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Lu C, Wolfs D, El ghormli L, Levitsky LL, Levitt Katz LE, Laffel LM, Patti ME, Isganaitis E. Growth Hormone Mediators and Glycemic Control in Youths With Type 2 Diabetes: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e240447. [PMID: 38421647 PMCID: PMC10905312 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Youth-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) has a more aggressive phenotype than adult-onset T2D, including rapid loss of glycemic control and increased complication risk. Objective To identify associations of growth hormone mediators with glycemic failure, beta cell function, and insulin sensitivity in youth-onset T2D. Design, Setting, and Participants This post hoc secondary analysis of the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) randomized clinical trial, which enrolled participants from July 2004 to February 2009, included 398 participants from 15 university-affiliated medical centers with available plasma samples from baseline and 36 months. Participants were youths aged 10 to 17 years with a duration of T2D of less than 2 years who were randomized to metformin, metformin plus lifestyle intervention, or metformin plus rosiglitazone. Participants were followed up for a mean (SD) of 3.9 (1.5) years during the trial, ending in 2011. Statistical analysis was performed from August 2022 to November 2023. Exposure Plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), growth hormone receptor (GHR), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1). Main Outcomes and Measures Main outcomes were (1) loss of glycemic control during the TODAY study, defined as hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level of 8% or more for 6 months or inability to wean from insulin therapy, and (2) baseline and 36-month measures of glycemia (fasting glucose, HbA1c), insulin sensitivity (1/fasting C-peptide), high-molecular-weight adiponectin, and beta cell function (C-peptide index, C-peptide oral disposition index). Results This analysis included 398 participants (mean [SD] age, 13.9 [2.0] years; 248 girls [62%]; 166 Hispanic participants [42%]; 134 non-Hispanic Black participants [34%], and 84 non-Hispanic White participants [21%]). A greater increase in IGF-1 level between baseline and 36 months was associated with lower odds of glycemic failure (odds ratio [OR], 0.995 [95% CI, 0.991-0.997]; P < .001) and higher C-peptide index per 100-ng/mL increase in IGF-1 (β [SE], 0.015 [0.003]; P < .001). A greater increase in log2 GHR level between baseline and 36 months was associated with higher odds of glycemic failure (OR, 1.75 [95% CI, 1.05-2.99]; P = .04) and lower C-peptide index (β [SE], -0.02 [0.006]; P < .001). A greater increase in log2 IGFBP-1 level between baseline and 36 months was associated with higher odds of glycemic failure (OR, 1.37 [95% CI, 1.09-1.74]; P = .007) and higher high-molecular-weight adiponectin (β [SE], 431 [156]; P = .007). Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that changes in plasma growth hormone mediators are associated with loss of glycemic control in youth-onset T2D, with IGF-1 associated with lower risk and GHR and IGFBP-1 associated with increased risk. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00081328.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Danielle Wolfs
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laure El ghormli
- The Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Lynne L. Levitsky
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Lorraine E. Levitt Katz
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Lori M. Laffel
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Elvira Isganaitis
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Wang Y, Zheng X, Xie X, Qian W, Ren Z, Chen Y, Wu X, Liao K, Ren W. Body fat distribution and circulating adipsin are related to metabolic risks in adult patients with newly diagnosed growth hormone deficiency and improve after treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110875. [PMID: 33254428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationships between body fat distribution, the adipokine adipsin and metabolic risks were assessed in patients with adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) before and after growth hormone (GH) treatment. METHODS Sixty newly diagnosed AGHD patients were included in our study, 24 of whom were evaluated after at least one year of GH treatment. Anthropometric parameters, glucolipid metabolism and the adipokine adipsin were measured. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and body composition were evaluated using a dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry (DXA) scanner. RESULTS At baseline, the higher VAT group had worse glucolipid metabolism parameters. Basal GH was negatively associated with VAT (r=-0.277, p = 0.045), while minimal correlations were found with fat mass depots, such as limbs and trunk fat (all p > 0.05). Adipsin was correlated with total body fat (r = 0.543, p < 0.001), VAT (r = 0.563, p < 0.001) and insulin resistance (r = 0.353, p = 0.006). The effect of GH administration on fat distribution was mainly reflected in the reduction in VAT. Partial improvements were found in lipid profiles, including increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and decreases in triglycerides (TGs) and lipoprotein(a), while glucose metabolism showed little change. The adipsin level also decreased significantly. The best predictors of VAT at baseline were trunk fat and IGF-I, and after treatment, VAT was predicted by decreased adipsin and an increase in lean mass. CONCLUSIONS (1) VAT is an important metabolic risk factor for AGHD patients. (2) GH treatment decreased body fat predominantly in the visceral and central fat depots. (3) The lipid profiles partially improved after treatment, while glucose metabolism showed little change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoya Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjie Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyu Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xun Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Pharaoh G, Owen D, Yeganeh A, Premkumar P, Farley J, Bhaskaran S, Ashpole N, Kinter M, Van Remmen H, Logan S. Disparate Central and Peripheral Effects of Circulating IGF-1 Deficiency on Tissue Mitochondrial Function. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1317-1331. [PMID: 31732912 PMCID: PMC7060968 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01821-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Age-related decline in circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is associated with reduced cognitive function, neuronal aging, and neurodegeneration. Decreased mitochondrial function along with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and accumulation of damaged macromolecules are hallmarks of cellular aging. Based on numerous studies indicating pleiotropic effects of IGF-1 during aging, we compared the central and peripheral effects of circulating IGF-1 deficiency on tissue mitochondrial function using an inducible liver IGF-1 knockout (LID). Circulating levels of IGF-1 (~ 75%) were depleted in adult male Igf1f/f mice via AAV-mediated knockdown of hepatic IGF-1 at 5 months of age. Cognitive function was evaluated at 18 months using the radial arm water maze and glucose and insulin tolerance assessed. Mitochondrial function was analyzed in hippocampus, muscle, and visceral fat tissues using high-resolution respirometry O2K as well as redox status and oxidative stress in the cortex. Peripherally, IGF-1 deficiency did not significantly impact muscle mass or mitochondrial function. Aged LID mice were insulin resistant and exhibited ~ 60% less adipose tissue but increased fat mitochondrial respiration (20%). The effects on fat metabolism were attributed to increases in growth hormone. Centrally, IGF-1 deficiency impaired hippocampal-dependent spatial acquisition as well as reversal learning in male mice. Hippocampal mitochondrial OXPHOS coupling efficiency and cortex ATP levels (~ 50%) were decreased and hippocampal oxidative stress (protein carbonylation and F2-isoprostanes) was increased. These data suggest that IGF-1 is critical for regulating mitochondrial function, redox status, and spatial learning in the central nervous system but has limited impact on peripheral (liver and muscle) metabolism with age. Therefore, IGF-1 deficiency with age may increase sensitivity to damage in the brain and propensity for cognitive deficits. Targeting mitochondrial function in the brain may be an avenue for therapy of age-related impairment of cognitive function. Regulation of mitochondrial function and redox status by IGF-1 is essential to maintain brain function and coordinate hippocampal-dependent spatial learning. While a decline in IGF-1 in the periphery may be beneficial to avert cancer progression, diminished central IGF-1 signaling may mediate, in part, age-related cognitive dysfunction and cognitive pathologies potentially by decreasing mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Pharaoh
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Daniel Owen
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Alexander Yeganeh
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Pavithra Premkumar
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Julie Farley
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Shylesh Bhaskaran
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Nicole Ashpole
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Michael Kinter
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sreemathi Logan
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Imperlini E, Mancini A, Alfieri A, Martone D, Caterino M, Orrù S, Buono P. Molecular effects of supraphysiological doses of doping agents on health. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1494-506. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00030k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Supraphysiological doses of doping agents, such as T/DHT and GH/IGF-1, affect cellular pathways associated with apoptosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annamaria Mancini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere
- Università “Parthenope” di Napoli
- 80133 Naples
- Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l
| | - Andreina Alfieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere
- Università “Parthenope” di Napoli
- 80133 Naples
- Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l
| | - Domenico Martone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere
- Università “Parthenope” di Napoli
- 80133 Naples
- Italy
| | | | - Stefania Orrù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere
- Università “Parthenope” di Napoli
- 80133 Naples
- Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- IRCCS SDN
- Naples
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere
- Università “Parthenope” di Napoli
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Mohamad MI, Khater MS. Evaluation of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) level and its impact on muscle and bone mineral density in frail elderly male. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2014; 60:124-7. [PMID: 25240725 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Decrease in IGF-1 level is a major endocrine dysregulation that has been implicated in frailty, disability, and mortality in older adults. Our aim was to clarify the effect of IGF-1 on muscle and bone mineral density (BMD) in frail males. One hundred elderly males were included and divided into frail group (n=50) and robust group (n=50) based on the study of osteoporotic fractures (SOF) frailty index. Anthropometric measures, femoral BMD, and serum IGF-1 level were measured. Our results showed that the IGF-1 level was significantly lower in the frail males in comparison to the robust with mean value 37.1±24.2 versus 68.5±18.4ng/ml (P<0.05). Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis of the IGF-1 level revealed that sensitivity was 88.5%, specificity was 100%, cutoff value was 46.5ng/ml and area under the curve (AUC) was 0.897 (P<0.05). Participants with low IGF-1 percentile had significantly higher odds ratio of being frail compared to those with high IGF-1 percentile (odds ratio=12.8, 95% CI: 4.2-38.8, P-value<0.05). Subjects with low IGF-1 percentile had 13.5 times the odds of having an abnormal BMD than those with middle IGF-1 percentile (95% CI: 3.4-53.3, P<0.05). In multivariate analysis BMD, mid arm circumference (MAC), mid calf circumference (MCC), and handgrip strength were significantly affected by IGF-1 percentiles with age and co-morbid diseases adjustment. Male subjects with a low IGF-1 level may be at risk of being frail and having abnormal BMD. 16.8% and 15% of variability in MCC and BMD may be attributed to IGF-1 level respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda I Mohamad
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed S Khater
- Geriatrics and Gerontology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Nielsen TS, Jessen N, Jørgensen JOL, Møller N, Lund S. Dissecting adipose tissue lipolysis: molecular regulation and implications for metabolic disease. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:R199-222. [PMID: 24577718 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipolysis is the process by which triglycerides (TGs) are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol. In adipocytes, this is achieved by sequential action of adipose TG lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and monoglyceride lipase. The activity in the lipolytic pathway is tightly regulated by hormonal and nutritional factors. Under conditions of negative energy balance such as fasting and exercise, stimulation of lipolysis results in a profound increase in FFA release from adipose tissue (AT). This response is crucial in order to provide the organism with a sufficient supply of substrate for oxidative metabolism. However, failure to efficiently suppress lipolysis when FFA demands are low can have serious metabolic consequences and is believed to be a key mechanism in the development of type 2 diabetes in obesity. As the discovery of ATGL in 2004, substantial progress has been made in the delineation of the remarkable complexity of the regulatory network controlling adipocyte lipolysis. Notably, regulatory mechanisms have been identified on multiple levels of the lipolytic pathway, including gene transcription and translation, post-translational modifications, intracellular localization, protein-protein interactions, and protein stability/degradation. Here, we provide an overview of the recent advances in the field of AT lipolysis with particular focus on the molecular regulation of the two main lipases, ATGL and HSL, and the intracellular and extracellular signals affecting their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Svava Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, DenmarkThe Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, DenmarkThe Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jens Otto L Jørgensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Sten Lund
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 6.6.30, DK-2200 N Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Bldg. 3.0, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkDepartment of Molecular MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Sobrino Crespo C, Perianes Cachero A, Puebla Jiménez L, Barrios V, Arilla Ferreiro E. Peptides and food intake. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:58. [PMID: 24795698 PMCID: PMC4005944 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms for controlling food intake involve mainly an interplay between gut, brain, and adipose tissue (AT), among the major organs. Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and other systems are required for communication between the brain satiety center, gut, and AT. These neuronal circuits include a variety of peptides and hormones, being ghrelin the only orexigenic molecule known, whereas the plethora of other factors are inhibitors of appetite, suggesting its physiological relevance in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Nutrients generated by food digestion have been proposed to activate G-protein-coupled receptors on the luminal side of enteroendocrine cells, e.g., the L-cells. This stimulates the release of gut hormones into the circulation such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin, pancreatic polypeptides, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, and cholecystokinin, which inhibit appetite. Ghrelin is a peptide secreted from the stomach and, in contrast to other gut hormones, plasma levels decrease after a meal and potently stimulate food intake. Other circulating factors such as insulin and leptin relay information regarding long-term energy stores. Both hormones circulate at proportional levels to body fat content, enter the CNS proportionally to their plasma levels, and reduce food intake. Circulating hormones can influence the activity of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) neurons of the hypothalamus, after passing across the median eminence. Circulating factors such as gut hormones may also influence the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) through the adjacent circumventricular organ. On the other hand, gastrointestinal vagal afferents converge in the NTS of the brainstem. Neural projections from the NTS, in turn, carry signals to the hypothalamus. The ARC acts as an integrative center, with two major subpopulations of neurons influencing appetite, one of them coexpressing neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein (AgRP) that increases food intake, whereas the other subpopulation coexpresses pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript that inhibits food intake. AgRP antagonizes the effects of the POMC product, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Both populations project to areas important in the regulation of food intake, including the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, which also receives important inputs from other hypothalamic nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sobrino Crespo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Perianes Cachero
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Lilian Puebla Jiménez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Arilla Ferreiro
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- *Correspondence: Eduardo Arilla Ferreiro, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid E-28871, Spain e-mail:
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Boero L, Manavela M, Meroño T, Maidana P, Gómez Rosso L, Brites F. GH levels and insulin sensitivity are differently associated with biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in active acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77:579-85. [PMID: 22510144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Acromegaly is characterized by GH excess and insulin resistance. It is not known which of these disorders is responsible for the increased atherogenic risk in these patients. OBJECTIVE To analyse the associations of GH and homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA) with biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and to compare the above-mentioned variables between patients with active acromegaly and controls. DESIGN AND SETTING This open cross-sectional study was conducted at a University Hospital. PATIENTS Twenty-two outpatients were compared with sex- and age-matched control subjects. MAIN OUTCOMES Included clinical features, hormonal status, markers of insulin resistance, lipoprotein profile and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. RESULTS Patients presented higher triglyceride (median [IQR]) (1·2[1·1-1·6] vs 0·9[0·6-1·1] mm, P < 0·05), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (mean ± SD) (3·5 ± 0·9 vs 3·0 ± 0·7mm, P < 0·05), apoB (0·98 ± 0·23 vs 0·77 ± 0·22 g/l, P < 0·05), free fatty acid (0·69 ± 0·2 vs 0·54 ± 0·2 mM, P < 0·05), oxidized-LDL (120 ± 22 vs 85 ± 19 U/l, P < 0·05) and endothelin-1 (0·90 ± 0·23 vs 0·72 ± 0·17 ng/l, P < 0·05) levels, increased cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity (179 ± 27 vs 138 ± 30%/ml/h, P < 0·01) and lower C reactive protein (CRP) (0·25[0·1-0·9] vs 0·85[0·4-1·4] mg/l; P < 0·05) levels than control subjects. Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) concentration was not different. By multiple linear regression analyses, HOMA explained the variability of triglycerides (25%), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (30%) and CETP activity (28%), while GH independently predicted LDL-C (18%), oxidized-LDL (40%) and endothelin-1 levels (19%). CONCLUSIONS In patients with active acromegaly, GH excess contributes to the development of insulin resistance, and the interaction between both disturbances would be responsible for the appearance of atherogenic pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory factors. Insulin resistance would be preferably associated with an atherogenic lipoprotein profile and to high CETP activity, while high GH levels would independently predict the increase in LDL-C, ox-LDL and endothelin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Boero
- Department of Clinical of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, INFIBIOC, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Vijayakumar A, Yakar S, LeRoith D. The intricate role of growth hormone in metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:32. [PMID: 22654802 PMCID: PMC3356038 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH), a master regulator of somatic growth, also regulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism via complex interactions with insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Data from human and rodent studies reveal the importance of GH in insulin synthesis and secretion, lipid metabolism and body fat remodeling. In this review, we will summarize the tissue-specific metabolic effects of GH, with emphasis on recent targets identified to mediate these effects. Furthermore, we will discuss what role GH plays in obesity and present possible mechanisms by which this may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Vijayakumar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Derek LeRoith, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustav Levy Place, Box 1055, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA. e-mail:
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10
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Vijayakumar A, Novosyadlyy R, Wu Y, Yakar S, LeRoith D. Biological effects of growth hormone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010; 20:1-7. [PMID: 19800274 PMCID: PMC2815161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This review will summarize the metabolic effects of growth hormone (GH) on the adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle with focus on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The metabolic effects of GH predominantly involve the stimulation of lipolysis in the adipose tissue resulting in an increased flux of free fatty acids (FFAs) into the circulation. In the muscle and liver, GH stimulates triglyceride (TG) uptake, by enhancing lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression, and its subsequent storage. The effects of GH on carbohydrate metabolism are more complicated and may be mediated indirectly via the antagonism of insulin action. Furthermore, GH has a net anabolic effect on protein metabolism although the molecular mechanisms of its actions are not completely understood. The major questions that still remain to be answered are (i) What are the molecular mechanisms by which GH regulates substrate metabolism? (ii) Does GH affect substrate metabolism directly or indirectly via IGF-1 or antagonism of insulin action?
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Vijayakumar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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11
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Cho Y, Ariga M, Uchijima Y, Kimura K, Rho JY, Furuhata Y, Hakuno F, Yamanouchi K, Nishihara M, Takahashi SI. The novel roles of liver for compensation of insulin resistance in human growth hormone transgenic rats. Endocrinology 2006; 147:5374-84. [PMID: 16916956 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic excess of GH is known to cause hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. We developed human GH transgenic (TG) rats, which were characterized by high plasma levels of human GH and IGF-I. These TG rats showed higher levels of plasma insulin, compared with control littermates, whereas plasma glucose concentrations were normal. Insulin-dependent glucose uptake into adipocytes and muscle was impaired, suggesting that these rats developed insulin resistance. In contrast, insulin-independent glucose uptake into hepatocytes from TG rats was significantly increased, and glycogen and lipid levels in livers of TG rats were remarkably high. Because the role of liver in GH-induced insulin resistance is poorly understood, we studied insulin signaling at early stages and insulin action in liver and primary cultures of hepatocytes prepared from TG rats. There was no difference in insulin receptor kinase activity induced by insulin between TG and control rats; however, insulin-dependent insulin receptor substrate-2 tyrosine phosphorylation, glycogen synthase activation, and expression of enzymes that induce lipid synthesis were potentiated in hepatocytes of TG rats. These results suggest that impairment of insulin-dependent glucose uptake by GH excess in adipose tissue and muscle is compensated by up-regulation of glucose uptake in liver and that potentiation of insulin signaling through insulin receptor substrate-2 in liver experiencing GH excess causes an increase in glycogen and lipid synthesis from incorporated glucose, resulting in accumulation of glycogen and lipids in liver. This novel mechanism explains normalization of plasma glucose levels at least in part in a GH excess model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitake Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences , Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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12
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Berryman DE, List EO, Coschigano KT, Behar K, Kim JK, Kopchick JJ. Comparing adiposity profiles in three mouse models with altered GH signaling. Growth Horm IGF Res 2004; 14:309-318. [PMID: 15231300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2004.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Revised: 02/04/2004] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Three mouse lines with altered growth hormone (GH) signaling were used to study GH's role in adiposity. Dwarf GH receptor knockout mice (GHR -/-) and bovine GH antagonist expressing mice (GHA) had an increased percent body fat with most of the excess fat mass accumulating in the subcutaneous region. Giant bovine GH expressing mice (bGH) had a reduced percent body fat. Only GHA mice consumed significantly more food per body weight. Serum leptin levels were significantly increased in GHA mice and decreased in bGH mice but unchanged in the GHR -/- mice. Interestingly, serum adiponectin levels were significantly increased in the GHR -/- and GHA lines but decreased in bGH mice. These data suggest that suppression or absence of GH action and enhanced GH action indeed have opposite metabolic effects in terms of adiposity. Interestingly, adiponectin levels were positively correlated with previously reported insulin sensitivity of these mice, but also positively correlated with adiposity, which is contrary to findings in other mouse models. Thus, adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with GH function suggesting a role for adiponectin in GH-induced insulin resistance.
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13
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Shi H, Tzameli I, Bjørbaek C, Flier JS. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 is a physiological regulator of adipocyte insulin signaling. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:34733-40. [PMID: 15181014 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403886200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many proinflammatory cytokines and hormones have been demonstrated to be involved in insulin resistance. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby these cytokines and hormones inhibit insulin signaling are not completely understood. We observed that several cytokines and hormones that induce insulin resistance also stimulate SOCS3 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and that SOCS3 mRNA is increased in adipose tissue of obese/diabetic mice. We then hypothesized that SOCS3 may mediate cytokine- and hormone-induced insulin resistance. By using SOCS3-deficient adipocytes differentiated from mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we found that SOCS3 deficiency increases insulin-stimulated IRS1 and IRS2 phosphorylation, IRS-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Moreover, lack of SOCS3 substantially limits the inhibitory effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha to suppress IRS1 and IRS2 tyrosine phosphorylation, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, and glucose uptake in adipocytes. The ameliorated insulin signaling in SOCS3-deficient adipocytes is mainly due to the suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced IRS1 and IRS2 protein degradation. Therefore, our data suggest that endogenous SOCS3 expression is a key determinant of basal insulin signaling and is an important molecular mediator of cytokine-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes. We conclude that SOCS3 plays an important role in mediating insulin resistance and may be an excellent target for therapeutic intervention in insulin resistance and type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shi
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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14
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Fasshauer M, Paschke R. Regulation of adipocytokines and insulin resistance. Diabetologia 2003; 46:1594-603. [PMID: 14605806 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-003-1228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2003] [Revised: 07/31/2003] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It has long been known that obesity and insulin resistance are linked. Recently, it has been shown that adipocytes secrete several proteins including tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, resistin, and adiponectin. Since several of these so-called adipocytokines influence insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism profoundly, they might provide a molecular link between increased adiposity and impaired insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones which decrease insulin resistance and are used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes seem to mediate part of their insulin-sensitising effects via modulation of adipocytokine expression. Furthermore, hormones such as beta-adrenergic agonists, insulin, glucocorticoids, and growth hormone might impair insulin sensitivity at least in part via up-regulation or down-regulation of adipocytokine synthesis. We summarise the current knowledge on how major adipocyte-secreted proteins are regulated by hormones and drugs influencing insulin sensitivity and discuss its implications for insulin resistance and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fasshauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Kadokawa H, Briegel JR, Blackberry MA, Blache D, Martin GB, Adams NR. Relationships between plasma concentrations of leptin and other metabolic hormones in GH-transgenic sheep infused with glucose. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2003; 24:219-29. [PMID: 12642162 DOI: 10.1016/s0739-7240(02)00237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To study the regulation of leptin secretion in sheep, we infused glucose (0.32 g/h/kg for 12 h) into GH-transgenic animals (n = 8) that have chronically high plasma concentrations of ovine GH and insulin, but low body condition and low plasma leptin concentrations, and compared the responses with those in controls (n = 8). In both groups, the infusion increased plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin within 1 h and maintained high levels throughout the infusion period (P < 0.0001). Compared with controls, GH-transgenics had higher concentrations of insulin, IGF-1, GH (all P < 0.0001) and cortisol (P < 0.05), but lower GH pulse frequency (P < 0.0001). Overall, leptin concentrations were lower in GH-transgenics than in controls (P < 0.01). A postprandial increase in leptin concentrations was observed in both groups, independently of glucose treatment, after which the values remained elevated in animals infused with glucose, but returned to basal levels in those infused with saline, independently of transgene status. In both GH-transgenics and controls, glucose infusion did not affect the concentrations of GH, IGF-1, or cortisol. In conclusion, GH-transgenic and control sheep show similar responses to glucose infusion for leptin and other metabolic hormones, despite differences between them in body condition and basal levels of these hormones. Glucose, insulin, GH, IGF-1 and cortisol are probably not major factors in the acute control of leptin secretion in sheep, although sustained high concentrations of GH and IGF-1 might reduce adipose tissue mass or inhibit leptin gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kadokawa
- CSIRO Division of Livestock Industries, Private Bag #5, PO Wembley, WA 6913, Australia.
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Valet P, Tavernier G, Castan-Laurell I, Saulnier-Blache JS, Langin D. Understanding adipose tissue development from transgenic animal models. J Lipid Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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