1
|
Chen Z, Zhou X, Mo M, Hu X, Liu J, Chen L. Systematic review of the osteogenic effect of rare earth nanomaterials and the underlying mechanisms. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:185. [PMID: 38627717 PMCID: PMC11020458 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Rare earth nanomaterials (RE NMs), which are based on rare earth elements, have emerged as remarkable biomaterials for use in bone regeneration. The effects of RE NMs on osteogenesis, such as promoting the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, have been investigated. However, the contributions of the properties of RE NMs to bone regeneration and their interactions with various cell types during osteogenesis have not been reviewed. Here, we review the crucial roles of the physicochemical and biological properties of RE NMs and focus on their osteogenic mechanisms. RE NMs directly promote the proliferation, adhesion, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. They also increase collagen secretion and mineralization to accelerate osteogenesis. Furthermore, RE NMs inhibit osteoclast formation and regulate the immune environment by modulating macrophages and promote angiogenesis by inducing hypoxia in endothelial cells. These effects create a microenvironment that is conducive to bone formation. This review will help researchers overcome current limitations to take full advantage of the osteogenic benefits of RE NMs and will suggest a potential approach for further osteogenesis research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohe Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhua Mo
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liangjiao Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Amadeu de Oliveira F, Tokuhara CK, Veeriah V, Domezi JP, Santesso MR, Cestari TM, Ventura TMO, Matos AA, Dionísio T, Ferreira MR, Ortiz RC, Duarte MAH, Buzalaf MAR, Ponce JB, Sorgi CA, Faccioli LH, Buzalaf CP, de Oliveira RC. The Multifarious Functions of Leukotrienes in Bone Metabolism. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:1135-1153. [PMID: 37314430 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are derived from arachidonic acid metabolism by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) enzyme. The production of LTs is stimulated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis, and periodontitis, with a relevant contribution to bone resorption. However, its role in bone turnover, particularly the suppression of bone formation by modulating the function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, remains unclear. We investigated the effects of LTs on bone metabolism and their impact on osteogenic differentiation and osteoclastogenesis using a 5-LO knockout (KO) mouse model. Results from micro-computed tomography (μCT) analysis of femur from 8-week-old 5-LO-deficient mice showed increased cortical bone and medullary region in females and males and decreased trabecular bone in females. In the vertebra, we observed increased marrow area in both females and males 5-LO KO and decreased trabecular bone only in females 5-LO KO. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis showed higher levels of osteogenic markers tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) and osteopontin (OPN) and lower expression of osteoclastogenic marker tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in the femurs of 5-LO KO mice versus wild-type (WT). Alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization assay results showed that the 5-LO absence enhances osteoblasts differentiation and mineralization but decreases the proliferation. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Bglap, and Sp7 gene expression were higher in 5-LO KO osteoblasts compared to WT cells. Eicosanoids production was higher in 5-LO KO osteoblasts except for thromboxane 2, which was lower in 5-LO-deficient mice. Proteomic analysis identified the downregulation of proteins related to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism in 5-LO KO osteoblasts, and the upregulation of transcription factors such as the adaptor-related protein complex 1 (AP-1 complex) in long bones from 5-LO KO mice leading to an increased bone formation pattern in 5-LO-deficient mice. We observed enormous differences in the morphology and function of osteoclasts with reduced bone resorption markers and impaired osteoclasts in 5-LO KO compared to WT osteoclasts. Altogether, these results demonstrate that the absence of 5-LO is related to the greater osteogenic profile. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Amadeu de Oliveira
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cintia K Tokuhara
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vimal Veeriah
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - João Paulo Domezi
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tania M Cestari
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana A Matos
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Dionísio
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcel R Ferreira
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Ortiz
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco A H Duarte
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - José B Ponce
- Department of Medicine, University Center of Adamantina, Adamantina, SP, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Faculdades de Dracena, Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Sorgi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucia H Faccioli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li T, Chen J, Zeng Z. Pathophysiological role of calcium channels and transporters in the multiple myeloma. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:99. [PMID: 34579758 PMCID: PMC8477534 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00781-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a common malignant tumor of plasma cells. Despite several treatment approaches in the past two decades, MM remains an aggressive and incurable disease in dire need of new treatment strategies. Approximately 70–80% of patients with MM have myeloma bone disease (MBD), often accompanied by pathological fractures and hypercalcemia, which seriously affect the prognosis of the patients. Calcium channels and transporters can mediate Ca2+ balance inside and outside of the membrane, indicating that they may be closely related to the prognosis of MM. Therefore, this review focuses on the roles of some critical calcium channels and transporters in MM prognosis, which located in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The goal of this review is to facilitate the identification of new targets for the treatment and prognosis of MM.![]() Video Abstract
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, People's Republic of China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmin Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, People's Republic of China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiyong Zeng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, People's Republic of China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guan X, Shao P, Li X. Chemoprotective effect of crocetin against 1,2 dimethyl hydrazine induced colorectal cancer in albino wistar rats through antioxidant pathway. Pharmacogn Mag 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_311_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
5
|
Li X, Chen S, Hu Z, Chen D, Wang J, Li Z, Li Z, Cui H, Dai G, Liu L, Wang H, Zhang K, Zheng Z, Zhan Z, Liu H. Aberrant upregulation of CaSR promotes pathological new bone formation in ankylosing spondylitis. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e12109. [PMID: 33259138 PMCID: PMC7721361 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological new bone formation is a typical pathological feature in ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Previous studies have shown that the calcium‐sensing receptor (CaSR) is critical for osteogenic differentiation while also being highly involved in many inflammatory diseases. However, whether it plays a role in pathological new bone formation of AS has not been reported. Here, we report the first piece of evidence that expression of CaSR is aberrantly upregulated in entheseal tissues collected from AS patients and animal models with different hypothetical types of pathogenesis. Systemic inhibition of CaSR reduced the incidence of pathological new bone formation and the severity of the ankylosing phenotype in animal models. Activation of PLCγ signalling by CaSR promoted bone formation both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, various inflammatory cytokines induced upregulation of CaSR through NF‐κB/p65 and JAK/Stat3 pathways in osteoblasts. These novel findings suggest that inflammation‐induced aberrant upregulation of CaSR and activation of CaSR‐PLCγ signalling in osteoblasts act as mediators of inflammation, affecting pathological new bone formation in AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siwen Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zaiying Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongying Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianru Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zemin Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihao Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haowen Cui
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo Dai
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kuibo Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaomin Zheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongping Zhan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marx D, Rahimnejad Yazdi A, Papini M, Towler M. A review of the latest insights into the mechanism of action of strontium in bone. Bone Rep 2020; 12:100273. [PMID: 32395571 PMCID: PMC7210412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in strontium (Sr) has persisted over the last three decades due to its unique mechanism of action: it simultaneously promotes osteoblast function and inhibits osteoclast function. While this mechanism of action is strongly supported by in vitro studies and small animal trials, recent large-scale clinical trials have demonstrated that orally administered strontium ranelate (SrRan) may have no anabolic effect on bone formation in humans. Yet, there is a strong correlation between Sr accumulation in bone and reduced fracture risk in post-menopausal women, suggesting Sr acts via a purely physiochemical mechanism to enhance bone strength. Conversely, the local administration of Sr with the use of modified biomaterials has been shown to enhance bone growth, osseointegration and bone healing at the bone-implant interface, to a greater degree than Sr-free materials. This review summarizes current knowledge of the main cellular and physiochemical mechanisms that underly Sr's effect in bone, which center around Sr's similarity to calcium (Ca). We will also summarize the main controversies in Sr research which cast doubt on the 'dual-acting mechanism'. Lastly, we will explore the effects of Sr-modified bone-implant materials both in vitro and in vivo, examining whether Sr may act via an alternate mechanism when administered locally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Marx
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1W8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alireza Rahimnejad Yazdi
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1W8, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcello Papini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Towler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1W8, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jung H, Akkus O. Diffuse microdamage in bone activates anabolic response by osteoblasts via involvement of voltage-gated calcium channels. J Bone Miner Metab 2020; 38:151-160. [PMID: 31493248 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-019-01042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Matrix damage sustained by bone tissue is repaired by the concerted action of bone cells. Previous studies have reported extracellular calcium ([Ca2+]E) efflux to originate from regions of bone undergoing diffuse microdamage termed as "diffuse microdamage-induced calcium efflux" (DMICE). DMICE has also been shown to activate and increase intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]I) signaling in osteoblasts via the involvement of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC). Past studies have assessed early stage (< 1 h) responses of osteoblasts to DMICE. The current study tested the hypothesis that DMICE has longer-term sustained effect such that it induces anabolic response of osteoblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Osteoblasts derived from mouse calvariae were seeded on devitalized bovine bone wafers. Localized diffuse damage was induced in the vicinity of cells by bending. The response of osteoblasts to DMICE was evaluated by testing gene expression, protein synthesis and mineralized nodule formation. RESULTS Cells on damaged bone wafers showed a significant increase in RUNX2 and Osterix expression compared to non-loaded control. Also, RUNX2 and Osterix expression were suppressed significantly when the cells were treated with bepridil, a non-selective VGCC inhibitor, prior to loading. Significantly higher amounts of osteocalcin and mineralized nodules were synthesized by osteoblasts on diffuse damaged bone wafers, while bepridil treatment resulted in a significant decrease in osteocalcin production and mineralized nodule formation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study demonstrated that DMICE activates anabolic responses of osteoblasts through activation of VGCC. Future studies of osteoblast response to DMICE in vivo will help to clarify how bone cells repair diffuse microdamage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjin Jung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ozan Akkus
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Department of Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qin CH, Zhang HA, Chee YH, Pitarini A, Adem Ali A. Comparison of the use of antibiotic-loaded calcium sulphate and wound irrigation-suction in the treatment of lower limb chronic osteomyelitis. Injury 2019; 50:508-514. [PMID: 30447985 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2018.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We sought to compare the efficacy of antibiotic-loaded calcium sulphate with wound irrigation-suction in patients with lower limb chronic osteomyelitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Adult patients with lower limb chronic osteomyelitis treated at our hospital by means of segmental bone resection, antibiotic-loaded calcium sulphate implantation or wound irrigation-suction, followed by bone transport with external fixator from January 2011 to July 2015 were retrospectively evaluated. The clinical presentation, laboratory results, complications, docking obstruction, infection recurrence were compared. RESULTS There were totally 74 patients met the inclusion criteria. Docking obstruction rate and infection recurrence were higher in the irrigation group with significant difference. The success rate of the first operation was 90.74% in the calcium sulphate group compared with 45% in the irrigation group. Postoperaton leakage of the incision happened more in the calcium sulphate group, but it wasn't a risk factor for docking obstruction and infection recurrence. Patients in the calcium sulphate group had shorter hospital stay and systemic antibiotic treatment, also with less external fixator index. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study suggest that antibiotic-loaded calcium sulphate implantation for lower chronic limb osteomyelitis was a more successful method than wound irrigation-suction, it greatly decreased infection recurrence and docking obstruction. Postoperative leakage after implantation didn't worsen patient's outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-He Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical School of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510317, PR China.
| | - Hong-An Zhang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Yu-Han Chee
- Department of Orthopaedics, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Astuti Pitarini
- Department of Orthopaedics, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang S, Noda K, Yang Y, Shen Z, Chen Z, Ogata Y. Calcium hydroxide regulates transcription of the bone sialoprotein gene via a calcium-sensing receptor in osteoblast-like ROS 17/2.8 cells. Eur J Oral Sci 2017; 126:13-23. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Stomatology College of Tianjn Medical University; Tianjn China
| | - Keisuke Noda
- Department of Periodontology; Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo; Chiba Japan
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Stomatology College of Tianjn Medical University; Tianjn China
| | - Zhengyan Shen
- Stomatology College of Tianjn Medical University; Tianjn China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Stomatology College of Tianjn Medical University; Tianjn China
| | - Yorimasa Ogata
- Department of Periodontology; Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo; Chiba Japan
- Research Institute of Oral Science; Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo; Chiba Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mizumachi H, Yoshida S, Tomokiyo A, Hasegawa D, Hamano S, Yuda A, Sugii H, Serita S, Mitarai H, Koori K, Wada N, Maeda H. Calcium-sensing receptor-ERK signaling promotes odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp cells. Bone 2017; 101:191-201. [PMID: 28506888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the G protein-coupled calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) has crucial roles in skeletal development and bone turnover. Our recent study has identified a role for activated CaSR in the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. Furthermore, odontoblasts residing inside the tooth pulp chamber play a central role in dentin formation. However, it remains unclear how CaSR activation affects the odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). We have investigated the odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs exposed to elevated levels of extracellular calcium (Ca) and strontium (Sr), and the contribution of CaSR and the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (L-VDCC) to this process. Immunochemical staining of rat dental pulp tissue demonstrated that CaSR was expressed at high levels in the odontoblastic layer, moderate levels in the sublayer, and low levels in the central pulp tissue. Although normal HDPCs expressed low levels of CaSR, stimulation with Ca or Sr promoted both CaSR expression and odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs along with increased expression of odontoblastic makers. These effects were inhibited by treatment with a CaSR antagonist, whereas treatment with an L-VDCC inhibitor had no effect. Additionally, knockdown of CaSR with siRNA suppressed odontoblastic differentiation of Ca- and Sr-treated HDPCs. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was observed in Ca- and Sr-treated HDPCs, whereas CaSR antagonist treatment or CaSR knockdown blocked ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, inhibition of ERK1/2 suppressed mineralization of Ca- and Sr-treated HDPCs. These results suggest that elevated concentrations of extracellular Ca and Sr induce odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs through CaSR activation and the ERK1/2 phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mizumachi
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yoshida
- Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tomokiyo
- Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daigaku Hasegawa
- Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sayuri Hamano
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Asuka Yuda
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Sugii
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Suguru Serita
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Mitarai
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Koori
- Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naohisa Wada
- Division of General Dentistry, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Maeda
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kishan AP, Cosgriff-Hernandez EM. Recent advancements in electrospinning design for tissue engineering applications: A review. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2892-2905. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alysha P. Kishan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building; 3120 TAMU College Station Texas 77843-3120
| | - Elizabeth M. Cosgriff-Hernandez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building; 3120 TAMU College Station Texas 77843-3120
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rodríguez-Carballo E, Gámez B, Ventura F. p38 MAPK Signaling in Osteoblast Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:40. [PMID: 27200351 PMCID: PMC4858538 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is a highly dynamic tissue whose structure relies on the balance between bone deposition and resorption. This equilibrium, which depends on osteoblast and osteoclast functions, is controlled by multiple factors that can be modulated post-translationally. Some of the modulators are Mitogen-activated kinases (MAPKs), whose role has been studied in vivo and in vitro. p38-MAPK modifies the transactivation ability of some key transcription factors in chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which affects their differentiation and function. Several commercially available inhibitors have helped to determine p38 action on these processes. Although it is frequently mentioned in the literature, this chemical approach is not always as accurate as it should be. Conditional knockouts are a useful genetic tool that could unravel the role of p38 in shaping the skeleton. In this review, we will summarize the state of the art on p38 activity during osteoblast differentiation and function, and emphasize the triggers of this MAPK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Gámez
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona and IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Ventura
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona and IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Park BO, Kim SH, Kong GY, Kim DH, Kwon MS, Lee SU, Kim MO, Cho S, Lee S, Lee HJ, Han SB, Kwak YS, Lee SB, Kim S. Selective novel inverse agonists for human GPR43 augment GLP-1 secretion. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 771:1-9. [PMID: 26683635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
GPR43/Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 (FFAR2) is known to be activated by short-chain fatty acids and be coupled to Gi and Gq family of heterotrimeric G proteins. GPR43 is mainly expressed in neutrophils, adipocytes and enteroendocrine cells, implicated to be involved in inflammation, obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, several groups have reported the contradictory data about the physiological functions of GPR43, so that its roles in vivo remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a novel compound of pyrimidinecarboxamide class named as BTI-A-404 is a selective and potent competitive inverse agonist of human GPR43, but not the murine ortholog. Through structure-activity relationship (SAR), we also found active compound named as BTI-A-292. These regulators increased the cyclic AMP level and reduced acetate-induced cytoplasmic Ca(2+) level. Furthermore, we show that they modulated the downstream signaling pathways of GPR43, such as ERK, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB. It was surprising that two compounds augmented the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in NCI-H716 cell line. Collectively, these novel and specific competitive inhibitors regulate all aspects of GPR43 signaling and the results underscore the therapeutic potential of them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Oh Park
- Incurable Disease Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- Incurable Disease Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gye Yeong Kong
- Incurable Disease Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hui Kim
- Incurable Disease Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi So Kwon
- Next-generation Pharmaceutical Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ui Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Ock Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungchan Cho
- Incurable Disease Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangku Lee
- Incurable Disease Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Shin Kwak
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- Department of Brain Science, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunhong Kim
- Incurable Disease Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor, CaSR, is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and has a critical role in modulating Ca(2+) homeostasis via its role in the parathyroid glands and kidneys. New evidence suggests that CaSR expression in cartilage and bone also directly regulates skeletal homeostasis. This Review discusses the role of CaSR in chondrocytes, through which CaSR contributes to the development of the cartilaginous growth plate, as well as in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, through which CaSR has effects on skeletal development and bone turnover in young and mature animals. The interaction of skeletal CaSR activation with parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is secreted by the parathyroid gland, can lead to net bone formation in trabecular bone or net bone resorption in cortical bone. Allosteric modulators of CaSR are beneficial in some clinical conditions, with effects that are mediated by the ability of these agents to alter levels of PTH and improve Ca(2+) homeostasis. However, further insights into the action of CaSR in bone cells might lead to CaSR-based drugs that maximize not only the effects of the receptor on the parathyroid glands and kidneys but also on bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Goltzman
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey N Hendy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Synergistic effects of high dietary calcium and exogenous parathyroid hormone in promoting osteoblastic bone formation in mice. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:909-22. [PMID: 25744000 PMCID: PMC4392706 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514004309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether high dietary Ca and exogenous parathyroid hormone 1–34 fragments (PTH 1–34) have synergistic effects on bone formation in adult mice, and explored the related mechanisms. Adult male mice were fed a normal diet, a high-Ca diet, a PTH-treated diet, or a high-Ca diet combined with subcutaneously injected PTH 1–34 (80 μg/kg per d) for 4 weeks. Bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume, osteoblast number, alkaline phosphatase (ALP)- and type I collagen-positive areas, and the expression levels of osteoblastic bone formation-related genes and proteins were increased significantly in mice fed the high-Ca diet, the PTH-treated diet, and, even more dramatically, the high-Ca diet combined with PTH. Osteoclast number and surface and the ratio of receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL):osteoprotegerin (OPG) were decreased in the high-Ca diet treatment group, increased in the PTH treatment group, but not in the combined treatment group. Furthermore, third-passage osteoblasts were treated with high Ca (5 mm), PTH 1–34 (10− 8m) or high Ca combined with PTH 1–34. Osteoblast viability and ALP activity were increased in either the high Ca-treated or PTH-treated cultures and, even more dramatically, in the cultures treated with high Ca plus PTH, with consistent up-regulation of the expression levels of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation-related genes and proteins. These results indicate that dietary Ca and PTH play synergistic roles in promoting osteoblastic bone formation by stimulating osteoblast proliferation and differentiation.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhou C, Qian SS, Li XJ, Yao F, Forsythe JS, Fu GD. Synthesis and characterization of well-defined PAA–PEG multi-responsive hydrogels by ATRP and click chemistry. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09438g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-defined multi-responsive PAA–PEG hydrogels exhibit a unique swelling property at different pH and Ca2+ secondary crosslinking, and can potentially be used as stimuli responsive biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing, China
| | - Shan-shan Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing, China
| | - Xia-jun Li
- School of Public Health
- Southeast University
- Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing, China
| | - John S. Forsythe
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton, Australia
| | - Guo-dong Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhou S, Bismarck A, Steinke JHG. Ion-responsive alginate based macroporous injectable hydrogel scaffolds prepared by emulsion templating. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:4736-4745. [PMID: 32261157 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20888e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ion-responsive biocompatible macroporous hydrogels with a well-defined highly interconnected open porous structure were synthesised using oil-in-water (o/w) high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templating. Methacrylate-modified alginate was crosslinked in the continuous minority water phase and the oil internal phase removed to produce macroporous hydrogel monoliths. The physical dimensions, pore and pore throat size as well as water uptake of the alginate polyHIPE hydrogel can be controllably tuned by ion-responsive behaviour towards Ca2+ ions. The ionic crosslinks formed are fully reversible and be dissolved using sodium citrate to remove Ca2+ ions through chelation. The polyHIPE hydrogels possess mechanical properties with storage moduli up to 20 kPa and are biocompatible as shown by cytotoxicity assays. The hydrogel can be extruded through a hypodermic needle causing it to break into small pieces (about 1 to 3 mm in diameter) while retaining the interconnected pore morphology after injection. Furthermore, these hydrogel fragments can be reformed into a coherent scaffold under mild conditions using an alginate solution containing Ca2+ ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhong Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Song R, Zeng Q, Ao L, Yu JA, Cleveland JC, Zhao KS, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Biglycan Induces the Expression of Osteogenic Factors in Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells via Toll-Like Receptor-2. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2711-20. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingchun Zeng
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Ao
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jessica A. Yu
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joseph C. Cleveland
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-seng Zhao
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David A. Fullerton
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sun X, McLamore E, Kishore V, Fites K, Slipchenko M, Porterfield DM, Akkus O. Mechanical stretch induced calcium efflux from bone matrix stimulates osteoblasts. Bone 2012; 50:581-91. [PMID: 22227434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which bone cells sense critically loaded regions of bone are still a matter of ongoing debate. Animal models to investigate response to microdamage involve post mortem immunohistological analysis and do not allow real-time monitoring of cellular response during the emergence of the damage in bone. Most in vitro mechanical stimulation studies are conducted on non-bone substrates, neglecting the damage-related alterations in the pericellular niche and their potential effects on bone cells. The current study reports spontaneous efflux of calcium ions (Ca(2+)) (1.924±0.742 pmol cm(-2)s(-1)) from regions of devitalized bone matrix undergoing post-yield strains, induced by a stress concentrator. When these samples are seeded with MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, the strain-induced Ca(2+) efflux from bone elicits cell response at the stress concentration site as manifested by activation of intracellular calcium signaling (increase in fluorescence by 52%±27%). This activity is associated with extracellular calcium because the intracellular calcium signaling in response to mechanical loading subsides when experiments are repeated using demineralized bone substrates (increase in fluorescence by 6%±10%). These results imply a novel perspective where bone matrix acts as an intermediary mechanochemical transducer by converting mechanical strain into a chemical signal (pericellular calcium) to which cells respond. Such a mechanism may be responsible for triggering repair at locations of bone matrix undergoing critical deformation levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhao Sun
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Signaling through the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 740:103-42. [PMID: 22453940 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular calcium ([Formula: see text])-sensing receptor (CaSR) was the first GPCR identified whose principal physiological ligand is an ion, namely extracellular Ca(2+). It maintains the near constancy of [Formula: see text] that complex organisms require to ensure normal cellular function. A wealth of information has accumulated over the past two decades about the CaSR's structure and function, its role in diseases and CaSR-based therapeutics. This review briefly describes the CaSR and key features of its structure and function, then discusses the extracellular signals modulating its activity, provides an overview of the intracellular signaling pathways that it controls, and, finally, briefly describes CaSR signaling both in tissues participating in [Formula: see text] homeostasis as well as those that do not. Factors controlling CaSR signaling include various factors affecting the expression of the CaSR gene as well as modulation of its trafficking to and from the cell surface. The dimeric cell surface CaSR, in turn, links to various heterotrimeric and small molecular weight G proteins to regulate intracellular second messengers, lipid kinases, various protein kinases, and transcription factors that are part of the machinery enabling the receptor to modulate the functions of the wide variety of cells in which it is expressed. CaSR signaling is impacted by its interactions with several binding partners in addition to signaling elements per se (i.e., G proteins), including filamin-A and caveolin-1. These latter two proteins act as scaffolds that bind signaling components and other key cellular elements (e.g., the cytoskeleton). Thus CaSR signaling likely does not take place randomly throughout the cell, but is compartmentalized and organized so as to facilitate the interaction of the receptor with its various signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
21
|
Müller WEG, Wang X, Diehl-Seifert B, Kropf K, Schlossmacher U, Lieberwirth I, Glasser G, Wiens M, Schröder HC. Inorganic polymeric phosphate/polyphosphate as an inducer of alkaline phosphatase and a modulator of intracellular Ca2+ level in osteoblasts (SaOS-2 cells) in vitro. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2661-71. [PMID: 21397057 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polymeric phosphate is a physiological polymer that accumulates in bone cells. In the present study osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells were exposed to this polymer, complexed in a 2:1 stoichiometric ratio with Ca(2+), polyP (Ca(2+) salt). At a concentration of 100 μM, polyP (Ca(2+) salt) caused a strong increase in the activity of the alkaline phosphatase and also an induction of the steady-state expression of the gene encoding this enzyme. Comparative experiments showed that polyP (Ca(2+) salt) can efficiently replace β-glycerophosphate in the in vitro hydroxyapatite (HA) biomineralization assay. In the presence of polyP (Ca(2+) salt) the cells extensively form HA crystallites, which remain intimately associated with or covered by the plasma membrane. Only the tips of the crystallites are directly exposed to the extracellular space. Element mapping by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy coupled to a silicon drift detector supported the finding that organic material was dispersed within the crystallites. Finally, polyP (Ca(2+) salt) was found to cause an increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) level, while polyP, as well as inorganic phosphate (P(i)) or Ca(2+) alone, had no effect at the concentrations used. These findings are compatible with the assumption that polyP (Ca(2+) salt) is locally, on the surface of the SaOS-2 cells, hydrolyzed to P(i) and Ca(2+). We conclude that the inorganic polymer polyP (Ca(2+) salt) in concert with a second inorganic, and physiologically occurring, polymer, biosilica, activates osteoblasts and impairs the maturation of osteoclasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shu L, Ji J, Zhu Q, Cao G, Karaplis A, Pollak MR, Brown E, Goltzman D, Miao D. The calcium-sensing receptor mediates bone turnover induced by dietary calcium and parathyroid hormone in neonates. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:1057-71. [PMID: 21542007 PMCID: PMC3179300 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated, in neonates, whether the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) mediates the effects of dietary calcium on bone turnover and/or modulates parathyroid hormone (PTH)-induced bone turnover. Wild-type (WT) pups and pups with targeted deletion of the Pth (Pth(-/-)) gene or of both Pth and CaR (Pth(-/-)CaR(-/-)) genes were nursed by dams on a normal or high-calcium diet. Pups nursed by dams on a normal diet received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH(1-34) (80 µg/kg) for 2 weeks starting from 1 week of age. In pups receiving vehicle and fed by dams on a normal diet, trabecular bone volume, osteoblast number, type 1 collagen-positive area, and mineral apposition rate, as well as the expression of bone-formation-related genes, all were reduced significantly in Pth(-/-) pups compared with WT pups and were decreased even more dramatically in Pth(-/-)CaR(-/-) pups. These parameters were increased in WT and Pth(-/-) pups but not in Pth(-/-)CaR(-/-) pups fed by dams on a high-calcium diet compared with pups fed by dams on a normal diet. These parameters also were increased in WT, Pth(-/-), and Pth(-/-)CaR(-/-) pups following exogenous PTH treatment; however, the percentage increase was less in Pth(-/-)CaR(-/-) pups than in WT and Pth(-/-) pups. In vehicle-treated pups fed by dams on either the normal or high-calcium diet and in PTH-treated pups fed by dams on a normal diet, the number and surfaces of osteoclasts and the ratio of RANKL/OPG were reduced significantly in Pth(-/-) pups and less significantly in Pth(-/-)CaR(-/-) pups compared with WT pups. These parameters were further reduced significantly in WT and Pth(-/-) pups from dams fed a high-calcium diet but did not decrease significantly in similarly treated Pth(-/-)CaR(-/-) pups, and they increased significantly in PTH-treated pups compared with vehicle-treated, genotype-matched pups fed by dams on the normal diet. These results indicate that in neonates, the CaR mediates alterations in bone turnover in response to changes in dietary calcium and modulates PTH-stimulated bone turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shu
- Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gautam AK, Bhargavan B, Tyagi AM, Srivastava K, Yadav DK, Kumar M, Singh A, Mishra JS, Singh AB, Sanyal S, Maurya R, Manickavasagam L, Singh SP, Wahajuddin W, Jain GK, Chattopadhyay N, Singh D. Differential effects of formononetin and cladrin on osteoblast function, peak bone mass achievement and bioavailability in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 22:318-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
24
|
Chatterjee K, Sun L, Chow LC, Young MF, Simon CG. Combinatorial screening of osteoblast response to 3D calcium phosphate/poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds using gradients and arrays. Biomaterials 2011; 32:1361-9. [PMID: 21074846 PMCID: PMC3428122 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for combinatorial and high-throughput methods for screening cell-biomaterial interactions to maximize tissue generation in scaffolds. Current methods employ a flat two-dimensional (2D) format even though three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds are more representative of the tissue environment in vivo and cells are responsive to topographical differences of 2D substrates and 3D scaffolds. Thus, combinatorial libraries of 3D porous scaffolds were developed and used to screen the effect of nano-amorphous calcium phosphate (nACP) particles on osteoblast response. Increasing nACP content in poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds promoted osteoblast adhesion and proliferation. The nACP-containing scaffolds released calcium and phosphate ions which are known to activate osteoblast function. Scaffold libraries were fabricated in two formats, gradients and arrays, and the magnitude of the effect of nACP on osteoblast proliferation was greater for arrays than gradients. The enhanced response in arrays can be explained by differences in cell culture designs, diffusional effects and differences in the ratio of "scaffold mass to culture medium". These results introduce a gradient library approach for screening large pore 3D scaffolds and demonstrate that inclusion of the nACP particles enhances osteoblast proliferation in 3D scaffolds. Further, comparison of gradients and arrays suggests that gradients were more sensitive for detecting effects of scaffold composition on cell adhesion (short time points, 1 day) whereas arrays were more sensitive at detecting effects on cell proliferation (longer time points, 14 day).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Chatterjee
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Compelling evidence of a cell surface receptor sensitive to extracellular calcium was observed as early as the 1980s and was finally realized in 1993 when the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) was cloned from bovine parathyroid tissue. Initial studies relating to the CaR focused on its key role in extracellular calcium homeostasis, but as the amount of information about the receptor grew it became evident that it was involved in many biological processes unrelated to calcium homeostasis. The CaR responds to a diverse array of stimuli extending well beyond that merely of calcium, and these stimuli can lead to the initiation of a wide variety of intracellular signaling pathways that in turn are able to regulate a diverse range of biological processes. It has been through the examination of the molecular characteristics of the CaR that we now have an understanding of how this single receptor is able to convert extracellular messages into specific cellular responses. Recent CaR-related reviews have focused on specific aspects of the receptor, generally in the context of the CaR's role in physiology and pathophysiology. This review will provide a comprehensive exploration of the different aspects of the receptor, including its structure, stimuli, signalling, interacting protein partners, and tissue expression patterns, and will relate their impact on the functionality of the CaR from a molecular perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Magno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, First Floor, C Block, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
El-Zaatari M, Zavros Y, Tessier A, Waghray M, Lentz S, Gumucio D, Todisco A, Merchant JL. Intracellular calcium release and protein kinase C activation stimulate sonic hedgehog gene expression during gastric acid secretion. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:2061-2071.e2. [PMID: 20816837 PMCID: PMC2997213 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hypochlorhydria during Helicobacter pylori infection inhibits gastric Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) expression. We investigated whether acid-secretory mechanisms regulate Shh gene expression through intracellular calcium (Ca2(+)(i))-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) activation. METHODS We blocked Hedgehog signaling by transgenically overexpressing a secreted form of the Hedgehog interacting protein-1, a natural inhibitor of hedgehog ligands, which induced hypochlorhydria. Gadolinium, ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) + 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), PKC-overexpressing adenoviruses, and PKC inhibitors were used to modulate Ca(2+)(i)-release, PKC activity, and Shh gene expression in primary gastric cell, organ, and AGS cell line cultures. PKA hyperactivity was induced in the H(+)/K(+)-β-cholera-toxin-overexpressing mice. RESULTS Mice that expressed secreted hedgehog-interacting protein-1 had lower levels of gastric acid (hypochlorhydria), reduced production of somatostatin, and increased gastrin gene expression. Hypochlorhydria in these mice repressed Shh gene expression, similar to the levels obtained with omeprazole treatment of wild-type mice. However, Shh expression also was repressed in the hyperchlorhydric H(+)/K(+)-β-cholera-toxin model with increased cAMP, suggesting that the regulation of Shh was not solely acid-dependent, but pertained to specific acid-stimulatory signaling pathways. Based on previous reports that Ca(2+)(i) release also stimulates acid secretion in parietal cells, we showed that gadolinium-, thapsigargin-, and carbachol-mediated release of Ca(2+)(i) induced Shh expression. Ca(2+)-chelation with BAPTA + EGTA reduced Shh expression. Overexpression of PKC-α, -β, and -δ (but not PKC-ϵ) induced an Shh gene expression. In addition, phorbol esters induced a Shh-regulated reporter gene. CONCLUSIONS Secretagogues that stimulate gastric acid secretion induce Shh gene expression through increased Ca(2+)(i)-release and PKC activation. Shh might be the ligand transducing changes in gastric acidity to the regulation of G-cell secretion of gastrin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El-Zaatari
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Art Tessier
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Meghna Waghray
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Steve Lentz
- Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Deborah Gumucio
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Andrea Todisco
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Correspondence: Juanita L. Merchant, M.D., Ph.D., 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB, Rm. 2051, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, Phone: (734) 647-2944, Fax: (734) 736-4686,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Boudot C, Saidak Z, Boulanouar AK, Petit L, Gouilleux F, Massy Z, Brazier M, Mentaverri R, Kamel S. Implication of the calcium sensing receptor and the Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway in the extracellular calcium-mediated migration of RAW 264.7 osteoclast precursor cells. Bone 2010; 46:1416-23. [PMID: 20149906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.01.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While the processes involved in the formation, maturation and apoptosis of osteoclasts have been investigated extensively in previous studies, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the localization and homing of osteoclast precursor cells to the bone environment in order to initiate the bone remodeling process. Recent studies have suggested that the extracellular Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)(o)) concentration gradient present near the bone environment may be one of the participating factors, producing a chemoattractant effect on osteoclast precursors. Using the murine osteoclast precursor cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, the RAW 264.7 cell line, we have shown that Ca(2+)(o) increases the migration of these cells in a directional manner. The participation of the calcium sensing receptor (CaR) in this effect was tested by knocking down its expression through RNA interference, which resulted in an abolition of the migratory response. By the use of specific pathway inhibitors and western blot analysis, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and phospholipase Cbeta pathways were shown to be implicated in the migratory effect. The implication of the Akt pathway in the Ca(2+)(o)-induced chemoattraction of RAW 264.7 cells was also confirmed by transducing the cells with the fusion protein TAT-dominant negative-Akt, which decreased the migratory effect. In contrast, the MAPK pathways (ERK1/2, p38 and JNK) were not involved in the production of the migratory effect. We conclude that through the activation of the CaR and subsequent signaling via the PI3K/Akt pathway, Ca(2+)(o) produces a chemoattractant effect on the osteoclast precursor RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that the Ca(2+)(o) gradient present near the bone may be one of the initiating factors for the homing of osteoclast precursors to bone, thus possibly playing a role in the initiation of bone remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Boudot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 Rue des Louvels, Amiens, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Narita H, Itoh S, Imazato S, Yoshitake F, Ebisu S. An explanation of the mineralization mechanism in osteoblasts induced by calcium hydroxide. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:586-90. [PMID: 19665060 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)(2)) has been broadly used in endodontics, including apexification to obtain apical closure by mineralization. However, the detailed mechanism of mineralization induced by Ca(OH)(2) is still unclear. This study focuses on the function of calcium and hydroxyl ions which dissociate from Ca(OH)(2) during the mineralization process. Though primary osteoblasts cultured in the medium without or with 0.025mgml(-1) Ca(OH)(2) did not show mineralization, they did exhibit mineralization when they were cultured with a higher concentration of Ca(OH)(2) (0.25mgml(-1)). Mineralization induced in the presence of 0.25mgml(-1) Ca(OH)(2) was greater at pH 7.4 than at pH 8.5. The high mineralization activity observed under neutral conditions was caused by the prolonged activation of p38 and JNK. Hydroxyl ions did not have any effect on the mineralization. The results demonstrate that calcium ions dissociated from Ca(OH)(2) are critical for inducing the mineralization of osteoblasts.
Collapse
|
29
|
Fromigué O, Haÿ E, Barbara A, Petrel C, Traiffort E, Ruat M, Marie PJ. Calcium sensing receptor‐dependent and receptor‐independent activation of osteoblast replication and survival by strontium ranelate. J Cell Mol Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Fromigué
- Laboratory of osteoblast biology and pathology, INSERM U606 and University Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Eric Haÿ
- Laboratory of osteoblast biology and pathology, INSERM U606 and University Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Alain Barbara
- Laboratory of osteoblast biology and pathology, INSERM U606 and University Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Petrel
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, UPR 9040 CNRS, IFR 2118, Gif‐sur‐Yvette, France
| | - Elisabeth Traiffort
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, UPR 9040 CNRS, IFR 2118, Gif‐sur‐Yvette, France
| | - Martial Ruat
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, UPR 9040 CNRS, IFR 2118, Gif‐sur‐Yvette, France
| | - Pierre J. Marie
- Laboratory of osteoblast biology and pathology, INSERM U606 and University Paris 7, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Varanasi V, Saiz E, Loomer P, Ancheta B, Uritani N, Ho S, Tomsia A, Marshall S, Marshall G. Enhanced osteocalcin expression by osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1) exposed to bioactive coating glass (SiO2-CaO-P2O5-MgO-K2O-Na2O system) ions. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:3536-47. [PMID: 19497391 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that bioactive coating glass (SiO(2)-CaO-P(2)O(5)-MgO-K(2)O-Na(2)O system), used for implant coatings, enhanced the induction of collagen type 1 synthesis and in turn enhanced the expression of downstream markers alkaline phosphatase, Runx2 and osteocalcin during osteoblast differentiation. The ions from experimental bioactive glass (6P53-b) and commercial Bioglass(TM) (45S5) were added to osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 subclone 4 cultures as a supplemented ion extract (glass conditioned medium (GCM)). Ion extracts contained significantly higher concentrations of Si and Ca (Si, 47.9+/-10.4 ppm; Ca, 69.8+/-14.0 for 45S5; Si, 33.4+/-3.8 ppm; Ca, 57.1+/-2.8 ppm for 6P53-b) compared with the control extract (Si<0.1 ppm, Ca 49.0 ppm in alpha-MEM) (ANOVA, p<0.05). Cell proliferation rate was enhanced (1.5x control) within the first 3 days after adding 45S5 and 6P53-b GCM. MC3T3-E1 subclone 4 cultures were then studied for their response to the addition of test media (GCM and control medium along with ascorbic acid (AA; 50 ppm)). Each GCM+AA treatment enhanced collagen type 1 synthesis as observed in both gene expression results (day 1, Col1alpha1, 45S5 GCM+AA: 3x control+AA; 6P53-b GCM+AA: 4x control+AA; day 5, Col1alpha2, 45S5 GCM+AA: 3.15x control+AA; 6P53-b GCM+AA: 2.35x control+AA) and in histological studies (Picrosirius stain) throughout the time course of early differentiation. Continued addition of each GCM and AA treatment led to enhanced expression of alkaline phosphatase (1.4x control+AA after 5 days, 2x control+AA after 10 days), Runx2 (2x control+AA after 7 days) and osteocalcin gene (day 3, 45S5 GCM+AA: 14x control+AA; day 5, 6P53-b GCM+AA: 19x control+AA) and protein expression (40x-70x control+AA after 6 days). These results indicated the enhanced effect of bioactive glass ions on key osteogenic markers important for the bone healing process.
Collapse
|
31
|
De Santis T, Casavola V, Reshkin SJ, Guerra L, Ambruosi B, Fiandanese N, Dalbies-Tran R, Goudet G, Dell'Aquila ME. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor is expressed in the cumulus-oocyte complex in mammals and modulates oocyte meiotic maturation. Reproduction 2009; 138:439-52. [PMID: 19494043 DOI: 10.1530/rep-09-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) plays an important role in cells involved in calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis by directly sensing changes in the extracellular Ca2+ ion concentration. We previously reported the localization and quantitative expression of CASR protein in human oocytes. In this study, we examined the expression and the functional role of CASR during oocyte meiotic maturation in a large mammal animal model, the horse. As in humans, CASR protein was found to be expressed in equine oocytes and cumulus cells. Western-blot analysis revealed a single 130 kDa band in denuded oocytes and a doublet of 130-120 kDa in cumulus cells. CASR labeling was observed by confocal microscopy in cumulus cells and in oocytes on the plasma membrane and within the cytoplasm at all examined stages of meiosis. Functionally, the CASR allosteric effector NPS R-467, in the presence of 2.92 mM external Ca2+, increased oocyte maturation rate in a dose-dependent manner and its stimulatory effect was attenuated by pre-treatment with the CASR antagonist NPS 2390. NPS R-467 had no effect in suboptimal external Ca2+ (0.5 mM), indicating that it requires higher external Ca2+ to promote oocyte maturation. In oocytes treated with NPS R-467, CASR staining increased at the plasmalemma and was reduced in the cytosol. Moreover, NPS R-467 increased the activity of MAPK, also called ERK, in cumulus cells and oocytes. These results provide evidence of a novel signal transduction pathway modulating oocyte meiotic maturation in mammals in addition to the well-known systemic hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa De Santis
- Department of Animal Production, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Geibel JP, Hebert SC. The Functions and Roles of the Extracellular Ca2+–Sensing Receptor along the Gastrointestinal Tract. Annu Rev Physiol 2009; 71:205-17. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.010908.163128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John P. Geibel
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
| | - Steven C. Hebert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tfelt-Hansen J, Brown EM. THE CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR IN NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: A Review. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2008; 42:35-70. [PMID: 15697170 DOI: 10.1080/10408360590886606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a G protein-coupled, calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) a decade ago and of diseases caused by CaR mutations provided unquestionable evidence of the CaR's critical role in the maintenance of systemic calcium homeostasis. On the cell membrane of the chief cells of the parathyroid glands, the CaR "senses" the extracellular calcium concentration and, subsequently, alters the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH). The CaR is likewise functionally expressed in bone, kidney, and gut--the three major calcium-translocating organs involved in calcium homeostasis. Intracellular signal pathways to which the CaR couples via its associated G proteins include phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase B (AKT); and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The receptor is widely expressed in various tissues and regulates important cellular functions in addition to its role in maintaining systemic calcium homeostasis, i.e., protection against apoptosis, cellular proliferation, and membrane voltage. Functionally significant mutations in the receptor have been shown to induce diseases of calcium homeostasis owing to changes in the set point for calcium-regulated PTH release as well as alterations in the renal handling of calcium. Gain-of-function mutations cause hypocalcemia, whereas loss-of-function mutations produce hypercalcemia. Recent studies have shown that the latter clinical presentation can also be caused by inactivating autoantibodies directed against the CaR Newly discovered type II allosteric activators of the CaR have been found to be effective as a medical treatment for renal secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Tfelt-Hansen
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Department B, H:S Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li JL, Cui B, Qi L, Li XY, Deng LF, Ning G, Liu JM. NMDA enhances stretching-induced differentiation of osteoblasts through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Bone 2008; 43:469-75. [PMID: 18573356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the excitatory neurotransmitter N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and stretching both increase Ca(2+) influx in osteoblastic cells. We postulated that NMDA would enhance the osteoblastic cell's response to stretching. The goal of this study was to investigate, in the presence of the neurotransmitter NMDA, the effect of mechanical loading on osteoblast's stage of differentiation and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway associated with it. Rat primary osteoblastic cells were subjected to cyclic, equibiaxial stretch for 48 h in the presence or absence of NMDA. Pretreatment with 0.5 mM NMDA significantly enhanced the stretching magnitude-dependent increase in osteogenesis markers. MK801, an antagonist of NMDA receptors, abolished those responses. To further study the mechanism of this response, osteoblastic cells were stretched for 5, 15, or 60 min in the absence of NMDA. Cyclic stretch induced a rapid increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK1/2 phosphorylation with the peak at 15 min, but no changes were noted in p38 and JNK pathway signaling. NMDA could enhance ERK1/2 phosphorylation stimulated by stretching. U0126, an inhibitor of ERK1/2, blocked the increase in osteogenesis markers. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that there is a synergistic effect between mechanical stimulation and NMDA in osteoblasts. ERK1/2 signaling may be the common pathway in the increased response to stretching in the presence of NMDA in osteoblastic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Li Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tumor anti-angiogenic effect and mechanism of action of δ-tocotrienol. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:330-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
36
|
Caverzasio J. Strontium ranelate promotes osteoblastic cell replication through at least two different mechanisms. Bone 2008; 42:1131-6. [PMID: 18378206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in osteoblastic cell replication induced by strontium ranelate are presently under investigation. The calcium-sensing receptor is a suggested target but other potential mechanisms have not been investigated. Signaling pathways involved in strontium ranelate-induced replication were investigated in preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 and pluripotent mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells. Strontium ranelate effects were compared with those of calcium chloride as Ca(2+). In MC3T3-E1 cells, strontium ranelate but not CaCl(2) dose-dependently increased cell number whereas similar effects were observed for both cations in C3H10T1/2 cells. Immunoblot analysis indicated that activation of ERK, PKC and PKD by strontium ranelate in MC3T3-E1 cells was delayed compared with CaCl(2). Indeed, onset of signaling by strontium ranelate was detected after one or several hours whereas CaCl(2) had a maximal effect already after 5 min exposure. In C3H10T1/2 cells, strontium ranelate induced two types of signaling, a rapid effect and a delayed response. In addition to activation of ERK, PKC and PKD, strontium ranelate and CaCl(2) also transiently activated p38 in C3H10T1/2 cells. Functional analysis with specific inhibitors indicated that cell replication induced by strontium ranelate involves a PKC/PKD pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells and p38 in C3H10T1/2 cells. In both cell types, inhibition of the ERK pathway decreased basal cell replication but not the strontium ranelate response. In conclusion, strontium ranelate increases the replication of cells of the osteoblastic lineage by two distinct cellular mechanisms. Strontium ranelate may directly interact with the CaSR and trigger mitogenic signals such as p38 in C3H10T1/2 cells. The delayed activation of several signaling pathways in both cell lines, however, suggests the release of an autocrine growth factor by strontium ranelate that represents another potential mechanism for inducing osteoblastic cell replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Caverzasio
- Service of Bone Diseases, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shimizu H, Nakagami H, Osako MK, Hanayama R, Kunugiza Y, Kizawa T, Tomita T, Yoshikawa H, Ogihara T, Morishita R. Angiotensin II accelerates osteoporosis by activating osteoclasts. FASEB J 2008; 22:2465-75. [PMID: 18256306 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-098954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical studies suggest that several antihypertensive drugs, especially angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, reduced bone fractures. To clarify the relationship between hypertension and osteoporosis, we focused on the role of angiotensin II (Ang II) on bone metabolism. In bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells, Ang II (1x10(-6) M) significantly increased tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) -positive multinuclear osteoclasts. Of importance, Ang II significantly induced the expression of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) in osteoblasts, leading to the activation of osteoclasts, whereas these effects were completely blocked by an Ang II type 1 receptor blockade (olmesartan) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors. In a rat ovariectomy model of estrogen deficiency, administration of Ang II (200 ng/kg/min) accelerated the increase in TRAP activity, accompanied by a significant decrease in bone density and an increase in urinary deoxypyridinoline. In hypertensive rats, treatment with olmesartan attenuated the ovariectomy-induced decrease in bone density and increase in TRAP activity and urinary deoxypyridinoline. Furthermore, in wild-type mice ovariectomy with five-sixths nephrectomy decreased bone volume by microcomputed tomography, whereas these change was not detect in Ang II type 1a receptor-deficient mice. Overall, Ang II accelerates osteoporosis by activating osteoclasts via RANKL induction. Blockade of Ang II might become a novel therapeutic approach to prevent osteoporosis in hypertensive patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Shimizu
- Division of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Čokić VP, Schechter AN. Chapter 7 Effects of Nitric Oxide on Red Blood Cell Development and Phenotype. Curr Top Dev Biol 2008; 82:169-215. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(07)00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
39
|
Justinich CJ, Mak N, Pacheco I, Mulder D, Wells RW, Blennerhassett MG, MacLeod RJ. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) on human esophagus and evidence of expression of the CaSR on the esophageal epithelial cell line (HET-1A). Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G120-9. [PMID: 17962359 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00226.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal reflux disease and eosinophilic esophagitis are characterized by basal cell hyperplasia. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a G protein-coupled receptor, which may be activated by divalent agonists, is expressed throughout the gastrointestinal system. The CaSR may regulate proliferation or differentiation, depending on cell type and tissue. The current experiments demonstrate the expression of the CaSR on a human esophageal epithelial cell line (HET-1A) and the location and expression of the CaSR in the human esophagus. CaSR immunoreactivity was seen in the basal layer of normal human esophagus. CaSR expression was confirmed in HET-1A cells by RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and Western blot analysis. CaSR stimulation by extracellular calcium or agonists, such as spermine or Mg(2+), caused ERK1 and 2 activation, intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) mobilization (as assessed by microspecfluorometry using Fluo-4), and secretion of the multifunctional cytokine IL-8 (CX-CL8). HET-1A cells transiently transfected with small interfering (si)RNA duplex against the CaSR manifested attenuated responses to Ca(2+) stimulation of phospho- (p)ERK1 and 2, [Ca(2+)](i) mobilization, and IL-8 secretion, whereas responses to acetylcholine (ACh) remained sustained. An inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) (U73122) blocked CaSR-stimulated [Ca(2+)](i) release. We conclude that the CaSR is present on basal cells of the human esophagus and is present in a functional manner on the esophageal epithelial cell line, HET-1A.
Collapse
|
40
|
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yamaguchi
- Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Maiti A, Hait NC, Beckman MJ. Extracellular Calcium-sensing Receptor Activation Induces Vitamin D Receptor Levels in Proximal Kidney HK-2G Cells by a Mechanism That Requires Phosphorylation of p38α MAPK. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:175-183. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707269200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
|
42
|
Christodoulou I, Buttery LDK, Tai G, Hench LL, Polak JM. Characterization of human fetal osteoblasts by microarray analysis following stimulation with 58S bioactive gel-glass ionic dissolution products. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2006; 77:431-46. [PMID: 16333845 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive glasses dissolve upon immersion in culture medium, releasing their constitutive ions in solution. There is evidence suggesting that these ionic dissolution products influence osteoblast-specific processes. Here, we investigated the effect of 58S sol-gel-derived bioactive glass (60 mol % SiO2, 36 mol % CaO, 4 mol % P2O5) dissolution products on primary osteoblasts derived from human fetal long bone explant cultures (hFOBs). We used U133A human genome GeneChip oligonucleotide arrays to examine 22,283 transcripts and variants, which represent over 18,000 well-substantiated human genes. Hybridization of samples (biotinylated cRNA) derived from monolayer cultures of hFOBs on the arrays revealed that 10,571 transcripts were expressed by these cells, with high confidence. These included transcripts representing osteoblast-related genes coding for growth factors and their associated molecules or receptors, protein components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), enzymes involved in degradation of the ECM, transcription factors, and other important osteoblast-associated markers. A 24-h treatment with a single dosage of ionic products of sol-gel 58S dissolution induced the differential expression of a number of genes, including IL-6 signal transducer/gp130, ISGF-3/STAT1, HIF-1 responsive RTP801, ERK1 p44 MAPK (MAPK3), MAPKAPK2, IGF-I and IGFBP-5. The over 2-fold up-regulation of gp130 and MAPK3 and down-regulation of IGF-I were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR analysis. These data suggest that 58S ionic dissolution products possibly mediate the bioactive effect of 58S through components of the IGF system and MAPK signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Christodoulou
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM) Centre, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Campus, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Calcium sensing receptors (CaR) are unique among G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) since both the first (extracellular) and second (intracellular) messengers are Ca(2+). CaR serves to translate small fluctuations in extracellular Ca(2+) into intracellular Ca(2+) oscillations. In many cells and tissues, CaR also acts as a coincidence detector, sensing both changes in extracellular Ca(2+) plus the presence of various allosteric activators including amino acids, polyamines, and/or peptides. CaR oscillations are uniquely shaped by the activating agonist, that is, Ca(2+) triggers sinusoidal oscillations while Ca(2+) plus phenylalanine trigger transient oscillations of lower frequency. The distinct oscillation patterns generated by Ca(2+)versus Ca(2+) plus phenylalanine are the results of activation of distinct signal transduction pathways. CaR is a member of Family C GPCRs, having a large extracellular agonist binding domain, and functioning as a disulfide-linked dimer. The CaR dimer likely can be driven to distinct active conformations by various Ca(2+) plus modulator combinations, which can drive preferential coupling to divergent signaling pathways. Such plasticity with respect to both agonist and signaling outcomes allows CaR to uniquely contribute to the physiology of organs and tissues where it is expressed. This chapter will examine the structural features of CaR, which contribute to its unique properties, the nature of CaR-induced intracellular Ca(2+) signals and the potential role(s) for CaR in development and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerda E Breitwieser
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Manning AT, O'Brien N, Kerin MJ. Roles for the calcium sensing receptor in primary and metastatic cancer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2006; 32:693-7. [PMID: 16765016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To review the role of the calcium sensing receptor (CASR) in colorectal, breast and parathyroid cancers and related cell lines, and to discuss the effects of CASR in the setting of bone metastases from breast cancer. METHODS We performed a literature search of the PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to identify articles concerning the CASR's involvement in different cancers. Further relevant papers were obtained from the references of those identified in the original search. RESULTS Loss of CASR expression is understood to be associated with abnormal differentiation and progression of colorectal carcinoma. It is expressed in both normal and malignant breast tissues and has been implicated in the vicious cycle of bone metastases through its interactions with the parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP). In parathyroid tissue, CASR expression has been linked to proliferation of both parathyroid adenomas and carcinomas. CONCLUSION Apart from its role in calcium homeostasis, the CASR has many diverse functions in a variety of tissue types throughout the body, and is involved in various signalling pathways relating to cell proliferation and differentiation. CASR has been shown to be involved in the progression and spread of a variety of cancers such as colorectal, breast and parathyroid, and is likely to be the focus of much research to further elucidate its precise role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Manning
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Science Institute, University College Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Calcium is an essential ion in both marine and terrestrial organisms, where it plays a crucial role in processes ranging from the formation and maintenance of the skeleton to the regulation of neuronal function. The Ca2+ balance is maintained by three organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract, bone and kidney.
Since first being cloned in 1993 the Ca2+-sensing receptor has been expressed along the entire gastrointestinal tract, until now the exact function is only partly elucidated. As of this date it still remains to be determined if the Ca2+-sensing receptor is involved in calcium handling by the gastrointestinal tract. However, there are few studies showing physiological effects of the Ca2+-sensing receptor on gastric acid secretion and fluid transport in the colon. In addition, polyamines and amino acids have been shown to activate the Ca2+-sensing receptor and also act as allosteric modifiers to signal nutrient availability to intestinal epithelial cells. Activation of the colonic Ca2+-sensing receptor can abrogate cyclic nucleotide-mediated fluid secretion suggesting a role of the receptor in modifying secretory diarrheas like cholera. For many cell types changes in extracellular Ca2+ concentration can switch the cellular behavior from proliferation to terminal differentiation or quiescence. As cancer remains predominantly a disease of disordered balance between proliferation, termination and apoptosis, disruption in the function of the Ca2+-sensing receptor may contribute to the progression of neoplastic disease. Loss of the growth suppressing effects of elevated extracellular Ca2+ have been demonstrated in colon carcinoma, and have been correlated with changes in the level of CaSR expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Kirchhoff
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pi M, Quarles LD. Osteoblast calcium-sensing receptor has characteristics of ANF/7TM receptors. J Cell Biochem 2005; 95:1081-92. [PMID: 15962313 PMCID: PMC1360183 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence for a functionally important extracellular calcium-sensing receptor in osteoblasts, but there is disagreement regarding its identity. Candidates are CASR and a putative novel calcium-sensing receptor, called Ob.CASR. To further characterize Ob.CASR and to distinguish it from CASR, we examined the extracellular cation-sensing response in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts and in osteoblasts derived from CASR null mice. We found that extracellular cations activate ERK and serum response element (SRE)-luciferase reporter activity in osteoblasts lacking CASR. Amino acids, but not the calcimimetic NPS-R568, an allosteric modulator of CASR, also stimulate Ob.CASR-dependent SRE-luciferase activation in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. In addition, we found that the dominant negative Galphaq(305-359) construct inhibited cation-stimulated ERK activation, consistent with Ob.CASR coupling to Galphaq-dependent pathways. Ob.CASR is also a target for classical GPCR desensitization mechanisms, since beta-arrestins, which bind to and uncouple GRK phosphorylated GPCRs, attenuated cation-stimulated SRE-luciferase activity in CASR deficient osteoblasts. Finally, we found that Ob.CASR and CASR couple to SRE through distinct signaling pathways. Ob.CASR does not activate RhoA and C3 toxin fails to block Ob.CASR-induced SRE-luciferase activity. Mutational analysis of the serum response factor (SRF) and ternary complex factor (TCF) elements in SRE demonstrates that Ob.CASR predominantly activates TCF-dependent mechanisms, whereas CASR activates SRE-luciferase mainly through a RhoA and SRF-dependent mechanism. The ability of Ob.CASR to sense cations and amino acids and function like a G-protein coupled receptor suggests that it may belong to the family of receptors characterized by an evolutionarily conserved amino acid sensing motif (ANF) linked to an intramembranous 7 transmembrane loop region (7TM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Darryl Quarles
- *Correspondence to: L. Darryl Quarles, MD, Summerfield Endowed Professor of Nephrology, University of Kansas Medical Center MS 3018, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, 6018 Wahl Hall East, Kansas City, KS 66160. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Perkins GL, Derfoul A, Ast A, Hall DJ. An inhibitor of the stretch-activated cation receptor exerts a potent effect on chondrocyte phenotype. Differentiation 2005; 73:199-211. [PMID: 16026542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2005.00024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Rat chondrosarcoma (RCS) cells are unusual in that they display a stable chondrocyte phenotype in monolayer culture. This phenotype is reflected by a rounded cellular morphology with few actin-containing stress fibers and production of an extracellular matrix rich in sulfated proteoglycans, with high-level expression of aggrecan, COMP, Sox9, and collagens type II, IX, and XI. Additionally, these cells do not express collagen type I. Here it is shown that in the absence of any mechanical stimulation, treatment of RCS cells with gadolinium chloride (Gd3+), a stretch-activated cation channel blocker, caused the cells to undergo de-differentiation, adopting a flattened fibroblast phenotype with the marked appearance of actin stress fibers and vinculin-containing focal contacts. This change was accompanied by a dramatic reduction in the expression of aggrecan, Sox9, collagen types II, IX, and XI, with a corresponding increase in the expression of collagen type I and fibronectin. These effects were found to be reversible by simple removal of Gd3+ from the medium. Gd3+ also had a similar effect on expression of chondrocyte marker genes in freshly isolated human chondrocytes. These data suggest that mechanoreceptor signaling plays a key role in maintenance of the chondrocyte phenotype, even in the absence of mechanical stimulation. Further, treatment of RCS cells with Gd3+ provides a tractable system for assessing the molecular events underlying the reversible differentiation of chondrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gryphon L Perkins
- Cartilage Molecular Genetics Group, Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yano S, Macleod RJ, Chattopadhyay N, Tfelt-Hansen J, Kifor O, Butters RR, Brown EM. Calcium-sensing receptor activation stimulates parathyroid hormone-related protein secretion in prostate cancer cells: role of epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. Bone 2004; 35:664-72. [PMID: 15336602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2004] [Revised: 04/08/2004] [Accepted: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that high extracellular Ca2+ stimulates parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) release from human prostate and breast cancer cell lines as well as from H-500 rat Leydig cancer cells, an action mediated by the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR). Activating the CaR leads to phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that participate in PTHrP synthesis and secretion. Because the CaR is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), it is likely to transactivate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). In this study, we hypothesized that activation of the CaR transactivates the EGFR or PDGFR, and examined whether transactivation affects PTHrP secretion in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Using Western analysis, we observed that an increase in extracellular Ca2+ resulted in delayed activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in PC-3 cells. Pre-incubation with AG1478 (an EGFR kinase inhibitor) or an EGFR neutralizing antibody inhibited the high Ca2+ -induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. GM6001, a pan matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, also partially suppressed the ERK activation, but AG1296 (a PDGFR kinase inhibitor) did not. High extracellular Ca2+ stimulates PTHrP release during a 6-h incubation (1.5- to 2.5- and 3- to 4-fold increases in 3.0 and 7.5 mM Ca2+, respectively). When cells were preincubated with AG1478, GM6001, or an antihuman heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF) antibody, PTHrP secretion was significantly inhibited under basal as well as high Ca2+ conditions, while AG1296 had no effect on PTHrP secretion. Taken together, these findings indicate that activation of the CaR transactivates the EGFR, but not the PDGFR, leading to phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and resultant PTHrP secretion, although CaR-EGFR-ERK might not be the only signaling pathway for PTHrP secretion. This transactivation is most likely mediated by activation of MMP and cleavage of proheparin-binding EGF (proHB-EGF) to HB-EGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shozo Yano
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine and Membrane Biology Program, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
As a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) responds to changes in extracellular free calcium concentration by inducing intracellular signalling. These CaR-induced signals then specifically modulate cellular functions such as parathyroid hormone secretion from the parathyroid glands and calcium reabsorption in the kidney and thus to understand how the CaR functions one must understand how it signals. CaR-induced signalling involves intracellular Ca2+ mobilisation/oscillations as well as the activation of various phospholipases and protein kinases and the suppression of cAMP formation. This review will detail the intracellular pathways by which the CaR is believed to elicit its physiological functions and summarises the evidence for cell- and agonist-specific differential signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald T Ward
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, G38 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Stanton LA, Sabari S, Sampaio AV, Underhill TM, Beier F. p38 MAP kinase signalling is required for hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation. Biochem J 2004; 378:53-62. [PMID: 14594450 PMCID: PMC1223932 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2003] [Revised: 10/08/2003] [Accepted: 10/31/2003] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal growth of endochondral bones is accomplished through the co-ordinated proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes. The molecular mechanisms and signalling cascades controlling these processes are not well understood. To analyse the expression and roles of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in this process, we have established a micromass system for the reproducible hypertrophic differentiation of mouse mesenchymal limb bud cells. Our results show that all four mammalian p38 kinase genes are expressed during the chondrogenic programme, as well as their upstream regulators MKK3 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3) and MKK6. Treatment of micromass cultures with pharmacological inhibitors of p38 results in a marked delay in hypertrophic differentiation in micromass cultures, indicating a requirement for p38 signalling in chondrocyte differentiation. Inhibition of p38 kinase activity leads to reduced and delayed induction of alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization. In addition, p38 inhibition causes reduced expression of hypertrophic marker genes such as collagen X, matrix metalloproteinase 13 and bone sialoprotein. The function of p38 in hypertrophic differentiation appears to be mediated, at least in part, by the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2C. In summary, we have demonstrated a novel requirement for p38 signalling in hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes and identified myocyte enhancer factor 2C as an important regulator of chondrocyte gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Anne Stanton
- CHIR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|