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Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Nishizono A, Kawakami M, Sato Y, Kawakami K, Irokawa M, Tamaru T, Miyazaki S, Shimada M, Ozaki H, Primadharsini PP, Nagashima S, Murata K, Okamoto H. Recent decline in hepatitis E virus prevalence among wild boars in Japan: Probably due to countermeasures implemented in response to outbreaks of classical swine fever virus infection. Virus Res 2024; 348:199438. [PMID: 39013518 PMCID: PMC11315222 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have emphasized the necessity of surveillance and control measures for hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in wild boars, an important reservoir of HEV. To assess the current situation of HEV infection in wild boars in Japan, this study investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of HEV among wild boars captured in 16 prefectures of Japan during 2018-2023. Serum samples from 968 wild boars were examined for anti-HEV IgG antibodies and HEV RNA. The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG varied geographically from 0 % to 35.0 %. HEV RNA was detected in 3.6 % of boars, with prevalence varying by prefecture from 0 % to 22.2 %. Genotype 3 was the most prevalent genotype (91.9 %), followed by genotype 4 (5.4 %), with one strain closely related to genotype 6. The prevalence of HEV infection among wild boars decreased from 2018/2019 to 2022/2023 with significant declines in levels of anti-HEV IgG antibodies (14.5 % vs. 6.2 %, P < 0.0001) and HEV RNA (7.6 % vs. 1.5 %, P < 0.0001). Regional analysis showed varying trends, with no HEV RNA-positive boars found in several regions in recent years. A plausible factor contributing to the decline in HEV infection is the application of countermeasures, including installing fences to prevent intrusion into pig farms, implemented in response to the emergence of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection in wild boars and domestic pigs, with incidents reported annually since 2018. Further investigation is warranted to explore the association between countermeasures to CSFV infection and the decrease in HEV infection among wild boars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Akira Nishizono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Research Center for Global and Local Infectious Diseases, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Manri Kawakami
- Center for Liver Disease, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama, Okayama 700-8511, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kamiichi General Hospital, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0391, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kawakami
- Ayagawa National Health Insurance Sue Hospital, Ayauta-gun, Kagawa 761-2103, Japan
| | | | - Tomoko Tamaru
- Nishiizu Ken-ikukai Hospital, Kamo-gun, Shizuoka 410-3514, Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tottori Seikyo Hospital, Tottori, Tottori 680-0833, Japan
| | - Mizuho Shimada
- Health Care Center, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0434, Japan
| | | | - Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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Kanda T, Li TC, Takahashi M, Nagashima S, Primadharsini PP, Kunita S, Sasaki-Tanaka R, Inoue J, Tsuchiya A, Nakamoto S, Abe R, Fujiwara K, Yokosuka O, Suzuki R, Ishii K, Yotsuyanagi H, Okamoto H. Recent advances in hepatitis E virus research and the Japanese clinical practice guidelines for hepatitis E virus infection. Hepatol Res 2024; 54:1-30. [PMID: 38874115 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Acute hepatitis E was considered rare until reports emerged affirming the existence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 and 4 infections in Japan in the early 2000s. Extensive studies by Japanese researchers have highlighted the pivotal role of pigs and wild animals, such as wild boars and deer, as reservoirs for HEV, linking them to zoonotic infections in Japan. Currently, when hepatitis occurs subsequent to the consumption of undercooked or grilled pork, wild boar meat, or offal (including pig liver and intestines), HEV infection should be considered. Following the approval of anti-HEV immunoglobulin A antibody as a diagnostic tool for hepatitis E by Japan's Health Insurance System in 2011, the annual number of diagnosed cases of HEV infection has surged. Notably, the occurrence of post-transfusion hepatitis E promoted nationwide screening of blood products for HEV using nucleic acid amplification tests since 2020. Furthermore, chronic hepatitis E has been observed in immunosuppressed individuals. Considering the significance of hepatitis E, heightened preventive measures are essential. The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development Hepatitis A and E viruses (HAV and HEV) Study Group, which includes special virologists and hepatologists, held a virtual meeting on February 17, 2024. Discussions encompassed pathogenesis, transmission routes, diagnosis, complications, severity factors, and ongoing and prospective vaccination or treatments for hepatitis E. Rigorous assessment of referenced studies culminated in the formulation of recommendations, which are detailed within this review. This comprehensive review presents recent advancements in HEV research and Japanese clinical practice guidelines for HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Minamiuonuma, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kunita
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Reina Sasaki-Tanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jun Inoue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Abe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Ishii
- Department of Quality Assurance and Radiological Protection, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, Hospital of the Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Primadharsini PP, Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Sato Y, Nagashima S, Murata K, Okamoto H. The Full-Genome Analysis and Generation of an Infectious cDNA Clone of a Genotype 6 Hepatitis E Virus Variant Obtained from a Japanese Wild Boar: In Vitro Cultivation in Human Cell Lines. Viruses 2024; 16:842. [PMID: 38932135 PMCID: PMC11209168 DOI: 10.3390/v16060842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) can cause self-limiting acute and chronic hepatitis infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. In developing countries, HEV is mainly transmitted via drinking contaminated water, whereas zoonotic transmission dominates the route of infection in developed countries, including Japan. Pigs are an important reservoir for HEV infection. Wild boars, which share the same genus and species as domestic pigs, are also an HEV reservoir. During our nationwide study of HEV infection in wild boar populations in Japan, a genotype 6 (HEV-6) strain, wbJHG_23, was isolated in Hyogo Prefecture in 2023. The genomic length was 7244 nucleotides, excluding the poly(A) tract. The wbJHG_23 strain exhibited the highest nucleotide identity throughout its genome with two previously reported HEV-6 strains (80.3-80.9%). Conversely, it displayed lower similarity (73.3-78.1%) with the HEV-1-5, HEV-7, and HEV-8 strains, indicating that, although closely related, the wbJHG_23 strain differs significantly from the reported HEV-6 strains and might represent a novel subtype. The wbJHG_23 strain successfully infected the human-derived cancer cell lines, PLC/PRF/5 and A549 1-1H8 cells, suggesting that HEV-6 has the potential for zoonotic infection. An infectious cDNA clone was constructed using a reverse genetics system, and a cell culture system supporting the efficient propagation of the HEV-6 strain was established, providing important tools for further studies on this genotype. Using this cell culture system, we evaluated the sensitivity of the wbJHG_23 strain to ribavirin treatment. Its good response to this treatment suggested that it could be used to treat human infections caused by HEV-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (P.P.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (S.N.); (K.M.)
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (P.P.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (S.N.); (K.M.)
| | - Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (P.P.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (S.N.); (K.M.)
| | - Yukihiro Sato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kamiichi General Hospital, Nakaniikawa-Gun, Toyama 930-0391, Japan;
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (P.P.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (S.N.); (K.M.)
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (P.P.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (S.N.); (K.M.)
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (P.P.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.); (S.N.); (K.M.)
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Takahashi M, Kunita S, Nishizawa T, Ohnishi H, Primadharsini PP, Nagashima S, Murata K, Okamoto H. Infection Dynamics and Genomic Mutations of Hepatitis E Virus in Naturally Infected Pigs on a Farrow-to-Finish Farm in Japan: A Survey from 2012 to 2021. Viruses 2023; 15:1516. [PMID: 37515202 PMCID: PMC10385168 DOI: 10.3390/v15071516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute or chronic hepatitis in humans. Pigs are the primary reservoir for zoonotic HEV genotypes 3 and 4 worldwide. This study investigated the infection dynamics and genomic mutations of HEV in domestic pigs on a farrow-to-finish pig farm in Japan between 2012 and 2021. A high prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies was noted among pigs on this farm in 2012, when the survey started, and persisted for at least nine years. During 2012-2021, HEV RNA was detected in both serum and fecal samples, indicating active viral replication. Environmental samples, including slurry samples in manure pits, feces on the floor, floor and wall swabs in pens, and dust samples, also tested positive for HEV RNA, suggesting potential sources of infection within the farm environment. Indeed, pigs raised in HEV-contaminated houses had a higher rate of HEV infection than those in an HEV-free house. All 104 HEV strains belonged to subgenotype 3b, showing a gradual decrease in nucleotide identities over time. The 2012 (swEJM1201802S) and 2021 (swEJM2100729F) HEV strains shared 97.9% sequence identity over the entire genome. Importantly, the swEJM2100729F strain efficiently propagated in human hepatoma cells, demonstrating its infectivity. These findings contribute to our understanding of the prevalence, transmission dynamics, and genetic characteristics of HEV in domestic pigs, emphasizing the potential risks associated with HEV infections and are crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate the risk of HEV infection in both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kunita
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Sugiyama R, Takahara O, Yahata Y, Kanou K, Nagashima M, Kiyohara T, Li TC, Arima Y, Shinomiya H, Ishii K, Muramatsu M, Suzuki R. Nationwide epidemiologic and genetic surveillance of hepatitis E in Japan, 2014-2021. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28886. [PMID: 37350032 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging causative agent of acute hepatitis. To clarify the epidemiology of HEV and characterize the genetic diversity of the virus in Japan, nationwide enhanced surveillance and molecular characterization studies of HEV in Japan were undertaken from 2014 to 2021. In total, 2770 hepatitis E cases were reported, of which 88% were domestic cases, while only 4.1% represented cases following infection abroad. In addition, 57% of domestic infections occurred in males aged in their 40s-70s. For domestic cases, infection via pork meat consumption continued to be the most reported route. Analysis of the 324 sequences detected between 2016 and 2021 showed that the majority of domestic HEV strains belong to Genotype 3a (G3a) and G3b. In contrast, six of eight cases of G1 HEV reflected infection abroad. Our results suggest that HEV is circulating widely in Japan, with genotypes G3a and G3b being most prevalent. Continued surveillance is necessary to monitor future trends and changes in the epidemiology of HEV in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Sugiyama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Takahara
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yahata
- Center for Field Epidemic Intelligence, Research and Professional Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kanou
- Center for Field Epidemic Intelligence, Research and Professional Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Quality Assurance, Radiation Safety, and Information Management, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Nagashima
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kiyohara
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuzo Arima
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Shinomiya
- Ehime Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Koji Ishii
- Department of Quality Assurance, Radiation Safety, and Information Management, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Primadharsini PP, Nagashima S, Tanaka T, Jirintai S, Takahashi M, Murata K, Okamoto H. Development and Characterization of Efficient Cell Culture Systems for Genotype 1 Hepatitis E Virus and Its Infectious cDNA Clone. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040845. [PMID: 37112827 PMCID: PMC10146093 DOI: 10.3390/v15040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis globally. Genotype 1 HEV (HEV-1) is responsible for multiple outbreaks in developing countries, causing high mortality rates in pregnant women. However, studies on HEV-1 have been hindered by its poor replication in cultured cells. The JE04-1601S strain recovered from a Japanese patient with fulminant hepatitis E who contracted HEV-1 while traveling to India was serially passaged 12 times in human cell lines. The cell-culture-generated viruses (passage 12; p12) grew efficiently in human cell lines, but the replication was not fully supported in porcine cells. A full-length cDNA clone was constructed using JE04-1601S_p12 as a template. It was able to produce an infectious virus, and viral protein expression was detectable in the transfected PLC/PRF/5 cells and culture supernatants. Consistently, HEV-1 growth was also not fully supported in the cell culture of cDNA-derived JE04-1601S_p12 progenies, potentially recapitulating the narrow tropism of HEV-1 observed in vivo. The availability of an efficient cell culture system for HEV-1 and its infectious cDNA clone will be useful for studying HEV species tropism and mechanisms underlying severe hepatitis in HEV-1-infected pregnant women as well as for discovering and developing safer treatment options for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0414, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0414, Japan
| | - Toshinori Tanaka
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0414, Japan
| | - Suljid Jirintai
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0414, Japan
- Division of Pathology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0414, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0414, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0414, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-285-58-7404
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Nishizawa T, Takahashi M, Matsuoka H, Nishizono A, Yamamoto S, Fukui E, Mizuo H, Kawakami M, Murata K, Okamoto H. Genomic characterization and the prevalence of a novel copiparvovirus in wild sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Japan. Virus Res 2022; 314:198749. [PMID: 35344744 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A preliminary metagenomic analysis of the virome of wild sika deer (Cervus nippon) blood in Japan resulted in the identification of a novel parvovirus. The virus was closest, but only 44.7-60.7% identical to 17 reported strains belonging to the genus Copiparvovirus within the subfamily Parvovirinae, over the near-entire genomic sequence. The sika deer copiparvovirus DNA was detected in 15% (31/206) of sika deer captured in 7 prefectures of Japan, and a region-dependent prevalence of 0-66.7% was noted, with a biased distribution in the southern part of Japan. The observed biased distribution of sika deer copiparvovirus may be due to the habitat density of deer and the number of ticks, which might play a role in the transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | | | - Akira Nishizono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Seigo Yamamoto
- Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan
| | - Emiko Fukui
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mizuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kin-ikyo Chuo Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido 007-8505, Japan
| | - Manri Kawakami
- Center for Liver Disease, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama, Okayama 700-8511, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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8
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Takahashi M, Kunita S, Kawakami M, Kadosaka T, Fujita H, Takada N, Miyake M, Kobayashi T, Ohnishi H, Nagashima S, Murata K, Okamoto H. First Detection and Characterization of Rat Hepatitis E Virus (HEV-C1) in Japan. Virus Res 2022; 314:198766. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Identification of hepatitis E virus in wild sika deer in Japan. Virus Res 2022; 308:198645. [PMID: 34822952 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic agent mainly transmitted through the consumption of uncooked or undercooked meat products derived from infected animals. In Japan, domestic pigs and wild boars are the major animal reservoirs, and whether or not deer are an HEV reservoir remains controversial. We analyzed 395 serum and 199 liver samples from 405 sika deer (Cervus nippon) caught in the wild between 1997 and 2020 in 11 prefectures of Japan for markers of HEV infection. Overall, 17 deer had anti-HEV IgG (4.3%), while 1 (0.2%) had HEV RNA (genotype 3b), indicating the occurrence of ongoing HEV infection in wild deer in Japan. An analysis of the complete HEV genome (deJOI_14) recovered from a viremic deer in Oita Prefecture revealed only 88.8% identity with the first HEV strain in sika deer (JDEER-Hyo03L) in Japan, being closest (96.3%) to the HEV obtained from a hepatitis patient living in the same prefecture. Of note, the deJOI_14 strain was 8.7-9.0% different from the wild boar HEV strains obtained in the same habitat and the same year, suggesting that difference in infected HEV strains between boar and deer may be explained by the limited possibility of close contact with each other, although boars are a known source of HEV infection. Increased numbers of hepatitis E cases after consumption of raw or undercooked meat products of wild deer have been reported in Japan. These results suggest a low but nonnegligible zoonotic risk of HEV infection in wild deer in this country.
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10
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Sakata H, Matsubayashi K, Iida J, Nakauchi K, Kishimoto S, Sato S, Ikuta K, Satake M, Kino S. Trends in hepatitis E virus infection: Analyses of the long-term screening of blood donors in Hokkaido, Japan, 2005-2019. Transfusion 2021; 61:3390-3401. [PMID: 34632593 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After experiencing several cases of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E (TT-HE) in Hokkaido, Northern Japan, hepatitis E virus (HEV) screening in blood donors, using a nucleic acid amplification test (NAT), was introduced in 2005. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The frequency of HEV RNA-positive donations (2005-2019) was investigated, and the HEV RNA-positive specimens were phylogenetically analyzed. In August 2014, the 20-pooled NAT (20P-NAT) was replaced with an individual-NAT (ID-NAT) system. RESULTS Until 2019, the frequency of HEV RNA-positive donors was 0.011% (289/2,638,685) with 20P-NAT and 0.043% (597/1,379,750) with ID-NAT, and no TT-HE cases were observed in Hokkaido. The prevalence among male, but not female donors, increased significantly between 2015 and 2019. Eighty-nine percent of HEV isolates from donors were genotype 3 and the remainder were genotype 4, and many clusters existed in each genotype. ALT levels at the time of donation were significantly higher in donors with genotype 4. Four subgenotypes, namely 3a (37%), 3b (41%), 3e (6%), and 4c (10%), comprised 94% of the total. During this period, the most identified subgenotype, 3a, transitioned to 3b. Majority of the HEV strains within the same clusters were detected in the same geographical region around the same period. Many of the human HEV isolates were shown to coexist closely with animal HEV isolates phylogenetically. CONCLUSION In Hokkaido, multiple divergent HEV strains have been circulating, and small outbreaks of hepatitis E have occurred in the last 15 years. The results suggested that HEV NAT can contribute significantly in ensuring safety during blood transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keiji Matsubayashi
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juri Iida
- Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido Block Blood Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenta Nakauchi
- Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido Block Blood Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Shinichiro Sato
- Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido Block Blood Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ikuta
- Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido Blood Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satake
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kino
- Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido Block Blood Center, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Nishizawa T, Usui R, Narabu Y, Takahashi M, Murata K, Okamoto H. Identification of a novel pegivirus in pet cats (Felis silvestris catus) in Japan. Virus Res 2021; 301:198452. [PMID: 33971193 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel pegivirus in pet cats (Felis silvestris catus) in Japan. This virus was only 44.0-49.6 % identical to the reported viruses in the 11 current Pegivirus species and an unclassified pegivirus in dolphins within the entire protein-coding nucleotide sequence and was detected in 1.6 % of pet cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Reiko Usui
- Usui Dog and Cat Hospital, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-0136, Japan
| | - Yoko Narabu
- Narabu Animal Hospital, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0227, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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12
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Complete Genome Sequences of Two Rat Pegivirus Strains in Indonesia. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:10/11/e00049-21. [PMID: 33737352 PMCID: PMC7975870 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00049-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The entire genome sequences of two pegivirus strains recovered from serum samples of wild rats (Rattus rattus) in Indonesia were determined. They possessed 11,013 to 11,014 nucleotides and differed from the reported rodent pegivirus strains within the Pegivirus J species of the genus Pegivirus by 12.7% to 40.9% in the near-entire coding region sequences. The entire genome sequences of two pegivirus strains recovered from serum samples of wild rats (Rattus rattus) in Indonesia were determined. They possessed 11,013 to 11,014 nucleotides and differed from the reported rodent pegivirus strains within the Pegivirus J species of the genus Pegivirus by 12.7% to 40.9% in the near-entire coding region sequences.
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13
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Nishizawa T, Takahashi M, Tsatsralt-Od B, Nyamdavaa K, Dulmaa N, Osorjin B, Tseren-Ochir EO, Sharav T, Bayasgalan C, Sukhbaatar B, Nagashima S, Murata K, Okamoto H. Identification and a full genome analysis of novel camel hepatitis E virus strains obtained from Bactrian camels in Mongolia. Virus Res 2021; 299:198355. [PMID: 33662492 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infects humans and a wide variety of other mammalian hosts. Recently, HEV strains belonging to genotype 8 (G8) within the Orthohepevirus A species of the Hepeviridae family, were identified in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) in China. The Bactrian camel (also known as the Mongolian camel) is native to the steppes of Central Asia. However, the HEV strains of Mongolian camels have not been examined. Among 200 serum samples from domestic Bactrian camels raised on 6 farms, in 6 soums in 3 provinces; 71 (35.5 %) were positive for anti-HEV IgG, with prevalence differing by farm (soum) (4.2-75.0 %); and 2 camels (1.0 %) that had been raised in Bogd, Bayankhongor Province, which had the highest seroprevalence among the six studied areas, were positive for HEV RNA. The two HEV strains (BcHEV-MNG140 and BcHEV-MNG146) obtained from the viremic camels in the present study shared 97.7 % nucleotide identity. They were closest to the reported G8 Chinese camel HEV strains but differed from them by 13.9-14.3 % over the entire genome, with a nucleotide difference of 24.0-26.5 % from the reported G1-G7 HEV strains. A phylogenetic tree indicated that the BcHEV-MNG140 and BcHEV-MNG146 strains were located upstream of a clade consisting of the Chinese camel HEV strains and formed a cluster with them, with a bootstrap value of 100 %, suggesting that they may represent a novel subtype within G8. These results indicate a high prevalence of HEV infection in Mongolian camels and suggest that the variability of camel HEV genomes is markedly high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Bira Tsatsralt-Od
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 210648, Mongolia
| | | | - Nyamkhuu Dulmaa
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 210648, Mongolia
| | | | - Erdene-Ochir Tseren-Ochir
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 17024, Mongolia
| | - Tumenjargal Sharav
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 17024, Mongolia
| | - Chimedtseren Bayasgalan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 17024, Mongolia
| | - Boldbaatar Sukhbaatar
- Sector of Surveillance and Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ulaanbaatar, 17024, Mongolia
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
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14
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Chanmanee T, Ajawatanawong P, Louisirirotchanakul S, Chotiyaputta W, Chainuvati S, Wongprompitak P. Phylogenetic analysis of two new complete genomes of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 from Thailand. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8657-8668. [PMID: 33058031 PMCID: PMC7674359 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a causative agent of acute viral hepatitis globally. Evolutionary phylogeny classifies the HEV into eight genotypes that correlate with the viral transmission. Only four genotypes have been proven to be responsible for transmission in humans. However, there has been no report on the genomics and genotyping of HEV in Thailand during the past ten years. Here, we identified the genotype distributions of the Thai isolates of HEV and we sequenced two HEV genomes. We screened for 18 Thai isolates of HEV from Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok, from 2014–2016. The HEV genomes were sequenced from the serum and feces of a patient. The results showed that all Thai isolates of HEV were identified as genotype 3 (HEV-3). The ORF2 and genome phylogenies suggested two subgenotypes, called 3.1 and 3.2. The Thai isolates of HEV were frequently found in the subgenotype 3.1. The genome sequences of the two Thai isolates of HEV from the serum and fecal samples of the same patient showed 91% nucleotide similarity with the HEV genotype 3. Comparisons between the HEV genome and the ORF2 phylogenies illustrated that the ORF2 tree can be used to identify HEV genotypes, but it has less phylogenetic power for the HEV evolution. The two new genome sequences of HEV-3 from Thailand could contribute valuable information to the HEV genome study. (226 words)
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Affiliation(s)
- Tipsuda Chanmanee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pravech Ajawatanawong
- Division of Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suda Louisirirotchanakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watcharasak Chotiyaputta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Chainuvati
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patimaporn Wongprompitak
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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15
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Prevalence and genotype/subtype distribution of hepatitis E virus (HEV) among wild boars in Japan: Identification of a genotype 5 HEV strain. Virus Res 2020; 287:198106. [PMID: 32777387 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To further investigate the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and characterize HEV genomes among Japanese wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax), 1880 boars captured in 17 prefectures in Japan from 2013 to 2019 were studied. Overall, anti-HEV IgG was detected in 8.9 % and HEV RNA was detected in 3.9 % of boars, which was comparable with our previous studies during 2003-2013 (10.3 % and 3.5 %, respectively). Among 74 boar HEV strains obtained from infected boars in the present study, 50 (68 %) were classified into genotype 3 (3a and 3b), 23 (31 %) were classified into genotype 4 (4i), and the remaining strain (wbJGF_19-1) was classified into genotype 5. The wbGF_19-1 strain shared 92.7 % identity over the entire genome with the prototype genotype 5 strain (JBOAR135-Shiz09). The identification of the second genotype 5 HEV strain in a place that is located only 100 km from the site at which JBOAR135-Shiz09 was identified, suggests that genotype 5 HEV circulates within a relatively close range in Japan. Genetically similar HEV strains forming a clade were identified from wild boars living in each area during the observation period of 11-13 years, although the nucleotide sequence changed gradually, accounting for up to 3.4-3.6 % within the 412-nucleotide ORF2 sequence. Eight groups of boars with a cluster of HEV infections were observed, consisting of two, three or four infected offspring, presumably born to the same mother or offspring with their mother. These results suggest that wild boars continue to be important reservoirs for HEV infection in humans in Japan.
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16
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Sinha A, Dutta S. Waterborne & foodborne viral hepatitis: A public health perspective. Indian J Med Res 2020; 150:432-435. [PMID: 31939386 PMCID: PMC6977369 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1430_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Sinha
- Department of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700 055, West Bengal, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700 055, West Bengal, India
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17
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Iaconelli M, Bonanno Ferraro G, Mancini P, Suffredini E, Veneri C, Ciccaglione AR, Bruni R, Della Libera S, Bignami F, Brambilla M, De Medici D, Brandtner D, Schembri P, D’Amato S, La Rosa G. Nine-Year Nationwide Environmental Surveillance of Hepatitis E Virus in Urban Wastewaters in Italy (2011-2019). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2059. [PMID: 32244915 PMCID: PMC7143501 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging causative agent of acute hepatitis worldwide. To provide insights into the epidemiology of HEV in Italy, a large-scale investigation was conducted into urban sewage over nine years (2011-2019), collecting 1374 sewage samples from 48 wastewater treatment plants located in all the 20 regions of Italy. Broadly reactive primers targeting the ORF1 and ORF2 regions were used for the detection and typing of HEV, followed by Sanger and next generation sequencing (NGS). Real-time RT-qPCR was also used to attempt quantification of positive samples. HEV RNA detection occurred in 74 urban sewage samples (5.4%), with a statistically significant higher frequency (7.1%) in central Italy. Fifty-six samples were characterized as G3 strains and 18 as G1. While the detection of G3 strains occurred in all the surveillance period, G1 strains were mainly detected in 2011-2012, and never in 2017-2019. Typing was achieved in 2 samples (3f subtype). Viral concentrations in quantifiable samples ranged from 1.2 × 103 g.c./L to 2.8 × 104 g.c./L. Our results suggest the considerable circulation of the virus in the Italian population, despite a relatively small number of notified cases, a higher occurrence in central Italy, and a noteworthy predominance of G3 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (S.D.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Giusy Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (S.D.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (S.D.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.S.); (D.D.M.)
| | - Carolina Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (S.D.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Anna Rita Ciccaglione
- Department Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Roberto Bruni
- Department Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Simonetta Della Libera
- Department of Environment and Health - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (S.D.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Francesco Bignami
- Department of Environment and Health - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (S.D.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Massimo Brambilla
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Research Centre for Engineering and Agri Food Processing, 24047 Treviglio, BG, Italy;
| | - Dario De Medici
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.S.); (D.D.M.)
| | | | - Pietro Schembri
- Regional Department for Health Activities and Epidemiological Observatory of the Sicilian Region, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Stefania D’Amato
- Ministry of Health, Directorate-General for Prevention, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (S.D.L.); (F.B.)
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18
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Suffredini E, Le Q, Di Pasquale S, Pham T, Vicenza T, Losardo M, To K, De Medici D. Occurrence and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in bivalve shellfish marketed in Vietnam. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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19
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Quantification and genetic diversity of Hepatitis E virus in wild boar (Sus scrofa) hunted for domestic consumption in Central Italy. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Ogawa H, Hirayama H, Tanaka S, Yata N, Namba H, Yamashita N, Yonemitsu K, Maeda K, Mominoki K, Yamada M. Risk assessment for hepatitis E virus infection from domestic pigs introduced into an experimental animal facility in a medical school. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1191-1196. [PMID: 31281141 PMCID: PMC6715933 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is known to cause zoonotic infections from pigs, wild boars and
deer. Domestic pigs have been used as an experimental animal model in medical research and
training; however, the risks of HEV infection from pigs during animal experiments are
largely unknown. Here, we retrospectively investigated the seroprevalence and detection
rates of viral RNA in 73 domestic pigs (average 34.5 kg) introduced into an animal
experimental facility in a medical school during 2012–2016. We detected anti-HEV
immunoglobulin G antibodies in 24 of 73 plasma samples (32.9%), though none of the samples
were positive for viral RNA. Plasma samples of 18 pigs were sequentially monitored and
were classified into four patterns: sustained positive (5 pigs), sustained negative (5
pigs), conversion to positive (6 pigs) and conversion to negative (2 pigs). HEV genomes
were detected in 2 of 4 liver samples from pigs that were transported from the same farm
during 2016–2017. Two viral sequences of the overlapping open reading frame (ORF) 2/3
region (97 bp) were identical and phylogenetically fell into genotype 3. A 459-bp length
of the ORF2 region of an amplified fragment from a pig transported in 2017 was clustered
with the wbJYG1 isolate (subgenotype 3b) with 91.5% (420/459 bp) nucleotide identity.
Based on our results, we suggest that domestic pigs introduced into animal facilities
carry a potential risk of HEV infection to researchers, trainees and facility staff.
Continuous surveillance and precautions are important to prevent HEV infection in animal
facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Ogawa
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Haruko Hirayama
- Department of Animal Resources, Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Satsuki Tanaka
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Norio Yata
- Department of Animal Resources, Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hikaru Namba
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nobuko Yamashita
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yonemitsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mominoki
- Department of Animal Resources, Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masao Yamada
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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21
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Watanabe S, Morimoto N, Miura K, Takaoka Y, Nomoto H, Tsukui M, Isoda N, Ohnishi H, Nagashima S, Takahashi M, Okamoto H, Yamamoto H. Full-genome characterization of the RIVM-HAV16-090-like hepatitis A virus strains recovered from Japanese men who have sex with men, with sporadic acute hepatitis A. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:521-530. [PMID: 30645783 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The major transmission mode of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in Japan is the fecal-oral route by contaminated foods. In contrast, HAV infection is well documented as a sexually transmitted disease in Europe and North America. The present study was undertaken to determine the full-genome sequence of HAV and trace the transmission route of HAV in Japanese men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS In 2018, we encountered three Japanese MSM with acute hepatitis A co-infected with HIV for 4-12 years. Serum samples obtained from these patients were used for HAV full-genome analyses. RESULTS Isolated HAV strains were segregated into subgenotype IA. The three HAV strains shared 100% identity within the 481-nucleotide partial sequence. The entire nucleotide sequence showed that the three strains were 99.97% similar to each other with only two nucleotide substitutions. At the amino acid level, the three strains differed from each other by only one or two amino acids. All three strains obtained in the present study were >99.6% identical to the 66 reported strains isolated from Taiwan and European countries during 2015-2017. In addition, these 66 strains include the RIVM-HAV16-090 (EuroPride) strain, which has been involved in HAV outbreaks among MSM worldwide. CONCLUSIONS We determined for the first time the full-genome sequence of HAV isolated from Japanese MSM with acute hepatitis A and found that the strains were identical to those from MSM worldwide. Thus, these HAV strains were imported to Japan from foreign countries through MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Watanabe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Naoki Morimoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Kouichi Miura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Takaoka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nomoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Mamiko Tsukui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Norio Isoda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hironori Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
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Su Q, Li Y, Meng F, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. Hepatic rupture hemorrhage syndrome in chickens caused by a novel genotype avian hepatitis E virus. Vet Microbiol 2018; 222:91-97. [PMID: 30080679 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since 2016, severe outbreaks of hepatic rupture hemorrhage syndrome (HRHS) have emerged in chickens in several Chinese provinces and caused huge economic losses to the poultry industry, but the etiological characteristics and pathogenic potential of it has remained unclear. This study sequenced the partial helicase and capsid gene of the potentially novel avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) isolated from chickens with HRHS and tested the pathogenicity of it on SPF chicks, while the appearance of clinical signs, histopathological changes, viral distribution, viremia and viral shedding were monitored for 14 days post-infection (dpi). Analysis revealed that the HRHS related avian HEV belongs to a novel genotype, and infected chicks developed the typical symptoms of HRHS. Thus, this study successfully developed an experimental infection model for studying the pathogenicity and role of the novel avian HEV in HRHS. Meanwhile, the novel avian HEV mainly existed in the liver and spleen, inducing a rapid viremia and chronic viral shedding in infected chicks, and could cause 40% mortality before 14 dpi. In conclusion, this study found the novel genotype avian HEV and confirmed its role in HRHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Yang Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Street, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Fanfeng Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
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23
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Tanggis, Kobayashi T, Takahashi M, Jirintai S, Nishizawa T, Nagashima S, Nishiyama T, Kunita S, Hayama E, Tanaka T, Mulyanto, Okamoto H. An analysis of two open reading frames (ORF3 and ORF4) of rat hepatitis E virus genome using its infectious cDNA clones with mutations in ORF3 or ORF4. Virus Res 2018; 249:16-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Tsatsralt-Od B, Primadharsini PP, Nishizawa T, Ohnishi H, Nagashima S, Takahashi M, Jirintai S, Nyamkhuu D, Okamoto H. Distinct changing profiles of hepatitis A and E virus infection among patients with acute hepatitis in Mongolia: The first report of the full genome sequence of a novel genotype 1 hepatitis E virus strain. J Med Virol 2017; 90:84-92. [PMID: 28776712 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In January 2012, Mongolia started a hepatitis A vaccination program, which has not yet been evaluated. The first occurrence of autochthonous acute hepatitis E in 2013, caused by genotype 4 hepatitis E virus (HEV), suggests the need for a routine study to monitor its prevalence. One hundred fifty-four consecutive patients who were clinically diagnosed with acute hepatitis between 2014 and 2015 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia were studied. By serological and molecular testing followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, only one patient (0.6%) was diagnosed with acute hepatitis A, caused by genotype IA hepatitis A virus (HAV), and 32 (20.8%) patients were diagnosed with acute hepatitis E, caused by genotype 1 HEV. The 32 HEV isolates obtained in this study shared 99.5-100% nucleotide identity and were grouped into a cluster separated from those of subtypes 1a to 1f. Upon comparison of p-distances over the entire genome, the distances between one representative HEV isolate (MNE15-072) and 1a-1f strains were 0.071-0.137, while those between 1b and 1c were 0.062-0.070. In conclusion, the prevalence of acute hepatitis A has decreased in Mongolia since the start of the vaccination program, while the monophyletic genotype 1 HEV strain of a probably novel subtype has been prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bira Tsatsralt-Od
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, NCCD-Campus, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Suljid Jirintai
- Division of Pathology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Dulmaa Nyamkhuu
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, NCCD-Campus, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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25
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Nishizawa T, Primadharsini PP, Namikawa M, Yamazaki Y, Uraki S, Okano H, Horiike S, Nakano T, Takaki S, Kawakami M, Nagashima S, Takahashi M, Okamoto H. Full-length genomic sequences of new subtype 1g hepatitis E virus strains obtained from four patients with imported or autochthonous acute hepatitis E in Japan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:343-349. [PMID: 28987806 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute or chronic hepatitis in humans worldwide and can be transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Four HEV strains (HE-JA14-2173, HE-JA15-1335, HE-JA15-1920 and HE-JA16-0610) obtained from patients with imported (from Pakistan or India) or autochthonous acute hepatitis E in Japan were most closely related to the Nepalese and Mongolian genotype 1 HEV strains of unassigned subtype within the partial ORF2 sequence. To investigate whether a putative novel subtype (1g) of genotype 1 can be assigned, full-length genomic sequences were determined for the four HEV strains. They shared 95.4-99.2% nucleotide identity over the entire genome, and differed by 6.3-11.7% from the reported HEV strains of subtypes 1a-1f and by only 0.6-4.7% from a Mongolian genotype 1 HEV strain (MNE15-072) of unassigned subtype. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the four HEV strains obtained in the present study formed a cluster with MNE15-072, with a bootstrap value of 100%. Although the p-distance between subtypes 1a and 1f was 0.048-0.083, these five strains showed a higher nucleotide p-distance value of 0.068-0.138 with the genotype 1 HEV strains of subtypes 1a-1f. A BLAST search revealed the presence of candidate members of subtype 1g HEV in at least five other countries, including France, Israel, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the UK, sharing identities of 95.4-99.6% with the HE-JA16-0610 strain within the common sequence of 294-867 nucleotides. These results support the assignment of a new subtype 1g within genotype 1 and suggest a global distribution of subtype 1g strains. Subtype 1g strains found in Europe can be imported from Asia. Further studies are needed to confirm the global distribution of HEV subtype 1g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masashi Namikawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kiryu Kosei General Hospital, Kiryu, Gunma 376-0024, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yamazaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Satoko Uraki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Sakakibara Onsen Hospital, Tsu, Mie 514-1293, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suzuka General Hospital, Suzuka, Mie 513-8630, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Horiike
- Department of Internal Medicine, Suzuka Kaisei Hospital, Suzuka, Mie 513-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Nakano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University Nanakuri Memorial Hospital, Tsu, Mie 514-1295, Japan
| | - Shintaro Takaki
- Department of Gastroenterology/Liver Center, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Hiroshima 730-8619, Japan
| | - Manri Kawakami
- Department of Internal Medicine/Liver Disease Center, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama, Okayama 700-8511, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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26
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Full-length genome of a novel genotype 3 hepatitis E virus strain obtained from domestic pigs in Japan. Virus Res 2017; 240:147-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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27
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Pelosi E, Clarke I. Hepatitis E: a complex and global disease. EMERGING HEALTH THREATS JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v1i0.7069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Pelosi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Health Protection Agency, Southeast Regional Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK; and
| | - I Clarke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Southampton Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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28
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Miura M, Inoue J, Tsuruoka M, Nishizawa T, Nagashima S, Takahashi M, Shimosegawa T, Okamoto H. Full-length genomic sequence analysis of new subtype 3k hepatitis E virus isolates with 99.97% nucleotide identity obtained from two consecutive acute hepatitis patients in a city in northeast Japan. J Med Virol 2016; 89:1116-1120. [PMID: 27922191 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Full-length genomic sequences of hepatitis E virus (HEV) obtained from two consecutive cases of acute self-limiting hepatitis E in a city in northeast Japan were determined. Interestingly, two HEV isolates from each patient shared nucleotide identity of 99.97% in 7 225 nucleotides, and a phylogenetic analysis showed that they formed a cluster of Japanese isolates that is considered as a new HEV subtype 3k. The high similarity of HEV sequences of two isolates from these patients in this study suggested that a subtype 3k HEV strain had spread via a commonly distributed food in the city, possibly pig liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Miura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Omagari Kousei Medical Center, Omagari, Japan
| | - Jun Inoue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mio Tsuruoka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Omagari Kousei Medical Center, Omagari, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Tooru Shimosegawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
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29
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Hepatitis E Virus in Industrialized Countries: The Silent Threat. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9838041. [PMID: 28070522 PMCID: PMC5192302 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9838041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the main cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Its presence in developing countries has been documented for decades. Developed countries were supposed to be virus-free and initially only imported cases were detected in those areas. However, sporadic and autochthonous cases of HEV infection have been identified and studies reveal that the virus is worldwide spread. Chronic hepatitis and multiple extrahepatic manifestations have also been associated with HEV. We review the data from European countries, where human, animal, and environmental data have been collected since the 90s. In Europe, autochthonous HEV strains were first detected in the late 90s and early 2000s. Since then, serological data have shown that the virus infects quite frequently the European population and that some species, such as pigs, wild boars, and deer, are reservoirs. HEV strains can be isolated from environmental samples and reach the food chain, as shown by the detection of the virus in mussels and in contaminated pork products as sausages or meat. All these data highlight the need of studies directed to control the sources of HEV to protect immunocompromised individuals that seem the weakest link of the HEV epidemiology in industrialized regions.
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30
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Nagashima S, Kobayashi T, Tanaka T, Tanggis, Jirintai S, Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Okamoto H. Analysis of adaptive mutations selected during the consecutive passages of hepatitis E virus produced from an infectious cDNA clone. Virus Res 2016; 223:170-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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31
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Mirazo S, Mir D, Bello G, Ramos N, Musto H, Arbiza J. New insights into the hepatitis E virus genotype 3 phylodynamics and evolutionary history. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:267-73. [PMID: 27264728 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emergent hepatotropic virus endemic mainly in Asia and other developing areas. However, in the last decade it has been increasingly reported in high-income countries. Human infecting HEV strains are currently classified into four genotypes (1-4). Genotype 3 (HEV-3) is the prevalent virus genotype and the mostly associated with autochthonous and sporadic cases of HEV in developed areas. The evolutionary history of HEV worldwide remains largely unknown. In this study we reconstructed the spatiotemporal and population dynamics of HEV-3 at global scale, but with particular emphasis in South America, where case reports have increased dramatically in the last years. To achieve this, we applied a Bayesian coalescent-based approach to a comprehensive data set comprising 97 GenBank HEV-3 sequences for which the location and sampling date was documented. Our phylogenetic analyses suggest that the worldwide genetic diversity of HEV-3 can be grouped into two main Clades (I and II) with a Ƭmrca dated in approximately 320years ago (95% HPD: 420-236years) and that a unique independent introduction of HEV-3 seems to have occurred in Uruguay, where most of the human HEV cases in South America have been described. The phylodynamic inference indicates that the population size of this virus suffered substantial temporal variations after the second half of the 20th century. In this sense and conversely to what is postulated to date, we suggest that the worldwide effective population size of HEV-3 is not decreasing and that frequently sources of error in its estimates stem from assumptions that the analyzed sequences are derived from a single panmictic population. Novel insights on the global population dynamics of HEV are given. Additionally, this work constitutes an attempt to further describe in a Bayesian coalescent framework, the phylodynamics and evolutionary history of HEV-3 in the South American region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mirazo
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Daiana Mir
- Laboratorio de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Av. Brasil 4365, 21045900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratorio de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Av. Brasil 4365, 21045900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natalia Ramos
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Héctor Musto
- Laboratorio de Organización y Evolución del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400. Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Arbiza
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Yazaki Y, Sugawara K, Honda M, Ohnishi H, Nagashima S, Takahashi M, Okamoto H. Characteristics of 20 Patients with Autochthonous Acute Hepatitis E in Hokkaido, Japan: First Report of Bilateral Facial Palsy Following the Infection with Genotype 4 Hepatitis E Virus. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2016; 236:263-71. [PMID: 26228039 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.236.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autochthonous hepatitis E is increasingly being recognized in industrialized countries, including Japan. Although neurological abnormalities have been sporadically reported as an extrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, it is rare and has not been reported in Japan. The present study aimed to characterize a total of 20 patients consecutively diagnosed with sporadic acute hepatitis E at a city hospital in Hokkaido, Japan, during 2001-2014, focusing on a patient complicated with neuropathy. Seventeen patients were infected with genotype 4 HEV, while the remaining three patients were with genotype 3 HEV. Although a 67-year-old male with severe hepatitis did not have predisposing factors associated with the development of neurological disorders, such as diabetes mellitus and the use of immunosuppressive agents, he developed bilateral peripheral facial palsy six days after admission. A neurological examination revealed the inability to smile, frown, close his eyes completely or puff out his cheeks. MRI brain scans were considered to be normal. Although it took 83 days after admission for the total bilirubin levels to normalize, his neurological symptoms resolved gradually within three weeks without any sequelae following conservative therapy. A full-length genomic analysis of the HEV strain (HE-JA30) isolated from the patient belonged to genotype 4 and was closest to that currently circulating in Hokkaido, Japan. This is the first report of HEV-associated neuropathy in Japan. While all of previous reports on HEV-related neuropathy involve genotype 3 HEV, the present report is unique in that genotype 4 HEV is responsible for the neuropathy.
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Kanda T, Yasui S, Nakamura M, Arai M, Sasaki R, Haga Y, Wu S, Nakamoto S, Okamoto H, Yokosuka O. Recent Trend of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Chiba Area, Japan: 3 of 5 Cases with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2015; 9:317-26. [PMID: 26600768 PMCID: PMC4649734 DOI: 10.1159/000441387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an emerging health concern in developing and developed countries, such as Japan. Five cases have recently been diagnosed as hepatitis E. Of interest, 3 of them had rheumatoid arthritis (RA), although a previous study demonstrated a lack of association between HEV and RA. One of the other patients developed autoimmune hepatitis and was successfully treated with corticosteroids approximately 150 days after the diagnosis of hepatitis E. In RA patients with liver dysfunction, the presence of HEV infection should be evaluated immediately because these patients are often relatively old. Further investigation of the association between HEV and autoimmune hepatitis is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shin Yasui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Arai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Reina Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Haga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamoto
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Department of Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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34
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Tsatsralt-Od B, Baasanjav N, Nyamkhuu D, Ohnishi H, Takahashi M, Kobayashi T, Nagashima S, Nishizawa T, Okamoto H. Molecular analysis of hepatitis A virus strains obtained from patients with acute hepatitis A in Mongolia, 2004-2013. J Med Virol 2015; 88:622-30. [PMID: 26369542 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high endemicity of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in Mongolia, the genetic information on those HAV strains is limited. Serum samples obtained from 935 patients with acute hepatitis in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia during 2004-2013 were tested for the presence of HAV RNA using reverse transcription-PCR with primers targeting the VP1-2B region (481 nucleotides, primer sequences at both ends excluded). Overall, 180 patients (19.3%) had detectable HAV RNA. These 180 isolates shared 94.6-100% identity and formed four phylogenetic clusters within subgenotype IA. One or three representative HAV isolates from each cluster exhibited 2.6-3.9% difference between clusters over the entire genome. Cluster 1 accounted for 65.0% of the total, followed by Cluster 2 (30.6%), Cluster 3 (3.3%), and Cluster 4 (1.1%). Clusters 1 and 2 were predominant throughout the observation period, whereas Cluster 3 was undetectable in 2009 and 2013 and Cluster 4 became undetectable after 2009. The Mongolian HAV isolates were closest to those of Chinese or Japanese origin (97.7-98.5% identities over the entire genome), suggesting the evolution from a common ancestor with those circulating in China and Japan. Further molecular epidemiological analyses of HAV infection are necessary to investigate the factors underlying the spread of HAV and to implement appropriate prevention measures in Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bira Tsatsralt-Od
- National Institute of Medicine, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Science Education, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.,National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Nachin Baasanjav
- National Institute of Medicine, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Science Education, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Dulmaa Nyamkhuu
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tominari Kobayashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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Tsatsralt-Od B, Baasanjav N, Nyamkhuu D, Ohnishi H, Takahashi M, Okamoto H. Prevalence of hepatitis viruses in patients with acute hepatitis and characterization of the detected genotype 4 hepatitis E virus sequences in Mongolia. J Med Virol 2015; 88:282-91. [PMID: 26147664 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is considered to be a worldwide public health problem. Although the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies in healthy individuals is noted to be 11%, no patients with acute hepatitis E have previously been identified in Mongolia. Three hundred two consecutive patients (183 males and 119 females; median age of 22.0 [Interquartile range: 18.3-25.0] years) who were clinically diagnosed with sporadic acute hepatitis during 2012-2013 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, were studied. By serological and/or molecular approaches, 77 (25.5%), 93 (30.8%), 19 (6.3%), 48 (15.9%), and 12 (4.0%) of the patients were diagnosed with acute hepatitis of types A, B, C, D (superinfection of hepatitis delta virus on a background of chronic hepatitis B virus infection) and E, respectively, while the cause of hepatitis was unknown in the remaining 53 patients (17.5%). The 12 hepatitis E patients had no history of travel abroad in the 3 months before the onset of disease, and lived separately in fixed or movable houses with water supplied via pipe, tank or well, denying transmission from a common water supply. The 12 HEV isolates obtained from the patients showed high nucleotide identities of 99.7-100%, and a representative HEV isolate, MNE13-227, was closest to the Chinese isolates of genotype 4, with the highest identity of 97.3% in the 304-nt ORF2 sequence and 92.1% over the entire genome. The present study revealed the occurrence of autochthonous acute hepatitis E in Mongolia, caused by a monophyletic genotype 4 HEV strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bira Tsatsralt-Od
- National Institute of Medicine, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Science Education, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.,National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Nachin Baasanjav
- National Institute of Medicine, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Science Education, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Dulmaa Nyamkhuu
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-Ken, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-Ken, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-Ken, Japan
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Takeuchi S, Yamazaki Y, Sato K, Takizawa D, Yamada M, Okamoto H. Full genome analysis of a European-type genotype 3 hepatitis E virus variant obtained from a Japanese patient with autochthonous acute hepatitis E. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1067-1071. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Takeuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology; Isesaki Municipal Hospital; Isesaki Gunma-Ken Japan
| | - Yuichi Yamazaki
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science; Gunma University Graduate School. of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma-Ken Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science; Gunma University Graduate School. of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma-Ken Japan
| | - Daichi Takizawa
- Department of Gastroenterology; Isesaki Municipal Hospital; Isesaki Gunma-Ken Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science; Gunma University Graduate School. of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma-Ken Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology; Department of Infection and Immunity; Jichi Medical University School of Medicine; Shimotsuke Tochigi-Ken Japan
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Kim BS, Lim HS, Lee K, Min YS, Yoon YS, Jeong HS. A survey on the status of hepatitis e virus infection among slaughterhouse workers in South Korea. J Prev Med Public Health 2015; 48:53-61. [PMID: 25652711 PMCID: PMC4322518 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.14.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) among high-risk groups overseas is high, but studies in these groups are rare in South Korea. We conducted the present study from April to November 2012 to obtain data on the seroprevalence and associated risk factors for HEV among slaughterhouse workers in South Korea. Methods: Slaughterhouse workers from 80 workplaces nationwide were surveyed in South Korea in 2012. The subjects comprised 1848 cases: 1434 slaughter workers and 414 residual products handlers. By visiting 80 slaughterhouses, which were mixed with 75 of which also performed residual products handling, we conducted a questionnaire survey for risk factors and obtained blood samples in order to determine the seropositivity and seroprevalence of HEV. Anti-HEV IgG and IgM were measured using HEV IgG and IgM enzyme-linked immunospecific assay kits and HEV antigen was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: The seropositivity of anti-HEV IgG was 33.5% (slaughter workers 32.8% and residual products handlers 36.2%), and among the seropositive individuals the seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgM was 0.5% (slaughter workers 0.5%, residual products handlers 0.7%). The response rate of HEV-antigen as measured by RT-PCR was 0.2%. Risk factors significantly related to anti-HEV IgG seropositivity were age, sex , and working duration (slaughter workers only). Conclusions: There were significant risk factors (sex, age, and working duration) for HEV identified in our study. All three positive cases for HEV-antigen by RT-PCR were related to pig slaughter but without statistical significance. To prevent HEV, an educational program and working guidelines may be needed for high risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Seok Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sul Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Kwan Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Young-Sun Min
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Young-Sil Yoon
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hye-Sook Jeong
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
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Mirazo S, Mainardi V, Ramos N, Gerona S, Rocca A, Arbiza J. Indigenous hepatitis E virus genotype 1 infection, Uruguay. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:171-3. [PMID: 24378037 PMCID: PMC3884737 DOI: 10.3201/eid2001.131471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Siripanyaphinyo U, Boon-Long J, Louisirirotchanakul S, Takeda N, Chanmanee T, Srimee B, Namsai A, Pounsawat P, Khupulsap K. Occurrence of hepatitis E virus infection in acute hepatitis in Thailand. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1730-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Siripanyaphinyo
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infection [RCC-ERI]; Nonthaburi Thailand
- Department of Virology; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - J. Boon-Long
- National Institute of Health; Department of Medical Sciences; Ministry of Public Health; Nonthaburi Thailand
| | - S. Louisirirotchanakul
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - N. Takeda
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infection [RCC-ERI]; Nonthaburi Thailand
- Department of Virology; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - T. Chanmanee
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - B. Srimee
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - A. Namsai
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - P. Pounsawat
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Faculty of Medicine; Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - K. Khupulsap
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Faculty of Medicine; Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
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Wang XJ, Zhao Q, Jiang FL, Liu BY, Zhao JN, Dang L, Sun YN, Mu Y, Xiao SQ, Wang CB, Hsu WH, Liu L, Widén F, Zhou EM. Genetic characterization and serological prevalence of swine hepatitis E virus in Shandong province, China. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:415-24. [PMID: 24975641 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), the causative agent of hepatitis E, is classified into four major genotypes (1 to 4) and swine is the main natural reservoir for genotypes 3 and 4. In this study, a total of 106 bile samples from a slaughterhouse in the Shandong province of China were tested for the partial ORF2 gene of HEV by RT-nPCR to determine the virus genotypes, and two indirect ELISA were developed for the detection of swine HEV specific IgM and IgG antibodies in 980 serum samples from 24 farms, in order to investigate the seroprevalence. Thirty-two out of 106 (30.2%) bile samples were positive for HEV and a high degree of partial ORF2 sequence similarity (86.8-100%) was observed among 20 samples. The viral sequences belonged to genotype 4, subtypes 4a and 4d. One complete genome sequence of a subtype 4d HEV was further determined and characterized. The seroprevalence of HEV IgG and IgM antibodies was 100% (24/24) and 41.7% (10/24) for herds, and 66.4% (651/980) and 1.6% (16/980) for the individual pigs, respectively. These results suggested a high prevalence of genotype 4 of swine HEV infection both in swine farms and at the slaughterhouse in Shandong province, which further raise public-health concerns for zoonosis and pork safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-jie Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng-lin Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bao-yuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ji-nan Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Dang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ya-ni Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Mu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shu-qi Xiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cheng-bao Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederik Widén
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an important public health concern in many developing countries, causing waterborne outbreaks as well as sporadic autochthonous hepatitis. HEV is mainly transmitted by the fecal–oral route in endemic areas through drinking of contaminated water. However, zoonotic transmission from animal reservoirs to humans has also been suggested. Three additional routes of HEV transmission have been proposed to occur: blood borne, human to human, and vertical transmission from mother to child. Acute HEV infection is usually diagnosed by detecting specific anti-HEV antibodies. However, the performance of the available assays in different settings is not optimal. Analysis of HEV ribonucleic acid in biologic specimens such as stools, serum, and liver biopsy by using nucleic acid amplification techniques is also employed. Nonetheless, additional consensus regarding the best technologies suitable for serosurveys and diagnosis of acute HEV infection is also needed. This review article summarizes the current status of HEV infection end epidemiology with particular emphasis in transmission, diagnosis, and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mirazo
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Ramos
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Victoria Mainardi
- Hepatic Diseases Unit, Central Hospital of the Armed Forces, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Solange Gerona
- Hepatic Diseases Unit, Central Hospital of the Armed Forces, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Arbiza
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Okano H, Nakano T, Sugimoto K, Takahashi K, Nagashima S, Takahashi M, Arai M, Okamoto H. High genomic similarity between European type hepatitis E virus subgenotype 3e strains isolated from an acute hepatitis patient and a wild boar in Mie, Japan. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:694-9. [PMID: 23639180 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A 67-year-old male living in Tsu city, Mie prefecture, Japan was referred to our hospital for further examination of acute liver injury and was diagnosed as having clinical hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in January 2010. The HEV strain (HE-JA11-1701) isolated from the patient belonged to genotype 3 and European-type subgenotype 3e. It was presumed that the patient had been infected from a wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) because he consumed meat/viscera from a wild boar that he had captured himself as a hunter approximately 2 months before disease onset. A specimen of the boar meat/viscera that the patient had ingested was not available. However, the HE-JA11-1701 strain was 99.8% identical within the 412-nucleotide sequence of the open reading frame 2 region to a HEV strain (JBOAR012-Mie08) that had been recovered from a wild boar captured near the patient's hunting area in 2008. A phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the two HEV strains had a close genetic relationship and were segregated into subgenotype 3e, supported by a high bootstrap value of 99%. Of note, the HE-JA11-1701 and JBOAR012-Mie08 strains were remotely related to the 3e strains reported in Japan and European countries, with a nucleotide difference of 7.9-13.9%, reinforcing the uniqueness of the 3e strains obtained in the present study. These results strongly support our speculation that the patient developed acute hepatitis E via consumption of HEV-infected boar meat/viscera. Genetic analyses of HEV strains are useful for tracing infectious sources in sporadic cases of acute hepatitis E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Okano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suzuka General Hospital, Mie, Japan
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Watanabe S, Isoda N, Ohtake T, Hirosawa T, Morimoto N, Aoki K, Ohnishi H, Takahashi M, Sugano K, Okamoto H. Full genome analysis of Philippine indigenous subgenotype IA hepatitis A virus strains from Japanese patients with imported acute hepatitis A. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:270-279. [PMID: 23607583 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most common cause of infectious hepatitis worldwide. Although hepatitis A cases imported from South-East Asian countries, including the Philippines, have been reported in Japan, the molecular epidemiological data have been limited for these HAV-endemic countries. METHODS The full-length genomic sequences of HAV isolates were determined and subjected to the phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS The HAV isolates (HA12-0796 and HA12-0938) obtained from two Japanese patients who developed acute hepatitis A in July 2012, 1 month after traveling to the Philippines, where they consumed undercooked shellfish, differed by only one nucleotide (nt) over the entire genome. These HAV isolates of genotype IA were 99.1-99.5% identical within 228-237 nt to those recovered from river water in the Philippines, suggesting that the HA12-0796 and HA12-0938 isolates represent HAV circulating in the Philippines. HAV isolates belonging to one of the two IA sublineages (IA-2) which were implicated in some of the mini-epidemics in 2010 in Japan are hypothesized to be connected with the Philippines. In support of this speculation, the present IA isolates (HA12-0796 and HA12-0938) shared 98.8% identity over the entire genome with one IA-2 isolate (HAJIH-Fukuo10) recovered from a Japanese female who developed a domestic HAV infection during the mini-epidemics. In the phylogenetic tree constructed based on the entire genome, these three isolates (HA12-0796, HA12-0938 and HAJIH-Fukuo10) segregated into a cluster with a bootstrap value of 100%. CONCLUSION These results indicate that HAV isolates belonging to the IA-2 lineage might have been imported from the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Watanabe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
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Hepatitis E: an emerging disease. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 22:40-59. [PMID: 24434240 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the infection with the hepatitis E virus represents the most frequent cause for acute hepatitis and jaundice in the world. According to WHO estimations, around two billion people, representing one third of the world's population, live in endemic areas for HEV and, therefore, are at risk of infection. In developed countries, the circulation of the virus in both human and animal (swine, boar, deer) sewage has been confirmed; however, the incidence rate is low compared to that of developing countries where outbreaks of acute hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route are originated, more frequently in the flooding season or after natural disasters, combined with deficient sanitary conditions. There are currently 4 known genotypes of HEV. Genotypes 1 and 2 are isolated in all human epidemic outbreaks in developing countries, while genotypes 3 and 4 are isolated not only in humans but also in animals, in both developing and industrialized countries. These data support genotypes 3 and 4 having zoonotic nature. The diagnosis of this disease is based in the detection of anti-HEV IgG and IgM in blood serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent methods. However, the method that best confirms the diagnosis is the RT-PCR, which detects HEV RNA in blood serum and also provides the genotype. The clinical course is generally that of an acute hepatitis which in some cases may require hospitalization and that, in transplant patients or HIV infected individuals can become a chronic hepatitis. Furthermore, the virus constitutes an important risk for pregnant women. The hepatitis E can present a wide range of symptoms, from a subclinical case to chronic liver disease with extrahepatic manifestations. For this reason, the diagnostic is challenging if no differential diagnosis is included. There is no specific antiviral drug for hepatitis E, but satisfactory results have been observed in some patients treated with pegylated interferon alfa2a and/or ribavirin. This revision is an update of all the molecular, epidemiological, clinic and preventive knowledge on this emergent disease up to date.
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Rahman S, Mamun-Al-Mahtab, Jahan M, Tabassum S, Fazle Akbar SM. Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus in an Urban Community in Dhaka City. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol 2014; 4:4-6. [PMID: 29264310 PMCID: PMC5736947 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is endemic in Bangladesh and sporadic and epidemic outbreaks of acute hepatitis E occur in this country almost regularly. Although the real magnitude of HEV prevalence has not been documented in Bangladesh, HEV infections and HEV-related acute hepatitis of Bangladeshi origin have been reported from different parts of the world. Methods The study was conducted in Mirpur area of Dhaka city, which is a major residential area of the capital of Bangladesh. Three hundred adults were randomly included in the study. None had any history of jaundice or complains of liver diseases. Results The study revealed 30% prevalence of HEV in this population. The prevalence increased with age, but there was no gender difference. Conclusion HEV is a highly prevalent disease in Bangladesh as elsewhere in the developing world. Since there is no specific treatment for HEV, improvement of personal hygiene and ensuring supply of safe food and drinking water remain most important approach to sustain the virus. How to cite this article: Rahman S, Mahtab MA, Jahan M, Tabassum S, Akbar SMF. Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus in an Urban Community in Dhaka City. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2014; 4(1):4-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salimur Rahman
- Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mamun-Al-Mahtab
- Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Munira Jahan
- Department of Virology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahina Tabassum
- Department of Virology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Takahashi M, Okamoto H. Features of hepatitis E virus infection in humans and animals in Japan. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:43-58. [PMID: 23721425 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In Japan, hepatitis E had long been considered to be a rare liver disease which can be accidentally imported from endemic countries in Asia and Africa, where the sanitation conditions are suboptimal. However, since the identification of the first autochthonous hepatitis E case and hepatitis E viremic domestic pigs in Japan in 2001, our understanding of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in this country has been changing markedly. This has largely been due to the development of serological and gene-based diagnostic assays, the accumulation of molecular epidemiological findings on HEV infection in humans and animals (as potential reservoirs for HEV in humans) and the recognition of the importance of zoonotic food-borne and other routes of transmission of HEV, including blood-borne transmission. Although it is now evident that autochthonous hepatitis E in Japan is far more common than was previously thought, clinical and subclinical HEV infections indigenous to Japan remain underdiagnosed and their prevalence is still underestimated due to the presence of unknown transmission routes and a low awareness of the infection status by many physicians in Japan. This review focuses on the features of HEV infection in humans and animals, as definitive or potential reservoirs for HEV, in Japan, and updates the current knowledge on the routes of transmission, including zoonotic routes, which are important for the maintenance and spread of HEV in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Nagashima S, Jirintai S, Kawakami M, Sonoda Y, Suzuki T, Yamamoto S, Shigemoto K, Ashida K, Sato Y, Okamoto H. Molecular characterization of a novel hepatitis E virus (HEV) strain obtained from a wild boar in Japan that is highly divergent from the previously recognized HEV strains. Virus Res 2013; 180:59-69. [PMID: 24370869 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Although a consensus classification system for hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes is currently unavailable, HEV variants (JBOAR135-Shiz09 and wbJOY_06) from wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) have provisionally been classified into two novel genotypes (5 and 6). While performing a survey of HEV infections among 566 wild boars that were captured in Japan between January 2010 and August 2013, we found 24 boars (4.2%) with ongoing HEV infections: 13 had genotype 3 HEV, 10 had genotype 4 HEV and the remaining boar possessed a novel HEV variant (designated wbJNN_13). The entire wbJNN_13 genome comprised 7247 nucleotides excluding the poly(A) tail, and was highly divergent from known genotype 1 to 4 HEV isolates derived from humans, swine, wild boars, deer, mongoose and rabbits by 22.4-28.2%, JBOAR135-Shiz09 and wbJOY_06 by 19.6-21.9% and rat, ferret, bat and avian HEV isolates by 40.9-46.1% over the entire genome. Phylogenetic trees confirmed that wbJNN_13 is distantly related to all known HEV isolates. A Simplot analysis revealed no significant recombination among the existing HEV strains. These results indicate the presence of at least three genetic lineages of presumably boar-indigenous HEV strains. Further studies to fully understand the extent of the genomic heterogeneity of HEV variants infecting wild boars are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Suljid Jirintai
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Manri Kawakami
- Hepatology Research Center, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8511, Japan
| | | | | | - Shogo Yamamoto
- Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan
| | | | - Kozo Ashida
- Division of Internal Medicine, Okayama University Hospital Misasa Medical Center, Misasa, Tottori 682-0122, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sato
- Kamiichi General Hospital, Kamiichi, Toyama 930-0391, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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48
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Lipej Z, Novosel D, Vojta L, Roić B, Šimpraga M, Vojta A. Detection and characterisation of hepatitis E virus in naturally infected swine in Croatia. Acta Vet Hung 2013; 61:517-28. [PMID: 23974940 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is a viral zoonotic disease infecting swine worldwide. Since pigs represent a likely animal reservoir for the hepatitis E virus, the epidemiology of naturally occurring hepatitis E was investigated in Croatian swine herds. Nearly all tested animals were seropositive for antibodies against the hepatitis E virus (55/60, 91.7%). Active infection was detected in all age groups by RT-PCR of viral RNA in serum (8/60, 13.3%) and bile samples (3/37, 8.1%), which was further confirmed by histopathological findings of characteristic lesions in the livers of the infected animals. Three new strains of hepatitis E virus were isolated from Croatian pig herds. Phylogenetic analysis using median-joining networks clustered those Croatian strains with isolates from various parts of the world, indicating their likely origin in international trade. Similarity to human isolates implies a zoonotic potential of Croatian strains, which raises a public health concern, especially in the light of the high prevalence of hepatitis E in the herds studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Lipej
- 1 Croatian Veterinary Institute Zagreb Croatia
| | | | - Lea Vojta
- 2 Ruđer Bošković Institute Zagreb Croatia
| | - Besi Roić
- 1 Croatian Veterinary Institute Zagreb Croatia
| | - Miljenko Šimpraga
- 3 University of Zagreb Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Heinzelova 55 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Vojta
- 3 University of Zagreb Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Heinzelova 55 Zagreb Croatia
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Mulyanto, Suparyatmo JB, Andayani IGAS, Khalid, Takahashi M, Ohnishi H, Jirintai S, Nagashima S, Nishizawa T, Okamoto H. Marked genomic heterogeneity of rat hepatitis E virus strains in Indonesia demonstrated on a full-length genome analysis. Virus Res 2013; 179:102-12. [PMID: 24231359 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rat hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains have recently been isolated in several areas of Germany, Vietnam, the United States, Indonesia and China. However, genetic information regarding these rat HEV strains is limited. A total of 369 wild rats (Rattus rattus) captured in Central Java (Solo) and on Lombok Island, Indonesia were tested for the presence of rat HEV-specific antibodies and RNA. Overall, 137 rats (37.1%) tested positive for rat anti-HEV antibodies, while 97 (26.3%) had rat HEV RNA detectable on reverse transcription-PCR with primers targeting the ORF1-ORF2 junctional region. The 97 HEV strains recovered from these viremic rats were 76.3-100% identical to each other in an 840-nucleotide sequence and 75.4-88.4% identical to the rat HEV strains reported in Germany and Vietnam. Five representative Indonesian strains, one from each of five phylogenetic clusters, whose entire genomic sequence was determined, were segregated into three genetic groups (a German type, Vietnamese type and novel type), which differed from each other by 19.5-23.5 (22.0 ± 1.7)% over the entire genome. These results suggest the presence of at least three genetic groups of rat HEV and indicate the circulation of polyphyletic strains of rat HEV belonging to three distinct genetic groups in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulyanto
- West Nusa Tenggara Hepatitis Laboratory, Mataram, Indonesia; Immunobiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Khalid
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-Shi, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-Shi, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Suljid Jirintai
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-Shi, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-Shi, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-Shi, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-Shi, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan.
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50
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Mulyanto, Wibawa IDN, Suparyatmo JB, Amirudin R, Ohnishi H, Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Okamoto H. The complete genomes of subgenotype IA hepatitis A virus strains from four different islands in Indonesia form a phylogenetic cluster. Arch Virol 2013; 159:935-45. [PMID: 24212885 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1874-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high endemicity of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in Indonesia, genetic information on those HAV strains is limited. Serum samples obtained from 76 individuals during outbreaks of hepatitis A in Jember (East Java) in 2006 and Tangerang (West Java) in 2007 and those from 82 patients with acute hepatitis in Solo (Central Java), Denpasar on Bali Island, Mataram on Lombok Island, and Makassar on Sulawesi Island in 2003 or 2007 were tested for the presence of HAV RNA by reverse transcription PCR with primers targeting the VP1-2B region (481 nucleotides, primer sequences at both ends excluded). Overall, 34 serum samples had detectable HAV RNA, including at least one viremic sample from each of the six regions. These 34 strains were 96.3-100 % identical to each other and formed a phylogenetic cluster within genotype IA. Six representative HAV isolates from each region shared 98.3-98.9 % identity over the entire genome and constituted a IA sublineage with a bootstrap value of 100 %, consisting of only Indonesian strains. HAV strains recovered from Japanese patients who were presumed to have contracted HAV infection while visiting Indonesia were closest to the Indonesian IA HAV strains obtained in the present study, with a high identity of 99.5-99.7 %, supporting the Indonesian origin of the imported strains. These results indicate that genetic analysis of HAV strains indigenous to HAV-endemic countries, including Indonesia, are useful for tracing infectious sources in imported cases of acute hepatitis A and for defining the epidemiological features of HAV infection in that country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulyanto
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
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