dA due to the fact that the adenine base formed an adduct with methanol, which is a constituent of the mobile phase. The resulting [M+H](+) ion at m/z 284 (dA m/z 252 + CH(3)OH m/z 32) gave rise to a product ion at m/z 168 following the loss of deoxyribose in MRM mode analysis. Control calf thymus DNA was digested to deoxynucleosides and unmodfied deoxynucleosides were removed by immunoaffinity column purification; the enriched 8-oxodG was determined by LC/MS/MS MRM. The level of 8-oxodG in control calf thymus DNA was determined to be 28.8 +/- 1.2 8-oxodG per 10(6) unmodified nucleotides (n = 5) using 5 microg of digested DNA. The limit of detection of the microbore LC/MS/MS MRM for 8-oxodG was determined to be 25 fmol on-column with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Singh
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Biocentre, University of Leicester, University Road, UK.
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24
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Koc H, Swenberg JA. Applications of mass spectrometry for quantitation of DNA adducts. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 778:323-43. [PMID: 12376138 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA adducts are formed when electrophilic molecules or free radicals attack DNA. 32P-postlabeling has been the most commonly used assay for quantitation of DNA adducts due mainly to its excellent sensitivity that allows quantitation at concentrations as low as approximately 1 adduct per 10(9) normal bases. Such methods, however, do not have the specificity desired for accurate and reliable quantitation, and are prone to produce false positives and artifacts. In the last decade, mass spectrometry in combination with liquid and gas chromatography has presented itself as a good alternative to these techniques since it can satisfy the need for specificity and reliability through the use of stable isotope-labeled internal standards and highly specific detection modes such as selected reaction monitoring and high-resolution mass spectrometry. In this article, the contribution of mass spectrometry to the quantitation of DNA adducts is reviewed with special emphasis on unique applications of mass spectrometry in the area of DNA adduct quantitation and recent applications with improvements in sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Koc
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA
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25
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Lunec J, Holloway KA, Cooke MS, Faux S, Griffiths HR, Evans MD. Urinary 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine: redox regulation of DNA repair in vivo? Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33:875-85. [PMID: 12361799 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA is susceptible to damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are produced during normal and pathophysiological processes in addition to ionizing radiation, environmental mutagens, and carcinogens. 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is probably one of the most abundant DNA lesion formed during oxidative stress. This potentially mutagenic lesion causes G --> T transversions and is therefore an important candidate lesion for repair, particularly in mammalian cells. Several pathways exist for the removal, or repair, of this lesion from mammalian DNA. The most established is via the base excision repair enzyme, human 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (hOgg1), which acts in combination with the human apurinic endonuclease (hApe). The latter is known to respond to regulation by redox reactions and may act in combination with hOgg1. We discuss evidence in this review article concerning alternative pathways in humans, such as nucleotide excision repair (NER), which could possibly remove the 8-oxodG lesion. We also propose that redox-active components of the diet, such as vitamin C, may promote such repair, affecting NER specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lunec
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK.
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26
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Tuo J, Jaruga P, Rodriguez H, Dizdaroglu M, Bohr VA. The cockayne syndrome group B gene product is involved in cellular repair of 8-hydroxyadenine in DNA. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:30832-7. [PMID: 12060667 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204814200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a human disease characterized by sensitivity to sunlight, severe neurological abnormalities, and accelerated aging. CS has two complementation groups, CS-A and CS-B. The CSB gene encodes the CSB protein with 1493 amino acids. We previously reported that the CSB protein is involved in cellular repair of 8-hydroxyguanine, an abundant lesion in oxidatively damaged DNA and that the putative helicase motif V/VI of the CSB may play a role in this process. The present study investigated the role of the CSB protein in cellular repair of 8-hydroxyadenine (8-OH-Ade), another abundant lesion in oxidatively damaged DNA. Extracts of CS-B-null cells and mutant cells with site-directed mutation in the motif VI of the putative helicase domain incised 8-hydroxyadenine in vitro less efficiently than wild type cells. Furthermore, CS-B-null and motif VI mutant cells accumulated more 8-hydroxyadenine in their genomic DNA than wild type cells after exposure to gamma-radiation at doses of 2 or 5 Gy. These results suggest that the CSB protein contributes to cellular repair of 8-OH-Ade and that the motif VI of the putative helicase domain of CSB is required for this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Tuo
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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27
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Cadet J, Douki T, Frelon S, Sauvaigo S, Pouget JP, Ravanat JL. Assessment of oxidative base damage to isolated and cellular DNA by HPLC-MS/MS measurement. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33:441-9. [PMID: 12160926 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation reactions that involve several oxygen and nitrogen reactive species together with nucleobase radical cations give rise among various classes of lesions to modified bases. About 70 of oxidized nucleosides that include diastereomeric forms have been characterized in mechanistic studies involving isolated DNA and related model compounds. However, only eight modified bases have been accurately measured within cellular DNA upon exposure to either gamma or UVA radiations. Emphasis is placed in this survey on recent developments of HPLC associated with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) operating in the mild electrospray ionization mode. Interestingly, the HPLC-MS/MS assay in the multiple reaction monitoring mode appears to be the more sensitive and accurate method currently available for singling out several oxidized nucleosides including 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyadenosine, 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-(hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine, and the four diastereomers of 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymidine within isolated and cellular DNA. However, one limitation of the assay that also applied to all chromatographic methods is the slight side-oxidation of normal bases during DNA extraction and subsequent work-up. This explains why the combined use of DNA repair glycosylases with either the comet assay or the alkaline elution technique is a better alternative to monitor the formation of low levels of oxidized bases within cellular DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- Laboratoire Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, Service de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, Département de Recherche Fondamentale sur la Matière Condensée, Grenoble, France.
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28
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Papadantonakis GA, Tranter R, Brezinsky K, Yang Y, van Breemen RB, LeBreton PR. Low-Energy, Low-Yield Photoionization, and Production of 8-Oxo-2‘-deoxyguanosine and Guanine from 2‘-Deoxyguanosine. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020649l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George A. Papadantonakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Robert Tranter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Kenneth Brezinsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Yanan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Pierre R. LeBreton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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Dizdaroglu M, Jaruga P, Birincioglu M, Rodriguez H. Free radical-induced damage to DNA: mechanisms and measurement. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32:1102-15. [PMID: 12031895 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals are produced in cells by cellular metabolism and by exogenous agents. These species react with biomolecules in cells, including DNA. The resulting damage to DNA, which is also called oxidative damage to DNA, is implicated in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and aging. Mechanisms of damage involve abstractions and addition reactions by free radicals leading to carbon-centered sugar radicals and OH- or H-adduct radicals of heterocyclic bases. Further reactions of these radicals yield numerous products. Various analytical techniques exist for the measurement of oxidative damage to DNA. Techniques that employ gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometry (MS) simultaneously measure numerous products, and provide positive identification and accurate quantification. The measurement of multiple products avoids misleading conclusions that might be drawn from the measurement of a single product, because product levels vary depending on reaction conditions and the redox status of cells. In the past, GC/MS was used for the measurement of modified sugar and bases, and DNA-protein cross-links. Recently, methodologies using LC/tandem MS (LC/MS/MS) and LC/MS techniques were introduced for the measurement of modified nucleosides. Artifacts might occur with the use of any of the measurement techniques. The use of proper experimental conditions might avoid artifactual formation of products in DNA. This article reviews mechanistic aspects of oxidative damage to DNA and recent developments in the measurement of this type of damage using chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miral Dizdaroglu
- Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8311, USA.
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30
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Cadet J, Bellon S, Berger M, Bourdat AG, Douki T, Duarte V, Frelon S, Gasparutto D, Muller E, Ravanat JL, Sauvaigo S. Recent aspects of oxidative DNA damage: guanine lesions, measurement and substrate specificity of DNA repair glycosylases. Biol Chem 2002; 383:933-43. [PMID: 12222683 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses recent aspects of oxidation reactions of DNA and model compounds involving mostly OH radicals, one-electron transfer process and singlet oxygen (1O2). Emphasis is placed on the formation of double DNA lesions involving a purine base on one hand and either a pyrimidine base or a 2-deoxyribose moiety on the other hand. Structural and mechanistic information is also provided on secondary oxidation reactions of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo), a major DNA marker of oxidative stress. Another major topic which is addressed here deals with recent developments in the measurement of oxidative base damage to cellular DNA. This has been mostly achieved using the accurate and highly specific HPLC method coupled with the tandem mass spectrometry detection technique. Interestingly, optimized conditions of DNA extraction and subsequent work-up allow the accurate measurement of 11 modified nucleosides and bases within cellular DNA upon exposure to oxidizing agents, including UVA and ionizing radiations. In addition, the modified comet assay, which involves the use of bacterial DNA N-glycosylases to reveal two main classes of oxidative base damage, is applicable to isolated cells and is particularly suitable when only small amounts of biological material are available. Finally, recently available data on the substrate specificity of DNA repair enzymes belonging to the base excision pathways are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- Service de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique & UMR 5046, Département de Recherche Fondamentale sur la Matière Condensée, CEA/Grenoble, France
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31
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Jaruga P, Rodriguez H, Dizdaroglu M. Measurement of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine in DNA by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31:336-44. [PMID: 11461771 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
8-Hydroxyadenine (8-OH-Ade) is one of the major lesions, which is formed in DNA by hydroxyl radical attack on the C-8 position of adenine followed by oxidation. We describe the measurement of the nucleoside form of this compound, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine (8-OH-dAdo) in DNA by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The developed methodology enabled the separation by LC of 8-OH-dAdo from intact and modified nucleosides in enzymic hydrolysates of DNA. Measurements by MS were performed using atmospheric pressure ionization-electrospray process. Isotope-dilution MS was applied for quantification using a stable isotope-labeled analog of 8-OH-dAdo. The level of sensitivity of LC/MS with selected-ion monitoring (SIM) for 8-OH-dAdo amounted to approximately 10 femtomol of this compound on the LC column. This level of sensitivity is similar to that previously reported using LC-tandem MS (LC/MS/MS) with multiple-reaction monitoring mode (MRM) (7.5 femtomol). This compound was quantified in DNA at a level of approximately one molecule/10(6) DNA bases using amounts of DNA as low as 5 microg. The results suggested that this lesion may be quantified in DNA at even lower levels, when more DNA is used for analysis. In addition, gas chromatography/isotope-dilution mass spectrometry with SIM (GC/IDMS-SIM) was applied to measure 8-OH-Ade in DNA following its removal from DNA by acidic hydrolysis. The background levels of 8-OH-dAdo and 8-OH-Ade measured by LC/IDMS-SIM and GC/IDMS-SIM, respectively, were nearly identical. In addition, DNA samples, which were exposed to ionizing radiation at different radiation doses, were analyzed by these techniques. Nearly identical results were obtained, indicating that both LC/IDMS-SIM and GC/IDMS-SIM can provide similar results. The level of sensitivity of GC/MS-SIM for 8-OH-Ade was also measured and found to be significantly greater than that of LC/MS-SIM and the reported sensitivity of LC/MS/MS-MRM for 8-OH-dAdo. The results show that the LC/MS technique is well suited for the measurement of 8-OH-dAdo in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jaruga
- Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8311, USA
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