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Wada Y, Sato T, Hasegawa H, Matsudaira T, Nao N, Coler-Reilly ALG, Tasaka T, Yamauchi S, Okagawa T, Momose H, Tanio M, Kuramitsu M, Sasaki D, Matsumoto N, Yagishita N, Yamauchi J, Araya N, Tanabe K, Yamagishi M, Nakashima M, Nakahata S, Iha H, Ogata M, Muramatsu M, Imaizumi Y, Uchimaru K, Miyazaki Y, Konnai S, Yanagihara K, Morishita K, Watanabe T, Yamano Y, Saito M. RAISING is a high-performance method for identifying random transgene integration sites. Commun Biol 2022; 5:535. [PMID: 35654946 PMCID: PMC9163355 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03467-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Both natural viral infections and therapeutic interventions using viral vectors pose significant risks of malignant transformation. Monitoring for clonal expansion of infected cells is important for detecting cancer. Here we developed a novel method of tracking clonality via the detection of transgene integration sites. RAISING (Rapid Amplification of Integration Sites without Interference by Genomic DNA contamination) is a sensitive, inexpensive alternative to established methods. Its compatibility with Sanger sequencing combined with our CLOVA (Clonality Value) software is critical for those without access to expensive high throughput sequencing. We analyzed samples from 688 individuals infected with the retrovirus HTLV-1, which causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) to model our method. We defined a clonality value identifying ATL patients with 100% sensitivity and 94.8% specificity, and our longitudinal analysis also demonstrates the usefulness of ATL risk assessment. Future studies will confirm the broad applicability of our technology, especially in the emerging gene therapy sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Wada
- Biotechnological Research Support Division, FASMAC Co., Ltd, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0021, Japan
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8512, Japan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsudaira
- Biotechnological Research Support Division, FASMAC Co., Ltd, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0021, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ariella L G Coler-Reilly
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8512, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Shunsuke Yamauchi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Haruka Momose
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Michikazu Tanio
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Madoka Kuramitsu
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Nariyoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Naoko Yagishita
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8512, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8512, Japan
| | - Natsumi Araya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8512, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Tanabe
- Pathophysiology and Bioregulation, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamagishi
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakashima
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakahata
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Iha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Masao Ogata
- Department of Hematology, Oita University Hospital, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imaizumi
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Uchimaru
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miyazaki
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8102, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Morishita
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Practical Management of Medical Information, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8512, Japan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Masumichi Saito
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
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2
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Ali TFS, Taira N, Iwamaru K, Koga R, Kamo M, Radwan MO, Tateishi H, Kurosaki H, Abdel-Aziz M, Abuo-Rahma GEDAA, Beshr EAM, Otsuka M, Fujita M. HSP70 induction by bleomycin metal core analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127002. [PMID: 32044184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Induction of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is known to be effective against various diseases. We are interested in HSP70 induction capability of an antitumor antibiotic bleomycin which produces oxidative stress by iron chelate formation and oxygen activation in a cell. The HSP70 induction activity of bleomycin and its six metal core analogs was examined, and a compound HPH-1Trt of 10 μM was found to induce this protein in a pheochromocytoma cell line and some T cell and monocytic cell lines. Its mechanism is increase of HSP70 mRNA, but higher concentration of this compound showed toxicity. Two new derivatives were then synthesized, and one of them named DHPH-1Trt was shown to have less toxicity and higher HSP70 induction activity. This study would lead to a clue for new HSP70 inducer clinically used in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha F S Ali
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Naomi Taira
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kana Iwamaru
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ryoko Koga
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kamo
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Mohamed O Radwan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Kurosaki
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | | | - Eman A M Beshr
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., 1-7-30 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan.
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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Abstract
HIV type 1 (HIV-1) has a very narrow host range that is limited to humans and chimpanzees. HIV-1 cannot replicate well in Old World monkey cells such as rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. Tripartite motif (TRIM)5α is a key molecule that confers potent resistance against HIV-1 infection and is composed of really interesting new gene, B-box2, coiled-coil and PRYSPRY domains. Interaction between TRIM5α PRYSPRY domains and HIV-1 capsid core triggers the anti-HIV-1 activity of TRIM5α. Analysis of natural HIV variants and extensive mutational experiments has revealed the presence of critical amino acid residues in both the PRYSPRY domain and HIV capsid for potent HIV suppression by TRIM5α. Genetic manipulation of the human TRIM5 gene could establish human cells totally resistant to HIV-1, which may lead to a cure for HIV-1 infection in the future.
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Fujita M. Study on Molecular Function of Proteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2013; 133:1103-11. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Fujita
- Research Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University
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Zhang G, Qiu W, Xiang R, Ling F, Zhuo M, Du H, Wang J, Wang X. TRIM5α polymorphism identification in cynomolgus macaques of Vietnamese origin and Chinese rhesus macaques. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:938-946. [PMID: 23775985 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
TRIM5α is a retroviral restriction factor, in which the B30.2 (SPRY) and coiled-coil domains cooperate to determine the specificity of TRIM5α-mediated capture of retroviral capsids. Here, all exons of TRIM5α were analyzed in 39 Vietnamese cynomolgus macaques (VCE) and 29 Chinese rhesus macaques (CR). Our results revealed the presence of 22 alleles using the PHASE 2.0 software package (PHylogenetics And Sequence Evolution), including two novel species-specific alleles with a low frequency in VCE in exons 4 and 8, which encoded the coiled-coil and B30.2 (SPRY) domains, respectively. Nine alleles were detected in both VCE and CR, while four alleles were likely shared between the species. Of these alleles, the highest frequencies of 38% and 26% occurred in VCE and CR, respectively. Importantly, we found that some alleles encoded the same coiled-coil domain, but not the SPRY domain. In contrast, other alleles encoded the same SPRY domain, but not the coiled-coil domain. Our findings will contribute to the understanding of the interaction between the two domains and the determination of the specificity of TRIM5α-mediated capture of retroviral capsids. Our results from the phylogenetic trees constructed for VCE and CR suggested that the macaques' ability to inhibit SIV replication became gradually stronger if they carried corresponding alleles in four clades (clades4-7). More interesting, in clade3, both novel allele pairs (4E100a, 10E147a) and allele pairs (7R17b and 13R11b), which had the strong ability to inhibit SIV replication, originated from the same ancestral allele, suggesting that the novel alleles might play a key role to determine an animal's ability to inhibit SIV/HIV replication. However, further studies are needed to increase our understanding of the genetic background of TRIM5α in these two macaque species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqing Zhang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
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Kuwata T, Kaori T, Enomoto I, Yoshimura K, Matsushita S. Increased infectivity in human cells and resistance to antibody-mediated neutralization by truncation of the SIV gp41 cytoplasmic tail. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:117. [PMID: 23717307 PMCID: PMC3653066 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of antibodies in protecting the host from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is of considerable interest, particularly because the RV144 trial results suggest that antibodies contribute to protection. Although infection of non-human primates with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is commonly used as an animal model of HIV-1 infection, the viral epitopes that elicit potent and broad neutralizing antibodies to SIV have not been identified. We isolated a monoclonal antibody (MAb) B404 that potently and broadly neutralizes various SIV strains. B404 targets a conformational epitope comprising the V3 and V4 loops of Env that intensely exposed when Env binds CD4. B404-resistant variants were obtained by passaging viruses in the presence of increasing concentration of B404 in PM1/CCR5 cells. Genetic analysis revealed that the Q733stop mutation, which truncates the cytoplasmic tail of gp41, was the first major substitution in Env during passage. The maximal inhibition by B404 and other MAbs were significantly decreased against a recombinant virus with a gp41 truncation compared with the parental SIVmac316. This indicates that the gp41 truncation was associated with resistance to antibody-mediated neutralization. The infectivities of the recombinant virus with the gp41 truncation were 7,900-, 1,000-, and 140-fold higher than those of SIVmac316 in PM1, PM1/CCR5, and TZM-bl cells, respectively. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that the gp41 truncation enhanced the incorporation of Env into virions. The effect of the gp41 truncation on infectivity was not obvious in the HSC-F macaque cell line, although the resistance of viruses harboring the gp41 truncation to neutralization was maintained. These results suggest that viruses with a truncated gp41 cytoplasmic tail were selected by increased infectivity in human cells and by acquiring resistance to neutralizing antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Kuwata
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University Kumamoto, Japan
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Bozek K, Nakayama EE, Kono K, Shioda T. Electrostatic potential of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and rhesus macaque simian immunodeficiency virus capsid proteins. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:206. [PMID: 22679444 PMCID: PMC3367459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from a macaque monkey (SIVmac) are assumed to have originated from simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from sooty mangabey (SIVsm). Despite their close similarity in genome structure, HIV-2 and SIVmac show different sensitivities to TRIM5α, a host restriction factor against retroviruses. The replication of HIV-2 strains is potently restricted by rhesus (Rh) monkey TRIM5α, while that of SIVmac strain 239 (SIVmac239) is not. Viral capsid protein is the determinant of this differential sensitivity to TRIM5α, as the HIV-2 mutant carrying SIVmac239 capsid protein evaded Rh TRIM5α-mediated restriction. However, the molecular determinants of this restriction mechanism are unknown. Electrostatic potential on the protein-binding site is one of the properties regulating protein-protein interactions. In this study, we investigated the electrostatic potential on the interaction surface of capsid protein of HIV-2 strain GH123 and SIVmac239. Although HIV-2 GH123 and SIVmac239 capsid proteins share more than 87% amino acid identity, we observed a large difference between the two molecules with the HIV-2 GH123 molecule having predominantly positive and SIVmac239 predominantly negative electrostatic potential on the surface of the loop between α-helices 4 and 5 (L4/5). As L4/5 is one of the major determinants of Rh TRIM5α sensitivity of these viruses, the present results suggest that the binding site of the Rh TRIM5α may show complementarity to the HIV-2 GH123 capsid surface charge distribution.
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Nakayama EE, Shioda T. TRIM5α and Species Tropism of HIV/SIV. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:13. [PMID: 22291694 PMCID: PMC3264904 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects humans and chimpanzees but not old world monkeys (OWMs) such as the rhesus monkey (Rh) and cynomolgus monkey (CM). HIV-1 efficiently enters cells of OWMs but encounters a block before reverse transcription. This narrow host range is attributed to a barrier in the host cell. In 2004, the screening of a Rh cDNA library identified tripartite motif 5α (TRIM5α) as a cellular antiviral factor. TRIM5α is one of splicing variants produced by TRIM5 gene and TRIM5 proteins are members of the TRIM family containing RING, B-box 2, and coiled-coil domains. The RING domain is frequently found in E3 ubiquitin ligase and TRIM5α is degraded via the ubiquitin–proteasome-dependent pathway. Among TRIM5 splicing variants, TRIM5α alone has an additional C-terminal PRYSPRY (B30.2) domain. Previous studies have shown that sequence variation in variable regions of the PRYSPRY domain among different monkey species affects species-specific retrovirus infection, while amino acid sequence differences in the viral capsid protein determine viral sensitivity to restriction. TRIM5α recognizes the multimerized capsid proteins (viral core) of an incoming virus by its PRYSPRY domain and is thus believed to control retroviral infection. There are significant intraspecies variations in the Rh-TRIM5 gene. It has also been reported that some Rh and CM individuals have retrotransposed cyclophilin A open reading frame in the TRIM5 gene, which produces TRIM5–cyclophilin A fusion protein (TRIMCyp). TRIMCyp, which was originally identified as an anti-HIV-1 factor of New World owl monkeys, is an interesting example of the gain of a new function by retrotransposition. As different TRIM5 genotypes of Rh showed different levels of simian immunodeficiency virus replication in vivo, the TRIM5 genotyping is thought to be important in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome monkey models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi E Nakayama
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Saito A, Nomaguchi M, Iijima S, Kuroishi A, Yoshida T, Lee YJ, Hayakawa T, Kono K, Nakayama EE, Shioda T, Yasutomi Y, Adachi A, Matano T, Akari H. Improved capacity of a monkey-tropic HIV-1 derivative to replicate in cynomolgus monkeys with minimal modifications. Microbes Infect 2010; 13:58-64. [PMID: 20955815 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) hardly replicates in Old World monkeys. Recently, a mutant HIV-1 clone, NL-DT5R, in which a small part of gag and the entire vif gene are replaced with SIVmac239-derived ones, was shown to be able to replicate in pigtail monkeys but not in rhesus monkeys (RM). In the present study, we found that a modified monkey-tropic HIV-1 (HIV-1mt), MN4-5S, acquired the ability to replicate efficiently in cynomolgus monkeys as compared with the NL-DT5R, while neither NL-DT5R nor MN4-5S replicated in RM cells. These results suggest that multiple determinants may be involved in the restriction of HIV-1 replication in macaques, depending on the species of macaques. The new HIV-1mt clone will be useful for studying molecular mechanisms by which anti-viral host factors regulate HIV-1 replication in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akatsuki Saito
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Kono K, Song H, Yokoyama M, Sato H, Shioda T, Nakayama EE. Multiple sites in the N-terminal half of simian immunodeficiency virus capsid protein contribute to evasion from rhesus monkey TRIM5α-mediated restriction. Retrovirology 2010; 7:72. [PMID: 20825647 PMCID: PMC2944288 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that cynomolgus monkey (CM) TRIM5α could restrict human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) strains carrying a proline at the 120th position of the capsid protein (CA), but it failed to restrict those with a glutamine or an alanine. In contrast, rhesus monkey (Rh) TRIM5α could restrict all HIV-2 strains tested but not simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from macaque (SIVmac), despite its genetic similarity to HIV-2. RESULTS We attempted to identify the viral determinant of SIVmac evasion from Rh TRIM5α-mediated restriction using chimeric viruses formed between SIVmac239 and HIV-2 GH123 strains. Consistent with a previous study, chimeric viruses carrying the loop between α-helices 4 and 5 (L4/5) (from the 82nd to 99th amino acid residues) of HIV-2 CA were efficiently restricted by Rh TRIM5α. However, the corresponding loop of SIVmac239 CA alone (from the 81st to 97th amino acid residues) was not sufficient to evade Rh TRIM5α restriction in the HIV-2 background. A single glutamine-to-proline substitution at the 118th amino acid of SIVmac239 CA, corresponding to the 120th amino acid of HIV-2 GH123, also increased susceptibility to Rh TRIM5α, indicating that glutamine at the 118th of SIVmac239 CA is necessary to evade Rh TRIM5α. In addition, the N-terminal portion (from the 5th to 12th amino acid residues) and the 107th and 109th amino acid residues in α-helix 6 of SIVmac CA are necessary for complete evasion from Rh TRIM5α-mediated restriction. A three-dimensional model of hexameric GH123 CA showed that these multiple regions are located on the CA surface, suggesting their direct interaction with TRIM5α. CONCLUSION We found that multiple regions of the SIVmac CA are necessary for complete evasion from Rh TRIM5α restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kono
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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11
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) shows a very narrow host range limited to humans and chimpanzees. Experimentally, HIV-1 does not infect Old World monkeys, such as rhesus (Rh) and cynomolgus (CM) monkeys, and fails to replicate in activated CD4 positive T lymphocytes obtained from these monkeys. In contrast, simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from a macaque monkey (SIVmac) can replicate well in both Rh and CM. In 2004, tripartite motif 5 alpha (TRIM5 alpha) was identified as a host factor which plays an important role in the restricted host range of HIV-1. Rh and CM TRIM5 alpha restrict HIV-1 infection but not SIVmac, while in comparison, anti-viral activity of human TRIM5 alpha against those viruses is very weak. TRIM5 alpha consists of the RING, B-box 2, coiled-coil and SPRY (B30.2) domains. The RING domain is frequently found in E3 ubiquitin ligase and TRIM5 alpha is degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway during HIV-1 restriction. TRIM5 alpha recognises the multimerised capsid (viral core) of an incoming virus by its alpha-isoform specific SPRY domain and is believed to be involved in innate immunity to control retroviral infection. Differences in amino acid sequences in the SPRY domain of TRIM5 alpha of different monkey species were found to affect species-specific restriction of retrovirus infection, while differences in amino acid sequences in the viral capsid protein determine viral sensitivity to restriction. Accurate structural analysis of the binding surface between the viral capsid protein and TRIM5 alpha SPRY is thus required for the development of new antiretroviral drugs that enhance anti-HIV-1 activity of human TRIM5 alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi E Nakayama
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Matsumoto Y, Miura T, Akari H, Goto Y, Haga T. Peripheral blood CD4 and CD8 double-positive T cells of rhesus macaques become vulnerable to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus by in vitro stimulation due to the induction of CCR5. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1057-61. [PMID: 20224239 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) challenge of macaques demonstrated the earlier disappearance of CD4 and CD8 double-positive (DP) T cells than CD4 single-positive T cells, although its mechanism remains unclear. Here we found that peripheral DP T cells were readily induced to express CCR5, a secondary receptor for SIV, by in vitro stimulation with either concanavalin A or anti-CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibodies. Activated DP T cells were more vulnerable to SIV infection, indicating that the ability of DP T cells to readily express CCR5 after activation may hasten DP T cell death by SIV infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsumoto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Yankee TM, Sheffer D, Liu Z, Dhillon S, Jia F, Chebloune Y, Stephens EB, Narayan O. Longitudinal study to assess the safety and efficacy of a live-attenuated SHIV vaccine in long term immunized rhesus macaques. Virology 2008; 383:103-11. [PMID: 18986665 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Live-attenuated viruses derived from SIV and SHIV have provided the most consistent protection against challenge with pathogenic viruses, but concerns regarding their long-term safety and efficacy have hampered their clinical usefulness. We report a longitudinal study in which we evaluated the long-term safety and efficacy of DeltavpuSHIV(PPC), a live virus vaccine derived from SHIV(PPC). Macaques were administered two inoculations of DeltavpuSHIV(PPC), three years apart, and followed for eight years. None of the five vaccinated macaques developed an AIDS-like disease from the vaccine. At eight years, macaques were challenged with pathogenic SIV and SHIV. None of the four macaques with detectable cellular-mediated immunity prior to challenge had detectable viral RNA in the plasma. This study demonstrates that multiple inoculations of a live vaccine virus can be used safely and can significantly extend the efficacy of the vaccine, as compared to a single inoculation, which is efficacious for approximately three years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Yankee
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3025 WHW - MS 3029, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Fujita M, Otsuka M, Nomaguchi M, Adachi A. Functional region mapping of HIV-2 Vpx protein. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:1387-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Intestinal double-positive CD4+CD8+ T cells of neonatal rhesus macaques are proliferating, activated memory cells and primary targets for SIVMAC251 infection. Blood 2008; 112:4981-90. [PMID: 18820133 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-05-160077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood and thymic double-positive (DP) CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells from neonates have been described earlier, but the function and immunophenotypic characteristics of other tissue-derived DP T cells are not clearly understood. Here, we demonstrate the functional and immunophenotypic characteristics of DP cells in 6 different tissues, including thymus from normal neonatal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) between 0 and 21 days of age. In general, intestinal DP T cells of neonates have higher percentages of memory markers (CD28(+)CD95(+)CD45RA(low)CD62L(low)) and proliferation compared with single-positive (SP) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. In addition, percentages of DP T cells increase and CD62L expression decreases as animals mature, suggesting that DP cells mature and proliferate with maturity and/or antigen exposure. Consistent with this, intestinal DP T cells in neonates express higher levels of CCR5 and are the primary targets in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. Finally, DP T cells produce higher levels of cytokine in response to mitogen stimulation compared with SP CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that intestinal DP T cells of neonates are proliferating, activated memory cells and are likely involved in regulating immune responses, in contrast to immature DP T cells in the thymus.
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Vpx is critical for reverse transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 genome in macrophages. J Virol 2008; 82:7752-6. [PMID: 18495778 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01003-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The abilities of wild-type and vpx-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) clones to synthesize viral DNA in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and lymphocytic cells were comparatively and quantitatively evaluated. While the vpx-defective mutant directed the synthesis of viral DNA comparably to the wild-type virus and normally in lymphocytic cells, no appreciable viral DNA was detected in MDMs infected with the mutant. To substantiate this finding and to determine whether there is some specific region(s) in Vpx crucial for viral DNA synthesis in MDMs, we generated a series of site-specific point mutants of vpx and examined their phenotypes. The resultant five mutants, with no infectivity for MDMs, showed, without exception, the same defect as the vpx-defective mutant. Our results here clearly demonstrated that the entire Vpx protein is critical for reverse transcription of the HIV-2 genome in human MDMs.
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Piroozmand A, Khamsri B, Fujita M, Adachi A, Uchiyama T. Morphological study on biologically distinct vpx/vpr mutants of HIV-2. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2006; 53:271-6. [PMID: 16953064 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.53.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) without functional vpx and vpr genes is severely defective for viral growth in lymphocytic cells, and suggested that the virions produced in the absence of Vpx and Vpr are critically damaged. To examine the nature of replication-defect for the vpx/vpr double mutant, we quantitatively and morphologically studied the virions produced in cells transfected or infected with wild type clone, single (vpx and vpr mutants) or the double mutant. While no significant difference in virion production was found for various virus clones in transfected cells, a major growth retardation in infected cells was readily observed for the vpx and vpx/vpr mutants. In particular, no viral growth was detected for the double mutant. By contrast to the very distinct growth characteristics of the three mutant clones, no appreciable difference in virion morphology was noted. These results indicated that Vpx and Vpr of HIV-2 may cooperatively contribute to virion infectivity without affecting virion morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Piroozmand
- Department of Virology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
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Macchia I, Gauduin MC, Kaur A, Johnson RP. Expression of CD8alpha identifies a distinct subset of effector memory CD4+ T lymphocytes. Immunology 2006; 119:232-42. [PMID: 16836648 PMCID: PMC1782346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating CD4+ CD8+ T lymphocytes have been described in the peripheral blood of humans and several animal species. However, the origin and functional properties of these cells remain poorly understood. In the present study, we evaluated the frequency, phenotype and function of peripheral CD4+ CD8+ T cells in rhesus macaques. Two distinct populations of CD4+ CD8+ T cells were identified: the dominant one was CD4hi CD8lo and expressed the CD8alphaalpha homodimer, while the minor population was CD4lo CD8hi and expressed the CD8alphabeta heterodimer. The majority of CD4hi CD8alphalo T cells exhibited an activated effector/memory phenotype (CCR5lo CD7- CD28- HLA-DR+) and expressed relatively high levels of granzyme B. Intracellular cytokine staining assays demonstrated that the frequency of cytomegalovirus-specific T cells was enriched five-fold in CD4hi CD8alphalo T cells compared to single-positive CD4+ T cells, whereas no consistent enrichment was observed for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific T cells. Cross-sectional studies of SIV-infected animals demonstrated that the frequency of CD4hi CD8alphalo T cells was lower in wild-type SIV-infected animals compared to uninfected controls, although prospective studies of SIV-infected animals demonstrated depletion of CD4hi CD8alphalo lymphocytes only in a subset of animals. Taken together, these data suggest that CD4+ T cells expressing CD8alpha represent an effector/memory subset of CD4+ T cells and that this cell population can be depleted during the course of SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iole Macchia
- New England Primate Research Center, Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, and Infectious Disease Unit and Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, USA
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Abstract
The development of an effective, prophylactic vaccine for HIV is a public health priority. Nonhuman primate models of AIDS are an instrumental component of HIV vaccine and pathogenesis research. Rhesus macaques of Indian origin are by far the most widely used species in vaccine research. The demand for these animals is intense, threatening their future availability. Do other macaques, such as non-Indian rhesus macaques and cynomolgus macaques, represent a viable alternative? In this perspective, the potential advantages and pitfalls of performing HIV vaccine research in non-Indian rhesus or cynomolgus macaques is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H O'Connor
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Wisconsin, USA, and, National Primate Research Center, 1300 University Avenue, 5440 Medical Sciences Center, Wisconsin, USA
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Pahar B, Lackner AA, Veazey RS. Intestinal double-positive CD4+CD8+ T cells are highly activated memory cells with an increased capacity to produce cytokines. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:583-92. [PMID: 16506292 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood and intestinal CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cells have been described in several species including humans, but their function and immunophenotypic characteristics are still not clearly understood. Here we demonstrate that DP T cells are abundant in the intestinal lamina propria of normal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Moreover, DP T cells have a memory phenotype and are capable of producing different and/or higher levels of cytokines and chemokines in response to mitogen stimulation compared to CD4+ single-positive T cells. Intestinal DP T cells are also highly activated and have higher expression of CCR5, which makes them preferred targets for simian immunodeficiency virus/HIV infection. Increased levels of CD69, CD25 and HLA-DR, and lower CD62L expression were found on intestinal DP T cells populations compared to CD4+ single-positive T cells. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that intestinal and peripheral blood DP T cells are effector cells and may be important in regulating immune responses, which distinguishes them from the immature DP cells found in the thymus. Finally, these intestinal DP T cells may be important target cells for HIV infection and replication due to their activation, memory phenotype and high expression of CCR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Pahar
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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Keating SM, Bejon P, Berthoud T, Vuola JM, Todryk S, Webster DP, Dunachie SJ, Moorthy VS, McConkey SJ, Gilbert SC, Hill AVS. Durable human memory T cells quantifiable by cultured enzyme-linked immunospot assays are induced by heterologous prime boost immunization and correlate with protection against malaria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5675-80. [PMID: 16237057 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.9.5675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory is a required component of protective antimalarial responses raised by T cell-inducing vaccines. The magnitude of ex vivo IFN-gamma T cell responses is widely used to identify immunogenic vaccines although this response usually wanes and may disappear within weeks. However, protection in the field is likely to depend on durable central memory T cells that are not detected by this assay. To identify longer-lived memory T cells, PBMC from malaria-naive vaccinated volunteers who had received prime boost vaccinations with a combination of DNA and/or viral vectors encoding the multiepitope string-thrombospondin-related adhesion protein Ag were cultured in vitro with Ag for 10 days before the ELISPOT assay. Ex vivo T cell responses peaked at 7 days after the final immunization and declined substantially over 6 mo, but responses identified after T cell culture increased over the 6-mo period after the final immunization. Moreover, individual cultured ELISPOT responses at the day of challenge time point correlated significantly with degree of protection against malaria sporozoite challenge, whereas ex vivo responses did not, despite a correlation between the peak ex vivo response and magnitude of memory responses 6 mo later. This cultured assay identifies long-lasting protective T cell responses and therefore offers an attractive option for assessments of vaccine immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Keating
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Nakayama EE, Miyoshi H, Nagai Y, Shioda T. A specific region of 37 amino acid residues in the SPRY (B30.2) domain of African green monkey TRIM5alpha determines species-specific restriction of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac infection. J Virol 2005; 79:8870-7. [PMID: 15994780 PMCID: PMC1168783 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.14.8870-8877.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) efficiently enters cells of Old World monkeys but encounters a block before reverse transcription. This restriction is mediated by a dominant repressive factor. Recently, a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins, TRIM5alpha, was identified as a blocking factor in a rhesus macaque cDNA library. Among Old World monkey cell lines, the African green monkey kidney cell line CV1 is highly resistant to not only HIV-1 but also simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac infection. We analyzed TRIM5alpha of CV1 cells and HSC-F cells, a T-cell line from a cynomolgus monkey, and found that both CV1- and HSC-F-TRIM5alphas could inhibit CD4-dependent HIV-1 infection, as well as vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein-mediated infection. CV1-TRIM5alpha could also inhibit SIVmac infection, whereas HSC-F-TRIM5alpha could not. In the SPRY (B30.2) domain of CV1-TRIM5alpha, there was a 20-amino-acid duplication that was not present in HSC-F-TRIM5alpha. A chimeric TRIM5alpha containing 37 amino acid residues from CV1-TRIM5alpha, which spanned the 20-amino-acid duplication, in the background of HSC-F-TRIM5alpha fully gained the ability to inhibit SIVmac infection. Conversely, the mutant CV1-TRIM5alpha lacking the 20-amino-acid duplication completely lost the ability to restrict SIVmac infection. These findings clearly indicated that a specific region of 37 amino acid residues in the SPRY domain of CV1-TRIM5alpha contained a determinant of species-specific restriction of SIVmac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi E Nakayama
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Ueno F, Shiota H, Miyaura M, Yoshida A, Sakurai A, Tatsuki J, Koyama AH, Akari H, Adachi A, Fujita M. Vpx and Vpr proteins of HIV-2 up-regulate the viral infectivity by a distinct mechanism in lymphocytic cells. Microbes Infect 2003; 5:387-95. [PMID: 12737994 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) carrying a frame-shift mutation in vpx, vpr, and in both genes were monitored for their growth potentials in a newly established lymphocytic cell line, HSC-F. Worthy of note, the replication of a vpx single mutant, but not vpr, was severely impaired in these cells, and that of a vpx-vpr double mutant was more damaged. Defective replication sites of the vpx single and vpx-vpr double mutants were demonstrated to be mapped, respectively, to the nuclear import of viral genome, and to both, this process and the virus assembly/release stage. While the mutational effect of vpr was small, the replication efficiency in one cycle of the vpx mutant relative to that of wild-type virus was estimated to be 10%. The growth phenotypes of the vpx, vpr, and vpx-vpr mutant viruses in HSC-F cells were essentially repeated in primary human lymphocytes. In primary human macrophages, whereas the vpx and vpx-vpr mutants did not grow at all, the vpr mutant grew equally as well as the wild-type virus. These results strongly suggested that Vpx is critical for up-regulation of HIV-2 replication in natural target cells by enhancing the genome nuclear import, and that Vpr promotes HIV-2 replication somewhat, at least in lymphocytic cells, at a very late replication phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neuroscience, The University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Sugimoto C, Tadakuma K, Otani I, Moritoyo T, Akari H, Ono F, Yoshikawa Y, Sata T, Izumo S, Mori K. nef gene is required for robust productive infection by simian immunodeficiency virus of T-cell-rich paracortex in lymph nodes. J Virol 2003; 77:4169-80. [PMID: 12634375 PMCID: PMC150654 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.7.4169-4180.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of AIDS virus infection in a nonhuman primate AIDS model was studied by comparing plasma viral loads, CD4(+) T-cell subpopulations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in lymph nodes for rhesus macaques infected with a pathogenic molecularly cloned SIVmac239 strain and those infected with its nef deletion mutant (Deltanef). In agreement with many reports, whereas SIVmac239 infection induced AIDS and depletion of memory CD4(+) T cells in 2 to 3 years postinfection (p.i.), Deltanef infection did not induce any manifestation associated with AIDS up to 6.5 years p.i. To explore the difference in SIV infection in lymphoid tissues, we biopsied lymph nodes at 2, 8, 72, and 82 weeks p.i. and analyzed them by pathological techniques. Maximal numbers of SIV-infected cells (SIV Gag(+), Env(+), and RNA(+)) were detected at 2 weeks p.i. in both the SIVmac239-infected animals and the Deltanef-infected animals. In the SIVmac239-infected animals, most of the infected cells were localized in the T-cell-rich paracortex, whereas in the Deltanef-infected animals, most were localized in B-cell-rich follicles and in the border region between the paracortex and the follicles. Analyses by double staining of CD68(+) macrophages and SIV Gag(+) cells and by double staining of CD3(+) T cells and SIV Env(+) cells revealed that SIV-infected cells were identified as CD4(+) T cells in either the SIVmac239 or the Deltanef infection. Whereas the many functions of Nef protein were reported from in vitro studies, our finding of SIVmac239 replication in the T-cell-rich paracortex in the lymph nodes supports the reported roles of Nef protein in T-cell activation and enhancement of viral infectivity. Furthermore, the abundance of SIVmac239 infection and the paucity of Deltanef infection in the T-cell-rich paracortex accounted for the differences in viral replication and pathogenicity between SIVmac239 and the Deltanef mutant. Thus, our in vivo study indicated that the nef gene enhances SIV replication by robust productive infection in memory CD4(+) T cells in the T-cell-rich region in lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Sugimoto
- Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Sciences, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tsukuba, Japan
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Nam K, Akari H, Terao K, Shibata H, Kawamura S, Yoshikawa Y. Peripheral blood extrathymic CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells with high cytotoxic activity are from the same lineage as CD4(+)CD8(-) T cells in cynomolgus monkeys. Int Immunol 2000; 12:1095-103. [PMID: 10882421 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.7.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that CD4/CD8 double-positive (DP) T cells with the resting memory phenotype are present in the periphery of healthy cynomolgus monkeys. In the present study, we performed functional studies on the T cells. The expression of CD4 and CD8 on DP, CD4 single-positive (SP) or CD8 SP T cells was stable in cultures with either mitogen or anti-CD3 antibody stimulation. In spite of lacking CD28 expression, DP T cells showed similar proliferative ability and apoptosis sensitivity to CD4 SP and CD8 SP T cells. DP T cells showed both helper and cytotoxic activities. Although the helper activity of DP T cells was lower than that of CD4 SP T cells, cytotoxic activity was comparable to that of CD8 SP T cells. Fresh DP T cells killed target cells mainly by the perforin-granzyme pathway. In addition, fresh DP T cells expressed a high level of mRNA for IFN-gamma and produced a high level of IFN-gamma when they were activated by anti-CD3 antibody ligation. On the other hand, several expanded DP T cell clones shared TCR V(beta) with expanded CD4 SP T cell clones, strongly suggesting that those two corresponding clones with DP and CD4 SP phenotypes might be derived from the same ancestor T cell. These results showed that the DP T cells are a novel T cell subset with functions overlapping with those of CD4 SP and CD8 SP T cells, and that they might play protective and regulatory roles in secondary immune response in cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nam
- Tsukuba Primate Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
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