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New Insights into Intestinal Permeability in Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Like Disorders: Histological and Ultrastructural Findings of Duodenal Biopsies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102593. [PMID: 34685576 PMCID: PMC8533783 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloating are frequent in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like disorders, although little is known about their intestinal ultrastructural alterations. The aim of the present study was to study duodenal biopsies from IBS-like patients to find ultrastructural alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study design: descriptive comparative pilot study. Thirty outpatients (9 male and 21 female; median age 37.7 years; range, 20 to 65 years) complaining of IBS-like symptoms were enrolled between January 2015 to May 2019 and were divided into 6 groups, each equally consisting of 5 patients: (A) untreated celiac disease (uCD); (B) treated celiac disease (tCD); (C) wheat allergy (WA); (D) Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS); (E) Nickel allergic contact mucositis (Ni ACM); (F) controls affected by GERD. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) morphological characteristics were: microvilli length, intermicrovillar distance, junctional complexes (JC) gap width, autophagic bodies, apoptosis, altered mitochondria, lipid/chylomicron droplets, and mast cells. Regarding JC, we focused on tight junctions (TJ), adherens junctions (AJ), and desmosomes. RESULTS Major alterations in microvilli length and intermicrovillar distance have been observed in the subjects affected by uCD. Microvilli of tCD patients showed marked recovery after adequate GFD, although not comparable to controls. Intermediate microvillar alterations were instead observed in NCGS and Ni ACM, while characteristics of WA subjects appeared more similar to tCD. Regarding JC, TJ did not show significant differences between all groups studied, including controls. The AJ were significantly more dilated in all groups compared to controls, while no significant differences were found between the pathological groups. The distance between desmosomes was greater in uCD, NCGS, and Ni ACM than in tCD, WA, and controls. Finally, intracellular alterations have been detected in most of the groups studied although they seemed more unspecific. CONCLUSIONS TEM analysis confirmed damages to the intestinal barrier and defense mechanisms by enterocytes in IBS-like patients, probably linked to low-grade inflammation or adverse reactions triggered by food allergens, heavy metals, or other unknown. On the other hand, our study needs confirmation and further investigations with larger populations to facilitate diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of IBS-like disorders in the future.
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Askenase PW, Bryniarski K, Paliwal V, Redegeld F, Groot Kormelink T, Kerfoot S, Hutchinson AT, van Loveren H, Campos R, Itakura A, Majewska-Szczepanik M, Yamamoto N, Nazimek K, Szczepanik M, Ptak W. A subset of AID-dependent B-1a cells initiates hypersensitivity and pneumococcal pneumonia resistance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:200-14. [PMID: 26662721 PMCID: PMC4681304 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We propose that there is a special B-1a B cell subset ("sB-1a" cells) that mediates linked processes very early after immunization to initiate cutaneous contact sensitivity (CS), delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), and immune resistance to pneumococcal pneumonia. Our published data indicate that in CS and DTH, these initiating processes are required for elicitation of the delayed onset and late-occurring classical T cell-mediated responses. sB-1a cells resemble memory B2 cells, as they are stimulated within 1 h of immunization and depend on T helper cytokines-uniquely IL-4 from hepatic iNKT cells--for activation and rapid migration from the peritoneal cavity to the spleen to secrete IgM antibody (Ab) and Ab-derived free light chains (FLCs) by only 1 day after immunization. Unlike conventional B-1a (cB-1a) cell-produced IgM natural Ab, IgM Ab produced by sB-1a cells has high Ag affinity owing to immunoglobulin V-region mutations induced by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). The dominant cB-1a cells are increased in immunized AID-deficient mice but do not mediate initiation, CS, or pneumonia resistance because natural Ab has relatively low Ag affinity because of unmutated germ-line V regions. In CS and DTH, sB-1a IgM Ag affinity is sufficiently high to mediate complement activation for generation of C5a that, together with vasoactive mediators such as TNF-α released by FLC-sensitized mast cells, activate local endothelium for extravascular recruitment of effector T cells. We conclude by discussing the possibility of functional sB-1 cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W Askenase
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Vipin Paliwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Frank Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Groot Kormelink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steven Kerfoot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Andrew T Hutchinson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Henk van Loveren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Regis Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Atsuko Itakura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Natsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Katarzyn Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marian Szczepanik
- Department of Medical Biology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wold Ptak
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Tanaka R, Goi Y, Ishihara K, Ueda K, Narushima T, Ohtsu H, Ohuchi K, Hiratsuka M, Hirasawa N. Assessment of the release of nickel from biomaterials in vivo and in vitro: enhancement by lipopolysaccharide. Inflamm Regen 2011. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.31.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Mishra K. Lead exposure and its impact on immune system: A review. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:969-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Kim JY, Huh K, Lee KY, Yang JM, Kim TJ. Nickel induces secretion of IFN-gamma by splenic natural killer cells. Exp Mol Med 2009; 41:288-95. [PMID: 19299918 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.4.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nickel hypersensitivity is known as a delayed-type hypersensitivity mediated by nickel-specific T cells, it is greatly influenced by other immune cells. Here we show that splenic natural killer cells (NK cells) directly or indirectly respond to nickel by secretion of IFN-gamma. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assays, we found that nickel-reactive cells readily secreted IFN-gamma when splenocytes were cultured in the presence of varying concentrations of nickel sulfate (NiSO(4)) for 24 h. However, nickel-reactive IL-2- or IL- 4-secreting cells were infrequent during the 24-h culture with NiSO(4). Immune responses to nickel were innate, not adaptive, in nature since the frequency of nickel-reactive IFN-g-secreting cells did not increase upon previous exposure to NiSO(4) and recombination activating gene (RAG)-1-deficient mice contained nickel-reactive IFN-gamma-secreting cells. The involvement of NK cells in the innate response to NiSO(4) was confirmed since we could observe a significant reduction of the frequency of nickel-reactive cells in NK cell-depleted mice. Furthermore, the number of IFN-gamma secreting cells was significantly reduced in the ELISPOT assays when NKG2D was blocked by anti-NKG2D antibody. These results suggest that there is an early and rapid innate immune response to nickel, which is mediated by NK cells and the NKG2D receptor. The significance of the innate response to nickel is that it may contribute to development of the late T cell-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity against nickel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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Kerfoot SM, Szczepanik M, Tung JW, Askenase PW. Identification of Initiator B Cells, a Novel Subset of Activation-Induced Deaminase-Dependent B-1-Like Cells That Mediate Initiation of Contact Sensitivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1717-27. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Askenase PW, Szczepanik M, Itakura A, Kiener C, Campos RA. Extravascular T-cell recruitment requires initiation begun by Vα14+ NKT cells and B-1 B cells. Trends Immunol 2004; 25:441-9. [PMID: 15275644 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Askenase
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8013, USA.
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Campos RA, Szczepanik M, Itakura A, Akahira-Azuma M, Sidobre S, Kronenberg M, Askenase PW. Cutaneous immunization rapidly activates liver invariant Valpha14 NKT cells stimulating B-1 B cells to initiate T cell recruitment for elicitation of contact sensitivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 198:1785-96. [PMID: 14676294 PMCID: PMC2194147 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
T cell recruitment to elicit contact sensitivity (CS) requires a CS-initiating process mediated by B-1 cells that produce IgM, which activates complement to promote T cell passage into the tissues. We now show that Vα14i NKT cells induce B-1 cell activation likely by releasing IL-4 early postimmunization. The CS initiation process is absent in Jα18−/− and CD1d−/− NKT cell–deficient mice and is reconstituted by populations enriched for Vα14i NKT cells. Transfers are not effective if cells are derived from IL-4−/− mice. Staining with specific tetramers directly showed that hepatic Vα14i NKT cells increase by 30 min and nearly double by 2 h postimmunization. Transfer of immune B-1 cells also reconstitutes CS responses in NKT cell–deficient mice. The B-1 cells act downstream of the Vα14i NKT cells to restore CS initiation. In addition, IL-4 given systemically to Jα18−/− or CD1d−/− NKT cell–deficient mice reconstitutes elicitation of CS. Further, splenocytes from immune Jα18−/− mice produce less antigen (Ag)-specific IgM antibodies compared with sensitized WT mice. Together these findings indicate that very early after skin immunization Vα14i NKT cells are stimulated to produce IL-4, which activates B-1 cells to produce Ag-specific IgM, subsequently needed to recruit effector T cells for elicitation of CS responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/physiology
- Antigens, CD1d
- B-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Dermatitis, Contact/etiology
- Female
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Liver/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis A Campos
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520-8013, USA
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Szczepanik M, Akahira-Azuma M, Bryniarski K, Tsuji RF, Kawikova I, Ptak W, Kiener C, Campos RA, Askenase PW. B-1 B Cells Mediate Required Early T Cell Recruitment to Elicit Protein-Induced Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:6225-35. [PMID: 14634139 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.6225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We define the initiation of elicited delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) as a series of processes leading to local extravascular recruitment of effector T cells. Responses thus have two sequential phases: 1) 2-h peaking initiation required for subsequent recruitment of T cells, and 2) the late classical 24-h component mediated by the recruited T cells. We analyzed DTH initiation to protein Ags induced by intradermal immunization without adjuvants. Ag-spceific initiating cells are present by 1 day in spleen and lymph nodes. Their phenotypes, determined by depletion of cell transfers by mAb and complement, are CD5(+), CD19(+), CD22(+), B220(+), Thy1(+), and Mac1(+), suggesting that they are B-1 B cells. DTH initiation is absent in micro MT B cell and xid B-1 cell deficient mice, is impaired in mice unable to secrete IgM, and is reconstituted with 1 day immune serum, suggesting that early B-1 cell-derived IgM is responsible. Study of complement C5a receptor-deficient mice, anti-C5 mAb neutralization, or mast cell deficiency suggests that DTH initiation depends on complement and mast cells. ELISPOT assay confirmed production of Ag-specific IgM Abs at days 1 and 4 in wild-type mice, but not in B-1 cell-deficient xid mice. We conclude that rapidly activated B-1 cells produce specific IgM Abs which, after local secondary skin challenge, form Ag-Ab complexes that activate complement to generate C5a. This stimulates C5a receptors on mast cells to release vasoactive substances, leading to endothelial activation for the 2-h DTH-initiating response, allowing local recruitment of DTH-effector T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens/administration & dosage
- Antigens/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Complement C5/physiology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Hemocyanins/administration & dosage
- Hemocyanins/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/pathology
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin J-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin M/physiology
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/transplantation
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Lymphopenia/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a/physiology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/transplantation
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Szczepanik
- Department of Human Developmental Biology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
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Askenase PW. Yes T cells, but three different T cells (alphabeta, gammadelta and NK T cells), and also B-1 cells mediate contact sensitivity. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 125:345-50. [PMID: 11531940 PMCID: PMC1906150 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer of contact sensitivity (CS) responses by immune lymphoid cells was the first finding that distinguished cellular from humoral immunity. CS has remained the most studied T cell reaction in vivo, and is the prototype for a variety of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. DTH in essence is the recruitment of effector alphabeta-T cells out of vessels into peripheral tissues. The T cells then are activated by antigen presenting cells to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. It has been assumed that the alphabeta-T cells alone are responsible, but recent studies show that three other lymphocyte subsets are involved: CS-inducing NK T cells, CS-initiating B-1 cells, and CS-assisting gammadelta-T cells. Therefore, the effector alphabeta-T cells are essential, but cannot be recruited into the tissues without the local action of IgM antibodies produced by B-1 cells rapidly (1 day) post-immunization. The IgM complexes with the challenge antigen to locally activate complement to lead to vascular activation required for T cell recruitment. This process occurs early (1-2 hours) in the elicitation phase, and is called CS-initiation. The essential CS-inducing NK T cells activate the B-1 cells by producing IL-4 rapidly (1 hour) after immunization, and gammadelta-T cells assist the local inflammatory function of the recruited CS-effector alphabeta-T cells. Thus, four lymphocyte subsets are required for elicitation of responses: CS-inducing NK T cells, CS-initiating B-1 cells, CS-assisting gammadelta-T cells, and finally the CS-effector alphabeta-T cells. Three of these four cell types are present in the immune lymphoid cell population that adoptively transfers CS: B-1 cells, gammadelta-T cells, and the alphabeta-T cells.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes
- Dermatitis, Contact/etiology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Models, Immunological
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Askenase
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Askenase PW, Tsuji RF. B-1 B cell IgM antibody initiates T cell elicitation of contact sensitivity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2001; 252:171-7. [PMID: 11125474 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-57284-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although B-1 B cells have received considerable attention, their actual role in the normal functioning of the immune system is unclear. The hypothesized role of B-1 cell IgM in natural protective immunity is just being established. We have uncovered a separate and novel role for B-1 cell IgM in initiating the elicitation of acquired T cell-dependent contact sensitivity (CS), the prototype of in vivo T cell immunity, early after immunization (within 4 days). The recent recognition of a similarly unanticipated role of B cells in a variety of T cell responses, may indicate that B-1 cell IgM has a broader role in immunity than thought previously. We showed that 24 hr CS responses, and rises in local IFN-gamma levels at 24 hrs later after antigen (Ag) challenge the ears, were absent in pan B cell and antibody deficient mice. The mechanism of B cell involvement in CS-initiation is via local C5a generation early (1-2 hrs) after antigen (Ag) challenge of the ears, in 4 day contact sensitized mice. C5a activates local mast cells to release serotonin (5-HT) and TNF alpha to induce endothelial ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, leading to T cell recruitment. We hypothesized that C5a was generated via complement activation due to antibodies forming local AgAb complexes, and that B-1 cell IgM was involved because isotype switching of B-2 cells to produce C-activating IgG isotypes, could not occur as early as day 4. Indeed, B-1 cell deficient CBA/N-xid mice lacked C5a in 2 hr ear extracts, and had impaired CS ear swelling and elaboration of IFN-gamma at 24 hrs. Importantly, adoptive transfer of purified normal peritoneal B-1 cells, or just i.v. injection of Ag-specific IgM monoclonal antibodies in sensitized xid, restored deficient early C5a and late 24 hr ear swelling. These results suggest that early after Ag challenge, specific B-1 cell IgM, produced at distant sites by prior sensitization, forms AgAb complexes that trigger elaboration of C5a, to activate mast cell release of vasoactive TNF alpha and 5-HT to initiate CS, leading to T cell recruitment. We postulate that antibody of various isotypes possibly may lead to local vascular activation to aid in T cell recruitment in a variety of T cell responses, but that very early after immunization, Ag-specific IgM produced by B-1 cells, preferentially serves this important function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Askenase
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Dept. of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Grabbe S, Schwarz T. Immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in elicitation of allergic contact hypersensitivity. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1998; 19:37-44. [PMID: 9465487 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(97)01186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Grabbe
- Dept of Dermatology, University of Münster, Germany.
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